Mycotoxins: definition

secondary metabolites

Mycotoxins

OCHRATOXIN

T-2 TOXIN

FUMONISIN

DEOXYNIVALENOL(DON)

ZEARALENONE

Aspergillus

Penicillium

Fusarium

Stachyobotris

Cephalosprium

Mycotoxins: definition

secondary metabolites

Mycotoxins

OCHRATOXIN

T-2 TOXIN

FUMONISIN

DEOXYNIVALENOL(DON)

ZEARALENONE

Aspergillus

Penicillium

Fusarium

Stachyobotris

Cephalosprium

Mycotoxigenic Fungi

REDUCED OR REFUSED INTAKE NEUROLOGICAL

ESTROGENICHEPATOTOXIC

IMMUNOTOXIC

Fink-Gremmels 2008The contribution of silage to total intake of deoxynivalenol (DON) and zearalenone (ZEA) was 3.5 and 2.9 times greater, respectively.

Fink-Gremmels 2008

Rumen detoxification capacity might be saturable

some mycotoxins have a high carry-over rate from feed to milkAflatoxin M1

Comparison of environmental conditions for fungal growth and toxin production by some common fungal species

Comparison of environmental conditions for fungal growth and toxin production by some common fungal species

(data from Sweeney and Dobson, 1998)

Mycotoxins in silages: more recent findings

Adapted from Cheli et al. 2013

High incidence fungal species and potential mycotoxins at harvest and during ensiling

Abbreviations: AFLA: aflatoxins; CTN: citrinin; DON: deoxynivalenol; GT: gliotoxin; ZEA: zearalenone

+++ increase

−−− decrease

=: no change adapted from Cheli et al. 2013

FDA Regulation

In the United States, FDA has set an action level of 0.5 ppb for AFM1 in

milk (Code of Federal Regulations Part 109)

• Milk containing AFM1 concentrations above the action level must be

discarded, causing significant economic loss for the dairy producer. Similar

regulations exist in most developed countries.

Reduce the absorption of aflatoxin from the gastrointestinal tract

• Clays (bentonite)

• Yeast derivatives (non-digestible yeast oligosaccharides)

Milk aflatoxin concentrations (ppb)

Pre-treatment Aflatoxin only Aflatoxin + EFA

Experiment 1Control group 0.11 ± 0.07 2.08 ± 0.8 1.86 ± 0.75

Experimental Lallemand group 0.11 ± 0.07 2.44 ± 1.14 2.25 ± 0.85

Experiment 2Control group 0.11 ± 0.07 2.08 ± 0.8 1.86 ± 0.75

Experimental Alltech group 0.13 ± 0.094 2.78 ± 1.46 2.69 ± 1.31

MTB-100®-2004 group 0.09 ± 0.04 2.31 ± 1.08 2.12 ± 0.72

MTB-100®-2006 group 0.11 ± 0.07 2.66 ± 1.32 2.45 ± 0.95

Experiment 3Control group 0.27 ± 0.04 1.64 ± 0.71 1.61 ± 0.83

MTB-100®-2006 group 0.26 ± 0.04 1.62 ± 1.08 1.49 ± 0.91

Astra-Ben 20A® group 0.25 ± 0.05 1.60 ± 0.98 0.61 ± 0.21

AB-20® did not reduce AFM1 concentrations below the action level set by the FDA of 0.5 ppb.

Experimental feed additiveChange in milk aflatoxinconcentration (%)

Experiment 1

Experimental Lallemand product, 100 g/day +5.2

Experiment 2

MTB-100®-2004, 10 g/day +8.0

MTB-100®-2006, 10 g/day +6.2

MTB-100®, 10 g/day +9.5

Experiment 3

MTB-100®-2006, 50 g/day −5.1

Astra-Ben 20A®, 227 g/day −60.4*