simple compounds. unusual mineral occurrences. minerals of: – native elements – solid solutions...
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CHAPTER 20Simple compounds.
Unusual mineral occurrences
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Simple compounds
• Minerals of:– Native elements– Solid solutions of native elements– Intermetallic compounds
• Rare (< 0.0002 wt% of crust), form under unusual conditions
• Great economic interest– Principal source for many metals & elements
– Gold, platinum, osmium, iridium, silver, sulfur– Used for unique properties of mineral
– Diamond, graphite
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Crystal structure, morphology and physical properties
Morphology and physical properties influenced by crystal structure and types of bonds
Structure and bonding influences luster, density, conductivity, cleavage, melt point, hardness
Octahedral Au
Dendritic Ag
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Crystal structures, morphology and physical properties
• Crystal structures– Native metals: simple,
close-packed arrangement
– Native sulfur: molecular structure – ring of 8 atoms with covalent bonds, stacked with Van der Waals bond between rings
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Crystal structures, morphology and physical properties
– Native carbon: • Diamond: covalent bonds
only with each atom surrounded by 4 atoms in tetrahedron
• Graphite: hexagonal carbon sheets, covalent bonds within layer, Van der Waals bonds between layers
• Fullerene: framework structure – trace mineral in some meteorites; linking of 5- and 6-membered rings
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Native ElementsMetals
• The Gold Group:– Gold
• Called electrum if >10% Ag• Often associated with quartz and sulphides• Backing of currencies; jewellery; electronic industry• SA occurrence: Swaziland, Witwatersrand, Transvaal
– Silver• Platelets, dendrites, wire like crystals in
hydrothermal deposits• Rare mineral, sometimes in alloys with
mercury: amalgamSA occurrence: rare,
Witwatersrand (with Au)
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Native ElementsMetals
• The Gold Group– Copper:
• Associated with copper minerals: cuprite, tenorite, malachite, chrysocolla
• Native copper not very important economically• SA occurrence: Messina, Nababeep, Tsumeb,
Phalaborwa– Lead
• Vary rare as native lead
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Native ElementsMetals
• The Platinum Group:– Pt, Ir, Os, Pd, Rh, Ru
• Mostly occur as alloys of these PGEs• Ultramafic rocks• Native Pt commonly contains up to 30% Fe, Cu or Ni• Extremely rare• Jewellery; automobiles• SA occurrence: Wits; BIC: Merensky Reef, UG2,
Platreef
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Native ElementsMetals
• The Iron Group:– Two natural native phases, occurs in
meteorites:• Kamacite : native iron with up to 5-8%
Ni• Taenite: native iron with up to 70% Ni
– 2 Phases intergrown in meteorites– Rare in nature; major phases of
commercial steel– Inclusions in diamonds
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Native ElementsMetals
• The Mercury Group:– Native mercury: liquid mineral
• Associated with cinnabar• Solid below -39°C – rhombohedral crystals
– Silver amalgam: kongsbergite and landsbergite– Gold amalgam: 40% Au– Potarite: 35% Pd
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Half-metals
• The Bismuth Group– Bi: high T metal in hydrothermal deposits and pegmatite veins;
associated with molybdenite, wolframite, cassiterite, bismuthinite
– Sb, As: low T metal; associated with Ag, realgar, orpiment, stibnite, galena, Co-sulphides, Ni-sulphides
– SA occurrence: Namaqualand granite pegmatites
Bismuth
Antimony ArsenicArsenic
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Non-metals The Tellurium Group
Te: associated with native gold, Au&Ag-tellurides, galena
Se: usually mixed with sulphur
TelluriumSelenium
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Non-metals
• The Sulphur Group– α-S; β-S; γ-S– α-S: most common and crystallize in
orthorhombic system– Main economic deposits:
• Volcanic activity (sublimation)• Micro-organism activity in sedimentary rocks
– Use: manufacturing sulphuric acidfungicide
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Non-metals• Carbon
– Diamond• Carbon atoms in tetrahedrons forming a face-centered isometric crystal structure• Covalent bonds in all directions – give high symmetry of structure and hardness• High meltpoint (3500°C); stable at very high pressures• Kimberlites and lamproites; placer deposits• Jewellery; ultra-hard material for cutting, drilling, abrasion
– Graphite• Carbon atoms in corners of hexagonal sheets• Strong covalent bonds within sheets; weak Van der Waals bonds perpendicular to
sheets• Very good cleavage along sheets• Lubricant
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Unusual conditions of formation
Metals such as Pt, Os, Ir, Au rare because inert – do not react easily
Needs low oxygen fugacity Mantle
Pt in ultramafic rocks Diamonds in kimberlite
pipes & eclogites