Signs and Symptoms of Parasitic Diseases

Abdominal pain

• Entamoeba histolytica (amebic colitis, liver infection)

• Giardia lamblia

• Cryptosporidium

• Intestinal helminths (Ascaris, Strongyloides)

• Anisakis (symptoms suggestive of gustric or duodenal ulcer or appendicitis)

Abscess, Amebic (liver)

• Entamoeba histolytica

Abscess, Filarial

• occur along the course of lymphatics or at lymph nodes (generally sterile)

Anemia • Malaria (Plasmodium spp.)

2.5 – 4.0 mil/mm3 – average severity

<1 mil/mm3 – severe infections)

• Kala-azar

• Ancylostoma duodenale

(microcytic hypochromic)

• Diphyllobothrium latum

(macrocytic hyperchromic)

• Trichuris trichiura

Appendicitis

• Ascaris lumbricoides

• Trichuris trichiura

• Enterobius vermicularis

Ascites

• Schistosoma spp.

(fibrosis of the liver)

• Kala-azara (chronic inf.)

Asthma, Bronchial • Ascaris – visceral migration

• VLM

Calabar Swellings • Loa loa – circumscribed subcutaneous swellings (they are pruritic and may be quite painful)

Calcifications, Cerebral

• Congenital toxoplasmosis

• Cysticercosis

Chagoma

• Trypanosoma cruzi

Chyluria

• Lymphatic filariasis

Wuchereria bancrofti

Brugia spp.

Coma

• P. falciparum

• Sleeping sickness

• PAM

• Cysticercosis

Conjunctivitis

• Ochocerca volvulus

• Miyasis

Convulsions

• Schistosoma, Trichinella, Echinococcus, Cysticercus

• Malaria

• Acute toxoplasmosis

• Ascaris infection in children

Dermatitis

• Leishmania spp.

• Schistosomiasis

• Strongyloides stercoralis

• Onchocerca volvulus

• KLM (Ancylostoma spp.)

• Sarcoptes scabiei & other mites

• Miyasis

• Pediculosis

Diarrhea

• Entamoeba histolytica

• Balantidium coli

• Giardia lamblia

• Intestinal coccidia (Isospora, Cryptospridium, Cyclospora)

• Microsporidia

• Blastocystis hominis

• Intestinal helminths

• Trichinella spiralis

Dysentery

• Entamoeba histolytica

• Balantidium coli

• Kala-azar

• Falciparum malaria

• Strongyloidiasis

• Schistosomiasis

Edema

• Localized

Loa loa

Trypanosoma cruzi (Romaña sign)

• Other types

Sleeping sickness

Malnutrition caused by intestinal helminths

(Ancylostoma, Fasciolopsis)

Elephantiasis

• Filariae (Wuchereria bancrofti, Brugia timori, Brugia malayi)

Epididymitis, funiculitis, orchitis

• Filariae

FEVER

• Malaria

• Kala-azar

• Amebic hepatitis, fascioliasis, clonorchiasis, opistorchiasis

• Schistosomiasis

• African and american trypanosomiasis

• Trichinellosis

• Filariasis

Hematuria

• Schistosoma haematobium

Hemoglobinuria

• Malaria (blackwater fever

/P. falciparum)

Hepatomegaly

• Amebic hepatitis

• Falciparum malaria

• Kala-azar

• VLM (Toxocara)

• Infections caused by liver flukes, including schistosomiasis

Splenomegaly

• Trypanosomiasis

• Kala-azar

• Malaria

• Schistosomiasis

• Tropical splenomegaly syndrome (in areas where malaria, schistosomiasis and kala-azar are common)

Hydrocephalus i microcephalus

• Congenital T. gondii infection

• Cysticercosis

Hyperpigmentation

• Kala-azar

• Onchocerca volvulus

• Pediculosis (chronic infection with body louse)

Kerandel’s sign

• Sleeping sickness

(may be elicted by pressure on the palm of the hand or over the ulnar nerve and consists of severe pain that occurs shortly after the pressure has been relieved)

Keratitis

• Onchocerca volvulus

• Acanthamoeba

Leukocytosis

• Amebic hepatitis

• VLM

• Trichinellosis

• Strongyloidosis

Leukopenia

• Kala-azar

• Malaria

Lymphadenitis/lymphangitis

• Filariae

• T. gondii

• Sleeping sickness

• Chagas’ disease

Lymphocytosis

• Chagas’ disease

• Sleeping sickness

Melena

• Strongyloides

Meningoencephalitis

• Sleeping sickness

• Chagas’ disease

• Malaria

• PAM

• GAM

• Balamuthia mandrillaris

• Angiostrongylus cantonensis

Myocarditis

• Chagas’ disease

• Sleeping sickness

(T. b. rhodesiense)

• Trichinellosis

• Acute T. gondii infection

Myositis

• Trichinellosis

• Sarcocystis

Subcutaneous nodules

• Onchocerca volvulus (“lipoma like”)

• Cysticercosis

• Echinococcus granulosus

• Sparganosis

• Miyasis

• Dirofilaria spp.

(D. repens in Europe)

Intestinal obstruction

/Peritonitis

• Ascaris lumbricoides

• Angyostrongylus costaricensis

Pneumonitis

• Ascaris lumbricoides

• Strongyloides stercoralis

• Ancylostoma duodenale

• Schistosomiasis

Pruritus ani

• Enterobius vermicularis

• Taenia saginata

Retinochoroiditis

• Toxoplasma gondii

• Onchocerca volvulus

• Toxocara

• Angiostrongylus cantonensis

Urethritis /Vaginitis

• Trichomonas vaginalis

Proteinuria

• Malaria

Eosinophilia and Parasitic Infections • Eosinophils (Eo) are type of

polymorphonuclear leukocytes found in human blood and tissue.

• They have large intracytoplasmic granules that stain red with the dye eosin.

• Eo originate in the bone marrow and circulate in blood before entering the tissues – skin, GI tract, and lungs are major sites of eosinophil migration.

• The surface of the Eo has receptors for IgG, IgE, and complement.

• Elevation of the Eo count above the normal range is called eosinophilia.

• Clinicians frequently conclude that a significant eosinophilia is present when the eosinophils exceed 5% of the total WBCs (normal range 2-4%).

• Within the Eo granule toxic proteins (major basic protein, neurotoxin) are found. They are toxic for larval helminth parasites.

• Eo bind to certain parasites and following adherence, the Eo degranulates, and the cytotoxic effects are observed.

• The highest levels of eosinophilia occur in helminth infections in which larvae migrate in the tissues. Moderate to high levels of eosinophilia occur in the early stages of intestinal nematode infections that have an extraintestinal migration phase, filarial infections, and infections with blood stream or tissue dwelling trematodes. Higher levels of eosinophilia are seen in the early stages of infection.

• The only occurence of significant eosinophilia with protozoan infections is seen with Isospora belli.