single phase and special propose motors
TRANSCRIPT
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Motores Monofásicos e
de Propósito Especial
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Motores Monofásicos e
de Propósito Especial
Motores Universais
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Características e Aplicações
Forte queda de rotação
com o aumento do torque
Compactos e com alta
relação torque / corrente
quando comparado a
outros motores 1fs
Aspiradores de
pó, furadeiras,
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Generalidades
Dois grandes grupos:
Motor de Indução 1f
Motor Universal
Uma fonte 1f não produz um campo magnético girante
É necessário um design especial para os motores de indução funcionarem com fontes 1fs
Existem ainda dos motores De relutância
De histerese
De passo
Sem escovas (brushless)
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Motor universal
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Motor CC Série
ind AK I f
Ac If
2
ind AK c I Maior torque por Ampère de
armadura!
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Rotação X Torque (Motor CC Série)
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Motor universal – circuito equivalente
ind AK I f
Não funciona em CA para
motor shunt devido ao
atraso da corrente
provocado na bobina de
campo
Ocorre também um
aumento significativo do
faiscamento nas escovas
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Curva Torque-velocidade
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Diferenças entre as curvas CA e CC
1. Os enrolamentos da armadura e de campo possuem reatância muito elevada a 50 e 60 Hz. Uma parte significativa da tensão de entrada cai nestas reatâncias e a tensão de armadura fica menor do que na operação DC. Sendo EA = K⋅f⋅w, o motor gira a uma menor rotação para a mesma corrente de armadura e torque induzido para CA do que para CC.
2. O valor de pico da tensão é 1,4142 vezes o valor rms, logo problemas de saturação podem ocorrer. Correntes significativamente grandes podem implicar em fluxos não proporcionais, reduzindo o torque induzido. Lembre-se que uma redução no fluxo implica em um aumento da velocidade, fazendo com que este efeito seja parcialmente compensado pelo aumento causado no primeiro efeito.
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Características e Aplicações
Forte queda de rotação
com o aumento do torque
Compactos e com alta
relação torque / corrente
quando comparado a
outros motores 1fs
Aspiradores de
pó, furadeiras, liquidificador
es
Controle de velocidade
feito pela variação da
tensão
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Con
trole
Ele
trôn
ico
de
Velo
cid
ade
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Motores Monofásicos e
de Propósito Especial
Introdução aos Motores Monofásicos
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Construção
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Motor monofásico parado
Torque pulsante e
não girante
Não tem torque de
partida
O motor parece um
transformador com o
secundário em curto
sen
sen 180 0
ind R S
ind R S
ind R S
K B B
K B B
K B B
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Teoria dos dois campos magnéticos girantes
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Característica torque rotação de
um motor trifásico de indução
Característica torque rotação de
dois campos girantes girando
em sentidos opostos e o
resultado da soma destes
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A característica torque
velocidade de um motor de
indução trifásico é proporcional
ao módulo do campo magnético
do rotor e do seno do ângulo
entre os campos. Quando a
rotação do rotor é invertida, IR e
IS são muito grandes, e o
ângulo limita o torque do motor
ind S
ind sen
R
R S
k B B
k B B
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Efeito da variação da carga em um MIT
ind net
ind net sen
R
R
k B B
k B B
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Quando o motor é forçado a reverter
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Curva torque-velocidade mais precisa
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Teoria do campo cruzado [1]
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Teoria do campo cruzado [2]
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Teoria do campo cruzado [3]
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Teori
ado c
am
po c
ruzado
Con
clu
são
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Motores Monofásicos e
de Propósito Especial
Partida de Motores Monofásicos
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Tipos de partida
Fase Dividida ou a Resistência
Capacitores de Partida e Per manetes
Pólos Sombreados
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Fase dividida ou a resistência [1]
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Fase dividida ou a resistência [2]
Ventiladores, exaustor
es e bombas
centrífugas
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Detalhe da chave centrífuga
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Capacitor de Partida [1]
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Capacitor de Partida [2]
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Compressores, bomba
s, ar condicionados, e
outras aplicações que
partem com carga
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Capacitor Permanente
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Com dois capacitores
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Vídeos
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De pólos sombreados [1]
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De pólos sombreados [2]
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De pólos sombreados [3]
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De pólos sombreados [4]
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Proteção Térmica
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Motores Monofásicos e
de Propósito Especial
Controle de Velocidade de Motores de Indução Monofásicos
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Controle de velocidade
Variando a freqüência do estator
Variando o número de pólos
Variando a tensão terminal
Autotransformador
SCRs TRIACs
Resistor em série com o estator
Autotrafo alimentando motor de pólos sombreados
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Autotransformador alimentando motor de
pólos sombreados [1]
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Autotransformador alimentando motor de
pólos sombreados [2]
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Motores Monofásicos e
de Propósito Especial
Circuito Equivalente
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Circuito Equivalente (motor em repouso)
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Circuito equivalente para dois campos
magnéticos girantes (motor em repouso)
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Circuito equivalente para dois campos
magnéticos girantes (motor em movimento)
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Simplificando
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Diagrama do fluxo de potência
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Ex. 10.1
Um motor monofásico de 1/3 hp, 110 V, 60 Hz, seis pólos, split-phase tem as seguintes impedâncias:
As perdas no núcleo são de 35 W e as por atrito, ventilação e adicionais são 16 W. O motor está operando a tensão e freqüência nominais quando o enrolamento de partida abre, com o escorregamento a 5 %. Encontre:
a) A velocidade do eixo
b) A corrente do estator
c) O Fator de Deslocamento
d) A Potência de Entrada
e) A Potência no Entreferro (Air Gap)
f) A Potência Convertida
g) O Torque Induzido
h) A Potência de Saída (Eixo)
i) O Torque da Carga
j) A Eficiência
R1 = 1,52 W X1 = 2,10 W XM = 58,2 W
R2 = 3,13 W X2 = 1,56 W
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Motor à relutância
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Motor à relutância (Gaiola!)
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C x w motor à relutância monofásico
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Rotor motor à relutância
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Motor à histerese
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C x w motor à histerese
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Motor à histerese
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Motor de passo
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Passos
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Motor DC Brushless
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Motor DC Brushless
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Motor DC Brushless
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Motor à relutância - rotor