sidestream treatment for nutrient removal and … 4-23-15 sidestream...sidestream treatment for...
TRANSCRIPT
![Page 1: Sidestream Treatment for Nutrient Removal and … 4-23-15 sidestream...Sidestream Treatment for Nutrient Removal ... Wastewater Engineering: Treatment and Resource Recovery ... –](https://reader031.vdocuments.mx/reader031/viewer/2022030509/5ab93e8d7f8b9a684c8dac9f/html5/thumbnails/1.jpg)
1
Sidestream Treatment for Nutrient Removal and Recovery
PNCWA Webinar April 23, 2015
1200 – 1300 PST
H. David Stensel, PhD, PE University of Washington Water Environment Resarch Foundation Nutrient Challenge Program
Wastewater Engineering: Treatment and Resource Recovery 5th Edition (2013) G. Tchobanoglous, H.D. Stensel, R. Tsuchihashi, F. Burton Metcalf & Eddy, McGraw-Hill
![Page 2: Sidestream Treatment for Nutrient Removal and … 4-23-15 sidestream...Sidestream Treatment for Nutrient Removal ... Wastewater Engineering: Treatment and Resource Recovery ... –](https://reader031.vdocuments.mx/reader031/viewer/2022030509/5ab93e8d7f8b9a684c8dac9f/html5/thumbnails/2.jpg)
Motivation for Sidestream Treatment
• Helps meet more stringent effluent nutrient concentration goals
• Save energy • Reduce carbon addition • Sustainable environmental Engineering
– Reduce carbon footprint – Phosphorus recovery – Ammonia recovery
![Page 3: Sidestream Treatment for Nutrient Removal and … 4-23-15 sidestream...Sidestream Treatment for Nutrient Removal ... Wastewater Engineering: Treatment and Resource Recovery ... –](https://reader031.vdocuments.mx/reader031/viewer/2022030509/5ab93e8d7f8b9a684c8dac9f/html5/thumbnails/3.jpg)
Anaerobic Digestion Filtrate/Centrate Return Flows Can Impact Nutrient Removal
Performance
Impacts • High N and P
concentration • Return
loadings may not be uniform
Characteristics
Parameter Units Value NH3-N mg/L 800-1800 Ortho-P mg/L 150-350 Alkalinity/N g as
CaCO3/g NH3-N
4.0-4.5
![Page 4: Sidestream Treatment for Nutrient Removal and … 4-23-15 sidestream...Sidestream Treatment for Nutrient Removal ... Wastewater Engineering: Treatment and Resource Recovery ... –](https://reader031.vdocuments.mx/reader031/viewer/2022030509/5ab93e8d7f8b9a684c8dac9f/html5/thumbnails/4.jpg)
4
Primary Settling Tank
Sec. Clarifier
Centrate / Filtrate Dewatering
Gravity Thickener Anaerobi
c Digestion
Example N in centrate return can be 15-25% of influent load
BNR Activated Sludge
Waste primary sludge TN=240 kg/d
WAS TN=390 kg/d
Biosolids ~20% of Influent N Load NH3-N =800 – 1800 mg/L Alkalinity ~50% needed for full nitrification Relatively low carbon - rbCOD/TKN~0.40
TN=2,250 kg/d TN=2,010 kg/d
NdN =1,225 kg/d TSS = 10 mg/L TN = 8 mg/L = 400 kg/d
TN =630 kg/d
Soluble TN=440 kg/d Particulate TN=190 kg/d
TN=390 kg/d 19.4% of BNR influent
TN=240 kg/d
TKN = 45 mg/L BOD = 250 mg/L
SRT=12 days
![Page 5: Sidestream Treatment for Nutrient Removal and … 4-23-15 sidestream...Sidestream Treatment for Nutrient Removal ... Wastewater Engineering: Treatment and Resource Recovery ... –](https://reader031.vdocuments.mx/reader031/viewer/2022030509/5ab93e8d7f8b9a684c8dac9f/html5/thumbnails/5.jpg)
How may high NH3-N in digestion centrate return impact N removal?
• Nitrogen removal – High variable load hinders ability to meet low
effluent NH3-N and NOx-N concentrations – Increases supplemental carbon demand for
NOx removal – Increases energy and equipment for NH3-N
oxidation – Increases alkalinity requirement
![Page 6: Sidestream Treatment for Nutrient Removal and … 4-23-15 sidestream...Sidestream Treatment for Nutrient Removal ... Wastewater Engineering: Treatment and Resource Recovery ... –](https://reader031.vdocuments.mx/reader031/viewer/2022030509/5ab93e8d7f8b9a684c8dac9f/html5/thumbnails/6.jpg)
Issues with P release in anaerobic digestion
• Phosphorus removal in EBPR systems – High variable load hinders ability to meet low
effluent P concentration – Increases chemical dose for meeting low
effluent P concentration – Struvite formation in digester and digester
effluent
![Page 7: Sidestream Treatment for Nutrient Removal and … 4-23-15 sidestream...Sidestream Treatment for Nutrient Removal ... Wastewater Engineering: Treatment and Resource Recovery ... –](https://reader031.vdocuments.mx/reader031/viewer/2022030509/5ab93e8d7f8b9a684c8dac9f/html5/thumbnails/7.jpg)
Sidestream Process Options to affect mainstream nitrification and
nitrogen removal • Equalization • Nitrification/bioaugmentation • Reduce carbon and energy
– Nitritation/denitritation (SHARON) • Use no carbon and even less energy
– Anammox/deammonification • Ammonia removal/recovery – not subject of webinar
![Page 8: Sidestream Treatment for Nutrient Removal and … 4-23-15 sidestream...Sidestream Treatment for Nutrient Removal ... Wastewater Engineering: Treatment and Resource Recovery ... –](https://reader031.vdocuments.mx/reader031/viewer/2022030509/5ab93e8d7f8b9a684c8dac9f/html5/thumbnails/8.jpg)
Without equalization nitrogen hourly loadings to mainstream can be higher
than 20% average load
Days Hours Percent of per week per day secondary load
7 24 20 7 8 60 5 8 84
![Page 9: Sidestream Treatment for Nutrient Removal and … 4-23-15 sidestream...Sidestream Treatment for Nutrient Removal ... Wastewater Engineering: Treatment and Resource Recovery ... –](https://reader031.vdocuments.mx/reader031/viewer/2022030509/5ab93e8d7f8b9a684c8dac9f/html5/thumbnails/9.jpg)
Effect of 8-hour return flow period versus Uniform return flow to mainstream process
![Page 10: Sidestream Treatment for Nutrient Removal and … 4-23-15 sidestream...Sidestream Treatment for Nutrient Removal ... Wastewater Engineering: Treatment and Resource Recovery ... –](https://reader031.vdocuments.mx/reader031/viewer/2022030509/5ab93e8d7f8b9a684c8dac9f/html5/thumbnails/10.jpg)
Review of Sidestream Biological Processes for N Management
• Nitrification/bioaugmentation • Nitration/denitritation (SHARON) • Anammox/deammonification • Biological process fundamentals
• Examples of treatment schemes used
![Page 11: Sidestream Treatment for Nutrient Removal and … 4-23-15 sidestream...Sidestream Treatment for Nutrient Removal ... Wastewater Engineering: Treatment and Resource Recovery ... –](https://reader031.vdocuments.mx/reader031/viewer/2022030509/5ab93e8d7f8b9a684c8dac9f/html5/thumbnails/11.jpg)
Sidestream Nitrification
• Centrate + return activated sludge in separate aeration basin before mainstream – Higher MLSS and higher nitrification rate/unit volume – Decreases oxygen transfer needs in mainstream – Plants with conventional plug flow configurations more easily
accommodate this design – Nitrifiers produced in sidestream seed the mainstream reactor
• bioaugmentation
• hi [Centrate and return activated sludge reaeration basin (CaRRB)
![Page 12: Sidestream Treatment for Nutrient Removal and … 4-23-15 sidestream...Sidestream Treatment for Nutrient Removal ... Wastewater Engineering: Treatment and Resource Recovery ... –](https://reader031.vdocuments.mx/reader031/viewer/2022030509/5ab93e8d7f8b9a684c8dac9f/html5/thumbnails/12.jpg)
Nitro-bacteria oxidize NO2 to NO3
Nitroso-bacteria oxidize NH4 to NO2
Quick review on nitrification/denitrification Nitrification is by two steps Uses oxygen and alkalinity
Overall two-step process
→
+ -4 2 3
- +2 5 7 2 2
1.0 NH + 1.404 O + 0.0743 HCO
0.985 NO + 0.0149 C H O N + 1.911H + 1.03 H 0
→
- + -2 2 4 2 3 2
-3 5 7 2
1.0 NO + 0.473 O + 0.005 NH + 0.020 CO + 0.005 HCO + 0.005 H O
1.0 NO + 0.005 C H O N
+ -4 2 2 3
- +3 5 7 2 2
1.0 NH + 1.86 O + 0.02 CO +0.079 HCO +
0.981 NO + 0.0197 C H O N + 1.902 H + 1.02 H O→
![Page 13: Sidestream Treatment for Nutrient Removal and … 4-23-15 sidestream...Sidestream Treatment for Nutrient Removal ... Wastewater Engineering: Treatment and Resource Recovery ... –](https://reader031.vdocuments.mx/reader031/viewer/2022030509/5ab93e8d7f8b9a684c8dac9f/html5/thumbnails/13.jpg)
Biological denitrification uses carbon and produces alkalinity
3 4 3
2 5 7 2 2 3 2
NO H 0.33NH 1.45 CH COO
0.5N 0.33 C H O N 1.60H O 1.12HCO 0.12CO
− + + −
−
+ + +
→ + + + +
Acetate Nitrate
Alkalinity Nitrogen gas
• Heterotophic bacteria oxidize a carbon substrate with NO3-N or NO2-N • produce alkalinity, 1 mole/mole
Needs carbon (BOD)
Produces alkalinity
![Page 14: Sidestream Treatment for Nutrient Removal and … 4-23-15 sidestream...Sidestream Treatment for Nutrient Removal ... Wastewater Engineering: Treatment and Resource Recovery ... –](https://reader031.vdocuments.mx/reader031/viewer/2022030509/5ab93e8d7f8b9a684c8dac9f/html5/thumbnails/14.jpg)
Alkalinity is an important issue with regard to nitrification efficiency in sidestream treatment • Digester produces alkalinity from
deamination and ammonia production – NH3 + CO2 + H2O NH4(HCO3)
• 1.0 mole alkalinity produced per mole NH3
• Nitrification uses 2.0 moles alkalinity per mole of NH3 oxidized
• Can get the other 1.0 mole from biological reduction of NO3 or NO2 produced
Needs carbon
![Page 15: Sidestream Treatment for Nutrient Removal and … 4-23-15 sidestream...Sidestream Treatment for Nutrient Removal ... Wastewater Engineering: Treatment and Resource Recovery ... –](https://reader031.vdocuments.mx/reader031/viewer/2022030509/5ab93e8d7f8b9a684c8dac9f/html5/thumbnails/15.jpg)
Many Treatment Schemes used for sidestream nitrification
AT3, BAR, MAUREEN, CaRRB, InNitri
(carbon addition, anoxic tank, percent RAS added)
![Page 16: Sidestream Treatment for Nutrient Removal and … 4-23-15 sidestream...Sidestream Treatment for Nutrient Removal ... Wastewater Engineering: Treatment and Resource Recovery ... –](https://reader031.vdocuments.mx/reader031/viewer/2022030509/5ab93e8d7f8b9a684c8dac9f/html5/thumbnails/16.jpg)
• May be entirely aerobic or anoxic/aerobic • Add and/or produce alkalinity • SRT of 3 to 5 days • HRT ~ 0.4 to 0.5 hrs
Proposed for bioaugmentation of nitrification
![Page 17: Sidestream Treatment for Nutrient Removal and … 4-23-15 sidestream...Sidestream Treatment for Nutrient Removal ... Wastewater Engineering: Treatment and Resource Recovery ... –](https://reader031.vdocuments.mx/reader031/viewer/2022030509/5ab93e8d7f8b9a684c8dac9f/html5/thumbnails/17.jpg)
17
New York City AT-3 Process (26th Ward plant) MAUREEN IS A MODIFIED VERSION
(Mainstream Autotrophic Recycle Enabling Enhanced N-removal)
Goal was nitrogen removal
PC
Influent Sec. Effluent
Activated Sludge Tank
RAS
WAS
Centrate (NH3-N) Nitrification
Reactor ~250C
Nitrifiers &
Methylotrophs
Seed
Methanol For NO3 reduction
Alkalinity
MAUREEN has recycle
NYC has switched to glycerol
![Page 18: Sidestream Treatment for Nutrient Removal and … 4-23-15 sidestream...Sidestream Treatment for Nutrient Removal ... Wastewater Engineering: Treatment and Resource Recovery ... –](https://reader031.vdocuments.mx/reader031/viewer/2022030509/5ab93e8d7f8b9a684c8dac9f/html5/thumbnails/18.jpg)
BioAugmentation Reaeration (BAR) or Regeneration Denitrification-Nitrification (R-D-N) • RAS added to plug flow nitrification tank • HRT of 1-2 hrs • May have ~1 hr anoxic zone in front end • Nitrifiers grown at similar conditions as mainstream • RAS alkalinity may be sufficient as flows may be 20-100 times centrate flow
![Page 19: Sidestream Treatment for Nutrient Removal and … 4-23-15 sidestream...Sidestream Treatment for Nutrient Removal ... Wastewater Engineering: Treatment and Resource Recovery ... –](https://reader031.vdocuments.mx/reader031/viewer/2022030509/5ab93e8d7f8b9a684c8dac9f/html5/thumbnails/19.jpg)
• Postanoxic with external carbon and primary effluent • Minimal NO3/NO2 to feed to Enhanced Biological P Removal Process • No internal recycle in RAS reaeration process • HRT ~ 1 to 2 hrs
proposed for EBPR systems
![Page 20: Sidestream Treatment for Nutrient Removal and … 4-23-15 sidestream...Sidestream Treatment for Nutrient Removal ... Wastewater Engineering: Treatment and Resource Recovery ... –](https://reader031.vdocuments.mx/reader031/viewer/2022030509/5ab93e8d7f8b9a684c8dac9f/html5/thumbnails/20.jpg)
• Has been used for separate sidestream treatment • SRT of ~ 10 days • Alkalinity and external carbon can be added • Mix during fill • Intermittent aeration may be used during react period
![Page 21: Sidestream Treatment for Nutrient Removal and … 4-23-15 sidestream...Sidestream Treatment for Nutrient Removal ... Wastewater Engineering: Treatment and Resource Recovery ... –](https://reader031.vdocuments.mx/reader031/viewer/2022030509/5ab93e8d7f8b9a684c8dac9f/html5/thumbnails/21.jpg)
![Page 22: Sidestream Treatment for Nutrient Removal and … 4-23-15 sidestream...Sidestream Treatment for Nutrient Removal ... Wastewater Engineering: Treatment and Resource Recovery ... –](https://reader031.vdocuments.mx/reader031/viewer/2022030509/5ab93e8d7f8b9a684c8dac9f/html5/thumbnails/22.jpg)
In these schemes sidestream nitrifiers have same SRT as the activated
sludge in the mainstream • What if the sidestream nitrifiers can be kept in the
mainstream reactor longer? – Much greater impact of bioaugmentation
• There may be a way! • Grown them in aerobic granular sludge
![Page 23: Sidestream Treatment for Nutrient Removal and … 4-23-15 sidestream...Sidestream Treatment for Nutrient Removal ... Wastewater Engineering: Treatment and Resource Recovery ... –](https://reader031.vdocuments.mx/reader031/viewer/2022030509/5ab93e8d7f8b9a684c8dac9f/html5/thumbnails/23.jpg)
What is Granular Sludge?
-23-
• Large, dense, bio-aggregates (>0.2 mm; typ. 1-2 mm)
• Rapid settling velocity (4 min versus 30 min for activated sludge flocs)
• Gelatinous “hydro-gel” matrix
![Page 24: Sidestream Treatment for Nutrient Removal and … 4-23-15 sidestream...Sidestream Treatment for Nutrient Removal ... Wastewater Engineering: Treatment and Resource Recovery ... –](https://reader031.vdocuments.mx/reader031/viewer/2022030509/5ab93e8d7f8b9a684c8dac9f/html5/thumbnails/24.jpg)
Existing main-stream activated sludge
(w/ appropriate modifications for N removal)
e.g., Floc SRT = 3 d Granule SRT = 20 d
PE
WAS (flocs)
Granule Generation
Side-Stream Reactor
Granule separator
Granule recharge option
Centrate (NH3-N) Carbon (optional) Primary Effluent (temperature control)
Granules fed to main-stream
Granules returned
Effl.
RAS
UW Research with King County Aerobic Granular Sludge
GranuNit Bioaugmentation Scheme
With: Bryce Figdore, Phd Student Dr. Mari Winkler, Assistant Professor
![Page 25: Sidestream Treatment for Nutrient Removal and … 4-23-15 sidestream...Sidestream Treatment for Nutrient Removal ... Wastewater Engineering: Treatment and Resource Recovery ... –](https://reader031.vdocuments.mx/reader031/viewer/2022030509/5ab93e8d7f8b9a684c8dac9f/html5/thumbnails/25.jpg)
Review of Sidestream Biological Processes for N
• Nitrification/bioaugmentation • Nitration/denitritation (SHARON) • Anammox/deammonification • Biological process fundamentals
• Examples of treatment schemes used
![Page 26: Sidestream Treatment for Nutrient Removal and … 4-23-15 sidestream...Sidestream Treatment for Nutrient Removal ... Wastewater Engineering: Treatment and Resource Recovery ... –](https://reader031.vdocuments.mx/reader031/viewer/2022030509/5ab93e8d7f8b9a684c8dac9f/html5/thumbnails/26.jpg)
Nitritation-denitritation is done in the SHARON Process
• Not named after someone named Sharon
• Single Reactor High Activity Ammonium Removal Over Nitrite
![Page 27: Sidestream Treatment for Nutrient Removal and … 4-23-15 sidestream...Sidestream Treatment for Nutrient Removal ... Wastewater Engineering: Treatment and Resource Recovery ... –](https://reader031.vdocuments.mx/reader031/viewer/2022030509/5ab93e8d7f8b9a684c8dac9f/html5/thumbnails/27.jpg)
Nitritation – Not Nitrification
• Ammonia oxidation to only NO2
• 25% less oxygen is required
Nitroso-bacteria oxidize NH4 to NO2
→
+ -4 2 3
- +2 5 7 2 2
1.0 NH + 1.404 O + 0.0743 HCO
0.985 NO + 0.0149 C H O N + 1.911H + 1.03 H 0
![Page 28: Sidestream Treatment for Nutrient Removal and … 4-23-15 sidestream...Sidestream Treatment for Nutrient Removal ... Wastewater Engineering: Treatment and Resource Recovery ... –](https://reader031.vdocuments.mx/reader031/viewer/2022030509/5ab93e8d7f8b9a684c8dac9f/html5/thumbnails/28.jpg)
28
Nitrification - Denitrification
75% O2
25% O2
40% Carbon
60% Carbon
Nitrification-Aerobic Denitrification-Anoxic
1 mol Nitrite (NO2-)
1 mol Nitrite (NO2-)
1 mol Nitrate (NO3-)
½ mol Nitrogen Gas (N2)
1 mol Ammonia (NH3/ NH4 +)
Autotrophs Heterotrophs
![Page 29: Sidestream Treatment for Nutrient Removal and … 4-23-15 sidestream...Sidestream Treatment for Nutrient Removal ... Wastewater Engineering: Treatment and Resource Recovery ... –](https://reader031.vdocuments.mx/reader031/viewer/2022030509/5ab93e8d7f8b9a684c8dac9f/html5/thumbnails/29.jpg)
29
Nitritation - Denitritation
75% O2
60% Carbon Nitritation -Aerobic
Denitritation -Anoxic
1 mol Nitrite (NO2-)
1 mol Nitrite (NO2-)
½ mol Nitrogen Gas (N2)
1 mol Ammonia (NH3/ NH4 +)
Heterotrophs
Autotrophs
Advantages; 25% Reduction in Oxygen Demand 40% Reduction in Carbon (e- donor) Demand 40% Reduced Biomass Production
![Page 30: Sidestream Treatment for Nutrient Removal and … 4-23-15 sidestream...Sidestream Treatment for Nutrient Removal ... Wastewater Engineering: Treatment and Resource Recovery ... –](https://reader031.vdocuments.mx/reader031/viewer/2022030509/5ab93e8d7f8b9a684c8dac9f/html5/thumbnails/30.jpg)
How do you stop NH3 oxidation to only NO2 (nitritation)?
• Short SRT for high temperature centrate treatment (<1.5 d) • Low pH • Low DO concentration • Elevated NH3 toxic to NO2 oxidizers (higher pH encourages free
ammonia toxicity) • Cyclic aeration helps
![Page 31: Sidestream Treatment for Nutrient Removal and … 4-23-15 sidestream...Sidestream Treatment for Nutrient Removal ... Wastewater Engineering: Treatment and Resource Recovery ... –](https://reader031.vdocuments.mx/reader031/viewer/2022030509/5ab93e8d7f8b9a684c8dac9f/html5/thumbnails/31.jpg)
SHARON PROCESS in operation at New York City Wards Island WWTP (400 Mgd) Since December 2010. Two Trains with capacity of 1.0 Mgal/d of centrate treatment In each train
30-40ºC500-1500 mg/L NH3-N
Carbon
Heat Exchangers OXIC ANOXIC
6-9 Q RecycleNitrified & Denitrified Effluent
No ClarifierHRT ~ SRT
Dewatering Sidestream
Alkalinity
![Page 32: Sidestream Treatment for Nutrient Removal and … 4-23-15 sidestream...Sidestream Treatment for Nutrient Removal ... Wastewater Engineering: Treatment and Resource Recovery ... –](https://reader031.vdocuments.mx/reader031/viewer/2022030509/5ab93e8d7f8b9a684c8dac9f/html5/thumbnails/32.jpg)
Wards Island SHARON Process
![Page 33: Sidestream Treatment for Nutrient Removal and … 4-23-15 sidestream...Sidestream Treatment for Nutrient Removal ... Wastewater Engineering: Treatment and Resource Recovery ... –](https://reader031.vdocuments.mx/reader031/viewer/2022030509/5ab93e8d7f8b9a684c8dac9f/html5/thumbnails/33.jpg)
New York City SHARON PROCESS 1.0 Mgal/day (Recirculation anoxic to
aerobic ~4Q)
![Page 34: Sidestream Treatment for Nutrient Removal and … 4-23-15 sidestream...Sidestream Treatment for Nutrient Removal ... Wastewater Engineering: Treatment and Resource Recovery ... –](https://reader031.vdocuments.mx/reader031/viewer/2022030509/5ab93e8d7f8b9a684c8dac9f/html5/thumbnails/34.jpg)
Changed carbon From methanol To glycerol
![Page 35: Sidestream Treatment for Nutrient Removal and … 4-23-15 sidestream...Sidestream Treatment for Nutrient Removal ... Wastewater Engineering: Treatment and Resource Recovery ... –](https://reader031.vdocuments.mx/reader031/viewer/2022030509/5ab93e8d7f8b9a684c8dac9f/html5/thumbnails/35.jpg)
Review of Sidestream Biological Processes for N
• Nitrification/bioaugmentation • Nitration/denitritation (SHARON) • Anammox/deammonification • Biological process fundamentals
• Examples of treatment schemes used
![Page 36: Sidestream Treatment for Nutrient Removal and … 4-23-15 sidestream...Sidestream Treatment for Nutrient Removal ... Wastewater Engineering: Treatment and Resource Recovery ... –](https://reader031.vdocuments.mx/reader031/viewer/2022030509/5ab93e8d7f8b9a684c8dac9f/html5/thumbnails/36.jpg)
What is deammonification?
• Partial nitritation is followed by anaerobic ammonia oxidation
• Partial nitritation – Only about 50% of feed NH3 is oxidized to
NO2
• Anaerobic ammonia oxidation – ANAMMOX Process – Biological oxidation of ammonia with NO2 – Product is nitrogen gas and about 11% NO3
![Page 37: Sidestream Treatment for Nutrient Removal and … 4-23-15 sidestream...Sidestream Treatment for Nutrient Removal ... Wastewater Engineering: Treatment and Resource Recovery ... –](https://reader031.vdocuments.mx/reader031/viewer/2022030509/5ab93e8d7f8b9a684c8dac9f/html5/thumbnails/37.jpg)
How was anammox discovered? • Mulder (1995) observes ammonia removal in
fluidized denitrification bed- called it “anammox” • Van de Graaf (1995) Tests with 15N confirm NH4
and NO2 removal to produce N2 gas
• Strous (1999) Identify previously undiscovered bacteria in order Planctomycetales by 16sRNA
• About 7 species found but none yet isolated
How Common? All over the place – marine sediments, fresh water sediments, Wastewater plants, wetlands, even in the arctic
![Page 38: Sidestream Treatment for Nutrient Removal and … 4-23-15 sidestream...Sidestream Treatment for Nutrient Removal ... Wastewater Engineering: Treatment and Resource Recovery ... –](https://reader031.vdocuments.mx/reader031/viewer/2022030509/5ab93e8d7f8b9a684c8dac9f/html5/thumbnails/38.jpg)
Deammonification Reactions
−
+ −→
+4 2 3
5 7 2 4 2 2 2
2.33NH + 1.87O + 2.66HCO
0.02C H NO + NH + 1.32NO + 2.55CO + 3.94H O
Partial Nitritation:
Anaerobic reaction: +
4 2 3
2 3 2 0.5 0.15 2
NH + 1.32NO + 0.066HCO + 0.13H
1.02N + 0.26NO + 0.066CH O N + 2.03H O
+ − −
−→
30.26(100)Percent NO -N = = 11.2%1.0+1.32
![Page 39: Sidestream Treatment for Nutrient Removal and … 4-23-15 sidestream...Sidestream Treatment for Nutrient Removal ... Wastewater Engineering: Treatment and Resource Recovery ... –](https://reader031.vdocuments.mx/reader031/viewer/2022030509/5ab93e8d7f8b9a684c8dac9f/html5/thumbnails/39.jpg)
Anammox bacteria are much slower than ammonia-oxidizing bacteria
"Parameter"
"Units"
AOB*"(200C)"
Anammox"(30-350C)"
umax" gVSS/gVSS-d" 0.90" 0.06 -0.07"KNH4" g/m3" 0.50" <0.10"
0.07"KNO2" g/m3" <0.10"Yield" gVSS/gNH4-N" 0.12" 0.07 - 0.13"
AOB* - ammonia oxidizing bacteria"
• Sensitive to elevated NO2-N (<40 mg/L) • Sensitive to free NH3-N • Reversible inhibition by DO
![Page 40: Sidestream Treatment for Nutrient Removal and … 4-23-15 sidestream...Sidestream Treatment for Nutrient Removal ... Wastewater Engineering: Treatment and Resource Recovery ... –](https://reader031.vdocuments.mx/reader031/viewer/2022030509/5ab93e8d7f8b9a684c8dac9f/html5/thumbnails/40.jpg)
Produces a large very dense granular floc- long SRT possible
9/25/2013 -40-
1 mol Nitrate (NO3
-)
0.57 mol Nitrite (NO2
-) 1 mol Nitrite
(NO2-)
1 mol Ammonia (NH3/NH4
+) 0.44 mol N2 0.11 mol NO3-N
Autotrophic Aerobic Environment
25% O2
40% O2
40% Carbon
60% Carbon
Heterotrophic Anoxic Environment
ANAMMOX
11% Carbon ANaerobic AMMonia OXidation
![Page 41: Sidestream Treatment for Nutrient Removal and … 4-23-15 sidestream...Sidestream Treatment for Nutrient Removal ... Wastewater Engineering: Treatment and Resource Recovery ... –](https://reader031.vdocuments.mx/reader031/viewer/2022030509/5ab93e8d7f8b9a684c8dac9f/html5/thumbnails/41.jpg)
Comparison of sidestream N removal processes
Process Deammonification Nitritation/Denitritation Nitrification/Denitrification
Oxygen demand 1.84 g O2/g NH4-N
3.21 g O2/g NH4-N 4.25 g O2/g NH4-N
Acetate COD demand
0.7 g acetate COD/g N
4.0 g acetate COD/g NO2-N
6.7 g acetate COD/g NO3-N
Biomass production 0.12 g biomass VSS/g NH4-N
1.45 g biomass VSS/g NH4-N
2.12 g biomass VSS/g NH4-N
Advantages of deammonification: No carbon for anammox Small amount of carbon for NO3 removal 57% less aeration energy than nitritation/denitritation 25% less alkalinity than nitritation/denitritation Less sludge production
*acetate used as an example
![Page 42: Sidestream Treatment for Nutrient Removal and … 4-23-15 sidestream...Sidestream Treatment for Nutrient Removal ... Wastewater Engineering: Treatment and Resource Recovery ... –](https://reader031.vdocuments.mx/reader031/viewer/2022030509/5ab93e8d7f8b9a684c8dac9f/html5/thumbnails/42.jpg)
Variety of Deammonification Processes Used in many facilities world wide
• Stable deammonification achieved in single reactor
• Deammonification accomplished in attached growth or suspended growth reactors
• Anammox biomass forms dense granular sludge
• Process operation tied to DO and pH measurements
• Cyclic aeration at low DO may be used – Air On: pH decreases due to nitritation – Air Off: pH increases due to NO2/NO3 removal
![Page 43: Sidestream Treatment for Nutrient Removal and … 4-23-15 sidestream...Sidestream Treatment for Nutrient Removal ... Wastewater Engineering: Treatment and Resource Recovery ... –](https://reader031.vdocuments.mx/reader031/viewer/2022030509/5ab93e8d7f8b9a684c8dac9f/html5/thumbnails/43.jpg)
DEMON® (DE-amMONnification) Sequencing Batch Reactor
NH3-N load 0.70 – 1.2 kg N/m3-d SRT 40 to 50 d (granules) 10-15 d (floc)
3 L
L3
L 33
3
L
QNoNH -N load = N = V
V No= Q N
N = kg NH -N/m -d
No = kg NH -N/mAt No = 1,000 mg/L, N = 0.70, V/Q = 1.4 days
@ 1.0 kgN/m3-d The O2 demand = 140 mg/L-h
![Page 44: Sidestream Treatment for Nutrient Removal and … 4-23-15 sidestream...Sidestream Treatment for Nutrient Removal ... Wastewater Engineering: Treatment and Resource Recovery ... –](https://reader031.vdocuments.mx/reader031/viewer/2022030509/5ab93e8d7f8b9a684c8dac9f/html5/thumbnails/44.jpg)
ANITATMMox-Single stage moving bed biofilm reactor (MBBR) process
NH3-N load 0.70 – 1.2 kg N/m3-d SRT > 20 d AnoxKaldness plastic media TypeM 1200 m2/m3
50 percent fill fraction
![Page 45: Sidestream Treatment for Nutrient Removal and … 4-23-15 sidestream...Sidestream Treatment for Nutrient Removal ... Wastewater Engineering: Treatment and Resource Recovery ... –](https://reader031.vdocuments.mx/reader031/viewer/2022030509/5ab93e8d7f8b9a684c8dac9f/html5/thumbnails/45.jpg)
Nitritation – Anammox -CANON
Anammox AOB • NH4+O2àNO2
• NH4+NO2àN2
AOB: 1NH4+ + 1.5 O2 → 1 NO2
- +1 H2O + 2 H+
Anammox: 1NH4+ + 1.3 NO2
- 1 N2 + 0.3 NO3-
12
→
![Page 46: Sidestream Treatment for Nutrient Removal and … 4-23-15 sidestream...Sidestream Treatment for Nutrient Removal ... Wastewater Engineering: Treatment and Resource Recovery ... –](https://reader031.vdocuments.mx/reader031/viewer/2022030509/5ab93e8d7f8b9a684c8dac9f/html5/thumbnails/46.jpg)
Increase aeration
![Page 47: Sidestream Treatment for Nutrient Removal and … 4-23-15 sidestream...Sidestream Treatment for Nutrient Removal ... Wastewater Engineering: Treatment and Resource Recovery ... –](https://reader031.vdocuments.mx/reader031/viewer/2022030509/5ab93e8d7f8b9a684c8dac9f/html5/thumbnails/47.jpg)
Management options for phosphorus-rich sidestream flows
• Minimize variable loads to secondary treatment process – Equalization
• Remove phosphorus from recycle stream – Chemical treatment of sidestream flow
• Add alum or ferric – Convert soluble P to particulate P – Remove particulate P to biosolids
– Phosphorus recovery and reuse – Sidestream EBPR
![Page 48: Sidestream Treatment for Nutrient Removal and … 4-23-15 sidestream...Sidestream Treatment for Nutrient Removal ... Wastewater Engineering: Treatment and Resource Recovery ... –](https://reader031.vdocuments.mx/reader031/viewer/2022030509/5ab93e8d7f8b9a684c8dac9f/html5/thumbnails/48.jpg)
Phosphorus Recovery
• Phosphorus is a finite resource on the earth
• Necessary for all living species (humans, food plants etc)
• Using it once and throwing it away is not within sustainable resources or environment principles
![Page 49: Sidestream Treatment for Nutrient Removal and … 4-23-15 sidestream...Sidestream Treatment for Nutrient Removal ... Wastewater Engineering: Treatment and Resource Recovery ... –](https://reader031.vdocuments.mx/reader031/viewer/2022030509/5ab93e8d7f8b9a684c8dac9f/html5/thumbnails/49.jpg)
P and N are recovered as struvite in crystalizers
• Struvite – MgNH4PO4●6H2O
• Molar ratios – Mg:N:P = 1:1:1
• Mass ratios – Mg:N:P = 1.77:0.45:1.0
• Percent N and P – N = 4.2 % – P = 9.4 %
![Page 50: Sidestream Treatment for Nutrient Removal and … 4-23-15 sidestream...Sidestream Treatment for Nutrient Removal ... Wastewater Engineering: Treatment and Resource Recovery ... –](https://reader031.vdocuments.mx/reader031/viewer/2022030509/5ab93e8d7f8b9a684c8dac9f/html5/thumbnails/50.jpg)
Struvite crystallization recovery processes
AirPrexr process Cone-shaped fluidized bed- Multiform Harvest
Crystalactor® NuReSys® process Ostara Pearl® process Phosnix® process PHOSPAQTM process
![Page 51: Sidestream Treatment for Nutrient Removal and … 4-23-15 sidestream...Sidestream Treatment for Nutrient Removal ... Wastewater Engineering: Treatment and Resource Recovery ... –](https://reader031.vdocuments.mx/reader031/viewer/2022030509/5ab93e8d7f8b9a684c8dac9f/html5/thumbnails/51.jpg)
Generally typical process parameters HRT ~ 1.0 hr MgCl2 and NaOH added for pH control Hydrodynamics vary with reactor design
Pearl® process
Example of crystallizer system
![Page 52: Sidestream Treatment for Nutrient Removal and … 4-23-15 sidestream...Sidestream Treatment for Nutrient Removal ... Wastewater Engineering: Treatment and Resource Recovery ... –](https://reader031.vdocuments.mx/reader031/viewer/2022030509/5ab93e8d7f8b9a684c8dac9f/html5/thumbnails/52.jpg)
Ostara Pearl®,Tigard, Oregon Durham WWTP
Multiform Harvest, Yakima, WA
~ 85% P removal ~ 15% N removal
~ 80-90% P removal
![Page 53: Sidestream Treatment for Nutrient Removal and … 4-23-15 sidestream...Sidestream Treatment for Nutrient Removal ... Wastewater Engineering: Treatment and Resource Recovery ... –](https://reader031.vdocuments.mx/reader031/viewer/2022030509/5ab93e8d7f8b9a684c8dac9f/html5/thumbnails/53.jpg)
Other issues with P recovery • About 20-23% of influent P recovered • Struvite formation in digester and effluent piping • WAS P release before digester
![Page 54: Sidestream Treatment for Nutrient Removal and … 4-23-15 sidestream...Sidestream Treatment for Nutrient Removal ... Wastewater Engineering: Treatment and Resource Recovery ... –](https://reader031.vdocuments.mx/reader031/viewer/2022030509/5ab93e8d7f8b9a684c8dac9f/html5/thumbnails/54.jpg)
Stripping CO2 by aeration indigester promotes internal struvite precipitation
![Page 55: Sidestream Treatment for Nutrient Removal and … 4-23-15 sidestream...Sidestream Treatment for Nutrient Removal ... Wastewater Engineering: Treatment and Resource Recovery ... –](https://reader031.vdocuments.mx/reader031/viewer/2022030509/5ab93e8d7f8b9a684c8dac9f/html5/thumbnails/55.jpg)
Summary • Digester centrate return can increase
mainstream N and P load by 15-30% • Sidestream loads adds hinders reliably
meeting low effluent N and/or P concentrations.
• A variety of process options have been shown for sidestream management of nutrients – each with its own advantages and unique
process considerations.
![Page 56: Sidestream Treatment for Nutrient Removal and … 4-23-15 sidestream...Sidestream Treatment for Nutrient Removal ... Wastewater Engineering: Treatment and Resource Recovery ... –](https://reader031.vdocuments.mx/reader031/viewer/2022030509/5ab93e8d7f8b9a684c8dac9f/html5/thumbnails/56.jpg)
Summary • Nitrification bioaugmentation • Reduce carbon and energy for N removal –
SHARON Process • Almost eliminate carbon, reduce energy, reduce
alkalinity needs – Deammonification/Anammox process
• For sustainable environmental engineering practice, deammonification for nitrogen and struvite recovery for phosphorus are most attractive