Silicon makes up 25.7% of the Earth's crust.Most of it is in the form of silicon dioxide,

also known as silica: Sand, amethyst, agate,quartz, rock crystal, chalcedony, flint, jasper,

and opal

Diamond cubic crystal structure.

Czochralski single-crystal growth process

Bridgman-Stockbarger technique

less than

10-4 Torr ~ 10-11 Torr

3. W.T. Tsang, “From Chemical Vapor Epitaxy to Chemical Beam Epitaxy”. J. Cryst. Growth. 95, 121 (1989)

Silicon band gap energy at 300 K = 1.12 eV = 1107nm

Phonon (lattice)scattering.

Angle between <100> and <111> planes is 54.7 degree

<111> plane

Silicon band gap energy at 300 K = 1.12 eV = 1107nm

Russell Ohl in 1939, discovered the PN barrier and is generally recognized for patenting the modernsolar cell (US Patent 2402662, "Light sensitive device").

p side is higher doped.

Donors: group V Phosphorus (P) Arsenic (As)

Acceptors: group III Boron (B)Aluminium (Al)

Dose and energy requirements of major ion implantation applications (species shown roughly in order of decreasing usage).

D=D0*exp(-EA/kT)

Element D [cm2/s] (RT) D [cm2/s] (1.3kK)

B 1.08197E-61 1.17661E-13