sipm resent development and applications -...
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SiPM Resent Development and Applications
New Developments in PhotodetectorsJune 2005, Beaune
Valeri SavelievObninsk State University, Russia
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Single Photon Detection Performance
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MRS-APD, Si-PM, ... What is ?
Good detection efficiency (~25% for green range of light)Single photon performance (Intrinsic Gain ~106),Proportional mode for the photon flux (large dynamic range),Operation conditions:
Low Operational Voltage ~50-60 V,Room Temperature,Non Sensitive to Magnetic Field,Minimum Required Electronics,
Miniature size and possibility to combine in matrix.Low cost ( in mass production conditions)
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MRS-APD, Si-PM, ... What is ?
Silicon fine Micro CellsStructure on common substrate and with common output
Geiger Mode Operation of micro cells.
Integrated QuenchingMechanism
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MRS-APD, Si-PM,... Where ?
CPTA, Moscow: MRS APD with Geiger Mode Operation
JINR, Dubna: Avalanche Micro Channel Photo Detector (new - Micro Cell APD close to SiPM)
Pulsar, Moscow: SiPM
All of them based on the Metal-Resistor-Semiconductor (MRS) Structures
Now, few of the Western Companies and Research Centers trying toget this technology ...
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Structure of SiPM’s
“n on p”
Cross of CPTA SiPM (MRS)
Cross of Pulsar SiPM(LCWS2004, M.Danilov ITEP,Moscow )
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Structure of SiPM’s “n on p”
Cross of JINR “SiPM”(NIMA 504, 2003, Z.Sadygov)
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SiPM Layout
CPTA SiPM
General view 1x1 mm,Common Electrode Layout,Microcells with Quenching Mechanism,
Pulsar SiPM(LCWS2004, M.Danilov ITEP,Moscow )
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SiPM PerformanceDetection Efficiency – Product of few main contribution:
Quantum Efficiency of Microcell
For the light range 300-600 nm QE of Siat the level 0.8, and optical absorption coefficient gives the depletion thickness is in order few µm
Geometrical Efficiencythe technology topology gives the limitation of the sensitive area
Probability of Geiger Mode
probability that photoelectron will triggered an avalanche process
The Depletion Area is ~5 µm: Low Resistive Si, Low Biase Voltage
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SiPM PerformanceDetection Efficiency – Wavelength Dependent:
QE of Hamamatsu Photonic APD Efficiency of Si-PM
is limited by technology deadlayers on the top of structure
UV region of SiPM
IR region of SiPM
Thickness of Sensitive Layer
Thickness of Dead Layer
Geo
met
ry
is limited by the thickness of depleted layer of SiPM
Absolute value scaling
is limited by geometry factor
The Si-PM has green light sensitivityand total Detection Efficiency for green range of light is ~25%
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SiPM PerformanceDark Count Rate – Main Limitation for the size of Sensitive Area of SiPM
Dark Count Rate: Probability that a bulk thermal electrons will trigger an avalanche process (Voltage Dependent) - characterized by frequency,
Dark Count Rate Amplitude: is amplitude of single photoelectron (Geiger Mode Signal)
Typical value of Dark Rate is 0.6 MHz for 1 mm2 of Si-PM (~1500 cells), depleted layer 5 µm (CPTA)
Dark Count Rate is significant limitation for the Single Photon Detection Mode, Forthe measurement of Photons Flux on the level more than ~ 4-5 photoelectrons this factor is negligible, because the amplitudes of Dark Rate Signal is equivalent of Single Photoelectron Signal
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SiPM PerformanceDark Count Rate
Q1phe
Q2phe
Q3phe
Dark Count Rate Frequency as function of the treshold at different Bias
Correspondent Dark Current Curve as function of Bias
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SiPM PerformanceDynamic Range – is defined by discret structure of SiPM
and correspond of Number of Cells ~1500 photoelectrons (CPTA)
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SiPM Performance LED Signal
Resolution of Single Cell
Single Microcell of SiPM –size 20x30 microns (SPAD with Integrated Quenchind Mechanizm)
%8.7=Aσ
chP 84.0=σchQ 34.1=σ
chAAA PQ 14=−=
P Q
%8.7≈Aσ
Q is One Single Cell Signal
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SiPM Performance Intrinsic Resolution
Full Size SiPM – 1440 cells ( 20x30 microns)The Intrinsic Resolution of SiPM is very High (for 100 phe ~ few %)
%8.7=AσP
Q1phe
Q3phe
Q2phe
Q4phe
Q5phe
Q6phe
pheN ANA 1×=
pheN N 1σσ =
phe
phe
AN 1
11 σ
Q is One Single Cell Signal
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SiPM PerformanceTime Responce
LED Signal LED Signal
Dark rate signal
Fast FE Electrnics ( Pisa University Development )Practically no recharge tail for small LED signalRecharge Tail for the relatively large LED signal
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SiPM in Strong Magnetic Field
Test of SiPM in Strong Magnetic Field up to 4 Tesla(Amplitude of SiPM signal in magnetic field with different orientations) (CALICE Meeting, DESY, 30.01.2004)
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SiPM Optical Crosstalk
During avalanche breakdown acells emits a photons. These photons should not reach the other cells of the SiPM because this would result in the initiation of breakdown in those cells –Optical Crosstalk.
Spectrum of Emited Photons duringthe Avalanche process in Si for a large current
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SiPM Optical Crosstalk
Pulsar SiPM, Optical Cross Tallkas a function of Gain (CALICE Meeting, DESY,7.12.2004)
Without Special Technology, Optical Cross Tallk can be on the level 25-30 % at working point
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SiPM Optical CrosstalkCork University Study Result: In the prototypes, the trenches reduce
the probability that a crosstalk event occurs during the detection of an incident photon from 50% to below 1%. Measurements of the cross talk probability versus the distance between the pixels show an excellent agreement with the model (Proc. SPIE,19-25.1.2002, J.Jackson)
CPTA Technology included technology for preventing Optical Crosstalk
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Main Efforts
Large Size of SiPM 2x2 mm2, 3x3 mm2,... 10x10 mm2 ???
Main Limitation is Dark Count Rate !!!Cooling
Combine the SiPM in Matrix
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Main Efforts UV Enhansment of SiPM (Light with ~400 nm wavelength)
Medical Application,Cherenkov Radiation Detection,...
JINR SiPM CPTA SiPM
Spectrums of 22Na with LSO on the “p on n” SiPM
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Applications
DESY International LInear Collider Group, in particularly HadronCalorimeter Activity – is leader in Application and testing of SiPM, few groups from US, Fermilab, SLAC started, Japan few groups started test of SiPM... Pisa University is good progress in Understanding of SiPM for Medical Application, MPI Regina University (Canada) in connection to the Jef Lab, Calorimeter ApplicationCosmic Research Activity, MPI, Russia, AMS experimet Cherenkov DEtectors (necessarz get good single photon detection performance)Exotic Applications, PSI, Liquid Xenon Calorimeter
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Future
Combination of the Sensors and FE Electronics in the same technology Process.(IEEE STQE, v10, Jul-Aug, 2004,C.Niclass)