7/23/2019 Sin fines de lucro - Martha C. Nussbaum

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]eojeoc}`chsm|f/

Ad|pbd M/ Os}}ldsa/

Ch hel|f ]eo jeoc} `c hsm|f( `c Ad|pbd M/ Os}}ldsa( c} sod `e}ms}eo }fl|c hd ocmc}e`d` `c hd}

bsadoe`d`c} ~d|d mfo}fhe`d|( adopcoc| u dheacopd| hd} `cafm|dmed} co ch aso`f ihfldhewd`f/

Mfo ~|cjdmef `c \spb FL|eco( tseco ~|c}copd hd} pc}e} `c Os}}ldsa mfaf `c}aepejemd`f|d} `c hd

eospehe`d` `c hd} d|pc} u hd} bsadoe`d`c} co hf} ~|fmc}f} c`smdpezf} u jf|adpezf} `c d~peps`c}

~d|d zeze| co `cafm|dmed( ch hel|f c}p `eze`e`f co }ecpc md~pshf}/ Ch ~sopf `c ~d|pe`d `c hd dspf|d(

odme`d co 4509 u ~|fjc}f|d `c `c|cmbf u pemd co hd Soezc|}e`d` `c Mbemdif( c} ch `ch ~dshdpeof

dldo`fof `c hd c`smdmeo co d|pc} u bsadoe`d`c} `cle`f d hd ~|c~fo`c|domed `ch ~|fucmpf

mfac|medh( eo}p|sacopdh u cr~do}ezf `ch md~epdh/ ^d|d d`chdopd| }s ~hdopcdaecopf( ~|facpc zdhc|}c

`c hd cr~c|ecomed `c Da|emd `ch Of|pc( `fo`c `c}d||fhhd }s hdlf| u `c hd Eo`ed( mcop|d`d co hd

cr~c|ecomed bsadoe}pd c \dleo`|dodpb Pdif|c/

Co ch ~|eac| md~pshf( Hd m|e}e} }ehcomef}d( hd dspf|d `c}m|elc u cgca~hejemd hd jf|ad mfaf }c bdo

hhcid`f d mfo}e`c|d| hd} bsadoe`d`c} co so aso`f |cie`f ~f| hd |copdlehe`d`( u }c `cmhd|d

~|cfms~d`d ~f|tsc( co ch djo `c mfa~cpepeze`d`( osac|f}f} `e|eicopc} [c}po mfozcome`f}Q `c

tsc hd mecomed u hd pcmofhfid }fo jso`dacopdhc} ~d|d hd }dhs` `c }s} odmefoc} co ch jsps|f/ ]e leco

Ad|pbd M/ Os}}ldsa of `e}mspc pdh ea~f|pdomed( mfo}e`c|d tsc mcop|d| hf} eopc|c}c} u cojftsc} `c

hd c`smdmeo oemdacopc co pdh ~c|}~cmpezd ~foc co ~chei|f hd }dhs` u ch jsps|f `c hd} `cafm|dmed}/

U c}d c} hd m|e}e} }ehcomef}d tsc bd ze}pf `c}d||fhhd|}c co hd} hpead} `md`d}/ Eojf|ac} `ch c}pd`f

`c hd c`smdmeo co C}pd`f} Soe`f} tsc faepco pf`f mfacopd|ef( lscof f adhf( }fl|c hd mdhe`d` co

bsadoe`d`c}/ @e}mspc hd }c~d|dmeo cop|c mecomed} u bsadoe`d`c}( ~f| ch |ec}if tsc }c mf||c mfo

c}pd }c~d|dmeo! `c jf|ad| mecopjemf} u pmoemf} md|copc} `c eadieodmeo( ea~f|pdopc u zepdh ~d|d

ch c}d||fhhf c msdhtsec| mda~f/ c|f( }fl|c pf`f( dlfid ~f|

mshpezd| hd md~dme`d` `c |cjhcreo u ~co}daecopf m|pemf [~f|tscQ c} jso`dacopdh ~d|d adopcoc| d hd

`cafm|dmed mfo ze`d u co c}pd`f `c dhc|pd/ Hd jdmshpd` `c ~co}d| e`ocdacopc }fl|c sod i|do

zd|ec`d` `c mshps|d}( i|s~f} u odmefoc} co ch mfopcrpf `c hd cmfofad ihfldh u `c hd} osac|f}d}

eopc|dmmefoc} cop|c i|s~f} u ~d}c} |c}shpd c}comedh ~d|d tsc hd `cafm|dmed ~sc`d dj|fopd| `c

adoc|d |c}~fo}dlhc hf} ~|flhcad} tsc }sj|eaf} bfu mfaf eopci|dopc} `c so aso`f md|dmpc|ewd`f

~f| hd eopc|`c~co`comed/

Co ch }ciso`f md~pshf( C`smdmeo ~d|d hd |copd( c`smdmeo ~d|d hd `cafm|dmed( Ad|pbd M/

Os}}ldsa eoemed sod m|pemd asu ~c|peocopc }fl|c ch ~|cgsemef tsc |cmhdad mfaf dzdomc u

lecoc}pd| }fmedh( dh oezch cmfoaemf `c hd} odmefoc}( mfo hd ~|cisopd Ts }eioejemd copfomc} ch~|fi|c}f ~d|d sod odmeo6 ]cio hf} c}~cmedhe}pd}( dje|ad( Ad|pbd M/ Os}}ldsa( }c p|dpd `ch

eom|cacopf `ch eoi|c}f ~c| m~epd/ Of ea~f|pdo hd `e}p|elsmeo `c hd |etscwd oe hd eisdh`d` }fmedh/

Of ea~f|pdo hd} mfo`emefoc} ocmc}d|ed} ~d|d hd c}pdlehe`d` `cafm|pemd/ Of ea~f|pdo hd mdhe`d` `c

hd} |chdmefoc} `c ioc|f u |dwd/

D c}pc ~|cgsemef |c}~fo`c mfo i|do |etscwd `c cgca~hf}7 c}p ~|fld`f tsc hd }dhs` u hd c`smdmeo

of pecoco m|cmeaecopf mf||chdpezf co ch md}f `ch dsic cmfoaemf( u d`ca}( dd`c d hf} cgca~hf}

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hd cr~c|ecomed `c ]s`j|emd( |cmfofme`d mfaf ~fpcomed cmfoaemd `s|dopc hf} df} `chD~d|pbce`(

aecop|d} }c bdmd md}f fae}f `c hd l|spdhe`d` `ch |ieaco u `c hd} `cjemecomed} c`smdpezd} u

}doepd|ed} tsc i|do ~d|pc `c hd ~flhdmeo }sj|d co c}c afacopf/ @c}~s} `c crdaeod| hd}

mfopeoicomed} ch hhdad`f m|cmeaecopf cmfoaemf hhcid d hd mfomhs}eo `c tsc }pc of ctsezdhc d

~|f`sme| `cafm|dmed oe helc|pd` ~fhpemd( u mdhejemd pdh e`cd `c zecgf ~d|d`eiad( of fl}pdopc hd

|cofzdmeo `c hd mfojedowd co h ~f| hd tsc dp|dzc}daf} bfu( |cofzdmeo d mdalef `c hd |cjhcreo

}fl|c hf tsc hd }fmec`d` clc|d hfi|d| ~d|d }s} eopci|dopc}/

Zc( }eo cald|if( tsc hd c`smdmeo co C}pd`f} Soe`f} of c}p mcop|d`d oemdacopc co ch

m|cmeaecopf cmfoaemf/ Pf`f} hf} c}ps`edopc} soezc|}epd|ef} d}e}pco d ms|}f `c f|ecopdmeo

bsado}pemd mfaf ld}c ~d|d }s} c}ps`ef}( u d }s zcw hd} `e}me~heod} `c bsadoe`d`c} u d|pc} of

c}po }c~d|d`d} pdgdopcacopc `c hd} mecomed}/ D`ca}( md|dmpc|ewd hd ~d|peme~dmeo `ch c}ps`edopc

mfaf dmpezd( co hd `eoaemd `c hd eo`didmeo( hd eozc}peidmeo u hd ~|cisopd/ Co hd Eo`ed( ~f| ch

mfop|d|ef( of |cmfofmc bschhd} `c hd c`smdmeo m|pemd tsc Pdif|c ~|f~s}f( u slemd ch ~d~ch `ch

c}ps`edopd`f mfaf ch `ch ~d}ezf |cmc~pf| `c mfofmeaecopf}( eojf|admeo c eo}p|sacopf} tsc

pecoco hf} ~|fjc}f|c} u hf} hel|f}/

Mfaf ~sopf} `c hsw comscop|d tsc hd c`smdmeo dm|pemd tsc mfozecoc dh m|cmeaecopf

cmfoaemf( ~sc`c ~d}d|( u `c bcmbf ~d}d( ~f| comead `c mfomc~pf} pdo ofmezf} mfaf ch `c

odmefodhe}af( f ~f| comead `c hd `c}eisdh`d` `c hd} f~f|psoe`d`c} tsc hf} `c|cmbf} `c }dhs` u

c`smdmeo `empdo( jf|ad pmoemf} u ~|fjc}efodhc} tsc }e|zco ~d|d mdpd~shpd| hf} eopc|c}c} `c sod

hepc( }eo tsc c}d hepc }c ~|cfms~c co af`f dhisof ~f| hd md~dme`d` f eomd~dme`d` ~d|d |c}~fo`c|

mfo mfofmeaecopf} d hd} ac`e`d} tsc pfado co hd l}tsc`d `c }s e`cd `c lecoc}pd| ~f| ~d|pc `c

hf} djcmpd`f}/

Co ch pc|mc| md~pshf( C`smd| mes`d`dof}7 hf} }copeaecopf} af|dhc} "u dopeaf|dhc}%(

c}~ho`e`dacopc `c}d||fhhd`f( Ad|pbd M/ Os}}ldsa cr~hemd ch odmeaecopf u ch `czcoe| `c hf}

}copeaecopf} `c |c~siodomed( ca~dpd u mfomecomed `ch fp|f( `c}`c ch ~sopf `c ze}pd `c hd

eo`cjco}eo u hd zshoc|dlehe`d` mfo hd} tsc odmcaf}( u `c}`c hd} msdhc} `clcaf} ~d|pe| ~d|d

e`copejemd|of}( d} mfaf ~d|d dhed|of} mfo fp|f}/ Hd dspf~|fpcmmeo u hd }fl|czezcomed }c

comscop|do co hd ld}c `c ahpe~hc} |c}~sc}pd}( of }eca~|c sozfmd}( tsc }c mfaleodo mfo |d}if}

e`cfhiemf} u ~fhpemf} `c hd c`smdmeo ~d|d mfojhse| co hd} dmpeps`c} tsc so i|s~f ~sc`d hhcid| d

mfo}e`c|d| mfaf of|adhc} f `c}cdlhc}/ D}( cr~hemd Os}}ldsa( asmbf `c hf tsc }c ~|f~foc dh

oef co hd jdaehed mfaf ~s|f( lscof f `c}cdlhc( ~sc`c e| co mfop|dzd dh ~|fucmpf ~fhpemf `c hd

`cafm|dmed( dh e`copejemd|( ~f| cgca~hf( d hf} eoaei|dopc} f crp|dogc|f} mfaf adhf}( eojc|ef|c} f

eomhs}f mfo hf doeadh/ U dh mfop|d|ef( }e co d|d} `c jf|ad| hd eo`c~co`comed co ch oef( }c hc co}cd

tsc( d} }cd zshoc|dlhc u pcoid ocmc}e`d`c} tsc }s~he|( co ch copf|of comfop|d| ac`ef} u

~c|}fod} mfo hd} msdhc} ~sc`c hhcid| d |c}fhzc|hf( ~f|tsc chhd} pecoco hd} ae}ad} ocmc}e`d`c}( hd

dacodwd d }s zshoc|dlehe`d` of }c| ud zc|ifowf}d u c}pd| co ch mdaeof `c }cope| ca~dpd(

mfa~|co`c| u copco`c| dh fp|f u hd} ea~hemdmefoc} `c }s} dmpf} mfo hf} fp|f}/ Dsotsc |d`emd hd

ea~f|pdomed `ch |cmfofmeaecopf `c hd} zshoc|dlehe`d`c}( hf |c~siodopc u hf `c}cdlhc co hd jdaehed(

pc|aeod ch md~pshf mfo sod }c|ec `c }sic|comed} u ~|f~sc}pd} }fl|c cojftsc} u ~|fi|dad} tsc hd

c}mschd `clc|d }cise|( mfo ch jeo `c jf|ad| co hf} c}ps`edopc} hd md~dme`d` `c `e}peoise| cop|c hf}

7/23/2019 Sin fines de lucro - Martha C. Nussbaum

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cgc|memef} `c ~f`c| tsc }c `do co hd} gc|d|tsd} u hf} zdhf|c} tsc ~f`|do ~|fafzc| hd `cafm|dmed(

`fo`c pf`f} hf} eo`eze`sf} }cdo }sgcpf} c c|cmbf}/

\c}dhpd co c}pc md~pshf hd `c}m|e~meo `c cr~c|eacopf} co hf} tsc }c ~|f~foc d hf} }sgcpf} gswid|

f ~d|peme~d| co dmpf} tsc ~sc`co mdhejemd|}c `c adhf}/ Co dtschhd} fmd}efoc} co tsc ch af`c|d`f|

ea~fod sod dspf|e`d` u ~|fafzd ch cgc|memef `c so ~f`c|( hf} }sgcpf} dmmc`do d |cdhewd| dmmefoc}dsotsc hc} ~d|cmec|do |c~|fmbdlhc}( }eo cr~|c}d| }s ~sopf `c ze}pd/ ]fhdacopc msdo`f }s|id sod

~c|}fod tsc }c ocidld d |cdhewd| dhif tsc co }s mfomc~pf c}pdld adh( bdld fp|f} tsc }c

doeadldo d `e}cope| `c hf tsc ch cr~c|eacopf hc} bdld ~hdopcd`f ldgf hd gs|e}`emmeo `c sod

dspf|e`d`/

Co ch msd|pf md~pshf( Hd ~c`difid }fm|pemd7 hd ea~f|pdomed `c hd d|isacopdmeo( hd dspf|d

mfop|d~foc hd ~f}elehe`d` tsc fj|cmc hd d|isacopdmeo mfaf f~f}emeo d hd }sgcmeo d hd p|d`emeo

u d hd dspf|e`d`/ Mfaf m|pemd d hd ~|c~fo`c|domed `ch `c}d||fhhf cmfoaemf `emc tsc Co pdopf hd

|etscwd ~c|}fodh f odmefodh }cd ch omhcf `c hf} ~|fi|dad} ms||emshd|c}( hd} md~dme`d`c} }fm|pemd}

mf||co ~chei|f c tsc`d| }sl`c}d||fhhd d}/

D}( slemd ch dspfcrdaco mfaf mdaeof `c hd d|isacopdmeo ~d|d }s}pcopd| ts }c tsec|c u mshc}

}c|do hd} mfo}cmscomed} `c }cise| hf tsc }c tsec|c/ Hd ds}comed `c c}pd md~dme`d`( `d hsid| d

~c|}fod} eojhscomedlhc} ~f| hd `cadified u hd |cp|emd/ Eo}e}pc co hd d||fidomed `ch ~f`c| u co hd

~|c}eo `c hf} ~d|c} mfaf fl}pmshf} ~d|d hd d|isacopdmeo/ Co c}c }cope`f( mepd hf} c}ps`ef} `c

Adhmfha Ihd`ychh }fl|c hd mshps|d `c hf} ~ehfpf} `c dc|fhocd}( tsc }cdhdo mfaf jdmpf|

zdpemeod`f| `c `c}d}p|c} ch i|d`f `c }facpeaecopf d hd dspf|e`d`/

D`ca}( }cdhd hd mfop|d`emmeo `ch `c}cf ~c|adocopc `c eoofzdmeo `c hd} ca~|c}d}( mfo ch

`c}mfofmeaecopf `c hd c`smdmeo bsado}pemd( ud tsc }c }dlc tsc }pd ~|fasczc u jdzf|cmc

~|cme}dacopc ch }s|ieaecopf c e`cd} eoofzd`f|d}/

D}( hf} ~hdoc} `c c}ps`ef `clc|do mfopcoc| hd} f~f|psoe`d`c} }sjemecopc} ~d|d tsc hf}

c}ps`edopc} `c}d||fhhco e`cd} ~|f~ed}( mfo hd} tsc `cldo d|isacopd| u `cldpe| ~sopf} `c ze}pd u

`c ~|fjc}f|c} tsc hf} dmfa~dco jf|ashdo`f ~|cisopd}( |cmfofmeo`fhf} mfaf }c|c} co

jf|admeo tsc pecoco ~|fmc}f} eo`eze`sdhc}/ Co c}pc }cope`f( so ms|}f mfo osac|f}f} c}ps`edopc}

}eca~|c }c| so ea~c`eacopf ~d|d ch c}d||fhhf c hd} md~dme`d`c} d|isacopdpezd}/

Jeodhacopc( bdmc so |c~d}f ~f| hf} cr~c|eacopf}( c}ps`ef} u pcf|d} `c c`smd`f|c} tsc bdo

}cise`f hd} pc}e} `c \fs}}cds u ~f| c}pd zd( hd d|isacopdmeo }fm|pemd7 ^c}pdhfwwe( J|ec`|emb

J|fclch( L|fo}fo Dhmfpp( Bf|dmc Adoo( Gfbo @cycu u \dleo`|dodpb Pdif|c/ Mfo adpemc}( ~sc} bdu

dhisof} `c c}pf} ~c`difif} tsc bdo cojdpewd`f co hd c`smdmeo cafmefodh u ~fpemd( ~f| cgca~hf(

of co `c}ac`|f `c hd d|isacopdmeo( }eof co ch ~co}daecopf `c }s} ~f}elehe`d`c} pemd} u

}fmedhc}/ @c fp|f hd`f( Pdif|c bewf so ojd}e} co hd c`smdmeo u zdhf|dmeo `c hd asgc| mfaf

~d|peme~dopc `c hd }fmec`d` mfaf }sgcpf tsc ~|cisopd u d|isacopd/

Co hf} hpeaf} p|c} md~pshf}( Mes`d`dof} `ch aso`f( Mshpezd| hd eadieodmeo7 hd hepc|dps|d u hd}

d|pc} u Hd c`smdmeo `cafm|pemd( mfop|d hd} msc|`d}( hd dspf|d cr~hdud hf} d|isacopf} ud

7/23/2019 Sin fines de lucro - Martha C. Nussbaum

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~|c}copd`f}( dpc||ewo`fhf} co hf} ~|flhcad} tsc zezc ch aso`f `c bfu( mfo odmefoc} a} tsc

osomd eopc|`c~co`ecopc}/ Ch ~|flhcad dalecopdh( hd hsmbd mfop|d ch dls}f }crsdh( hd hsmbd mfop|d hd

p|dpd `c ~c|}fod}( hd helc|pd`( hf} |ciacoc} mfac|medhc}( ch jsps|f `c hd coc|id osmhcd| u so

}eooac|f `c ~|flhcad} tsc }hf ~sc`co |c}fhzc|}c co ch `ehfif ashpemshps|dh( }c ~|c}copdo d

hd dspf|d mfaf hd} |dwfoc} u afpezdmefoc} s|icopc} ~d|d ~co}d| co hf `cafm|pemf `c hd

c`smdmeo tsc }c ea~d|pc co mfhcief}( c}mschd} u soezc|}e`d`c}( u `c hd} bsadoe`d`c} u hd} d|pc}

mfaf hd} `e}me~heod} tsc jf|ado mfa~|co}eo( ca~dpd u copco`eaecopf co hd} }fmec`d`c}(

ea~sh}do`f of }fhdacopc d tsecoc} }c `c`emdo d chhd}( }eof d tsecoc} `c}`c fp|d} f|ehhd}( mfaf hd

pmoemd( hd mecopjemd f hd cmfoaemd( ~eco}do tsc ~sc`co ~|c}meo`e| `c }s fjemef( msdo`f co

|cdhe`d` hd} dheacopdo/

Jeodhacopc( bdmc sod m|pemd d hd ds}comed `c c}msmbd tsc }s~foc ch |cieaecopf `c hf} c}po`d|c}

co hf} ~|fucmpf} c eozc}peidmefoc}( msdo`f }c mcop|d }s czdhsdmeo co hf} `dpf} c}pd`}pemf} mfaf

ch oac|f c ~d|peme~dopc}( ~f| cgca~hf( u }eo d~|freadmeo d hf} mfopcoe`f} p|dpd`f} f icoc|d`f}

~f| chhf}( mfaf sod dacodwd a}( `c hd} tsc ud bd `c}m|epf( d hd jf|admeo `ch c}~|eps

`cafm|pemf/ Hd }ea~hc cosomedmeo c `c|cmbf} mfaf ch c cr~|c}eo( }eo hd ~|cisopd }fl|c mafu ts }c c}p bdmeco`f ~d|d tsc hhcisc d }c| sod |cdhe`d` ~d|d pf`f}( c} fp|f `c hf} |ec}if} ~f| hf}

msdhc} copeco`c tsc hd `cafm|dmed c}p }c|edacopc dacodwd`d/

Hel|f `c ea~f|pdomed md~epdh ~d|d pf`f jf|ad`f|( }cd }pc ~|fjc}f|( ~d`|c `c jdaehed( f

mff|`eod`f| `c sod ca~|c}d f ca~cf( tsc mfo}e`c|c tsc hd `cafm|dmed c} ea~f|pdopc u tsc

`clc f ~sc`c d~f|pd| dhif d hd mfo}fhe`dmeo `c ~|mpemd} `cafm|pemd} co hd }fmec`d` d hd tsc

~c|pcocmc( ]eo jeoc} `c hsm|f c} `co}f ~f| hd mdope`d` u hd |etscwd `c hd} |cjc|comed} u hd

~c|peocomed `c hf} cgca~hf} `c hf} tsc bdmc s}f hd dspf|d ~d|d ehs}p|d| ch `c}d||fhhf `c }s} pc}e}/

Ad|pbd M/ Os}}ldsa/ ]eojeoc}`chsm|f/ Ad`|e`7 Kdpw C`epf|c}/ 4>/ \cea~|c}eo Mfhfaled7 4