36 Nghie II Cuu 1 uii g iaO. j</ 1 u

SINH HOAT PHAT GIAO • •

GIAI DOAN NlTA CUOI THE KI XIX

1. S i n h h o a t P h a t g i a o t r o n g

h o a n g t o e

Trong qua khU, ddng hg Nguyen cd

nhieu gan bd vdi diio Pha t . Khi lay dUdc

nUdc, tuy Nhe giad trd t h a n h tU tUdng

chinh the'ng, cac vua d i u t r ieu Nguyen

van cc p h i n Uu ai P h a t giac va t r an t rgng

nhUng ngdi chiia da gan be vdi sU nghiep

cua ddng hg Nguj'en. Cac chua Thien Mu,

Tif An (ngdi chua vua Gia Long tifng t am

tru khi chd dap t hanh Gia Dinh nam

1790), chua Khai TUdng (ndi bau cung ta

tuc, vUdng phi hg T r i n sinh ha Hdang tif

Dam, sau nay hi vua M m h Menh) da trd

t h a n h qud'c tti, du'dc ciic vua ban s i c tU,

t rung tu, t ang tien bac nhieu l in , Cac vi

sU dii tUng giup dd chua Nguy in dUOc

pheng Tang cang,

Dudi thdi Nguyen, cac ngdi chua dUdc

siia chUa va xay diing kha nhieu, dac biet

lii d khu viic Hue, Thuan Hea. Ddi vdi

nhUng vung dat xUa g i n bd vdi sii nghiep

hg Xguyen, cac vua td ra ra t Uu ai. Nhieu

den chUa d thanh Gia Dinh, cac t inh

Quang Binh, Quang Tri, Quang Nam, Binh

Dinh dUdc cac vua che tr img tu hay xay

diing liii t reng nhieu dip khac nhau. Cac

vua Nguyin da ban cap cdng dien chd cac

chua nhU: Thien Mu va Linh Hiiu (kinh dc

Hue). Khai Tudng (Gia Dinh), Tam Thai va

Ung (;;ihiin (Quang Nam),v.v. . .

NGUYEN NGOC QUYNH'*' CHU THI KIM PHirONG'"'

Chifc Tiing cang dUdc da t ban dau che

chua Thien Mu, dUdi cac t r ieu vua Minh

Menh, Th ieu Tri , Tii Ddc, nhieu chua

qud'c tu dUde lap ra , t r ieu d inh cii them

Tang cang p h u t rach , q u a n If cac chua dd.

Ban d i u , n h a vua la ngUdi quyet dinh

chgn T a n g cang rdi lenh cho bg Le d p do

diep. Sau nay, khi nh ieu chua dUdc thanh

lap thi neu chua nao k h u y e t chdc Tang

cang se t r i nh len bg Le, bd Le siie cho cac

Tang cang td chiic hgp rdi cif ra mgt vi

Tang cang mdi, t r inh len bg Le de xin

nha vua phe chuan . Sau khi vua phe va

sa t hach rdi thi cap sac chi. 0

mdi chua quan , phu giup Tang cang

thudng cd mgt vi t r u t r i de q u i n tang

chung, so' lUdng t a n g chiing thUdng tuy

van tifng chua. Cac vi T a n g cang, t ru tri

thudng dUde t r i eu d inh che mien thue

khda, sUu dich, dUdc cap lUdng hang

t h a n g de chi dung, d p p h a p phuc, v.v...

Cac ngdi chua dUdc n h a nUdc bao bg co

the chia lam 2 loai; chua vua (qudc tU) va

chua q u a n (chiia cua nhUng ngUdi trong

hoang tgc va q u a n lai lap ra) ' " . Chua

qudc tu do t r ieu d inh d d n g ra xay cat,

dUdc t r i eu d inh sii d u n g vao cac d ip te l i

'''. ThS.. 'Vien Nghien cu'u Ton gi io. ''•"''. Hoc dim cao hpc. Vien Nghien ciru Ton oiao. 1. Xem them Thich Hai An vii Ha Xuan Liem. Lich su Phcit gido xU Hue. Nxb Van hoa Sai Gon, 2006, tr,326-334

Nguyen Ngoc Quynh, Chir Thi Kim Phuang. Sinh hoat Phdt gido... 37

cua t n e u dinh vdi sii tham gia triic tiep

cua nha vua, hoang tgc va quan lai.

Nhung chua nay dUdc d p rugng dat, cap

tien hiing nam. Tiing cang va sU t ru tri

dugc trieu dinh quy dinh so' lUdng va

lUdng bdng. Chua quan cung cd the la

mgt ngdi chua lang nhUng dUdc cac gia

dinh hoang tgc, quan lai gdp tien bac de

xay diing, tu bd,

Hoang hau va cdng chua t n e u Nguyen

nhieu ngUdi r a t sung dao Phat , da gdp

cong cua khdng it, Hg thee dao Pha t de

cau phuc va mong mud'n khi mat di dUdc

sieu sinh t inh dg. Cac ba thUdng xay

chua trong gia tha t . Hoa thUdng Phuc

Dien ghi lai: "Cac vUdng ccng xay chua

nhd trong nha"'"'. Cd the ndi "cac ong

hoang ba chua xUa di le chua, thi khong

ph l i bat cii chua nao, ma la mgt chua

nha t dinh, neu khong d ngay trpng phu

(ngi vien) thi cung ke phu"''". Treng giai

ddan nifa cuci the ki XIX, chua chien

dUdc sifa chUa va xay diing khii nhieu,

nha t la d khu viic Hue, Thuan Hea. Thee

Dgi Nam nhdt thd'ng chi, sd' chua t ren c l

nUdc thdi Tii Due cd 245 chiia, ma Ha Ngi

chi CO 15 chua, cdn Hue cd 36 chua. Con

so thong ke d day chi bad gdm cac chua

thuoc loiii danh lam chU khong ph l i chua

lang'".

Nha nUdc theo the che Nho giao nhUng

van sung Phat . Cac ngay te le ciia Pha t

giao dUdc nha nUdc td chUc h i n g nam vdi

quy mo ldn, le te dai ngay. Mgt so'ngay le

ldn mang t inh qudc gia cung dUdc tc chUc

d cac ngdi qud'c tii. Trieu dinh cho lap dan

chay cung d t ren can va dUdi nUdc (thuy

luc trai dan), dgc kinh nhieu ngay. Tu

Difc nam d i u (1848), vua cho md dan

chay ldn d chua Thien Mu vao ngay gio

t rung nguyen cua Thuan Thien Cao

hoang hau. Sau khi hoan t hanh le yen

tang d XUdng lang thi lam le tiet t rung

nguyen, " thang 8 biit d i u khai kinh,

thang 9 tung k inh xeng. Vua sai Hiep

bien dai hgc si la Nguyen Tri PhUdng. Li:ii

bg Thi lang la Ton Tha t Tinh cung vdi bg

Le, t ra xet dien le. trUdc ki lam chay phai

chieu theo tiing khoan de tien hanh"'".

Thang 8 nam do, Le Ninh Lang dii xong,

t r ieu dinh cho lap dan chay ciing ca tren

can va dUdi nUdc, dgc kinh ba tuan 2

ngay "tU ngay 18 thang 8 khai kinh den 9

thang 9 tung k m h xong""". Til DUc niim

thU 2 (1849), "Gap tiet Trung Xguyen cua

Hien td ChUdng hdang de, dat dan chay

ldn Cling d t h i n t h a n h d tren bg dudi

nUdc tai chua Thien Mu, dgc kinh 3 t u i n ,

7 ngay (tUc 21 ngay)"' ' ' .

Dudi thdi vua Tii DUc. tr ieu dinh giao

nhiem vu giam sat viec td chUc ciing te

vao cac ngay le ldn cho hai cd quan thugc

be Ld la Thai ThUdng tii "giU viec t rang

tri, h inh thiic le nghi de giup viec le trong

nUdc" va Quang Lgc tii cd nhiem vu xem

xet "cac le vat pham te va cd ban trong

cac cugc te le, yen tiec d kinh dd"'^', the

hien sii quan tam cua nha nUdc vdi viec

to chUc cac nghi le tdn giao.

Nhung ngUdi trdng Hdiing tgc co nhieu

dong gdp t rong viec xay diing sifa chUa

cac ngoi chua. Mgt trUdng hdp kha dien

h inh la chiia Kim Q u a n g (huyen HUdng

2. Hpc vien Chinh tri Quo'c gia Ho Chi Mmh- Trung tam biio tPn di tfch co do Hue. Ki ydn De tdi nghien cim khoa hoc 'Tim liieii chinh sdch tdn gido ciia nhd Nguydn".2001.U-.\93. 3. Tap chf Nghien ciru va Phat trien. Tuven dich vdn bia chua Hue. sd 1-2 nam 2005. tr.213. 4. Theo so lieu thdng ke ciia PCS. Nguydn Duy Hinh trong: Vdn minh Dai Viet. Nxb Van hda Thdng tin vii Vien Van hda, 2005, tr.648. 5. Qudc sir quiin trieu Nguydn. i^ai Nam iliui Inc. N.xb Sir hpc. 1963. tap 27, tr.82. 6. Dai Nam thuc luc. Sdd, tap 27. tr.82-120. 7. Dai Nam thuc Inc. Sdd. tap 27. tr 196-197. 8. Dd Bang (chii bien). Td chifc hd mdy nhd nudc trieu Nguyen giai doan 1802-1884. Nxb Thuan Haa. Hue. 1997,tr.90-91.

38 Nghien cun Ton giio. Sd 10 - 2009

Thuy, nay thugc thanh phe' Hue). Treng bai van bia chda nam Duy Tan thif hai cc ghi: "Trieu vua ta chan hUng nen van tri, phiit huy Nho hgc, nhUng cac chua quan deu chuan cho sifa sang md rdng [...] Nam Tan Mm, thdi Tii Ddc (1871), ba di vua bg Nguyen, phap danh NhU Dieu, bat d iu diing met ngdi chua tU, thd tUdng Phat va Quan Thanh De Quan, diic chudng, deo da, tu tri tung kinh"'^',

Miu than cua vua Tu DUc la ba Tii Du (Pham Thi Hing) (1810- 1902), cimg mgt so' ngUdi trong hdang tgc da nhieu l in Cling bac, tien de tu sifa cac chua d Hue. Bia chua Quo'c An (huyen HUdng Tra, ThUa Thien, nay thugc thanh phd' Hue) cdn ghi lai: "Do sii van dgng cua sU (Lieu Chdn Td Hieu), hai ba Tii Du, Trang Y va hai ccng chua Lai DUc, Quy Difc ciing chd chua met sd' bac, tien de mua rudng, diic tUdng"""'. Van nam Thanh Thai thif 11 (1899), gap ngay mifng thg chin mUdi tudi cua ba Tif Dfi, nha vua cho ban tien trong kho de sifa chUa thap 7 t ing, diing bia ghi lai dn ba. Ngoai ra, ba cdn gdp tien de xay sifa cac chua nhU: chua Qud'c An, chua Tii Hieu, chua Thien HUng'"',

Met trdng nhUng li dd khien Phat giae trieu Nguyen nhan dUdc nhieu sii he trd va phat trien la de sd' cung phi cua cac vua Nguyen rat nhieu, hg thudng la nhung ngUdi ham mg dao Phat va cd nhieu he trd de trimg tu, sifa chUa cac ngdi chiia d kinh dd ciing nhU tai ban quan, Daniel Grandclement cho rang Tii DUc cd 103 ba vd va khdlng 300 thi nU, "neu sau mgt thdi gian bi thai Idai vi that simg hay dd benh tat, khdng du siic khoe, cung nU trd ve thUdng ket thiic cugc ddi cua minh bang cugc sd'ng tu hanh trong chua chien hoac nha thd"*''^'.

2. Sinh hoat Phat giao cua quan lai

Tim dgc lai cac van bia, chung ta cd the tha'y nhieu ngUdi trdng hoang tgc ciing nhu cac vi dai quan trieu Nguyen ndi chung ciing nhU dUdi thdi Tu Ddc ndi rieng rat ham mg dao Phat, cd nhflng ddng gdp trong viec trung tu, gay diing cac ngdi chua.

Mgt nhan vat quan trgng trong hang ngii quan lai trieu Nguyen la Le bg ThUdng thu Nguyin Dinh Tan (1798-1873), cdn dUdc ggi la ThUdng Tan. Ong vd'n ten la HUng, hieu la D in Hien, nam 1848 vua Tii Dflc "chau phe" ddi thanh Tan. Nam Minh Mang thfl 2 (1821), dng dd khoa thi Hudng, lam quan den chflc Binh bg ThUdng thfl. Khi cdn lam quan, dng da tflng cflng cho chua TrUdng Xuan (Hue) hai tam bia. Sau khi ve hUu, dng da tfl soan bai van khac eho chua, trong dd cc ddan: "Nam Tfl Dflc thfl 14 (1861), bdi mfla sa gid tap, tfldng dd mai hU, lai tiep tuc mgt phen sfla ldp, sang sua de trdng, mdi me tai mat. Nam nay, tfldng kham, dd thd nUdc sdn phai nhat, lai lau chui td thiep, mau sac vang de rang ngdi chdi lgi, dep de nguy nga biet bad. TrUdc kia ta cc cung che dia phUdng hai tam bia, nhUng chUa ranh de viet. Nay, nhan vUdn cu ve hUu, duyen lanh phfldc qua, thfldng thudng ta cung thfch tham thien.,,", Chi tiet nay cho tha'y, dng la ngUdi cua Nhe, Phat ke't hdp hai hda.

Nhan vat tiep thee d n ke den la Dang Ld Trai, Thai tfl Thieu bid thfl Van minh dien dai hgc si, Thfldng thfl bg Hinh. Vao

9. Tap chf Nghien cuu va Phiit trien. Tuyen dich vdn bia chiia Hud, tr.38. 10. Tap chf Nghien ct'ru va Phiit tridn. 7/(y//; dich vdn bia chiu Hue, tr.66. 11. Tap chi Nghien ciru va Phat tridn. Tnwn dich vdn bia chiia Hue. tr. 66, 85, 131, 156. 12. Daniel Grandclement. Bdo Dai hay nhung ngdy cudi cimg cita vuang qudc An Nam. Nxb Phu nCf, dich va xuai ban, 2006, tr. 62- 63.

Nguyen Ngoc Quynh, Chu Thi Kim Phuong. 5///// hoat Phdt gido.. 39

nam Tfl Dflc Canh Tua t (1850), vi quan

nay da cung 40 lang bac vao chua lang

Thanh Lfldng, xa Hfldng Xuan, huyen

HUdng Tra, la ndi dng cU t ru de sung vao

quy cua lang cho chua chi dung: "Nen

phudc dflc khdng hdn ddi trfldc, nhUng

thien duyen gfli gam khuyen mai sau,

NgUdi lang da vui vi tdi t h a n h dat d dat

nay, lai cd duyen vdi chua nay, ha khcng

khich le sao. Trong khudn vien vUdn chua

cdn cd den thd t h i n . Tdi da to t h i n -vi bay

chiec, due mgt qua chuong ddng de lam tii

khi, mgt tea hUdng an, 6 bg ngu sU gd. 12

cap ddi lien dd dang len...""'*'.

ThUdng thu bg Hinh Dang Le Trai

cung da xuat tien cua de cong dflc sfla

chua Bac Vgng Tay, xa Quang Phu,

huyen Quang Dien. la que cua vd ong.

Nam Tii Dflc thfl_6XL853), dng da bd tien

^d^p-^-kxtOng Pha t Tam The, tfldng Hg

Phap, due dai hdng chung, gop 50 quan

diing mieu t h i n , 50 quan diing chua

Phat.. ."^'.

Tdng dd'c Ninh Thai la TrUdng Van

Uyen, viio nam 1848 da cung che chua

lang Phu Le, xa Quang Phu, huyen

Quang Dien, la que cua dng mgt qua

chuong cao 2 thudc 6 tac 5 phan, nang

hdn 180 can vdi y "mifdn chucng nay de

ngu niem khuyen thien"""'. Thai tfl Thieu

b id Hiep bien Dai hgc si Dang tudng ccng

va phu nhan da cung vdi If trUdng, hUdng

lao cua lang Hoa Vien, tdng Phd Trach,

huyen Phdng Dien, t rung tu lai ngei

dinh, chua cua lang van nam Tu Dflc thfl

4 (1851)'"^'.

O Hue cd mgt ngoi chua kha dac biet

dfldc xay khdi dflng tfl thdi Thieu Tri va

dfldc chfnh vua Tii Dflc dat ten, dc la

chua Tfl Hieu, "Tfl Flieu la mgt ngoi chua

"Phat - Nhd", bdi diiy la di tich cua met

nhii sU Sd'ng thee t inh than Nhd hgc, lai

dUdc met dng vua "dai Nho" dat chd cai

ten " t h u i n Nhd""' ' , NgUdi khdi dung

chua la sU N h a t Dinh, ngUdi tinh Quang

Tri, ban d i u diing am cd tu hanh, ggi la

An Dudng am d huyen HUdng Thuy,

Thfla Thien (nay thugc t hanh phe' Hue),

Nam 1847, sU vien tich, thfla ke trti tri la

de tfl H i i Thieu Cfldng Ki. Den nam Mau

Than (1848), Tu Dflc nguyen nien, ba vi

thai giam xin t r ieu dinh bo trd bd am

t ranh , xay t h a n h chua ldp ngdi. Vua Tfl

Dflc d m phuc n h a n each cua sU N h i t

Dinh nen ban che ten chua la Tfl Hieu

Tfl. ban bien: "Sic tfl Tfl Hieu Tti".

Nhflng nam sau dc, ngay c l sau cac vu

nci Idan cc sfl t ham gia cua met sd' nha

sU, tr ieu dinh cc thai dg ban che Phat

giad thi van cd nhflng l i n chua Tfl Hieu

dfldc vua Tu Dflc cho phep trflng tu va

khac bia ghi lai. Chua Tfl Hieu hien cdn

gifl lai dUdc cac t am bia dUdc diing dudi

thdi Tu Dflc vao cac nam: 1848, 1849,

1855, Ngi dung cac t am bia ghi hanh

t rang cac nha sU, ten tuoi cfla nhflng vi

phat tam cdng dflc. Treng bia nam Tii

Dflc thfl 19 (1866) cd ghi: "Bon ngi vien

chung ta: C l ddi cfla d m , mgt kiep gc

hoang. Viing sac ban chua Tfl Hieu, ay la

de chung ta co ndi ve Tay. Vi the doc long

mua tau rugng td't de lam duyen tinh dg

kiep sau. Nhflng vien nhan cung rugng

l i n lUdt t r inh bay vao sau bai bia [...]

Kinh dgi dn: Tfl Du Bac Hue Thai hcang

T h a i h a u b a n b a c h k i m n a m l f ldng;

13. Tran Dai Vinh. Vdn bia vd vdn chudng Hdn Ndm ddn gian Thira Thien Hue. Nxb Thuan Hda- Hue. 2006. tr. 100-101. 14. Tran Dai Vinh. Vdn bia vd vdn chiidini.... Sdd. tr.112-113. 15. Triin Dai Vinh. Vdn bia vd van chudm'.... Sdd. tr. 124-125. 16. Tran Dai Vinh. Vdn bia vd van chudng.... Sdd. tr.l 29-130. 17. Tap chi Nghien ci'ru va Phat iridn: Tuyen dich vdn bia chua Hue. lr.80.

40 Nghien cuu Ion giao. So lu - Zuu^

Trang Huy Ho.ing hau ban tien nam

t ram quan.. .

Nhflng niii dung t ren chd t h i y , nhieu

vi quan liii, ngUdi t rdng hdang tgc t r ieu

Nguydn ra t ham mg diid Pha t , ngay d

trong giai dofin Xbo giao hUng th inh va

du'dc de cae. Xhieu nha nghien cflu da

cho r i n g , vua quan nha Nguydn nhin

chung ddu "cU Xbo mg Phat" , n h a n xet

niiy qua khdng sai, Smh boat cua Pha t

guio. dac biet la vung xung quanh k inh

thtmh Hud do n h a n dUdc nhflng Uu ai

pha t t n e n nen ngUdc lai cung cd nhflng

ung hg doi vdi t n e u dinh. Cd the n h a n

thay dieu nay qua minh viin t ren qua

chudng chua Tfl Quang, lang Van Xa,

huyen HUdng Tra, du'dc khiic vac nam Tfl

DUc thu tu (1851), t rdng dd d P h a t va

vua deu dUdc ca ngdi"'",

Pha t giiid the ki XIX cung da xuat

bien nhflng danh t ang xuat chflng, cc I n h

hudng nhieu den tU tfldng va sinh boat

cua Phiit giao giai doiin niiy nhU cac vi

danh tiing: Thanh Diim, Thanh X^'guyen,

.^n Thien, Xhii't Dinh, Dieu Giac, Tich

Truyen, Chieu Khean, Phuc Dien, Phd

Tinh, Mat H o i n g , Thong Vinh, Lieu

Thdng, Vien Quang, Diio Thdng, Giiic

Ngg, CUdng Ki, Chf Thanh , Dieu Nghiem,

Vien Ngg, PhUdc An, Lieu Triet, Huyen

Khe, v.v...'"^"'.Trong so'dd, nhieu ngUdi da

CO cdng sUu t i m , he tho'ng, hoan chinh,

chu giai va cho khiic in nhieu the loai

nhu': kmh, luat, luan,

3. S i n h h o a t P h a t g iao t r o n g d a n

Khac vdl Pha t giiio kinh dd va Pha t

guio cung dinh, Pha t giao t reng dan va d

nhung vung xa kinh thiinh nhin chung

khdng nhiin dUdc sii Uu iii cfla t r ieu dinh.

Sinh hoiit P h a t giiio d nhflng ndi nay

khdng dfldc phep md rdng ve ma t td chflc

cung nhfl cd sd viit chat . Tuy vay, nhflng

s inh hda t P h a t giao d lang xa van r a t gan

bd vdi ddi sd'ng, dfldc n h a n dan nudi

dudng va p h a t t r ien. Nhieu tiic pham van

thd cc d m hflng xua't p h a t tfl de tiii Pha t

giiid, nhflng suy tU g i n vdi tU tUdng ndi

cfla Th ien da du'dc phd bien rdng trong

dan chflng nhfl Truyen Kieu cfla Nguy in

Du, Quan Am Thi Kinh, bai Vinh Phdt

cua X g u y i n Cdng Tru', mgt so'bai thd cua

Cao Ba Quiit, v.v. P h a t giao vdi

t ruyen thd'ng g i n vdi dan tdc. sang den

giai doan nay tiep tuc la chd nfldng tfla ve

m a t t m h t h a n cho nhflng ngfldi dan cung

khd vi loan lac, chien t r a n h , m a t mua, ddi

kem. Trong quii t r inh kha i phti, md dat

ve phia N a m , nhflng ngfldi Viet vae khai

pha da t dai, liip lang da dem thee tfn

ngfldng, tdn giao vo'n cd cua minh. Cung

vdl viec duy tr i t in ngfldng thd cflng to

t ien va cac tin ngUdng ndng nghiep khac.

hd lap ra cac ngdi chua r l i rac khiip ndi.

Ve m a t kien true, nghe thua t , kien

t rue P h a t giiid den nfla cudi the ki XIX

ndi chung cd sfl hda hdp Tam giad dd I n h

hfldng cua sfl t iep ndi t ruyen thd'ng bdn

dung tdn giao va n h u d u t a m linh cua

ngfldi dan . Dieu nay da tad ra mgt he

thd'ng tu'dng thd phdng phfl vii k h a phflc

t ap gem n h i e u ldp. Tai n h i e u ngdi chua.

18. Tiip chf Nghien ciru va Phat trien: Tuyen dich vdii bia chua Hue. tr.84-85. 19. Tran Dai Vinh (2006). Vtm bia vd vdn chudng Hdn Ndm ddn gian Thifa Thien Hud. Nxb ITiuan Hda-Hue, tr 137-138. 20. Xem Nguydn Lang. \'iet Nam Phdt gido sU ludn. Nxb Van hpc. Hit Ndi 2000, tr.682-709: Dat Nam liet truyen tien bien. Nxb Thuan Hoa 1993. Nguyen Hidn Diic. Lich su Phcit gido ddng lrong (bd 2 tap). Nxb TP. HCM 1995. Luh su Phdt gido \iel M//;).Vien Triet hpc, 1991, tr.41 1-436. 21. Ki yeu hpi thiio. Nhung vdn de vdn hod .\d hdi thdi Nguyen (Tap ki yeu hpi thao liin thii nhai). Nxb KHXH, Ha Ndi 1992. tr.l86: IJy ban Khoa hpc Xa hpi Viet Nam-Vien Triei hpc- Nguydn Tiii I'hu (Chii bien). Lich su Phdt gido \'iet Nam. Nxb KHXH 1991.11.392-410,

Nguyen Ngoc Quynh, Chii Thi Kim Phuong. Smh hoat Phdt gidf>... 41

t ren Pha t dien cd d tfldng thd cua Dac

giad. Hien tUdng thd tUdng va bia hau

xuat bicn vdi so' lUdng ldn d nhieu ngei

chua. Kien true cac chua d vung Dong

biing Biic Bg dUdi tr ieu Xguyen pho bien

vdl diing chfl Dinh'"^'. Cdn nhflng ngoi

chua d Mien Nam, "tfl nhflng Pha t dien

vang ve trfldc kia, nay da cc nhieu tfldng

hdn (tUdng Tam The, Cflu Ldng, Tfl

Thien Vfldng, Nggc Hoang, Nam Tiio, Bac

Dau, Quan Am. Nggc Nfl. Kim

Dong...)"'^'". Hinh tfldng rdng khdng xuat

hien t reng ciic t r ang trf cua ngoi chua ndi

rieng cung nhfl cac kien t rue khac ngoai

cung dinh do lenh d m cua trieu dinh. Mo

tip t rang tr i chu yeu la TU linh, chfl

Phuc. boa la...

Ben canh nhflng khd khan dd tinh hinh

chfnh tri xa hgi dat nUdc, cac sinh heat

Phat giiio trieu Nguyen va thdi Tu Dflc van

dUdc quan chung tin dc duy tri. Nhieu

chua dUdc nhan dan gdp ccng cua tu sfla

trang nghiem. Cac chua Dau, But Thap,

Phat Tich, Vinh Nghiem, Kec, Sai Sdn, Tay

PhUdng, v.v... deu dUdc phuc che va sfla

chfla. O Ha Ngi, cac chfla Ly Quo'c Su,

Quiin SU, deu dUdc sfla chfla vao nam Tfl

Dflc thfl 8 (1855). Chua Due Khimh - dien

Huy Viin dUdc cac quan tfnh cung nhan

dan gdp tien khdi phuc lai vao nam Tti Dflc

thfl 17 (1864). Chua Lien Phai cung dfldc

Ciic nha sU d chfla cflng thien tin thap

phfldng xuat tien de tu sfla'"*".

Dfldi t n e u Nguyen, he the'ng kinh sach

Phat giao cung dfldc chfl t rgng sUu t i m

va khac in. Cd nhflng ngdi chfla chuyen

triich viec kluic in va t ang trfl cac van in

kinh. (j Mien Bac la cac chua Bd Da, Tfl

Quang. Lien Tdng, v.v... O Mien Nam la

cac chfla Dili Giac (Bien Hoa), Giac Lam,

Giiic Vien (Gia Dinh), Van An (Ddng

Thiip),v.v... Nhflng kinh ke, gidi luat, phd

he, t ruyen dang dfldc in ra vdi khoi lUdng

ldn, nhu Kinh Hoa Nghiem, Kinh Phdp

Hoa, Kinh Dugc Sd, Kinh Dia Tang, Tam

Thien Phdt Danh, Dgi Du Dd. v.v...'-'".

Khi thiic diin Phap xam lUdc va tien

banh khai thac thugc dia, nhieu ngdi

chfla da bi pha buy hoac chuyen thanh

ddn bo't. Tai Gia Dinh, tfl nam 1861 den

nam 1865, thflc diin Phap da chiem dong

va tr iet ha cac chua ldn nbU chfla Kbit

Tfldng, chua Kieng Phudc, chua C ay

Mai'-"', Ngeai ra, chua Kim Tien bi dd

nam 1863, chua Phap Vc bi dd nam 1863,

chfla Phfldc H u n g bi dd nam 1864, chua

Pha t Ldn hi dd nam 1865, v,v,,, Theo

tho'ng ke cfla J. Cb. Balencie. niim 1899,

so' Ifldng chua chien va tfn do Phat giao

tai Gia Dinh la: 305 ngdi chua, 82 vi

tang, 49 vi ni, 211.057 P ha t tfl"".

5. P h a t g i a o vdi t i n h h i n h d a t nfldc

Ke tfl gifla the ki XIX, khi thtic dan

Pbiip xam lUdc Viet Nam, cac tiing ni,

Pha t tfl cung cc nhflng hea t dgng nhap

the tfch cflc tham gia chc'ng giac. Nhieu

ngoi chfla da trd t h a n h ndi quy tu cua

nhflng ngUdi yeu nUdc, chuiin bi liic

lUdng. cd sd chd cac bea t dgng chinh tri

va vu t rang. Cugc khdi nghia cua "giac

chiiy Vdi" dd ba anh em be Doiin la Doan

22. Ki yeu hdi thao, Nhung vdn de van hod xd hen tlu)/ Nguyen. Sdd, tr.78-85. 23. Ki yeu hpi thiia, NhUng vdn de van hod .u7 hdi thdi Nguydn , Sdd, tr. 188. 24. Di sdn Hdn Ndm vdn bia Thdng Long- Lid Ned. PGS.TS Dd Thi Hiio Bien dich, GS. TS Kieu Thu Haach hieu dinh 2007, tr,84, 88, 137, 189. 25. Ki yeu Hoi thao. Chua Nguyen vd vuang trieu Nguyen trong lich sU Viet Nam tU thdkiX\'l den the ki XIX. Td chiic tai Thanh Hoa. ngay 18-19 thang 10 nam 2008, tr.605. 26. Giao hdi Phat giao Viet Nam. Bien nien su Phdt guio Gia Dinh - Sdi Gdn- TP. Hd Chi Minh. Nxb TP. HP Chi Mmh, 2001, lr,56-57. 27. Tran Hdng Lien. Dao Phcit trong cdng ddng ngudi Viet a Nam bd Viet Nam tif the ki X\'II den 1975. Nxb Khoa hoc Xii hdi. 2000. tr.40.

42 Nghien cuu Ton giao. ^d W - zuuy

Hflu Trflng. Doan Huu ai, Ddan Tfl Trflc lanh dad nam 1866 cd sfl tham gia cua mgt Sd' nha sfl nhu sU Nguyen Van Quy d chua Thien PhUdc'-®', sU Nguyen Van Vien, Xguyen Van Ly d chfla Phap Van'-"'. Chfla Phap Van (chua Kheai) d ngdai thanh Hue dfldc chgn lam ndi hgi hgp va la b in doanh cfla cugc khdi nghia. Sfl Nguyen Van Quy dUdc cfl lam quan sfl va da tc chflc chieu tap dfldc lUc lUdng kha ldn cac sU sai va tin dd Phat giac Hue, mgt liic lUdng cd nhieu Inh hUdng thdi bay gid''"". Cugc nci day cdn dUdc ggi la "giac chay vdi" vi khf gidi chd'ng lai quan dgi cua trieu dinh la chay gia vdi cfla nhflng ngfldi tham gia xay dflng cac ccng trinh thdi Tu Dflc. Ngay 16/8/1866 cugc khdi nghia nd ra, quan Cam ve da gifl dfldc Cam thiinh, cugc khdi nghia that bai. Sau sfl kien nay, nhieu nha sfl da bi bat va phl i hdiin tuc. Kinh sfl lflc bay gid chi cen 24 vi sfl trudng d 24 chua' ^".

O Xam Ky cc cac cugc khdi nghia killing Phap vad cac nam 1873, 1875, 1885. 1913 va 1916, ma ngfldi khdi xfldng la cac cng dao theo tin ngu'dng pha trgn gifla Phat giad, Dao giao va ma thuat. Xam 1873 la khdi nghia cua dac Bflu Sdn Ky Hfldng; cac nam 1875 va 1885 la cugc khdi nghia cua Dao Lanh. Nhflng nam 1895- 1898. chfla Nui Cam d That Sdn, An Giang la ndi chuan hi luc lUdng khdi nghia, nam 1913 va nam 1916 la cugc khdi nghia cua Phan Xich Ldng, v,v...

Khi thiic dan Phap tflng bfldc dat che dg cai -tri tren dat nUdc Viet Nam, cung vdi cac tang ldp khac treng xa hgi, cac tfn dd Phat giiic cung dflng len khang Phap, nhieu nha sU la thu linh cua cac cugc khdi nghia. Nam 1888, d Nam Dinh xuat hien nhan vat Ky Ddng (Xguyin Van Cam), chieu md thieu nien, diing cd nghia

"Thien binh t h i n tUdng" cd y dinh chiem thanh Nam Dinh, 6 Thai Binh va Nam Dinh, nam 1888, cung cd khdi nghia cua sU Thg, tru tri chfla lang Lang Ddng, huyen Trflc Ninh d m d i u nghia quan theo sdng Tra Ly vao danh tinh li Thai Binh. Nam 1898 cd cugc khdi nghia vdi sfl tham gia cua nha sfl Vfldng Qud'c Chfnh d chua Nggc Long Dgng, huyen Chfldng My, Ha Tay, Ngoai ra la cac cugc khdi nghia khac nhfl; khdi nghia Tr in Cao Van (1897), cac nha sfl va tin dd Phat giao da cflng tham gia khang chien, quan Phap ggi nghia quan la "giac thay chua". Chd tdi nhflng nam cuci the ki XIX. nhieu ngdi chua d Binh Dinh. Phu Yen la cd sd cua nghia quan do Vd Trfl va mgt sd thu hnh lanh dao vao cac nam 1897-1898 "^'.

Do sfl mat uy the cfla Nho giao, mgt so' nha yeu nfldc Viet Nam da phl i tim vu khf mdi chd'ng lai thflc dan Phap bang viec tim den Phat giao, Dao giao va cac tin ngfldng t h i n bi. Cac phdng trad cflu nfldc mang mau sac tdn giao da gan bo vdi cac boat dgng chinh tri dfldng thdi. X^hieu thfl linh cac cugc khdi nghia la nha sfl. cU si da dem tU tUdng Phat giad. Dao giao ra lam phUdng chain hanh dgng. Tuy

28. Thfch Hai .%i va Ha Xuan Liem. Lich si'f Phdt gido xuHite. Nxb Van hda Siii Gdn 2006, tr. 285. 29. Thich Hiii an va Ha Xuan Liem. Lich su Phdt gido .xuHiie. Sdd, tr. 250. 30. Dd Bang. "Doan Hfru Tnmg \a cac cudc khai nghia nam 1866 a kinh thanh Hue'". Tap chi Nghien cifu Lich su sd 2. 1986. tr. 42-51. 31. Yoshiaru Tsuboi. Nudc Dal Nam ddi dien vdi Phdp vd Trung Hoa. (1847-1885). Hdi Sir hoc Viet Nam. Ha Npi 1993. tr.268-270; Nguydn Lang, viet Nam Phdt gido su ludn. tr.706-707. 32. TrSo Van Giau. Su phdt trien cita tu tudng \'iet Nam tif thd ki XIX ddn cdch mang thdng tdm. Tap 1: He y thifc phong kien vd su thdt bai cua nd trudc cdc nhiem vii lich su. NXB Chinh tri Qud'c gia. 1996, tr.500- 513. LJy ban Khoa hpc Xa hdi Viet Nam-Vien Triei hpc - Nguyen Tai Thu (Chii bien). Lich sir Phdt gido \ let Nam. Nxb KHXH. 199 1, tr.446- 455.

Nguyen Ngoc Quynh, Chu Thi Kim Phuang. Sinh hoat PImt gido... 43

nhien, nhflng vu khf nay cung khdng dem

lai ket qua, cac pheng trad deu bi t ha t

bai. Nha sif hgc T r i n Van Giau da tdng

ket: "Dad giad va P h a t giao c h i n g nhflng

khong bi Nho giao d a n h Ifli ra xa, ma t rai

liii cfl VUdn len. Tu tUdng t h i n bi cua Dac

giad va P h a t giao lien quan mat thiet den

cac phong t rao yeu nUdc cuoi the ki Xix'n:i:i)

Nhu vay, cd the thay sinh hea t Pha t

giao giai doan nfla cudi the ki XIX dUdc

chia lam hai hudng ro ret: Phat giao cung

dinh va Pha t giiio t rong dan. Trieu dinh

tao nhieu dieu kien cho viec thd Pha t cua

hoang tgc, h i n g nam cap tien bac de cung

te. Cac vua Nguyen trong do co vua Tfl

DUc thong qua cac chinh sach cu the da

the hien sii quan tam den Pha t giao va sfl

dung Pha t giao, dac biet la Pha t giao vung

kmh do, de phuc vu cho muc dich cai tri

da't nfldc. Cac sinh boat Pha t giao cua

trieu dinh Tfl Dflc dfldc to chflc kha deu

dan va thudng xuyen. Mgt so'budi te le ldn

cua nha nUdc cung dUdc trieu dinh lap

them dan chay d cac quc'c tfl. Tneu dinh

quy dinh sd' tang ni d cac qud'c tfl, chua sac

tfl, ban d p vat pham, kiem tra trinh dg

giad li cua ciic tang sfl, ban cap do diep...,

tfl do chi phdi Pha t giao thong qua t i n g

ldp chflc sac va nang cao vi trf cfla trieu

dinh. Ve mat nay, cac chinh sach cua nha

nfldc doi vdi Pha t giao da dat dfldc nhflng

thanh tflu dang ghi nhan .

Cdn ddi vdi cac s m h hea t cua Pha t

giad t rdng dan thi lai c6 nhflng quy dinh

nghiem khac n h a m chan chinh va quan If

chat che. Nha nfldc duy tri chfnh sach

doan ket Tam giao nhUng cd gidi han.

Nhflng hoiit dgng tdn giad pluic vu nhu

d u quan If nha nfldc dfldc flu tien. Trieu

dinh phe pbiin nhflng bieu hien qua mflc

ciia Pha t giac nhfl viec xay dflng, sifa

chfla cd sd thd tfl td'n kem, cung le dai

ngay. Cac vua Nguyen, dac biet la vua Tti

Dflc cho rang, viec ngUdi dan tdn sung

quii mflc P ha t giac se cei nhe cac giac If

cua XTho giao. Vi the. cac chua quan

khdng dfldc xay mdi. ma chi sfla chfla hfl

nat . Nhflng bien phap t ren nham dUa

hea t dgng cua P h a t giad vad trong sU

q u i n li cua nha nUdc va khang dinh

vUdng quyen, cung chinh la sfl dung

vUdng quyen vao giao quyen.

Ngoai ra, mgt mat vua TU Dflc la mgt

ngfldi mang nang tU tu'dng Nho giao, mat

khac da cd khdng ft cugc khdi nghia dd

nhflng nha sfl l anh dad, tfl dd, nha vua va

tr ieu dinh cd sii thay ddi ve chfnh sach

doi vdi Pha t giao, Nhieu quy dinh kha t

khe hdn dUdc ban b a n h nham kiem seat

Pha t giad trong dan chung, khdng cho

phep md rgng ve mat te chUc cung nhU cd

sd vat c h i t cfla Pha t giiio ngoai khu vflc

kinh do. Day la mgt trong nhflng nguyen

nhan khien ddi sd'ng Pha t giad nfldc ta

vac giai ddan cuci the ki XIX d i u the ki

XX gap nhieu kho khan .

Nhu vay la tr ieu dinh van cho phep

duy tri boat dgng cac boat dgng Phat giao

trong dan nbUng d mflc dg vfla phai de

kheng lan at Nho giao va ban che sU

tham gia vao cac boat dgng chfnh tri cua

Pha t giao. Day la If do kien nhieu ngUdi

cho r i n g t r ieu Nguyen va dac biet la thdi

Tu Dflc khdng fla P ha t giao, tham chi dan

ap P ha t giao. Neu chi nhin viio nhflng

bieu hien ben ngoai cua cac chfnh sach

ma khong lam ro nhflng nguyen nhan

t ren cd the se dan tdi nhflng mau t h u i n

trong n h a n dinh cac chinh sach doi vdi

Pha t giao cua Tfl Dflc nci r ieng cung nhfl

t n e u Nguyen nci chung./.

33. Tran Van Giau. Su phdt tnen ciia tu tudng \'iet Nam tu the ki XIX den cdch mamj, thdm.; Tdm. Sdd. tr.457.