silage making tamil

7/25/2019 Silage Making Tamil

http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/silage-making-tamil 1/12

jPtdg;gaph;fspd; nrkpg;g[ Kiwfs;

jPtdg;gaph;s nrkpj;jy; - fodder preservation techniques

jPtd';fsr; nrkpj;J itg;gjw;F ,Utpjkhd g;Ft Kiws; gH;j;jpy; cs;sd.

xd;W cyuitj;J nrkpj;jy; (Hay) kw;bwhd;W gik!h nrkpj;J itj;jy; (Silage) .

"""""""""""

cyh; jPtdk; (Hay) – Hay making

jPtdg;g!ph;s; ,sik!h ,U;Fk;nghnj# $jhtJ g%tp&k; nghJ $jid $Wj;J

hp! xsp!py; h!itj;J cyh;(;j g)y;yh khw;wg;g&pwJ. ,g;g* cyh;j;jg;g+;+

g)y; rhp!hd Kiw!py; br!;jpUg;gpd;# (y;y kj;J+d; rj;Jg; bghU+;s;;

Fiw!hk-k; cs;s rpw(;jbjhU jPtdkhFk;.

cyh;j;jp h!it;Fk;nghJ xnu rPuhg; gug;gp h!itj;jy; $trp!k;. ,g;g*

h!tp+;+ g)y;iy kiH!pnyh $y;yJ uk; g+hknyh ghJh; nt;&k;. ,t;thW

g;Ftg;g&j;jp! g)y;ypy; ug;gir /0 Kjy; 12 rjtPjj;jpw;F nky; ,U;3;4+hJ.

5bddpy; ,jidg; nghuh;p Ftp!y; br!;!)k; nghJ# uk; $jpk; ,Ug;gpd;#

n+hp b6;&tp&k;.

jPtdg;g!ph;s; K7ik!h Kjph;r;rp $i+tjw;F Kd;g) $jhtJ 02 rjtPjk;

g%;s; t(;jt)+d; $Wti+ br!;J cyuitj;J nrkp; nt;&k;. cyh; jPtdk; ,iy!)+d; k;

kw;Wk; fsr;br*s; ,y;yhk-k;# g%8;rhk; jh;hky; (y;y bky;yp!

thrid!)+d; ,Uj;jy; $trp!k;.

cyh; jPtdk; jahhpf;f cfe;jgaph;fs;

mWti !ra;a nt";oa j#"k;

bh7;6;i+g;g)y;# $Uk;g)y;#khh;ty;g)y;

kiH;hyk; K*(;jt)+d; ghjp g%';bhj;Jbtspn! t(;jt)+d;

9+;:; ghy;gp*;Fk; gUtk; jPdh(hj;g)y; g%';bhj;J btsptUtjw;F Kd;g)Fjpiikrhy;# bgh;rPk; 02 rjtPjk; g%;s; t(;j gpd;

$wpg;g[ pdp!hg;g)y; kw;Wk; k;g) n(g;gp!h; x+;&g;g)y; nghd;w

jPtdg;g!ph;s; cyh; jPtdk; j!hhp; c(;jit $y;y.



cyh; jPtdk; jahhpf;$k; Kiw- methods of %ay making

• Kjy; (hs; gdpj;Jsps; cyh;(;jt)+d; kjp!k; / kp tiu $Wti+ br!;J

t!ypnyn! cyh;j;jt)k;. gpd;g) khiy kp;F jPtdg;g!piu jpUg;gp

tp+t)k;• ,u;+htJ (hs; kP;&k; ,u;& Kiw t!ypnyn! jpUg;gp tp+t)k;.

• <d;whtJ (hs; kP;&k; jpUg;gp tp+;& cyuitj;J nrkpj;J itj;J;

bhs;syhk;. g!Wtij; jPtdg;g!ph;spy; ,U(;J cyh; jPtdk;

j!hhp;Fk; nghJ tdk; njit. huk; ,iys; cjph;tjw;F th!;g;g)s;

$jpk;. kiH;hy';spy; ntyp kw;Wk; cyuitg;gjw;F =d;W cs;s

Fr;rp $&;Fspy; cyu it;yhk;. cyh;jPtdk; j!hhp;Fk; nghJ ,iys;

cjph;tij!)k; khh; 12 rjtPjk; g)ujr;rj;J Fiwtij!)k; j&g;gJ kp3; *dk;.

&'Wfha;g;g[y; (Silage)- *nsiing

hw;Wg;g)hj ,+j;jpy; g(;jPtdj;ij gy ntjp!p!y; khw;w';>;F

c+;g&j;jp! gpd; pi+;Fk; jPtdkhFk;.

,ij j!hhp; Jis!py;yhj; j;i+; bh;+ jPtdg; g!ph;s; kpt)k; rpw(;jJ.

?Wh!;g;g)y; j!hhp; jPtdg;g!ph;spd; uj;jd;ik $jpkhnth $y;yJ kp3;

Fiw(;j $snth ,U;3; 4+hJ. $jhtJ uj;jd;ik @2"@0 rjtPjk; ,U;Fk;nghJ $Wti+

br!;! nt;&k;.

g(;jPtdj;ij irnyA; B j!hhp; jiu k+;+j;jpw;F nky; +th; irnyh CTower

siloD <ykhnth $y;yJ jiu;Fk; PH; FHp bt+;* $jd; <ynkh j!hh; br!;!yhk;.

bgUk;gh-k;# FHpspy; gjg;g&j;Jk; Kiwi!n! i!h>pd;wdh;.

Crops suited for ensiling and stage of harvesting

It is possible to ensile almost any plant material and by-products; the mostimportant crops for ensiling worldwide are whole-crop corn, alfalfa and various

grasses. Other crops include whole-crop wheat, sorghum and various legumes.

Ensiling is a sophisticated and costly operation which is mainly used in

developed countries. The silage quality is influenced by dry matter !"-#$% and

soluble sugar content &-'"(%. )ll these factors influence the development of



lactic acid and other organic acids, which act as preservative. *arvesting the

crop at $"( flowering to mil+ or dough stage can ma+e good quality silage of

crops li+e maie, sorghum and pearl millet. or -/ hybrids #$-$" days after the

previous harvest is recommended. or natural grasses and Cenchrus, they

should be harvested at flowering stage.

2. பசநதவன தயரபபறக உநத பயரள மறம அவட தணம

இ எநத தவர படகள மற உப பரடக கண தயப

ததயம; உலளவய அவல பசநன தய ம யமன

பயரன பயர !ளம! அல"பஅல"ப மறம பல!வ #றள

உளளன" மறடறய பயரள பயர !டம! !ளம மறம பல!வ

பப# வடள #$ல அ$கம" பசநன தய அ$%&ன மற

'(வன )*நத +,ய* #தனல யம வளரநத ந%ளல

பயனப%ததபப%-," பசநன.$/ த0மன உலர 12 3456789 மறம

டரய&'ய ரடர அ: 36<5=9 >-யற,ல

பதபப'ற" இநத ரணள ல' அமலம மற ரம

அமல$ள உறப.$ய பதகம! # பகபனக 'யலப-,"

ப?@க 85 'தவ-த ABகள பர.$ல #ரந பல அலல ம: C(கDல

அவட 'EF Gப ம!ளம! !ளம மறம ம# !பனற

பயரDல நலல தரமன பசநன தய யய '(ம" க G%Hய@

லபபன$IB* நடதய அவடக பன 78685 நளல

பரநடரபப%ற" இயறட #றள மற '/J0K Gப/,கள

)கம தணததல அவட 'E L,நத"

3.Methods of ensiling

0it, trench, bun+er and tower silos are used for ensiling the green fodder. 1arious

types and sies are used depending upon the availability of green fodder and the



convenience of the farmer. The green fodder is filled in the silo either as such or

after chopping and it is well pac+ed to reduce air. /etter pac+ing may be obtained

by trampling with tractor or bulloc+s. The top must be covered with dry straw and

then sealed with mud plaster or covered by polythene or al+athene sheets. The

silage will be ready after #-2 wee+s. ) pit sie of 3" 4 3" 4 3" feet is sufficient for

$"-$$ t of green fodder. One cubic foot of settled silage will weigh about '$ +g.

The rate of utiliation of the ensiled material also has a bearing on the sie of the

silo. Once is opened for feeding, then every day at least half a foot of the material

have to be removed to avoid spoilage if the silage.

க*! அ*! ப$கக* மறம !#ர க*ள பசநன தயHற*

பயனப%ததபப%னறன" பல!வ வடள மறம அள+ள >-ய

பசநனMகD/ #ர மறம வவயகD/ வதய பத

பயனப%ததபப%னறன" பசநனMக அபNGய அலல L

ணகக டN கற கத C0ப Gண" றநத !ப$

'ரர அலல டளடள கண 'Eய(" !மல ப*$ய

டவ!ல O( ON பலதன அலல அலக/ த%டள டவத O2

Gண" பசநன 76P வர$,க பறக தயர இகம" Q5 Q5-

Q5- அ' க* அள+ 85688 2/கள பசநன உறப.$B* !பமன" Rர

ன அ' பசநன சமர <8 !ல எட(2/ #ரB*" பசநன பள

பயனப% வதம !ம.ம $க அளடவ பர.த" /டற

LG( $,ந வட2ல பள கடறநத அடர / ல இலடல

பனனர /வவ ந,ம LG(S எனறல % !பவதறகம தவர

ந !வண%ம"

4.The biochemical and microbiological events during the ensiling fermentation can be

divided into four distinct stages:

Aerobic stage

5hen air is still present between the plant particles and the p* is still

high, 2."-2.$. 6uring this stage plant respiration continues, as well as proteolysis



and the activity of aerobic microorganisms such as enterobacteria, fungi and

yeasts.

Fermentation stage

5hich is carried out by a dynamic succession of 7)/ which changes

according to the conditions prevailing in silage, starting with enterococci and

leuconostoc, followed by lactobacilli and pediococci 5oolford, '8&#%. 7actic acid

and other organic acids accumulate and the p* decreases, below $.", depending

on plant composition and its buffering capacity.

Storage stage

5hen the silage is sealed and no air penetrates few changes occur.

Unloading stage

or feeding when the silage is re-e4posed to air which re-activates aerobic

microorganisms, mainly yeasts and moulds, which might spoil the silage.

பபசநன நதததல !ப உயர!வதயயல மறம 0ண1யரயல ந*+ள நனக தனததன $ளப பரலமT

கறG,ட2C(T

த0 களகD2Gய கற #ரB* Gப ர அ)( த/ம அ$கமக P6P"8 0#ரB*" #நத C(?ல த0 ச' த2ர ! அ !த !பல #ரதபபள+ மறம கல!)2ட மறம UKட என கறG,ட2 0ண1யரள யலப%கள த2ர"

%$.தல C( T

%$.த(ன !ல!!பலலV/ த2@JLயன மப த/மயனபசநன$@Gகறப ம த/மF2ய" 1ண2G0க- மறம WFகG%KG2B த$! அதன த2@ந !ல!!பலல3 மறம பNGயGககK 3 !45567589<X79" ல' அமலம மறம பற ரம அமல$ள *வ.தYல க0 அ)( த/ம 8"5:;!* கடற(ம! GமZ த0 க( மறம அதன த$ல தறன பதத" !மப# நடல

பசநன ONய C(?ல உள Gப கற க ல மறற$ள மற <றப%ம"

ன அ[ C( T

பசநன.த ன.$றகக கற2/ வளபப%ம !ப 0ண1யர \ண'யலப2 B-, ! யம =3%ள மறம A]'க(/ ன.த &ண'EயB^"



5.Nutritional ualit! improvement

utritional quality of grass and cereal silage can be improved by mi4ing with

legumes li+e cowpea #9'% or by spraying urea solution at the time of ensiling '(

on fresh weight basis, sprayed with l9l matter%. Often the green fodder is mi4ed

with molasses and salt to improve the quality of the silage. :ommonly 3" +g

molasses plus & +g salt per ton of green fodder is recommended. The other

additives used include the addition of lime stone ".$-'."(%, sodium

metabisulphite, organic acids li+e propionic and formic acids at '( level and

bacterial cultures li+e lactobacillus etc.

>த தரம ன!னறறம #ல மறம தனய னMகD/ >தடத தடபபய !பனற பப# வடள

லந !மமப%ததலம 37T <9 அலல பசநன தயH/ Gப _ய தDBக(3<= #தய எட அ'பபடயல! <T< 1/, அவல9" பமப.ம பட தவனம தரதடத

!மமப%தத வலலபபக மறம உப# லBக(" பவ Q5 !ல வலலபபகமற !ல உப# Rர 2/ பசநன$ற* 1/, அவல பரநடரபப%ற"பயனப%ததபப%ம பற !ரடள சணணம# ல 35"86<"5=9! !'யமமட2ப'லபட #ரபப!யனக மறம "பரம அமல$ள <= 1/, அவலபய/ப.தப-, மறம !ல!!பலல3 !பனற ப?ரய உ?கI &%தலஅ$கம"

".Silo pit si#e and capacit!'G( *[ அ: மற $,/

+ength (ft)

` (அN)

Width (ft)'

அக( (அN)

,epth (ft')

>Y (அN)

apacity (q)

$,/ (q)$ $ 2 33.$

'" $ 2 #$."

'$ $ 2 2.$

3" $ 2 8"."

3$ $ 2 ''3.$

It is desirable to accelerate the fermentation step as far as possible in

order to minimie the activity of detrimental microorganisms and stabilie the

silage. It is also important to minimie the e4posure of silage to air during storage

and unloading. 1ery moist crops less than !"( 6<% result in effluent which

leads to loss of nutrients and to environmental pollution. Therefore, if possible,



moist plants are wilted in the field to increase their 6< content. If the crop is too

dry fermentation will be too slow, consolidation might be incomplete and spoilage

might occur by yeasts and molds.

G%$.த( +Nநத0 தப.$ த$க 0ண1யரள

'யலபட2 *,. பசநன.த C(ப. வரப.தBக >*"

இ !மப# மற ன அ[H/ Gப கறaல ப *,க #ரப

யம" =ரமன பயரள 345= கம கடறவன உ(@ த09

*+ல >த இ*ப# மறம சற@*ல மச <றப%ற"

என!வ 'நதல! =ரமன தவர$க உ(@ த/ம அ$கBக யWல

கயBக Gண" பயர )க: றண C(?ல #ரநதல நதததல

ம+ம மவ %2B*! /$டணப# டமயற இலம

மறம =3%ள மறம A]'Bக/ % !பவதறகம

உள"

$.Characteristics of good silage

The golden brown or greenish yellow colour and the pleasant fruity odour

will spea+ more than the chemical parameters regarding the quality of silage. In

addition to that, o mould growth.

0leasant fruity odour= an acceptable aroma.

7i+ed very much by animals because of mild-acidic taste and

pleasant aroma.

ree flowing and non-stic+y te4ture.

!-#( increased palatability.

Increased nutritive value.

p* around #."-#.$.

7actic acid is proportionately more than the other acids !

/utyric acid is very low and is in the range of ".3-".$(.

In general nitrate- decreases and ammoniacal- upon ensiling.



)mmoniacal should not e4ceed 8-'$ ( of the total-.

பசநன.$/ றபபயல#ள T த$ பப# அலல பட லநத ம2ள நறம மறம இனடமயன ப*

வடன பசநன.$/ த0.த இரயன அள+ வ அ$க Gபச"GமZ &%தல!

A A]'க/ வளர bற," A இனடமயன ப* வடன c / <றதத வடன" A <னனல !லன அமல சடவ மறம இனடமயன நமண.தல

வல$கIB* )க: HN.த R/" A #யலபக d2B ^Nய மற dட த/மயற,"467=A ச அதரதளள"

A

>த மதப# அதரB*"7"567"8 Cக0 க0 மற அ)( த/ம" A ல' அமலம மற, அமல$ கடNZ வதரததல அ$க 349 A பBதரமலம ம+ம கடறவ 5"Q65"8= 1/, வரமபல உளள" A பவ டந!ர6 C கடறந மறம அம!மனயBகள 6 C GமZ

பசநன தயHல கeப"A அம!மனயBகள 66 C மதத6 C அவல X6<8= க மமல இ!வண%ம"

*[கDல G').தல

GதB* அ$கமக -2B-/, பJ' ன.த பB* 'E அ$Zள '.பரடகள &eகமல G'). B-/, +,கDல 'G(S தயப

$%pfspy; nrkpj;jy;

njit;F $jpkh pi+;pd;w gr;ir jPtdj;ij gjkh g;Ftk; br!;J $jp-s;s

rj;Jg; bghUs;s; tPhhky; nrkpj;J it;pd;w Kiwspy; irnyA; j!hhpg;gJk; xU

Kiw!hFk;. ,k;Kiw!pdhy; g(;jPtdk; pi+;hj nhi+hy';spy;

g!d;g&j;jyhk;. ,k;Kiw!pdhy; g(;jPtdj;jpy; kpFjp!hd ct)r; rj;J;s;

(piyj;jpU;pd;wd. ,t;thW gjg;g&j;jg;g+;+ jPtdk; Urp!ht)k; (d;F

brhp;g;g&tjht)k; $ik(;jpU;Fk;. (k; (h+;*y; g(;jPtd';fs nrkpj;J it;Fk;

,k;Kiw $ug; g;ispy; i!hsg;g&pwJ.

k;pd; jd;iki!g; bghUj;J khh; /.E – 1 kP BHj;jpw;Fk;# ".0 kP

$yj;jpw;F FHp njh;+ nt;&k;# FHp!pd; (Psk; pi+;Fk; g(;jPtdj;jpd;

$st);F 5w;wthW xU d kP+;+h; ghj;jpy; khh; 022"G22 pnyh puhk;



g(;jPtdk; bhs;>k; =d;w $*g;gi+!py; $ikj;J; bhs;syhk;. ,g;g*

$ik;g;g&pd;w FHp j;Ph; nj';hj nk+;&g; gh';hd ,+j;jpy; ,U; nt;&k;.

FHp!pd; $*j;jsKk; g;';>k; u;rptpd;wp ,U; nt;&k;.

bgUk;;gh-k; =y;yh g(;jPtd';fs!)k; irnyA; B j!hhp; K*!)k;.

=dpk; jPtd k;hr;nrhsnk $jpk; g!d;g&j;jg;g&pwJ. irnyA; j!hhp;g;

g!d;g&k; g(;jPtdk; $jpkhd rh;;fug; bghUis!)k; 10"2 rjtPjk; h!;(;j

bghUis!)k; bgw;wpUj;jy; $trp!k;. $g;bgh7J jhd; (y;y jukhd irnyiA

j!hhp; K*!)k;. ug;gir $jpkh ,U(;jhy; $g;g(;jPtdj;ij rpwpJ h!itj;J

gpd; cgn!hg;g&j;jyhk;. g(;jPtdg; g!ph;fs FHp!py; ngh+;&

rkkhg;gug;g)jy; nt;&k;. g(;jPtdj;ij rpWrpWJ;&sh (W;pg; ngh&tJ

(y;yJ. ,g;g* (W;pg; ngh&tjhy;# FHp!ps; hw;wp+';s; $i+;g;g&tjhy;

tPhFk; rj;Jg; bghUs; tPhtij Fiw;yhk;. xt;bthU thpiri!!)k; gug;gp!

gpd;g) kdpjh;fs; bh;n+h hy;(i+fs; bh;+n+h (d;F kpjpj;J $K; nt;&k;.

rh;;fur; rj;J g(;jPtdj;jpy; Fiwth ,U;Fkhdhy; khh; 1" rjtPjk;

bty;yg;ghpid (Phpy; fuj;J bjsp;yhk;. ,jdhy; 5w;g&k; rpy ,urh!d

khw;wj;jhy; rpy $kpy';s; njhd;wp jukhd Urp!)s;s irnyA; pi+;)pwJ. jiu

k+;+k; tiu (pug;gp kh&fs tp+;& (d;F kpjp; nt;&k;. gpwF jiu k+;+j;jpw;F

nky; /"/.0 kP c!uk; rhpth $&;p nky; ghj;ij (hd;F g;Kk; rhpt)s;sg*

br!;jy; nt;&k;. gpd; cyh;(;j jPtdk; kw;Wk; it;nhy; Kjyp!itfs nkny

gug;gp u k;i; bh;& j;jkh hw;W# j;Ph; g)hky; $ij g%rpg; ghJh;

nt;&k;. ,t;tpjk; gjk; br!;j jPtdj;ij khj';>;Fg; gpd; njitg;g&k;nghJ =&j;J

cgn!hp;yhk;.

nrkpj;J itj;jpU(;j hyj;jpy; 5w;g+;+ khw;wj;jpdhy; g(;jPtdk; gr;ir;

y(;j bghd; (pwkht)k; ntftj;j ,iyi!g; nghyt)k;# (y;y kj;J+k; ,U;Fk;.

,t;ti jPtdj;ij 1 (h+;s; jpd;W gH;g;g+;+t)+d; kh&s; tpUk;gp c+;bhs;sj;

bjh+';Fk;.

Wfha; g[y;ypd; $"hjpra.;fs;

,sk; g7g;g) (pwkh ,U;Fk;. tpUk;gj;j;g; gH thrid!)+d; " rjtPjk;

4&jy; it!)+d; ,U;Fk;. bghybghybtd;W xd;nwh& xd;W x+;+hj (piy!py;



,U;Fk;. wit kh&>;F $d;wh+g; gk;g)y; njit!pd; (hd;py; xU g';pid gjd

g)y;yh $spj;jy; nghJkhdJ.

fwit mst[ g/e;jPtdj; njit(0# ehisf;$)

(fpnyh)

gjdg;g[y;(0# ehisf;$)

(fpnyh)0 yp+;+h; tiu 10 G0 " E yp+;+h;

tiu

2 @.0

E yp+;+U;F

nky;

0 I

bghJth gjdg;g)y;iy G"/2 pnyh tiu; wit kh&>;F $sp;yhk;.

kPjpj; jPtdj; njiti! cyh; jPtdk; <yk; rhpbr!;! nt;&k;. /10 pnyh gjdg;g)y;

xU gtpw;F /"1/ (h+;>;F nghJkhdJ.

Wfha;g[y; jahhpf;$k; ngh1 ftdpf;fnt";oait

• kiH (h+;spy; j!hhp;3; 4+hJ

• j; gUtj;jpy; $jhtJ ug;gjk; @2"@0 rjtPjk; ,U;Fk;nghJ $Wti+ br!;!

nt;&k;.

• $Wti+ br!;j gpd;g) t!ypnyn! cyutp+ nt;&k;

• $y;yJ 0 br.kP (PsKs;s J;&sh cyh;(;j jPtdj;ij bt+;+ nt;&k;

• ?Wh!;g;g)y; j!hhpg;gjw;bd;W j!hhp;g;g+;+ rpbk;+; bjh+;*!py;

$y;yJ kuj;jpdhy; Bd ghj;jpuj;jpy; CSiloD bt+;*! jPtdj;ij $&;&;h

(pug;g nt;&k;.

• /0 br.kP c!uj;jpw;F bt+;*! jPtdg;g!piu (pug;gp $jd; kPJ

bty;yg;ghF kw;Wk; rhg;gh+;& cg;g) / rjtPjk; bjsp;nt;&k;.

gpd;g) (pug;gp! jPtdg;g!ph;spd; ,i+n! ,U;Fk; hw;W K7tij!)k;

,!(;jpuj;jpd; <ykhnth $y;yJ ntiy!h+;fs; bh;& kpjpj;njh

btspn!w;WtJ kpt)k; $trp!k;. $jd;gpd;# KjyhtJ $&;F

(pug;gp!Jnghy; kw;w $&;Ffs!)k; ?Wh!;g;g)y; j!hhp;Fk;

bjh+;*!py; (pug;g nt;&k;. xt;bthU $&;i!)k; kpjpj;J; hw;iw

btspn!w;WtJ kp kp K;p!k;.



• bjh+;*i! (pug;gp!t)+d; ghypjPd; ngg;giu tphpj;J $jd; nky; k;i;

bh+;* hw;Wg; g)hky; g%r nt;&k;.

• kiH(Ph; bjh+;*!py; g+hky; ,U;3; 4iu $ikj;jy; $trp!k;

•

,i+ ,i+n! g%rp! k;py; tphpry; 5w;g+;& hw;W cs;ns g)hky; ghh;j;J;bhs;s nt;&k;.

• ?Wh!;g;g)y;ypd; bjh+;*i! <*! khj';>;Fg;gpd; hy;(i+>;F

bh&g;gjw;F c(;jjh ,U;Fk;.

• ?Wh!;g;g)y; j!hhp;Fk; nghJ jhdp! ti $y;yJ g)y;tij;

jPtdg;g!ph;>+d; g!pWtij; jPtdg;g!piu!)k; ;F / =d;w tppjj;jpy;

y(;J j!hhpg;gjd; <yk; $jd; rj;jpd; $sit $jphp;yhk;.

o'vd;'2'a[' irnyh $jph;

gjdg;g)y; $y;yJ ?Wh!;g;g)y; j!hhpg;gpy; gy;ntW Kiws;

i!hsg;g+;+h-k;# $(;j Kiw>;F njit!hd g(;jPtdj;jpd; $st) kpt)k; $jpkh

cs;sJ. =dnt ?Wh!;g;g)y; =d;gJ rpy hy;(i+s; k+;&nk itj;J# Fiwthd g(;jPtdk;

cw;gj;jp br!;J guhkhpj;J tUgth;>;F xU dthnt ,U(;J t(;jJ. =dnt tpiuthd

tp8;8hd tsh;r;rp!p-k;# ,(;j bjhHpy;+;gk; tptrh!p>;F pi+;hj =+;+h;

dp!h ,U(;jij Uj;jpy; bh;&# jkpH;(h& ntsh;ikg; gy;fy;Hj;jpy;# Fiw(;j

$st) g(;jPtdj;ij; bh;&# Fiw(;j brytpy; ?Wh!;g;g)y; j!hhpg;gjw;hd xU

bjhHpy;+;gk; tF;g;g+;& jkpH;(h& ntsh;ikg; gy;fy;Hj;jpd; irnyh Fjph;

t*tik;gh;+;+J. ,(;j bjhHpy;+;gj;ij tptrh!ps; j';sp+k; cs;s =spjpy;

pi+;3;4*! bghU+;shd ghypjPd; kw;Wk; ry; igfs bh;n+ cUth;p;

bhs;syhk;. ,ij itg;gjw;bd;W xU jdp!hd ,+k; njit!py;iy. =';F nt;&khdh-k;#

CtP+;*w;Fs;nsn! / tP+;*d; gpd;g)wj;jpnyn!D itj;J; bhs;syhk;.

*.=d;.5.!). irnyh Fjph; =d;gJ# ghypjpd; igi! ry; ig;Fs; ,W;kh

,U;FkhW $ik;g;g+;*U;Fk;. $jd; nkw;gFjp hw;W kw;Wk; (Ph; g)hjthW

$i+;g;g+;*U;Fk;. *.=d;.5.!). irnyh Fjphpd; jpUj;jp!ik;g;g+;+ t*tkh p:hd;

irnyh C$jhtJ ry;ig;F gjpyh# ghypjPd; igi! itj;JD cUth;g;g+;*U;Fk;.

o'vd;'2'a[' Kiwapy; Wfha;g;g[y; jahhpf;$k; Kiwfs;

• Kjypy; g(;jPtdj;ij t!ypy; $Wti+ br!;J 10"2 rjk; ug;gjk; ,U;Fk;

$st) cyu t+ nt;&k;.



• gpd;g) kpr;rpwp! $st)s;s C/" br.kPD J;&sh bt+;+ nt;&k;.

• bt+;*! jPtdj;jpd; kPJ cg;g) C/%D kw;Wk; bty;yk; C$D Uk;ghiy

Hpt) C/%D g(;jPtd $stpy; / rjtPjk; g%hpj furyh j!hh; br!;J

g(;jPtdj;jpd; kPJ bjspj;J (d;wh y; nt;&k;.

• ,t;thW j!hh; br!;j g(;jPtdj;ij# $&;&;h C/0"12 br.kPD (d;wh

$7j;jp *.=d;.5.!). irnyh Fjphpy; ngh+ nt;&k;. gpd;g) f+rp!h hw;W

g)ht;k; (d;wh rPy; br!;J <* tp+ nt;&k;.

• 2"0 (h+;>;Fs; cWh!;g;g)y; j!huhptp&k;. ,(;j cWh!;g;g)y;iy "

G khj';>;F g!d;g&j;jyhk;.

silage making tamil

Documents