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    If clause ve zaman zarflarnn (when, after, as soon as, once) bal bulundugu cumlede will/would/goingto/shall yaplar gelmez.

    Svo when SVO

    1960, when.

    zne/nesne..N:C I dont know when she will come

    Zaman zarf , .have/has V3 %80

    If clauseun ana cmlesinde aadaki yaplar gelmezHave / has V3 have /has been VingV2 was /were / was-were VingHad V3 / had been Ving

    Zaman zarflar(when, after, as soon as, once) %100 uyum ister ana cmlede ve yan cmlede V2 / had V3iaretleyince hangi olayn daha nce olduguna mutlaka baknz.

    HardlyBarelyScarcelyAlmost never Hemen hemen hi, nadirenRarelySeldom

    SometimesAt timesOccasionally Bazen

    Now and thenNow and again

    NowAt the momentCurrentlyFor the time being simdi, u anda : am is are VingAt presentPresently

    At that momentAt that time

    Once: bir zamanlar V2

    The day

    NowadaysThesedays

    bugnlerde : am is are Ving

    gradually

    more and more

    day by day aama aama : : Ving (present: am-is-are Ving)step by step

    (past: was-were Ving)

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    pointed time in the past : V2

    Yesterday,Two days/weeks/months ago,Last night/week/month/year.,In 1960, in the 1960s, during the 1960s,

    Between 1960 and 1990,From 1990 to 2000,During WW II, etc.At the time, At that time, once (bir zamanlar), at that moment

    V2 kullanlmasna ramen present/future anlam veren yaplar

    It is time + subject + V2 : -nn vakti geldiI wish + subject + V2 :present / future wishAs if / as though + subj + V2 : unreality , -m gibi, sankiIf clause type II :present unreal (IfV2..)Would you mind + if + subj + V2 :polite request

    Would rather + subj + V2 : tercih ederim

    Was-were Ving / V2 dizilimi seeneklerde varsa muhtemelen doru yant olabiliyorBu dizilim zaman ifadesi verilmeden de sorulabiliyorbir olay devam ederken dier

    bir olayn devam eden olay kesmesi, araya girmesi durumunda kullanlr.

    When / while / as : yaplar zaman zarf olarak -iken anlamnda kullanldnda devamlarnda genelliklehave / has V3 yaps kullanlmaz.Byle bir dizilim grdnzde while yapswhereas gibi kullanlanve ztlk anlam veren yapdr. As yaps ise d iin anlamnda kullanlan ve neden-sonu ilikisi verenyapdr.

    While/Ashave/has V3

    have / has V3..isteyen yaplarCmlede herhangi bir zaman ifadesi yoksa, eylemin sadece yapldndan bahsediliyorsa:Up to nowUp till nowSo farTo dateLatelyRecently (until recently : V2)All my life (all his life (lmse : V2)For 10 yearsSince 1990For 10 days now

    *herfor lu yapda have has V3 e gitmeyineernow noktas ile iliki varsa kullanlr. Farkl zamanifadelerine dikkat ediniz:

    For 2 weeks last summer : V2For 10 years before I came here : had V3 / had been Ving.

    Since + V2 .. , have/has V3 - have/has been Vinghave/has V3 - have/has been Ving . since ..+ V2

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    Inwithin last

    During the week/month/year/decade/century1Over pastFor

    In last During the few/two weeks/months/years/decades/centuries

    Over pastFor

    last ve past kelimelerinin nnde the varsa ve oncesndek prep lere de dikkat ediniz : have /has V3 have/has been Ving

    sadece the last weekend: V2

    Sra say sfatlar (first, second, etc.) ile, only sfat ile veya superlative ile nitelenen bir ismindevamnda Present Perfect kullanlr

    This is the first time I have been abroad

    By the time Vo/V1 , ..will have V3.. (will)By the time ..V2.., had V3 (V2).

    By 1960, . Had V3 (V2).By 2060will have v3 (will)

    Until : sreklilikBy : herhangi bir arada

    HAD V3 YAPISININ BIRLIKTE KULLANILDIGI OZEL YAPILAR

    I wish / if only + Subject + had V3 PAST WISHAs if/As though + Subject + had V3. UNREALITY IN THE PAST-MI GBWould rather + Subject + had V3 TERCH EDERDMIf Clause Type 3 UNREALITY IN THE PASTIf clause mixed type.

    I hopeI expectI think

    I am sure..will/wouldI am confidentI am certain

    ForeseeForecast.will/wouldPredictEstimate

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    WhenOnceAs soon aspresent., .will.If (type I)Unless (type I)

    When I graduate, I will start a job

    Unless. , cannot/wont

    Asagdak yaplara cloze test cnde dkkat ediniz1940 ylnda savas baslad. Next year . gibi bir cmledeyine V2 kullanmak lazmdryani past olan bir paragrafta future zaman ifadeleri yanltc olmasn!!!

    Tomorrow, tomorrow morning, etc.Two weeks later; in 2050, shortly, briefly, soon, next year, before long,in/within two weeks, etc.

    Be about to V0;Be on the verge of

    Be on the edge of -e zere olmak, -nn eiinde olmak,Be on the point ofBe on the brink of

    at this time tomorrow..will be Ving:-yor olacakthis time next year

    at this time yesterdaywas/were Vingthis time last year

    by next friday.will have V3: *m olacakby 2030will have V3

    by the time .Vo/V1. , will have V3in 10 years time .will have V3

    will have V3 yerine will ile baka yap da olabilir.

    Present yaplar past yaplar

    Am-is-are was-wereAm-is-are Ving was-were VingVo/V1 V2Have/has V3 had V3Have/has been Ving had been VingFuture time yaplar

    Bir cmlede zaman zarf varsa, zaman zarflar %100 uyum ister kural dorultusunda present yaplar kendiierisinde ve past yaplar kendi ierisinde deerlendirilmelidir. Bu iki gruptan have/has V3 ve V2 yaplarnyanyana getiren yapsince yapsdr.

    Genellikle iaretlemekten kanmanz gereken dizilimler:

    Had V3 / have/has V3Had V3 / am-is areHad V3 / will VoWas/were Ving / have/has V3Am-is-are / wouldWould /would

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    Cmle tamamlama sorularnda da bu yaplar ana cmlede ve yan cmlede kullanmamaya .aln ayrca cmletamamlamada had v3/had v3 diziliminden de kanabilirsiniz.

    modals

    Can: am-is-are able toCould : was-were able to

    Could yaps sadece ability anlamnda past anlam verir.

    Was-were able to : managed to Vo : ura sonucu elde edilen baar

    Olaslk anlam veren yaplar

    May-might-could-Could-canmay well-might well-could well-

    be likely to- be unlikely to- be bound to- probably

    may as wellmight as well.bari unu yapalm (olaslkla alakas yok)could as well

    zorunluluk anlam veren yaplar

    musthave to/has tohave got to/has got to

    zorunda deilsin, gerek yokanlam veren yaplar:

    dont have todoesnt have toneedntdont need to

    had to : zorunda kaldmdidnt have to Vo:yapmama gerek kalmad, yapmak zorunda kalmadmdidnt need to Vo:

    tavsiye

    shouldought to

    had bettermust

    should have v3 meliydin, malydn ama yapmadnought to have v3

    am/is/are used to Ving : alkn olmakget used to Ving : almak

    used to Vo past habit, action, statewould Vo

    used to anlam mevcutsa ancak seceneklerde yoksa would kullanlabilir. Eger ikisi de varsa tercihimizused to olmal.

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    would yapsused to yerine past olarak kullanlabilirwould yapsnoun clause iinde ana fiil past ise past anlam verir.

    I will go.he said that he would go

    Bu iki kullanm dnda grdmz would yaplarpresent-future olarak deerlendirilmeli.

    Would rather VoWould sooner VoWould just as soon Vo tercih ederimWould preferTo Vo

    Would rather Vo : would rather + subj + V2 : tercih ederimWould rather have V3 : would rather + subj + had V3 : tercih ederdimWould rather + be Ving : -yor olmay tercih ederim : konusma an

    Be + Ving : konuma an olarak dusunulebilir.

    Be supposed to Vo : -mesi / mas lazmBe about to : -mek zereBe likely to : muhtemelenBe to : beklenti, grevlendirme

    devamnda Vo alp past anlam veren modallar

    Could VoWas / were able to VoHad to VoWas were supposed to VoUsed to Vo

    Would Vo

    Bunun dsndakler : modal + have + V3

    Should have V3 : -meliydiOught to have V3 : -meliydi

    May have V3 : -m olabilirMight have V3 : -m olabilirCould have V3 : -m olabilir

    Could have V3 : -ebilirdinCouldnt have V3 : -mezdim

    Must have V3 : -m olmalCant have V3 : -m olamazCouldnt have V3 : -m olamaz

    MUST TABLOSU + - PAST + PAST -

    1. ZORUNLULUK MUST DONT HAVE TO HAD TO DIDNT HAVE TODONT NEED TO DIDNT NEED TO

    2. TAVSYE MUST MUSTNT SHOULD / OUGHT TO HAVE V3SHOULDNT HAVE V3

    3. IKARIM MUST CANT MUST HAVE V3 CANT HAVE V3

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    COULDN T HAVE V3

    SORU KOKUNDE EYLEMIN GERCEKLESMEDIGINI ANLARSANIZ

    SHOULD HAVE V3 : melyd / malyd ama yapmadOUGHT TO HAVE V3 : melyd / malyd ama yapmadCOULD HAVE V3 : -ebilirdim ama olmadWAS/WERE SUPPOSED TO Vo : -mesi/mas lazmd ama olmadWAS/WERE GOING TO Vo :-ecektim /acaktm ama yapamadmWOULD HAVE V3 : -erdim/ardm (genelde if type III)

    *herhangi bir soruda seeneklerde aktif/pasifdizilimler varsa ncelii aktif/pasif elemesine vermekde faydavardr

    be V3being V3 bu dizilimler pasiftir

    been V3

    need + Ving devamnda Ving alarak pasif anlam verir.Need to be V3

    *ngilizcede d kaynakl olaylar pasiftir.*Genellikle duygular ve hisler pasiftir*Boluun devamnda prep varsa ve bu prep secenekteki fiile ait olan prep deilse genellikle doru yantpasif olabilir

    boluun ncesindeki dizilim pasif ise (is said ____) devamndaki yapTo Vo / to have V3e zamanl bir olaysa To Vo, farkl zamanl bir olaysa to have V3 kullanlr.

    Bu kural bozan 3 yap bunlar dndaki pasif yaplarTo ile devam ederler

    Is seenIs caught + VingIs found

    Have sth V3Get sth V3

    Have smb VoGet smb To Vo

    Make smb VoHave smb VoLet smb VoHelp smb VoSee/hear smb Vo-Ving

    X + smb + To Vo: %90Persuaded her ____

    Prep + Ving.being V3

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    Be used to : -e alkn olmakGet used to : -e almakBe accustomed to : -e alkn olmakGet accustomed to : -e almakLook forward to : -i drt gzle beklemekFeel like : -i istemek

    Be opposed to : -e kar olmakObject to : -e kar olmak, -e itiraz etmekCant help : -den kendini alamamakCant bear : -e dayanamamak, tahamml edememekCant stand : -e dayanamamak, tahamml edememekIts worth : -e deerIts no use : -nn faydas/yarar yokIts no good : -nn faydas/yarar yokThere is no point in : -nn anlam yokIn the habit of : -e alkn

    my, your, his, her, its, our, their,Jacks + Ving

    Ving (aktif) : being V3(pasif)

    Adjective + To VoAdjective + for smb/sth + To VoToo adj/adv.to..adj / adv + enough TO Vohow/what/whenTo Vo

    The first/second The only + to V0: The best/most

    Purpose : to Vo / so as to Vo / in order to Vo- with a view to + Ving

    to Vo (aktif) : to be V3 (pasif)

    ------er .than comp.more.than comp.

    asadj/adv..as : kadarsoadj/adv..as : kadar ( negatif cmlelerde tercih edelim)such adj+noun.as : kadarthe same ..noun..as : ayn

    Cmlede anlamca kyaslama varsa yukardaki yaplardan birisi dorudur.

    the + comp.. , the + comp.. : ne kadar..o kadar

    the former : 1.si..the latter..2.si

    .the .est superlativethe most superlative

    much-far-a lot-rather : comparative yaplarna vurguof all by far :superlative yaplarna vurgu

    tooadj/adv..to Vo

    adj / adv . Enough + To Vo

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    *yaplar iine many, much, few gibi miktar yaplar gelirse bunlardan sonra + noun kullanlmal . ( asmany + noun + as)

    as muchnoun.astoo many nounto

    so ..adj/adv.that + SVO o kadar..kisuch .adj + nounthat + SVO

    Seenekte so/that ya da such /that varsa soru kknde ikinci boluktan sonrasnn tam cmle olup olmadnamutlaka baknz, eer tam cmle ise that li yaplar dorudur, eer tam cmle deilse bu yaplar eleyebilirsiniz.Eer tam cmle varsa ve ikisi arasnda kalrsanz that yapsnn hemen ncesinde isim varsa suchyoksaso yaps dorudur.

    such + noun : bu tr, byle : ikame szcsuch + adj + noun + as : kadarsuch + adj + noun + that + SVO : o kadar ki..such as .+ n : gibi, rnekleme (like)Such + noun + as : gibi, rnekleme

    Such as : cmle basnda yok!!!

    Like + noun : gibi (rnekleme, benzetme)As + noun : olarak

    As + SVO : (d iin) neden-sonu anlam verir: ( -iken) zaman zarf olarak

    As you see in the picture,

    As : -d gibi / dike, dka

    ADJECTIVE CLAUSE

    ___________Y.FL/FLWHO/WHICH

    __________ZNEWHOM/WHICH

    ______ + NOUNWHOSE

    YER .

    _________IT: WHICH

    _________ITS: WHOSE_________...THERE: WHERE : PREP+ WHICH

    ZAMAN

    _____SVOWHEN : PREP + WHICH

    ____SVWHICH

    PREP + WHOM/WHOSE + N / WHICH

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    .

    whose yapsndan sonra a-an-the-many-most gibi yaplar gelmez, sadece isim ya da sfat + isimkullanlabilir.

    WHOSE + NOUN ADJ+NOUN

    Preposition dan sonra whom, which, whose gelebilir.

    Adj.clause sorularnda bolupun devamnda bota kalan hibir eyi nitelemeyen preposition olup olmadgnadkkat ednz

    Adj clasue ksaltmaNOUN ______Ving /V3Superlative .to Vo / to be V3

    Boluktan nce tanmlanmas gereken isim varsa which/that/who gibi yaplarla, ancak seeneklerde fiilekimleri mevcutsa bu soru adj.clause ksaltma sorusu olabilir ve Ving ile V3 yaplarna ynelin, anlamaktifse Ving, pasifse V3

    Superlativebir dizilim varsa ise to Vo ya da pasifanlam varsa to be V3 yapsna gidiniz.

    Noun clause

    Bir dizilimde nesne eksiklii tespit ettiyseniz bu yapnoun clause oluturur ve

    That/ the fact that..whether/ifwh-/how yaplarna gidiniz.

    Boluktan sonra that SVO varsa, seceneklerde nesnesi eksik yaplar aranmaldr.

    S + V + that SVO

    S + y.fiil + that SVOIt + pasif + that SVOsfat + that SVOsoyut isim + that SVO

    opinion- idea-fact-observation-fear.

    SVO yaplar elenirIt hari pasif ler elenir.Tense uyumuna baklr.

    He says that present/ futureHe said that.past

    Istisnalar

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    1. It ile balayanlar tense uyumu istemez2. He explained that .fact anlam veren cmle olursa present3. he claims that olayn gercek zamann verirse past4. he says that if.., .. (if clause kurallar geerli)

    ngilizcede 2 tane if var, 2 tane whether var.. eer bu dizilimler cmlede zne ya da nesneyi oluturuyorsanoun clause olurlar. if yaps whether yerine sadece fiilden sonra ve devamnda or not almadankullanlr. Noun clause dizilimlerinde or/or not paranteze alnabilir. Cmle banda, preposition dan sonra veor not dan nce if kullanlmaz.Cmle banda if varsa bu yap if clause olur.

    I dont know whether she will come (or not)

    I will love him forever whether he loves me or not.

    SUBJUNCTIVE in NOUN CLAUSES:

    Eer ana cmlede gereklilik, zorunluluk veya neri bildiren bir sfat, fiil ya da isim kullanlmsa ThatSentence yapsnda zne ne olursa olsun fiil yaln haliyle hibireye gre ekimlenmeden (V0) gelir. Aslnda butr cmlelerde birshould yaps gizlidir ve bu should yaps kullanlmad iin etken (active) cmlelerdeV0, edilgen (passive) cmlelerde ise be V3 yaplar kullanlr.

    e.g. I recommend that you (should) take this pill twice a day. (active)(Bu ilac gnde iki kez alman tavsiye ederim.)

    It is essential that the contract (should) be signed before Monday. (passive)(Kontratn Pazartesinden nce imzalanmas gereklidir.)

    It is the doctors advice that he (should) rest for a week. (active)(Onun bir hafta dinlenmesi doktorun tavsiyesidir.)

    Subjunctive yap ile devam eden ve yaygn kullanlan kelimeler:

    Verbs:

    Advise Ask Demand Insist Order UrgePrefer Propose Require Recommend Suggest

    Adjectives:

    Advisable Crucial Essential Imperative ImportantMandatory Obligatory Necessary Recommendable SignificantUrgent Vital

    Nouns:

    Advice Demand Insistence Order Proposal RecommendationSuggestion

    ........................pozitif anlam +. . ...............pozitif.....+. , too/as well

    ........................negatif anlam -. . ...............negatif anlam.....-. , either

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    ..either ..or : ya .ya da .

    I liked either : her ikisi de

    +so

    ... --neither/nor + bir nceki cmlenin yardmc fiili + zne

    ..neithernor : ne.ne de

    neither of the students: 2 renciden hibirisi

    .. , nor + inversioninversion :

    deil mi sorularnda I znesi ile baladnda dikkat

    She thinks that his father will forgive her, doesnt she?

    They know what she can do with that bomb, dont they?

    I think that she is the murderer, isnt she?

    Idont think that she can get the visa, can she?

    She will not use this dicitonary after she buys another, will she?

    IF CLAUSE yaplarn ve kullanmlarn inceledikten sonra aadaki tabloda If Clause ve ResultClause iinde kullanlabilen yaplarn genel bir zetini bulabilirsiniz:

    TYPE I

    If + V1 , will / shallAm/Is/Are Ving May, Might, CouldHave/Has V3 CanAm/is/are to V0 Must, have to etc.Can Imperatives (emir cmleleri)Must, have toShould, ought to etc.

    TYPE II

    If + V2 , would V0 / would be VingWas/Were Ving Might V0 / might be Ving,

    Was/were to V0 Could V0 / could be VingCould (Past ability)

    Had toShould

    TYPE III

    If + had V3 , would have V3Had been Ving Might have V3,

    Could have V3 Could have V3

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    MIXED TYPE

    If + had V3 , would V0 / would be Ving (now, today, etc.)Had been Ving Might V0 / might be Ving,

    Could have V3 Could V0 / could be Ving

    Aadaki tabloda ise Type ne olursa olsun If Clause ve Result Clause iinde kullanlamayacakyaplar grebiliriz:

    If + will , have/has V3shall V2 (KPDS, DS v.b.snavlarda test edilmiyor.)

    may, might, could (possibility) was / werewould had V3,

    Inversion :Type I : shouldType II : wereType III : had

    Provided (that), Providing (that): kouluyla/artyla

    As long as, So long as: -d srece / artylaOnly if: ancak -sa ana cmlede inversion ister!!!Even if: -se bile; -e ramenUnless: -mezse; -medike ana cmlesi genelde olumsuzdurSuppose that, Supposing that: varsayalm ki/diyelim ki genelde type II ileWhat if ?: Ya -sa/-saydOn condition that: artyla/kouluyla(Just) In case: -e ihtimaline karlk, nolur nolmaz diyeIf it werent for: masaIf it hadnt been for: masaydBut for: olmasa; olmasaydWhether or / or not : olsa daolmasa da ( cmlede zne ya da nesne oluturursa Noun clause olarakyorumlanacak ve p, -pmad eklinde evrilecektir ve or/or not yaplar paranteze alnabilir, eer zne

    ya da nesneyi oluturmazsa isterister. eklinde evrilmelidir ve or/or not yaplar parantezealnamaz.

    IMPLIED CONDITIONALS:

    But: ama

    Otherwise / or else: yoksa; aksi takdirdeWithout: -sz; -medenThen: o zaman

    Bu yapalar da gizli if clause gibi dnlebilir ve baz type lar ima ederler

    Otherwise, or, or else yapsnda sonra genellikle will, would, would have V3 gelirOtherwise, or, or else yapsnda sonra if clause un ana cmlesine gelmeyen yaplar have/has V3, V2, had V3

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    yaplar ve Ving eklinde almlar (have been Ving) gelmez.

    Wish clauseda present/future yaplar kullanlmazAyn zne iin would kullanlmaz I wish I would yanltr

    Present/future wish : V2, could/ would

    Past wish : had V3/ could have V3/would have V3

    ADVERBIAL CLAUSE

    For : nkAnd : veNor : ..ne de....inversion ister.Then : sonra, daha sonraBut : ama, fakatOr : veya; yoksa or else, otherwiseYet : ama, yine deSo : bundan dolay, dolaysyla, bu yzden

    Paralel yaplar

    a) Not onlybut (also): Sadecedeil, ayn zamanda

    Not only. , but (also).Simply.., but .as well / tooMerelyJustSolely

    Bu yap cmle banda devrik kullanlabilir.

    b) Bothand: hem hem

    c) Eitheror: ya yad) Neithernor: ne ne

    Seeneklerde bu paralel yaplar grnce soru kknde boluklarn devamna baknz, eer paralelse yaplardoru yant bu 4 yapdan biridireer paralel ise bu yaplardan biri mutlaka dorudur.

    Bir de her zaman paralel kullanlmayan .notbutyaps mevcuttur. Bu yapy notonly..but also ile kartrmayn.not..but yapsnda sadece but n devamndaki eylem gerekleir.

    She went abroad NOT to have a vacation BUT to improve her language

    CONTRAST : ZITLIK

    Although / Though / Even Though / Much as / -e ramenEven if/ While / Despite the fact that / In spite of the fact that + SVO sa da / sa bile

    X , . though yaps ekstra olarak noktalama iaretleri ile kullanlabilir.. X . SVO. . SVO. , though.

    Although grubu genellikle cmle ba ve ortasnda kullanlr.

    Despite / In spite of + NP : sa da / sa bile , -e ramen

    X , .

    . X .

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    Devamnda the fact that alrsa SVO

    However + Adverb / Adjective:.. ne kadar .sa.sn.

    However yaps kendisinden sonra birsfat ya da zarfalarak cmleye devam edip devamnda bir ana cmlegetirildiinde -e ramen, -d halde, -e karn, se de anlamna gelir

    No matter how + Adverb / Adjective: .. ne kadar .sa.sn.

    Bu yap yukardaki however + adjective/adverb yaps ile ayn anlam ve ayn kullanma sahiptir. Bu yapoluturulurken yukardakinden farkl olarak yaplan tek ey however yerine no matter how yapsnnkullanlmasdr.

    No matter + How / wh-

    Direct Contrast

    Whereas / While: + SVO X , .. , X .

    zne ztl.

    Reason : neden-sonu

    As / Because / Since / Seeing as / Seeing that / Inasmuch as: + SVO -den dolay, -d iin, nk

    X , .. X .

    Now (that): -diine gre; madem ki :bu yap devamda past yap almaz, genellikle de have/has V3 ile kullanlr.

    Because of / Due to / Owing to / On account of / Thanks to / In view of + NP :yznden, -den dolay, sayesinde

    X , .. X .

    Devamnda the fact that alrlarsa SVO

    In that + SVO -mesi-mas bakmndan / asndanGenellikle similar in that, differ in that, alike in that, unusual in that.eklinde kullanlr In terms of + NP -mesi-mas bakmndan / asndan

    PURPOSE : AMA

    SO THAT -sn diye, -mek/mak iin IN ORDER THAT LEST + SVO (ama bildiren yaplardan sonra gelen cmlede genellikle modal vardr. FOR FEAR THAT -mesin diye, korkusuyla

    X , .. X .

    IN ORDER TOSO AS TO + Vo -mek/mak iin

    TO

    WITH A VIEW TO +Ving -mek/mak iin

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    Cmle ortasnda virgl varsa anlam deiir!!!

    so that.. : ama bildirir.. , so (that ) . : neden-sonu bildirir (that) paranteze al nabilir : bu yzden.

    so that + SVO o kadar ki..

    ZAMAN ZARFLARI : % 100 UYUM STER

    After : sonra Before : -meden nce As soon as: -r mez When: -diinde, -dii zaman While: -ken (tam ztlkta da kullanlr (whereas)gibi) Once: bir se; -r -mez The moment (that) : (=As soon as) -r -mez Until/Till: -e kadar, -e dein sreklilik arz eder By the time: -e kadar sreklilik yoktur .x.x..x. (Just) As: -ken; -dike; -diinde (-d gibi anlam da vardr) (The) Last Time: son -dnda (The) Next Time: gelecek sefer -dnda No soonerthan: er mez; mtki di; mesiyle mesi bir oldu Hardly/Barely/Scarcelywhen/before: er mez; mtki di; mesiyle mesi bir oldu Whenever / Every time: her diinde, ne zaman -se Prior to + NP: -meden nce Afterwards : daha sonra

    From .onward.-den itibaren

    No sooner. thanHardly...when bu yaplar cmle banda inversion ister.Scarcely...when evirileri as soon as gibi yaplabilir.Barely ...when

    DURUM ZARFLARI

    (Just) As : -d gibi

    The results of the election were just as he had predicted.(Just) As children are fond of playing games, sodoadults love watching TV.

    As if / As though: gibi; sanki -m gibi

    Bu yapalrdan sonra present yaplar varsa reality vardr ve gibi diye evrilir, eerpast yaplar varsa unreality vardr ve one tense back kural uygulanr ve -mgibi diye evrilir.

    As if / as though dan sonra had been gelmez!!! Were .

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    Adverbial clause ksaltmalar

    __________________ , zne ____________________ .

    virgle kadar zne yoksa ve virglden hemen sonra zne ortaya kyorsa cmle banda :

    Ving : e zaman aktif

    ..Walking down the street, he saw me.

    V3 / Being V3 : e zaman pasif

    Properly used, the computer will last at least three years

    Having V3 : farkl zaman aktif

    Having finished his hw, he went out

    Having been V3 : farkl zaman pasif

    Having been edited, the book was sent to publishing.

    .. , and ortak zne + fiil.. , Ving .

    SENTENCE ADVERBS

    . X , SVO.... ; X , SVO.. . zne , X , .. . .. , X

    1) CONTRAST: ztlk However : ancak, ama yine de On the other hand : ama; dier yandan Nevertheless :ama yine de Nonetheless :ama yine de Even so : yine de; byle olsa bile

    2) RESULT: sonu Therefore : bu yzden, bundan dolay, dolaysyla Thus : bu yzden, bundan dolay, dolaysyla Hence : bu yzden, bundan dolay, dolaysyla Accordingly : bu yzden, bundan dolay, dolaysyla Consequently : bu yzden, sonu olarak, dolaysyla As a consequence : sonu olarak As a result : sonu olarak Thereby : ylelikle, o suretle, bylece

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    Therebydan sonra SVO gelmez.

    And thus : ve bylece/ bu yzden , thus + VingThereforeHenceTherby

    Soconsequently

    3. ADDITION: ekleme

    Also : dahas, stelik Besides : dahas, stelik; -e ilaveten Further : dahas, stelik Moreover : dahas, stelik Furthermore : dahas, stelik In addition : dahas, stelik Whats more : dahas, stelik

    Besides yapsnn iki kullanm var, eger noktalama iareti ile kullanlrsa devamnda cmle almal.

    BesidesAs well asIn addition to + NP..also : -nn yan sraApart from

    4. TIME: zaman

    At first : ilk olarak Afterwards : daha sonra Later : sonra Then : sonra In the meantime : bu sre iinde, bu arada Meanwhile : bu arada

    5. EXEMPLIFICATION: rneklendirme For instance : mesela, rnein For example : mesela, rnein To illustrate : mesela, rnein As an example : mesela, rnein As an illustration : mesela, rnein To exemplify : mesela, rnein

    ..such as + NP : gibi rneklendirme..like + NP : gibi rneklendirme

    6. PARTICULARIZATION: zele indirgeme

    In particular : zellikle Particularly : zellikle Specifically : zellikle Especially : zellikle Notably : zellikle

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    7. EXPLANATION: aklama

    Aklama bildirirken kullandmz yaplar aada listelenmitir.

    That is : yani Namely : yani In other words : baka bir deyile That is to say : yani

    8. SIMILARITY: benzerlik

    Benzerlik bildiren yaplar aada listelenmitir.

    Likewise : aynekilde Similarly : aynekilde Correspondingly : aynekilde By the same token : aynekilde In the same way : aynekilde

    Like + NP : gibi : benzetme

    *unlike +NP -nn aksine*in contrast to +NP -nn aksine

    9. EMPHASIS: vurgulama

    In fact : aslnda, gerekte Indeed : gerekten, dorusu, hatta As a matter of fact : aslnda Actually : aslnda, gerekten As such :aslnda, gerekten

    10. REFUTATION: rtme

    On the contrary : aksine In contrast : aksine By contrast : aksine

    11. TRANSITION:

    -ile ilgili: -e gelince as regards with regard to regarding with respect to concerning as for as to in the case of about when it comes to pertaining to

    olarak grmek/deerlendirmek regard as view as

    consider as cite as

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    12. SUMMATION / CONCLUSION In summary : zet olarak, ksacas In brief : ksacas In short : ksaca In conclusion : sonu olarak To be brief : ksacas To sum up : zet olarak All in all : zet olarak; hereyi hesaba kattmzda

    13. EXCEPTION

    Except that : bir yana Except for : -den baka, dnda Save that : ancak Saving : -den baka, dnda Apart from : -den baka, dnda But :

    But for :

    15.

    Irrespective of : baklmakszn, gzetmeksizinRegardless of :..kaideye almadan

    Bu yaplarn evirisi -ever kelimeleri gibi yaplabilir.

    Regardless of what he says : whatever he says

    16.

    whereby : by means of which + SVO : araclyla, vastasyla

    by means ofviathrough + NP : araclyla, vastasylawith the help ofby

    through : iinden geerek, arasndan geerek through the canalthrough : araclyla, yardmyla

    throughout :boyunca, tm Turkey

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    INVERSION

    A) NEGATIVE INVERSION:

    Negatif anlam veren kelime ile ya da negatif kelimenin iinde yer ald bir kalpla balayancmleler devrik olabilirler..

    Only ile balayancmlelerde devrik dizilim genellikle ana cmlede olur.

    Little does she knowwhat surprises we have in store for her.No sooner had I openedthe doorthan the phone started ringing.Hardly had I gone to the bed when there was a knock at the door.Not only did he resign from the post buthe also left home.Nota single worddid she say.Not untilI finish this project will I have a holiday.Nowhere have I seen a more beautifully decorated room so far.

    On no account will he acceptthe project offered by the union.Under no circumstances will he acceptthe project offered by the union.

    Never has she experiencedsuch an emotion.At no timehave I seenher talking to anyone.Seldom have I seen him looking so miserable.Only when the government stops interfering will we see any improvement in our schools.

    Adams was not invited, and neither were any of his friends.Adams was not invited, and nor were any of his friends.

    B) POSITIVE INVERSION:So hot was the road surface thatthe asphalt melted.Such an efficient secretary is shethat you dont need to do anything on your own.I would like to know whats happening out there.So would my friends.

    To be able to be promoted, you should work hard as doesyour father. ( d gibi)No one could have worked harderthandidshe.

    Simon isnt as tall as is his brother.On the new classroom management proceduresis there so much concentration.

    If clause type I : should

    If clause type II : wereIf clause type III : had

    1- A lot of, Lots of, Plenty of: (hem +, hem -)

    oul isimlerya dasaylamayan tekil isimlerle beraberok; birok anlamnda kullanlanbu yaplar genellikle olumlu cmlelerde tercih edilirler.

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    2- A number of, A good many, Quite a few, A good few, (sadece +)A great many, A large number of, Scores of, Large numbers of:

    Kendilerinden sonra sadece oul isim alarak kullanlan bu yaplarn hepsi birok anlamnasahiptirler ve zne olarak kullanldklarnda fiil oul zneye gre ekimlenir.

    Iinde number, few, many geen yaplar

    ***The number of yaps-nn says anlamnda kullanlr ve devamndaki yardmc fiil tekil zneyegre ekimlenir.e.g. The number of students is / A number of students are

    3- A good deal of, A great deal of, A vast amount of, A large amount of, A great quantity of:(sadece -)

    inde amount, deal, quantity geen yaplar

    Kendilerinden sonra sadecesaylamayan tekil isim alarak kullanlan bu yaplarn hepsi okanlam tamaktadrlar.Bir cmlede zneyinitelediklerinde fiil tekil zneye gre ekimlenir

    4- Many, Several, Few, A few: (sadece +)

    Kendilerinden sonra sadece oul isim alarak kullanlan bu yaplardan many yapsbirok; several yaps birka; a few ve few yaplaraz diye evrilir. Ancak, afew yaps sayca few yapsndan fazlalk ifade eder

    A few : az ama yeterli (enough)Few : yok denecek kadar az (not enough)

    5- Much, A little, Little: (sadece -)

    Kendilerinden sonra sadecesaylamayan tekilisim alarak kullanlan bu yaplardan a littleve little yaplarbiraz diye evrilir. Ancak, a little yaps miktar bakmndan littleyapsndan fazlalk ifade eder. Bir baka deyile little yapsaz diye de evrilebilir.Much yaps ise ok anlamnda kullanlan bir yapdr

    A little : az ama yeterli (enough)Little : yok denecek kadar az (not enough)

    Only + a few : fewOnly + a little : little

    6- Most, Any, Some, No: : (hem +, hem -)

    Kendilerinden sonra hem oulhem desaylamaz isimlerle kullanlabilen bu yaplardanmost yapsou, pek ok; any yapsherhangi; hi; some yapsbiraz;birka; ve no yapshi anlamnda kullanlr

    any yaps olumlu cmlede her, herhangi bir, tmeklinde de evrilebilir.

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    7- Both, Either, Neither: 2Sadece iki eyden bahsederken kullandmz bu yaplardan both yapsher ikisi;either yapsikisinden biri; ve neither yapsikisinden hibiri anlamnagelmektedir. imdi bu yaplar ayr ayr inceleyelim:

    *** Eitherreactionis regarded as a rude attitude. (Both reactionsare )(Her iki tepki de kaba bir tutum olarak deerlendirilir.)

    neither of the students : 2 renciden hibirisi

    none of the students : rencilerin hibirisi

    8- Each or Every?

    Bu iki yap da kendilerinden sonrasaylabilen tekilisim alarak kullanlrlar ve her zaman tekilolarak deerlendirilirler

    Each : one by one : seperatelyEvery : as a whole (all)

    Each of Each of the students isEvery of xxx dizilimi yoktur

    Each : zamir Each isEvery : zamir xxx kullanlmaz

    Nearly / almost + every

    Nearly every student is : Nearly all students are

    Every 5 weeks, every 2 years

    9- All or Whole?

    All my life : my whole lifeAll the money : the whole Money

    my ve the yaplarnn yerlerine dikakt ediniz.

    All yaps ayrca Noun Clause yaplarnda the only thing anlamnda kullanlabilir.Bukullanmda All zne pozisyonunda ise yardmc fiil tekil olur.

    e.g. All (that) I want you to do is to be quite.(Yapman istediim tekey sessiz olman.)

    10- NO or NONE?

    No + isim .no people, no money. None of + isim. None of the students. None : zamir I liked none.

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    11

    another : bir dieri / tekil isim / limit yok / zamir de olabilir.

    ..One..another.(limit yok)

    Turkey has lots of problems... One is inflation..Another problem is Another is..Another is

    the other : dieri / iki eyden dieri ya da grupta en sonda kalan/ zamir de olabilir

    ..One..the other.(2 ey var)

    I have 2 brothers. One lives in Ankara. The other lives in stanbul.

    Others : dierleri

    ..Some..others.

    Some experts claim that , while others (other experts) think that

    The others : belli grup iinde kalan dierleri

    There are 40 students in the class. 25 of them are female. The others (the other 15 students) are male

    Some otherMany other : baka we need some other methods.Any other

    Eachother : 2 kii : birbirine

    One another : 2 den fazla kii : birbirine

    My + noun MineYour Yours

    His His

    Her Hers

    Its Its

    Our Ours

    Your Yours

    Their Theirs

    Subject Pronouns ReflexivePronouns

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    I Myself

    You Yourself

    He Himself

    She Herself

    It Itself

    We OurselvesYou Yourselves

    They Themselves

    She blames herself, whereas they blame themselves

    On + posessive adjective + own(on my own, on his own, on your own, etc.) yapsnkullanarakBy + reflexive pronoun kullanarak verdiimiz yalnz ya da kendi bana,

    yardm almadan anlamlarn verebiliriz.

    On my own : by myself

    On his own : by himself

    DKKAT ETMENIZ GEREKEN KELIMELER, YAPILAR VE ESANLAMLILARI

    Evidence for (-nn kant)Evidence of (-nn kant)

    However rich he is, he isnt happy.(However yaps kendisinden sonra sfat ya da zarf alp yan cmlecik ve ana cmlecii

    balayabilir.)

    Aye is not at home, but at work.

    (deil, anlam veren not, but kalb parallel bir kalptr ve not yerineolumsuzluk veren baka yaplar da kullanlabilir.)

    ConsecutivelySubsequentlySuccessively (ard arda; bunun ardndan)respectively

    Rather than: -den ziyade genellikle + VingInstead ofIn place of (-nn yerine; -den ziyade; -dense)

    _____ I could.I like.

    (Boluktan sonra bu ekilde ksa ifadeler varsa ok byk ihtimalle orada bir as..as ya damore than yaps gibi bir ksaylama ifadesi kullanlr.)

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    as as ______. (asas yapsnn devamna aadaki yaplar getirilebilir.)meII do. (SVO)

    . do I. (Devrik cmle)

    Aye spend as much as I earn on a dayAye spend as much as do I earn on a day.

    At the expense of = -nn zararna, -nn srtndan

    __________. Indeed,In fact,As a matter of fact, ____.Actually

    (Bu zarflar bir nceki cmlenin daha vurgulu bir ifadesinin olduu bir cmleye geisalarlar)

    I dont need money whatsoever. (whatsoever yaps olumsuz cmlede bir ismin ardndangelir ve Trkedeki Paraya maraya ihtiyacm yok anlamndaki ikilemeyi salar)

    DrawbackShortcomingPitfallDefectFlawDisadvantage (Bu kelimeler eksiklik, kusur, dezavantaj anlam verirler)

    Put into effect/use/market (-y uygulamay koymak, piyasaya srmek)

    Go into effect (uygulamaya girmek)Come into effect

    DistinctDifferent from (-den farkl)

    Distinguish between

    Effect onImpact onInfluence on

    I am ofthe opinion that.. (Grm .)

    ___you know, she is student.As (-d gibi)

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    As far as (-d kadaryla)So far as(Nesnesi eksik bir yan cmlecik bu bala kullanlarak bir ana cmlece balanabilir.)

    All the students but Ahmet failed.

    (But balac bu tr kullanmda hari anlam verip except ya da except for gibi birkullanma sahiptir.)

    Make up for = compensate for = telafi etmek, karlamak

    EradicateWipe outStamp outClear out (kkn kazmak, yok etmek)

    To .extent/degreeTo some extent (ksmen)To what extent (hangi oranda)To a large extent (byk oranda)To a little extent (azck)

    (toextent ya da to degree kalb araya eitli yaplar alarak kullanlabilir.

    As yet = imdilik

    Instead ofRather thanIn place of (-nn yerine; -den ziyade; -dense)

    Whereby = by means of which (-...yoluyla; araclyla; vastasyla)

    This is the methodwhereby you can treat malaria.(whereby yaps Adjective Clause yapar ve bir ismi niteler.)

    I wanted Ahmet to sleep, but he did otherwise.(Otherwise yaps bir zarftr ve yoksa, aksi takdirde anlamnn yan sra aksi, tersianlam da vardr)

    Clockwise (saat yn)Anti-clockwise (saat ynnn tersi)From . to (hem zaman hem yer ifadelerinde)From .until (sadece zaman ifadelerinde)From ..till (sadece zaman ifadelerinde)

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    As you know, _________.As far asSo far as

    (Bu ekilde nesnesi eksik olan bir ifadenin yan cmlecik olmasn as, as far as ve so far

    as balalar salayabilir. Bu durmda devamlarna tam cmle (ana cmlecik) getirilir. )

    Aye, if she studies hard, can pass the exam.

    (Bala+yan cmlecik bu ekilde ana cmleciin iine yerletirilebilir)

    I am ofthe opinion that (grm.)

    All students but Ahmet failed the exam.

    (But balac bu tr kullanmda hari anlam verip except ya da except for gibi birkullanma sahiptir.)

    I have no option but to study.(But balac genelde devamna bir fiil alacaksa fiilin to Vo halini alr)

    SpotPoint where SVO

    Process by which SVO

    SituationConditionDisease in which SVOEnvironmentCircumstance

    Be subject to -e maruz kalmBe exposed to

    PlayTake an important part/role in

    Under the terms of (-nn artlarna gre)Under the orders of (-nn komutasnda)Under the supervision of(-nn denetiminde)Under the rule of (-nn idaresinde)

    Parity with (ile eitlik)

    Take into consideration (gz nne almak)

    Take into account (hesaba katmak)

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    Regardless ofIrrespective of(-y dikkate almadan, -y hesaba katmadan)

    Howeverrich he is, he isnt happy. (However + adj/adv +S V, SVO)

    However you will design your room is up to you. (However Noun Clause yapmtr.)

    However we travel, it is going to be a long journey. (However Yan cmlecik, Ana cmlecik.sadece vasta bildirirken)

    (However yaps bu durum dnda ncesinde bir cmle olmakszn cmle bandakullanlamaz.)

    Cooperation with = ..ile ibirlii

    On a basis (on a regular basis = dzenli olarak)On a level (on a high level = yksek seviyede)On a scale (on a large scale = byk lekli)

    In the wake of = -nn ardndanIn its wake = onun ardndan

    What I want to know is where she was yesterday.

    (Bu cmlede hem zneyi hem de tamamlaycy Noun Clause yapalr oluturmutur)

    Whereby = by means of which (-...yoluyla; araclyla; vastasyla)

    This is the methodwhereby you can treat malaria.(whereby yaps Adjective Clause yapar ve bir ismi niteler.)

    To .extent/degreeTo some extent (ksmen)To what extent (hangi oranda)To a large extent (byk oranda)To a little extent (azck)

    (toextent ya da to degree kalb araya eitli yaplar alarak kullanlabilir.

    Replace with (..ile deitirme)Subsititute with (ile deitirme)

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    Apprehensive = anxious, worried (endieli)

    Comprehensive = thorough = exhaustive (kapsaml)

    Charge with (ile sulamak)Accuse of (ile sulamak)Blame for (ile sulamak)Appeal for = ask for (talep etmek, istemek)Appeal to = attract (cezbetmek)Appeal = temyize gitme

    Otherwise ____, _____. (olmaz)

    (Otherwise yaps bir bala deil zarftr. Bu yzden yan cmlecik ve ana cmlecikeklinde iki cmlecii balayamaz. Aadaki gibi birbirinden ayrlan iki cmleciin arasnda

    kullanlabilir.

    _____; /./ Otherwise, ______.ThereforeHoweverInsteadIn spiteOn the contraryOn the other handEven So

    (Bu yaplarn hepsi zarftr, ve devamlarna cmle alrlar, ayrca ncelerinde de mutlaka bircmle olmaldr.)

    1980 is a notorious year for Turkey.

    (zne gemii gsteren bir zaman ifadesi olsa da zaman Present olabilir)

    Such adj+noun as (kyaslama)

    Such noun as (rnekleme)

    SeemAppear to V0

    prove

    Replacement = subsititute

    ParticularlyIn particularEspecially

    Notably(Some countries, especially Turkey,)

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    (Bu zarflar bir grubun iinden bir geyi n plana karmak iin kullanlrlar)

    Malaria is a disease _in which __ SVO.disorderailment

    illnessimpairmentinfirmityconditionenvironmentsituationcircumstance

    Cleft Sentence:

    It was by studying hard that Ahmet passed the exam last year.(That yapsndan sonra Tam cmle gelmesine ramen Noun Clause deil Cleft sentenceyaplmtr. Bu tr durumlarda Itthat uyumuna dikkat etmek gerekir)

    It was the Romans who / that built this bridge.It was this bridge that was built by the Romans

    Pertaining to = related to

    With regard toAs regardsRegarding -e gelince, sz konusu oluncaAs forAs to

    Teem with ile dolu olmak)Abound inBe full withBe stuck with

    Frankly, (drst olmak gerekirse)Honestly,To be honest,To be frank,

    Agree with smbAgree on/about smt

    As well asBesides NP, ___________. (prep)In addition to

    Apart from(Bu yaplar Prep olduklar iin devamlarn Noun Phrase (NP) alrlar.)

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    If not necessary, __SVO__. (zorunlu olmasa da.) (If not, yaps bu ekildekullanldnda -olmasa da ya da -e ramen anlam verir.

    ______, and therefore _____

    thushencethereby

    (Bu durumda and balacnn zellikleri geerlidir)

    I first saw her in the concert.(First yaps zarf olduunda ilk kez anlam verir ve genelde Past ifade eder)

    The first man to leave the building was.(The first/second; The best/most; ve The only yaplar devamlarna fiili to Vo

    eklinde alrlar.)

    Make something known = introduce (tantmak, piyasaya srmek)

    That isIn other words = baka bir deyile

    NamelyTo put it differently

    Within the reach of X Out of reach = keep this out of childrens reach.

    Range from .to (-den .-e eitlik gsteren)Vary from to

    As for -e gelinceAs regards sz konusu oluncaAs to

    RegardingWith regard to

    Whether or / Whether or notHem olup olmad N.C. yaparHem de olsa da olmasa da/Adv.Cl. yapar

    Whether = sadece olup olmad N.C

    ..so that can/could.

    ..in order that (-sn diye: devamlarna genelde modal alrlar)

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    Research onStudy in/intoInquiry

    (spesifik olursa on)

    (genel alan olursa in ya da into)

    Search for (-bireyin aratrmas)

    That isIn other words yani, bir baka deyile

    Namely

    They were surprised/amazed/shocked at/by ..

    __Much_totheir surprise/amazement,

    __Much___ tothe surprise ofthem,

    particularly = in particular (zellikle)accordingly = in accord (buna uygun olarak)

    My doctor gave me a recipe. And I eat everything accordingly.Resident (bir yerde ikamet eden)DwellerSettlerInhabitant

    In place of = instead of = Rather than

    Be Composed of -den olumak

    Consist ofIncludeBe made of

    Prevail (v) hkm srmekIn Turkey common sense prevails.

    Prevelance (n) yaygnlk

    Remarkable (dikkate deer oranda, nemli)Significant

    ConsiderableImportant

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    Seep into = -e szmak

    Abolish = revoke = annul = repeal (geersiz klmak, yrrlkten kaldrmak)

    Sensitive toSusceptible to -e kar savunmasz olmaVulnerable to -e hassas

    She is like my mother. (like benzetme yapar)

    Occur = take place = come about(olmak, meydana gelmek)

    Null and void = invalid

    ConvertTurnTransform to/intoChange

    Should have V3Ought to have V3 -meliydinWas/were supposed to Vo

    PointSpot where..

    Process by which

    SituationConditionDisease in whichCircumstanceEnvironment

    Be exposed to -e maruz kalmBe subject to

    He resorted to violence to get his money back. (-e bavurmak)

    As a last resort, . (Son are olarak)

    Can you write in English? (Bir dilde birey yazmak in edat olur)

    Stray off den sapmak

    Adapt = adapte etmek

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    Adopt = benimsemek

    AppeaseSoothe sakinletirmek, yattrmak

    SedateTranquilize

    There has been a decrease in prices

    by 10 %.

    By 10 % = at the rate of 10%.

    Irrespective of = regardless of

    (-y dikkate almadan, -y hesaba katmadan)

    He won the lottery thereby becomingthe richest man in the town. (kendisinden sonra Ving)

    He won the lottery. He was thereby chosen the leader of the team (pasif yapnn iinde)

    He married and thereby lost touch with us. (Bu cmlede and kurallar geerli)As it is stated in the passage,As is stated in the passage,As stated in the passage,As in the passage, .

    Result from = stem from

    Result in = lead to = cause = bring about = give rise to = contribute to

    Found founded- founded / establish (kurmak)

    Find found found (bulmak)

    Abolish = revoke = annul = repeal (yrrlkten kaldrmak)

    Expand into .Develop into (byyerek) -e haline gelmek

    Osmanl Beylii expanded into an empire.

    Under the orders of = -nn ynetimi altndaUnder the supervision of = -nn denetimi altndaUnder the terms of= -nn artlarna gre

    Soothe = appease = sedate = tranquilize sakinletirmek

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    SubsequentlySuccessively ardndanConsecutively

    Successor = halefPredecessor = selef

    Irrespective of= regardless of = makszn

    Comply with = Abide by = stick to =e bal kalma

    GenerosityAttitude to / towards

    SensitivityFrom 1920 onward,As of 1920,As from 1920,

    Wipe outStamp outEradicateClear out

    As regardsRegardingAs forAs toWith regard to

    -e gelince, sz konusu olunca

    Carry out = conduct = perform = do

    Exhaustive = comprehensive = thorough = kapsaml, etrafl

    go on strike = greve gitmek

    such adj+noun as (kyaslama)such noun as (rnekleme)

    effect onimpact oninfluence on

    play

    take a role / a part in

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    date back - gemie (-e dayanmak)date from - gnmze (-den kalmak)

    He is known to posterity by this book. (..tarafndan bilinmek) by yerine to

    He is known for this book. (ile tannmak, ile nl olmak)

    He is known as the best player. (olarak grlmek)

    Compensate for == Make up for tazmine tmek, telafi etmek, karlamak

    I dont love you any moreI dont love you any longer. (artk)I no longer love you.

    Do you have any more questions? (daha fazla)No, sir. I have no more questions. (daha fazla yok)

    Aye, if she studies hard, can pass the exam.(bala+yan cmlecik ksm ana cmleciin iine konulabilir)

    Have .... to do with = -ile alakas olmaksomethingnothinglittle

    It is necessary for me to pass the exam. (for smb. to Vo)

    Commonplace = widespread yaygn

    May wellMight well = may / might / couldCould well

    May as wellMight as well = had better

    Be composed ofbe made up ofconsist ofcontaininclude

    rely on / upondepend on / upon

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    count on / upon

    account formake upconstitute

    comprise oluturmak

    considerable ciddi miktarda; nemliremarkablesignificantimportant

    considerate = thoughtful

    but She is at homeandis cooking.

    andorso

    Bu balalar paraleldir. Bu yzden ortak zne tekrar etmeyebilir.

    two-thirds (2/3)one-third (1/3)one-sixth (1/6)

    One of my friends = a friend of mine

    I no longer love you.I dont love you any longer.

    any more.

    Do you have any more questions?No, I have no more questions.

    Only a few = few (only few olmaz)Only a little = little (only little olmaz)

    SuggestSuspect thatImply

    Ask/wonder that (olmaz)Ask/wonder wh-/how/whether (olur)

    I need to go.My shirt needs to be ironed/ ironing.

    The + noun + of + noun

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    The leg ofthe table

    It was not Ali but Hseyin who broke the window.Aye is not at home but (she is) at work.notbut kalb paraleldir

    ButAndOrSo(paralel balalar. Ayn zne ve fiili tekrar etmesende olur.)

    This is the method whereby you can treat malaria. by means of which

    put emphasis on

    put importance on

    am/is/are Ving for two weeks (olmaz)was/were Vingwill be Ving

    bu yaplarn perfect halleri olur .

    DealAmount saylamayan gbek kelimeleriQuantity

    A deal of money/water

    ______. In contrast, ___ (bunun aksine)Instead (bunun yerine)

    In contrast to/with NP, ___. (-nn aksine)In spite of (-e ramen)Instead of (-nn yerine)

    Long-lasting product (uzun mrl)

    Consecutively (ard arda)SubsequentlySuccessivelyRespectively

    Instead ofRather thanIn place of

    .____ you like/ I can / I could. gibi ksa cmlecik varsa geneldeAsasMore than

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    So as vb. kyaslama yaplar doru olur. the otherstudentspassed.

    the otherstudent passed.(the other yaps devamna hem tekil isim alabilir hem oul isim alabiklir hem de tekil birismin yerine ikame olur. the others ise oul ismin yerine ikame olur)

    I did it myself. (zne ile reflexive uyumlu olmal)

    I saw Ahmet himself. (reflexive nesneyi vurgulayabilir)

    By + reflexive- yardm almadan- yalnz

    I answered the question by myself = on my own.

    He is at home by himself = on his own.

    I am at home alone.

    I am lonely.

    For + reflexive = birinci elden tanklkSee it for yourself. (Kendin gr)

    One of my friends = A friend of mine

    SituationCondition in whichDiseaseBook

    All students but Ahmet failed the test.But bu cmlede hari anlamndadr. except ya da except for olabilirdi.

    He is known to the posterity by this book.(Genlik tarafndan tannyor)

    Compensate forMake up for

    Detrimental toHarmful to

    Rather thanInstead ofIn place of

    He learned that RTE was the PM then.

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    Be regarded asbe known asbe cited asbe recognized as

    be acknowledged as

    Wipe outEradicateStamp outclear out

    appallingstaggeringstunning

    lead tocause

    bring aboutgive rise toresult incontribute to

    result fromstem fromarise from

    irrespective ofregardless of

    with a view to = -nn amacyla

    He won the lottery, thereby becomingthe richest man in the town.

    He won the elections. He was thereby chosen the president.

    He is a good player, and thereby knows how to play.

    (thereby bu ekilde kullan

    labilir)I dont need money whatsoever.(whatsoever olumsuz cmlede bir isimden sonra gelir ve onu pekitirir)He is rich. he isnt happy though.

    He though isnt happy(though zarf olunca cmle ba hari her yerde kullanlabilir)

    Regardas. (aktif)

    Be regarded as (pasif)

    Be known asBe acknowledged as (olarak bilinmek)

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    Be counted asBe cited as

    I did this myself.(zne ve reflexive uyumlu)

    I did this by myself / on my own.

    I saw Ahmet himself.(reflexive nesneyi vurguluyor)

    I myself saw Ahmet.(reflexive zneyi vurguluyor)

    See it for yourself. (birinci elden tanklk)

    In particularEspecially

    NotablyParticularly (zellikle)

    Convert into/inTurnChangetransform

    point wherespot

    As it is in the others, ..As in the others, .. (ksaltlm hali)

    The + noun of + noun

    In the light of

    I am surprised at/byI am dissappointed with/byShe answered the question herself.

    itself(her iki reflexive de kullanlabilir ama analam farkldr)

    on a levelon a scaleon a basis

    pertaining to = related to

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    turn out to V0

    stamp outwipe outeradicate

    clear outclear away

    at birthby birth

    spend on

    on display = gsterimde olan

    date back

    date from

    ail = halt

    ailmentimpairmentinfirmity

    One . Another

    (2).. One. The other

    To a/an extentdegree

    acquire (v) (edinmek)acquisition (n) (edinim)

    Prior to (prep) = before

    Priority = privilegeUnparalleledUnprecedentedunique

    I was surprised by / at

    __much___ To their surprise/amazement___much___To the surprise of them

    process by which SVO

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    pointspot where SVO

    at present presently = nowcurrently

    make use oftake advantage of -den faydalanmakutilizeexploit

    goodscommodity = meta, eya

    tooldeviceappliance = alet, cihaz, aygtequipmentinstrument

    if not necessary = zorunlu olmasa da

    subject = citizen

    perpetualpermanentconstant = srekli, kalccontinuous

    perennial

    resist to

    resistant to = -e direnresistance toSuch countries as Turkey.. (rnekleme)

    Regardless of = -e bakmaksznIrrespective of

    This income which is therebymade available to them is..(pasif yapnn iinde kullanlm)

    FlaggingStaggering = bocalayan, sendeleyen

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    Stunning

    Effect onImpact onInfluence on

    Stare atGaze at = -e dik dik bakmak

    Tend toBe liable to = -e eilimi olmakBe inclined toBe predisposed toBe prone to

    That is

    In other words = Baka bir deyileNamely

    May wellMight well = may / might / couldCould well

    May as wellMight as well = had better

    Some countries, such as Turkey, are.like

    .. For example,

    Common sense should prevail.

    Prevalance (n)Prevalant / dominant (adj)

    Leak (v) szdrmakLeakage (n) szdrma, sznt

    Seep into -e szmak

    She is at home andis sleeping.(and balac paralel olduu iin ikinci cmlenin znesi kullanlmad)

    It lasted for 3 years

    It lasted until 1990.

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    Put emphasis onimportance

    pressure

    attach significance to

    importance

    attack onassault on

    from 1950 onward (-den bu yana)

    backwardsidewardupward.

    Turn out to V0

    As forAs regards sz konusu oluncaAs to -e gelinceRegardingWith regard to

    Rather thanInstead of -nn yerine / -den ziyadeIn place of -mektense

    Stamp outWipe out - kkn kazmakEradicate - silmekClear out

    Extinguish - sndrmekPut out

    LucrativeProfitable (adj) krl

    As OF 1970, .itibariyleAs FROM 1970,From 1970 onwards,

    In charge of (-nn sorumluluunda)Reponsible for

    When he graduated from university,

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    On / Upongraduating from university, ..On / Upon his graduation, (when balacon ve upon edatlar ile de ksaltlabilir)

    I am like my father.

    (be like benzemek anlamndadr)

    OccurTake place (olmak, meydana gelmek)Come about

    Only few (yanl)only a few (olur) = few

    Only little (yanl)only a little (olur) = little

    leave out = not include

    keep up with = ayn seviyede kalmak

    catch up with = ayn seviyeye gelmek

    sort outfigure out = zmlemek; anlamakwork outmake out

    stand for = symbolize

    in charge of = responsible for

    take up with

    make up for = compensate for

    with the weatherbeing rainy, we stayed ..

    (farkl

    zneler olduunda with ile k

    saltma yap

    l

    r. Bala yerine with yaz

    l

    r ve fiilnormal eklinde ksaltlr)

    growth in (-da byme)growth of (-nn bymesi)

    draw up (tasarlamak, hazrlamak)

    be affiliated with (ile balantl)

    lucrative = profitable

    at a low ebb = ok kt durumda

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    vulnerablesusceptible to -e kar savunmasz/hassassensitive

    by means ofvia by =yoluyla, araclylathrough

    thorough = kapsamlthroughout = boyunca

    wrap up = sarmak; sonlandrmak

    be wrapped into = -e sarl

    ____. In comparison, _______.

    In comparison to / withNP, _______.

    This job offers lots of opportunities.

    This bookoffers . (offer fiili sunmak anlamnda genelde V1 olur)

    Alike yaps 3 ekilde kullanlr.

    They are alike / similar. (adj)

    They behave alike / similarly. (adv)

    Girls and boys alike = Both girls and boysBe regarded asBe known asBe acknowledged as ..olarak grlmek

    Be recognized asBe cited asBe viewed as

    Get overRecover from iyilemekPull throughGet rid of

    The number of students is(the number yaps -nn says anlamndadr ve tekildir)

    Generosity

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    AttitudeSensitivity = to / towardSwing

    Arise from

    Result from -den kaynaklanmakStem from

    EradicateStamp out kkn kazmakWipe outClear out

    TransformConvert into / to

    TurnChange

    To . extent / degree

    As yet = imdilik

    Whose is this book?Whose bookis this? (iki ekil de olur)

    Rather than = -mektense / -den ziyadeInstead ofIn place of

    I wanted him to stay at home, but he did otherwise.(otherwise bir zarftr ve her yere gelir)Clockwise / anti-clockwise

    Depend on / uponRely on / upon

    Pay attention toCome up with (solution, idea, proposal)

    produce

    from 1920 to/till/until1930 (zaman)

    from Ankara to Istanbul (yer)

    She, if she studies hard, can pass the exam. (yan cmlecik araya girebilir)

    As you know,

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    As far as I know,So far as I know, __ Main Clause____.(bu cmlede know fiilinin nesnesi olmasa da devamna Noun Clause deil Main Clausegelir, nk bu yaplar balatr)

    PitfallFlawShortcoming eksiklik; kusurDefectDrawbackDisadvantage

    OverForDuring the last/past (have/has V3)

    InWithin

    DiseaseSituation __in which__ SVO.Condition where (olabilir ama kullanma)

    However rich he is, he isnt happy. (-e ramen anlamnda)

    He is rich; however, he isnt happy.nevertheless

    nonetheless ama yine de

    Under the terms ofUnder the orders ofUnder the supervision of .Under considerationUnder construction

    Parity with = ile eit

    Regardless of -e bakmaks

    z

    nIrrespective of

    Arise fromResult from -den kaynaklanmakStem from

    Get rid of den kurtulmakGet out of

    At the expense of . nn zararna

    each other = one another

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    _____. In fact,Indeed,As a matter of fact, _______.

    (bu yaplar bir nceki cmleyi vurgular)

    ShortcomingPitfallDrawbackFlaw eksiklik, kusurDisadvantagedefect

    I have no problem whatsoever with you.(whatsoever yaps olumsuz cmlede bir isimin ardndan gelir ve onu pekitirir)

    Effect onInfluence onImpact on

    I am of the opinion thatSVO

    Underconsideration = dnce aamasnda

    Take into consideration = gz nne almakTake into account = hesaba katmak

    Put into effectPut into usePut into/onto market

    Go into effectCome into effect

    ____you know, I am a teacher.

    (bu cmlede know fiilinin nesnesi olmasa day an cmlecik yapabilen as, just as, asfar as ve so far as balalar olabilir)

    Some countries,such as / like Turkey, are (rnekleme)

    In charge of = -den sorumluResponsible for

    In advance = ncedenbeforehand

    in confidence = confidential = gizliin secrecy

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    exploit = smrmek; sonuna kadar kullanmak

    expose (v) maruz brakmak

    Rather thanInstead of -nn yerine/-den ziyadeIn place of

    AilmentDiseaseillnessinfirmity

    If you have finished the task, you can leave. (belli bir eylem varsa have/has V3 olabilir)

    I have just recognized how much is at stake. (pabucun pahal olduunu anladm)

    On a levelOn a scaleOn a basis

    Lucrative = profitable

    Patrol (v) = gezinmek, dolamak

    The table the leg of which is broken is in my room. (of which aitlik ifade etcekse nnde buekilde aralarnda aitlik olan iki Noun phrase olur)

    I am like my father..I look like my father.(gibi gzkmek, -e benzemek)

    Leave out = not include

    As of 1920, .itibariyleAs from 1920,From 1920 onwards,

    Ankara is centered (yer ifade ederken)located

    placedsituated

    stand for = symbolize

    in charge of = responsible for

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    When he graduated from univeristy, On/Upon graduating.,On/Upon his graduation,(when balac on/upon edatlar ile de ksaltlbailir)

    Put . into force/market/use

    ComeGo into use/market/force

    Take something for granted= nemsememek;= bireyi grmezden gelmek;

    grant (v) bahetmek, vermek

    grant (n) burs, yardmplaytake a role/part in

    I am ofthe opinion that

    Be of. e haiz olmak; -e sahip olmak

    This agreement is ofimportance.

    Make out

    Figure outFind out anlamak, zmlemekWork outSort out

    Take up= hobiye balamak/ zaman & yer doldurmaktake up with = zaman & yer doldurmak

    look down on = disdain = despise = scorn

    make up for = compensate for

    employ (v)employer (n)employee (n)employment (n)unemployment (N)

    From 1920 onwards,

    As of 1920,As from 1920, .. itibariyle

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    Ban onProhibition on

    Teem with ile dolu olmak

    Abound inBe full with

    Be made up ofBe composed ofBe comprised of -den olumakConsist ofInclude

    Make up =: Uydurmak: Makyaj yapmak: oluturmak

    send off = give off = emit = release

    One .. . Another .

    Two.. One The other

    and thus and thereforeand henceand therebyand soand consequently

    (bu durumda and balacnn zellikleri geerli olur)

    seemappear to V0

    prove

    comply withconform with -e bal olmakabide bystick to

    turn out to V0

    forthis reason

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    fora variety ofreasons

    fall into disrepute = gzden dmek

    fall into disfavour

    She is sure that .. (Adj + that)

    Comprehensive = etrafl, kapsamlExhaustivethorough

    compulsoryobligatorymandatory

    keep out = not enterleave out = not include

    wrap up = finish / sarmak

    The Sun rises (doar)

    Be superior to (-e stn olmak)

    Be inferior to (-den aa olmak)

    Alike yaps 3 ekilde kullanlabilir.

    1) We are alike/similar.

    2) Treat them alike/similarly.

    3) Girls and boys alike = both girls and boys

    Put up with = tolerate = katlanmak; tolerans tan

    makCatch up with = ayn seviyeyi yakalamakKeepup with = ayak uydurmak, ayn seviyede olmak

    Make outFigure out anlamk; zmlemekWork outSort outFind out

    Take after = resemble, look like

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    Let down = dissappoint

    Work outCome up with retmek

    Produce

    Involuntary= impulsive = unintentional

    Bring aboutCause -ile sonulanmakLead toResult in

    On a levelOn a basis

    On a scale

    To a large extent= largely = byk oranda

    Instead ofRather thanIn place of

    AstoundingStaggeringStunning artcappalling

    at pace (hznda)

    Apart from

    Besides

    In addition to

    As well as killing germs, thisvaccine also does harm to the surrounding tissues.

    Conclusive = convincing = persuasive

    Deal withCope withTackleHandle

    Trivial = unimportant = insignificant

    Medium, media

    Be made up of

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    Be comprised of -den olumakConsist ofInclude

    Be subject to

    Be exposed to

    Impact onInfluence onEffect on

    Be regarded asBe recognized as = olarak grlmekBe cited as

    Be known asBe acknowledged as

    Take care of = look after

    Make up for = compensate for

    Keep up with=-e ayak uydurmak, ayn seviyede kalmak

    Catch up with = -i yakalamak

    Keep in touch with = irtibat halinde kalmakGet in touch with = irtibata gemek

    This job offers lots of opportunities.(offer fiili sunmak anlamnda genelde V1 olur)

    Atthe rate of -nn orannda

    __________. Thus, _____.ThereforeHence

    ..and thus..thereforehence

    ** thereby(bu kullanmda and kurallar geerlidir)

    concur with =ayn zamana denk dmekcoincide with

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    fall into disfavor = gzden dmekfall into disrepute

    Ahmet went out and called her.

    butorso (paralel balalar)

    Ahmet didnt study hard so failed the exam.Account forMake upConsititute

    My students differin/in terms ofage.varyrange

    attitude towards / togenerositysensitivitysympathy

    Recover fromGet over = iyilemekPull through

    Carry outDo an experiment, a research .

    perform

    make outwork outfigure out zmlemek, anlamakfind out

    sort outsettle down = sakinlemek; yerleik dzen

    bring aboutlead tocause -e sebep olmakresult ingive rise to

    contribute to

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    convert intotransform into -e dntrmekchange intoturn into

    in excess of = nn fazlas; -den fazlamore than

    significantimportantremarkable = dikkate deerconsiderableoutstandingdrastic

    To the detriment of = -nn zararna

    Detrimental to = -e zararl

    apparentlyseemingly = grne greit seems that

    be happy withbe pleased with

    drastic measure sert nlemlerstringent stepstrict precaution

    in danger of = -nn tehlikesinde

    atthe rate of = -nn orannda

    at temperature

    as a result ofas a consequence of

    because of = -den dolaydue to = -nn sayesindeowing tothanks toon account of

    overfor

    during the last/past have/has V3..in

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    abatedecrease azalmakdiminishfall

    She likes tea. I do, too. (olumlu katlm)

    QuantityDeal of .+ saylamayan isimler)amount

    the noun of nounthe leg ofthe table

    differin size/colourvary in / in terms of..

    suggestsuspect thatimply

    wonder that almazask (sormak)

    susceptible tovulnerable to -e kar savunmaszsensitive to

    take into account = hesaba katmaktake into consideration = dikkate almak

    _______. IndeedIn fact

    As a matter of fact, _______.(bu yaplar bir nceki cmleyi vurgularlar)

    Depend on / uponRely on/uponTrust / count on

    Tend toBe liable toBe prone to -e yatkn, -e eilimliBe predisposed to

    Successive

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    Consecutive = ard ardaSubsequent

    Keep up with = ayn seviyede kalmak

    Catch up with = ayn seviyeyi yakalamak

    Each student learns ata differentpace.

    In the course of = -nn esnasnda

    Be compatible with = ile uyumlu

    Make use ofTake advantage of -den faydalanmakUtilize

    Incident = olay, vaka

    Incidence = grlme skl, insidans

    Subsititution = replacement

    Respond to (v)Response to (n)In response to = -e cevap olarak

    KeepInvolveConsider Ving alrlarAppreciateEnjoy.

    IntendTend

    ClaimDecideSeem to V0 alrlarAppearProve

    By means ofBy = vastasylaThroughVia

    With the help of

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    Fall into disrepute = gzden dmekFall into disfavour

    Proportinate to = ile orantl

    Be addicted to = -e baml

    DifficultyTrouble (in) Ving

    Beyond borders snrlar tesindeBeyond recognition tannamayacak kadarOne another

    Range from .to = -den ..-eVary from to

    Place emphasis/importance onPut emphasis/importance on= -nn nemini artrmak

    Rather thanInstead of -den ziyade/ -mektense /In place of

    On behalf ofIn behalf of = -nn adna

    In the wake ofIn the aftermath of = -nn ardndan

    Be of = -e haiz olmak; -e sahip olmak

    This is ofimportance = This is important

    Be regarded asBe cited as = olarak grlmekBe known asBe acknowledged asBe recognized as

    Be prone toBe liable toTend to -e yatknBe disposed to

    Stamp out

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    Wipe outEradicate kkn kazmakClear out

    Evidence of / for

    ParticularlyEspecially

    NotablyIn particularPut on weight

    Put/Place pressure onPut/Place importance onPut/Place emphasis on

    Come acrossRun intoBump into ans eseri karlamakMeet by chance

    Keep in touch with ile temasta kalmakGet in touch with ile temasa gemek

    Be exposed to -e maruz kalmBe subject to

    Be disposed toTend toBe prone to -e yatknBe Liable to

    AffluentRichProsperousDeveloped zengin

    well-offwealthy

    lead tocause

    bring aboutgive rise to = -e sebep olmakresult inaccumulate incontribute to

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    (pasif yapdan sonra fiil to Vo olur. To have V3 ise eylem daha once olmusa kullanlr.)

    Differin / in terms of

    Vary bakmndan farkllk gstermekRange

    Die ofDie from -den lmek

    Rampant = commonplace = yaygn

    Be confined to

    Be limited to =ile snrlBe restricted to

    On a basisOn a levelOn a scale

    In the course of..= -nn esnasnda

    The course of our life.= hayatmzn gidiat

    My aim is to be a successful business man.being

    (be fiilinden sonra tamamlayc olarak to Vo ya da Ving gelebilir)

    Evidence of -nn kantEvidence for

    Within reachOut of reach

    Due toThanks toBecause ofOwing to -den dolayoOn account ofAs a result ofAs a consequence of

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    Irrespective of -y dikkate almadanRegardless of

    ConditionDisease in which ..

    Situation

    In order toSo as to V0 -mek iin

    to

    propertycharacteristics zellikfeature

    in proportion to -e oranlaproportinate to

    proportion to -e oranlproportion of -nn oran

    rank first birinci sradarank second ikinci srada

    light up = enlighten = aydnlatmak

    make do with = ile yetinmek

    priority =privilege

    work out = gelitirmek (yol, yntem..)

    help to VoVo

    ConsiderableRemarkableSignificant dikkate deer orandaImportant

    Sensitive to -e kar savunmasz/hassas

    Vulnerable toSusceptible to

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    Make available to ulalabilir klmakMake accessible to

    AlleviateDiminishDecrease azaltmak; azalmakAbateFall

    Recover fromGet over -den iyilemekPull through

    Look over = look through = gz gezdirmek

    Make do with = ile idare etmek

    Keep up with = ayn seviyede kalmak

    Catch up with = ayn seviyeyi yakalamak

    Decrease inFall in -de dIncrease in..

    DiseaseSituationCondition in which SVOInfection

    An increase in prices by 5%...

    Carry outConduct a research/a survey/an experimentDoPerform

    SpotPoint where SVO

    Process by which / whereby / through which

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    Wonder (bu fiilller that almaz)AskComprehensive = exhaustive = thorough

    As toAs for -e gelince, sz konusu oluncaAs regardsRegardingWith regard to

    Be inclined toTend to

    Be prone to -e yatknBe liable toBe disposed to

    2002 MAYIS SINAVI NEML KELMELER VE YAPILAR:

    1. C Soru gramer olarakadverbial clause ve passive (edilgen) yaplarn iermektedir. Now that = -dnagre, madem ki anlamnda evrilebilir. Cmlenin anlamna baklacak olursa, Hkmet tarafndan

    resmi _____ verildiine gre, proje ekibi oluturulabilir. anlam

    elde edilir. Tm seeneklerisimhalinde verilmitir, bu kelimeler;

    A) reference : referansB) apprehension : anlay, endieApprehensive: endieliApprehend: anlamak: comprehend: understandC) approval : onayD) expression : ifadeE) determination : kararllk

    anlamna gelmektedir ve anlam olarak cmleye en uygun olan kelime Ckknda onay anlamnagelen approval kelimesidir.

    APPROVE: CONFIRM, PROVE TO BE TRUE

    Recruited: E ALMAK, OLUTURMAKEmploy X sack, dismiss, fire, make redundant

    DETERMINE: BELRLEMEK, KARAR VERMEK

    DETERMINE WHETHER/IF

    RELUCTANT: UNWILLING: NOT EAGER: NOT VOLUNTEER

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    2. D Bu soruda buza anlamna gelen calve kelimesinin anlamn bilmek soruyu zmeye yardmcolacaktr. Anlam olarak, kk buzalar ile yal srlar karlatrlmaktadr ve kkbuzalarn daha _____ olduu belirtilmektedir. Seeneklerin hepsi sfat halinde verilmitir, bukelimeler;

    A) reluctant : gnlsz, isteksizB) hazardous : tehlikeli, DANGEROUSC) intimate : samimi, SINCERED) susceptible : korunmasz, hassas; SENSITIVE, FRAGILE,VULNERABLETO X

    FORMIDABLE, STRONG, STANDABLE, ENDURINGE) relative : greceli

    anlamna gelmektedir ve en uygun yant Dkknda korunmasz anlamna gelen susceptible

    kelimesidir.

    3. A Cmlede geen internal combustion machine ifadesi iten yanmal motor anlamna gelmektedirve evre kirliliini artrd anlamdan karlabilir. Ayrca, Green movement isim tmceciininevrecilere ait ya da evreyi koruma lehine olan bir grup olduu dnlrse, bu iki dnceelimektedir. Seeneklerin hepsi isim halinde verilmitir, bu kelimeler;

    A) disaster : felaket calamityB) rejection : reddetmeC) admission : kabul, giri

    D) denial : inkrE) illusion : yanlsama

    REGARD AS: VIEW AS : CONSIDER AS, CITE AS : OLARAK GORMEK, OLARAKDUSUNMEK

    COMBUSTION: YANMAINTERNAL X EXTERNAL

    anlamna gelmektedir ve evreye kirlilik yayan bir makineyi, evrecilerfelaket olarakdeerlendirmektedirler. En uygun anlam veren seenekA seeneidir.

    4. B Soruda tm klaradverb (zarf) olarak verilmitir. klardaki kelimeler;

    A) precisely : belirgin eklide, kesinlikleEXACTLY, ABSOLUTELY, CERTAINLY, SURELY

    GRAMMAR: MUST Vo, must have V3

    Jack passed the exam, he must have studied hard.

    B) notoriously : aklanmas zor, sknt vericiC) compulsively : zorlayarakD) suitably : uygun ekilde ,APPROPRIATELYE) flexibly : esnekekilde

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    anlamna gelmektedir. Cmlenin anlamna bakldnda, bir dil ile diyalekt arasndaki farknaklanmasnn zor ve sknt verici olduubelirtilmitir. Anlama en uygun kelime Bkkndakinotoriously kelimesidir.

    5. E Cmlede genel olarak, Japonya, ulusal savunmaya ynelik olan sektrn (sanayisini) yabanclarnsahip olduu irketlerden tamamyla ayr olarak devam ettirebilen bir lke olarak _____ eklindetamamlanmas gereken bir ifade sorulmaktadr. klardaki kelimeler fiil olarak verilmitir ve;

    A) deduce (FROM) : sonu karmakB) delay : ertelemekC) deceive : aldatmakD) withdraw : geri ekilmekE) cite : belirtmek, gstermek

    anlamna gelmektedir . Cmlenin anlamna en uygun kelime Ekkndaki cite kelimesidir.

    ENTIRE : BUTUN, ENTIRELY (ADV) : WHOLE

    6. B Cmlenin anlamna bakldnda,genel olarakdvy etkileyebilecek bilginin tanklar tarafndan_____ im edilmektedir. eklinde tamamlanmas gereken bir ifade bulunmaktadr. klardakikelimelerfiil olarak verilmitir ve

    A) express : ifade etmek... EXPRESS FEELINGSB) withold : tutmak, saklamakC) avoid : kanmakD) disrupt : aksatmak, bozmak, DISRUPT THE PEACE

    E) decline (IN) : azalmak, dmek

    DIMINISH, REDUCE, LESSEN, FALL DOWN, DECREASE, ALLAY, ALLEVIATE,SUBSIDE:abate

    COURT :MAHKEME / TRIAL / DAVA MAHKEME

    BEAR: LE LGS OLMAKBEAR UPON/ON: - ETKLEMEKCANT BEAR / CANT STAND/ CANT HELP: DAYANAMAMAK

    anlamna gelmektedir. Anlamca en uygun olan seenekB seeneidir.

    7. A Bu soruda phrasal verb sorulmutur. Seeneklere bakarsak, fiiller;

    A) keep up with : yakalamak, ayn seviyeye gelmek, CATCH UP WITHB) look out for : aramakLOOK OUT:/ WATCH OUT / KEEP OUT : BE CAREFUL

    C) make sure of : emin olmakD) bring up : bytmek, deinmek, GUNDEME GETIRMEKE) sort out : zmek, SOLVE, RESOLVE

    anlamna gelmektedir ve anlam olaraktarmsal faaliyetlerin artan talebi karlayamad

    belirtilmektedir. Buna gre, en uygun anlam A seeneindedir.

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    DEMAND : TALEPPROGRESS: ILERLEMEK, AAMA KAYDETMEK

    8. C Bu soruda da phrasal verb sorulmutur. Anlamlarna bakarsak, fiiller;

    A) hold up :beklemek/bekletmek

    B) come along :beraber gelmek, ilerlemekALONG WITH: LE BRLKTETOGETHER WITHC) deal with : -ile uramak, BAA IKMAKCOPE WITH, HANDLE, TACKLED) pay for : demekE) take over : stlenmek, DEVRALMAK

    anlamna gelmektedir. Cmlede, Yeni Zelandada her bir toplumun, sula (cinayetlerle) uramak,baa kmak iin kendilerine has yntemler gelitirdiibelirtilmitir. Anlam olarak cmleyi en iyiekilde tamamlayan ifade C seeneinde verilmitir..

    9. HAVE/HAS V3 MY WHOLE LIFE.

    HE SAID THAT ..HAD v3

    HE CLAIMS THATGERCEK ZAMANI PAST

    HE CLAIMS THAT THE WAR STARTED IN 1940.

    HE SAID THATFACT: PRESENT

    He nsisted that the coffee grows in Brazil..

    10. judge: yarglamak, hukum surmek (v)trbunal: court: mahkemetrial: case: dava

    issue: meselecharge : suclama

    ACCUSE OF: BLAME FOR: CHARGED WITH:C LE SUCLANMAK

    RELATING TO: AS TO : ABOUT: PERTAINING TO: CONCERNING: REGARDING: ASREGARDSLE LGL, HAKKINDA

    WITH REGARD TO: WITH RESPECT TO: AS FOR: IN THE CASE OF.-E GELINCE

    contemporaries: ADALARI, AYNI DONEMDE YAAYANLAR..

    THOSE OF : NIN KILERTHAT OF : NIN K

    My HOUSE IS BETTER THAN THAT OF JACKSMY CARS ARE BETTER THAN THOSE OF JACKS

    13. STATE OF MIND: RUH HAL

    14. THE + ISIM + OF + ISIM

    14. THE CRADLE OF: -NIN BE

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    primevals. tarihncesi aglara ait

    MODIFY : CHANGE : SHIFT : AMEND : ALTER : TRANSFORM ..(INTO)

    15: NATURALLY: IT IS HARDLY SURPRISING

    : UNDERSTANDABLYDISAPPOINTED: DISILLUSIONED

    SURPRISED AT/ BYTO..MY SURPRISE / AMAZEMENT

    ARE ACCUSED OF___

    16. SCHEDULE: PLAN

    BELOW STANDARDSILL WILL: HUZURSUZLUK: UNEASE

    WILL (N) : RADE, STEK, VASYET

    17: ONLY RECENTLY: DAHA YENi

    UNTL RECENTLY: v2RECENTLY: HAVE HAS V3

    18. DESERVE : HAKETMEK

    SEND AWAY: FIRE : DISMISS : SACK: LAY OFF, MAKE REDUNDANT : KOVMAK, ATMAK

    19. PUBLISH: BRING OUT: RELEASE

    RELEASE: SEND OUT: EMIT : GIVE OFFRELEASE FROM PRISON: SALIVERMEKRELEASE AN ARTICLE: YAYINLAMAK

    20. CHERISH: SEVGIYLE ANILAN

    21. SIMPLY, ONLY, JUST, MERELY, SOLELY

    UP TO: TILL : UNTIL : -E KADAR

    22: YOU SAY FIRMLY: SERT SEKILDE..FAIRLY : RATHER: QUITE

    CONDITIONALLY: ARTLI OLARAK

    25. LARGE-SCALE: BUYUK LEKL

    ON A LARGE SCALERETAIL: PARAKENDEat close quarters: YAKINDAN

    ASSESS: EVALUATE: DEERLENDRMEKCARRY OUT: YAPMAK, YONETMEK: PERFORMSURVEY: RESEARCH: POLLSEEK SOUGHT SOUGHT : SEARCH FOR: LOOK FOR: INVESTIGATE: LOOK INTO

    26: EXHAUSTIVE RESEARCHDETAILED

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    INTERN: STAJ, EITIM

    27. GO ON STRIKE: GREV YAPMAK

    THREATEN : FAdequate: ENOUGH: SUFFCENT

    NADEQUATE: INSUFFICIENT: NOT ENOUGH

    GRANT: BAGILAMAK, VERMEK, YETKI VERMEK, HAK VERMEKBRIBERY: CORRUPT: RVET

    THE BABY S DUE (TO) NEXT MONTHTHE HW IS DUE (TO) TUESDAYMESI /MASI BEKLENIO

    THE ILLNESS IS DUE TO + NOUN / Ving

    28. evacuation: tahliye, boaltma

    excavation: kazcore: ekirdekbeyond: tesindemelt: erimekwater*proof: su gecrmezproof: kant: evidenceinstall: kurmakvacate: boatlamakvacancy: vacant position

    29: obviously: clearly: simplyworthless: deersizpriceless. Paha bicilemez: valuable

    attitude towardsproud of you..

    too proud to Vo:

    30.concern : kayg, ilgiconcerned with: ile ilgiliconcerned about: hakknda worried about

    it was the concern ofthe employers

    comprehensive : kapsaml..

    vigorous: hareketli , iddetlilaunched (started) a vigorous campaignnotion: idea:

    31.crop : ekin, rn : yield, harvest:offset : karlamak, dengelemek

    yield clue: ipucu vermek

    32:I have no money whatsoever: param maram yok

    Substantially: byk lde

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    53: predict, forecast, foresee, guess, estimate (at)

    freed from : serbest kalmak,manner :durum ,tavrmake decisions :karar vermekparticularly : especially, notably, in particular

    necessary : essential, requiredrapidly: fastMeanwhile:in the meantime: bu sre iinde

    54.

    Autonomous: kendisi alanequipped with :ile donatlmsquest: merak konusu, aratrmaobservations:gzlemvents:menfezreasonable: makul, mantkl, acceptable, logical, plausibleobtain:get: elde etmek

    dull: boring : skctowed:-den balamakprospect: probability, likelihood: olaslkcrisscrossing: taramak..

    55.

    capture : elde etmek, yakalamakskills :gift, knack, ability, talentalliances :mttefikAmbitious :hrsl, azmlcounted on :rely on, depend onin terms of : bakmndan, asndan

    overheads :genel masraf : expenditure: expensesidentifying :tanmlamakcompetence: ability, capability; adequacy; adequate salary; qualification:opportunities, frsat, imkan

    56.

    Proposals : suggestions: nerilerBan :prohibit, forbid, not allowedpesticide :bocek olduruculikely : probablyadverse effect :negatif etkisuitableappropriate uygu

    spread :yaylmakharmful :dangerous, hazardouseventually :finally, at last, in the endpersistent :srarc, srekli olanpollutants : kirleticiinsecticides :bocek ldrcdraining :aktmak, temzlemek, rafine etmekbreeding :iftleme, remenegotiating :grme, mzakere

    57.

    Non-lethal :olumcul olmayan : lethal: fatal: mortalProspect :olaslkViolent :iddetli

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    last resort :son areresort TO:-e bavurmakobjections :itirazmislead : yanls yonlendrmerubber-coated bullets: kaucuk kapl mermimarble :mermeraccurate correct

    demonstrations:gosterlerswiftly :hzlca, fast, rapidlydissent :kabul etmemekmilitary :askeri

    58.

    confronted (with) :face, karlamak, yzlemekavalanche institutions :kurumprecedence :stnlkcompetitors :rekabet edenlerovercoming :stesinden gelmek

    overwhelming :ezici, youn olanutterly :tamamyla, entirelyignore :nemsememekalienates :yabanmclatrmak, uzaklatrmakrange from to.. :den --- e kadarextinction :yok olmagaining :kazanma

    77.

    I suppose :Presumably: PRESUME: ASSUME: IMAGINElong to:look forward eagerly to

    78.its hardly surprising :naturallyand consequently:and soshe is so popular:she is in great demand.

    79.

    obviously:simplydoesnt have the resources :cannot meet their needs.The normal school :the average school

    80.

    Im not sureI could be wrong

    a nasty feelingIm afraid

    81.

    massive increases:vast increaseslargely because :The main reasonon account of: because

    2002 KASIM KPDS KELIMELER VE ONEMLI YAPILAR

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    D) resignation : istifa STEP DOWNE) vacancy : bo pozisyon

    anlamna gelmektedir. Anlam olarak skandal kelimesiyle ilikili olan kelime D seeneindeki istifaanlamna gelen resignation kelimesidir.

    ANNUAL LEAVE ... PERMISSION: ZN

    In the wake of: -NIN ARDINDAN: FOLLOWINGIN PURSUIT OF: -NIN PENDEHAND IN: SUBMIT: TESLIM ETMEK, SUNMAK

    SUMMIT: ZRVE NEGOTIATION

    5. D Bu soruyu daha iyi anlamak iin nce cmlenin znesi bulunmaldr. Cmlede yardmc fiil gibidnebileceimiz can yapsna kadar olan ksm cmlenin znesidir ve gramer olarak reduction ofrelative clause (ksaltlm bir sfat tmcecii) vardr. Yantlar Amerikan anayasasn tanmlamaktadr vebunlarn genel anlamda su orann azaltmak iin _____dan bahsedilmektedir. Seeneklerdeki kelimeler;

    A) discovered : kefedilmi FIND OUTB) complained : ikayet edilmiC) persuaded : ikna edilmi CONVINCED) designed : tasarlanm, hazrlanmE) displayed : gsterilmi

    anlamna gelmektedir ve en uygun yant D seeneindeki designed kelimesidir.

    Constitution: ANAYASA

    INSTUTITION: KURUM

    Constraints: SHORTCOMING, DRAWBACK,DEFECT,DISADVANTAGE,PITFALL, LIMITATIONS

    SHIELD: PROTECTDEFEND

    6. A Bu soruda phrasal verbs sorulmutur. Soruda ii bann herkese istedii her eyi yaptrd ancak yenimdrle nasl _____ndan bahsedilmektedir. Yantlara bakarsak;

    A) get around : baa kmak,KAFAYA ALMAKB) make up for : telafi etmek COMPENSATE FORC) turn over : teslim etmek SUBMIT, HAND IND) keep up with : ayn seviyeye gelmekE) rule out : saf d brakmak

    anlamna gelmektedir ve en uygun yant A seeneidir.

    7. B Bu soruda da phrasal verbs sorulmutur. Anlam olarak ilk bilgisayar virsn bulan kiinin 20 yl hapis

    cezasna arptrld ve genel olarak az cezayla _____ dnlmektedir. Seeneklerdeki kelimeler;

    A) show up : ortaya kmak, APPEAR, STAND OUT

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    B) let smb off lightly : hak ettiinden daha az ceza vermekC) take down : paralamakD) give up : brakmak, vazgemekE) bring in : kazan salamak

    anlamna gelmektedir ve anlamca en uygunu B seeneidir.

    NOT: Let somebody off lightly ifadesi to give someone a less serious punishment than they deserveanlamnda kullanlan bir phrasal verb yapsdr.

    sentenced to: CEZALANDIRILMAK, PUNISH

    8. APPOINT : ATAMAKon a regular basis: DZENL OLARAK

    AT REGULAR INTERVALS: DZENL ARALIKLARLA

    9.TURN OUT TO BE: OLARAK ORTAYA CIKMAK, -E DONUSMEK

    10.besidesin addition to NIN YANI SIRAAS WELL AS

    11.

    implement : UYGULAMAK

    17.

    AIL: PROBLEM YARATMAK

    AILMENT : ILLNESS: DISORDER :

    18. OBJECTIVE : AIM: GOAL: TARGETAMBITION

    19. I AGREE WITH YOU TO AN EXTENTSOON, IN THE NEXT YEAR : CLOZE TESTLERDE DIKKKAT

    THE WAR STARTED IN 1950. SOON (THE NEXT YEAR)v2..

    23: ACQUSTON:ACQUIRE: ELDE ETMEK

    in the hunt for: N SEARCH OF: IN PURSUIT OF: NIN PESINDE

    SEARCH FOR

    25.was sustainedsustained: srdrmek, ayakta tutmak

    26. indicted by: sulu bulundu

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    IF Only: I wish

    Only ifinversion

    37. IS OUT OF THE QUESTION: IMPOSSIBLE

    IMKANSIZDIR, TARTISILMAZ

    1. C Sorudaki ifadeden, yeni aratrmacnn birka baka aratrmacyla yakn bir ______ iinde alacave bu yzden uyumlu bir kiilik yapsna sahip olan birisinin seilmesi gerektii anlamkarlmaktadr. Verilen boluu dolduracak ifadelere bakldnda, karmza kan tm yaplarn noun(isim) olduu ve anlamlarnn da;

    A) uniformity : birbirine benzerlik, aynlk UNITEDB) suspicion : phe, kukuC) collaboration : i birliiD) discretion : sr saklamaE) productivity : verimlilik

    FERTLE: VERIMLI (TARIM)PROLIFIC WRITER: RETKEN..

    olduu grlmektedir. Verilen seeneklerden, cmlenin anlamn en iyi ekilde tamamlayann Cseeneindeki kelime olduu aktr.

    2. D Soruda, sponsorluun, eitim mfredatyla ______ olmas kouluyla okullarda artarak uygulandanlatlmaktadr. Seeneklerdeki kelimelerin hepsi adjective (sfat) olup;

    A) considerate : dnceli, sayglB) predictable : tahmin edilebilir..FORESEE FORECAST GUESS ESTIMATEC) decisive : kesin, kati CONCLUSIVED) compatible : uyumluE) provocative : kkrtc, tahrik edici

    CONSIDERABLE: OLDUKA, OK, NEML DERECEDE

    anlamna gelmektedir. Seeneklerdeki kelimelerden yola klarak, boluu en uygun ekilde

    tamamlayan ifadenin D seenei olduunu anlamaktayz. Ayrca, bu seenekteki kelimenin boluktansonra verilen with edat ile kullanlmas da doru yant bulmada yol gsterici olabilir.

    KPDS 2003 MAYIS ZMLER

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    CURRICULUM : CURRICULADATUM : DATA

    JEWISH

    EN..SOFTEN

    -TY

    ..THEY.

    A) DATA

    3. A Bu sorudan, yiyeceklerde ... gibi ________ kanser yapc maddelerin bulunmasnn gazete manetlerineyansmasyla tm dnyada ok etkisi yaratt anlam karlmaktadr. Seeneklerdeki kelimelerinhepsini zarflar oluturmaktadr. Bu zarflar;

    A) p