shriek mki - tech speakers · 2014. 5. 2. · stevengreen& shriekmk.itransducerdesign&...

Steven Green

[TYPE TEXT] [TYPE TEXT] [TYPE TEXT]

Steve Green FA 4740 Spring 2014 Semester Loud Speaker Design Plans

08 Fall

Shriek Mk. I Speaker Design

M i c h i g a n T e c h n o l o g i c a l U n i v e r s i t y

Steven Green

Shriek Mk. I Transducer Design

2

Table of Contents

Functional Description ................................................................................................. 3 Design Goal Statement ..................................................................................................................................... 3 Purpose ................................................................................................................................................................... 3 Environment ........................................................................................................................................................ 3 Audio Characteristics ....................................................................................................................................... 3 Portability: ............................................................................................................................................................ 3

Visual Aesthetics .......................................................................................................... 4 Visual Aesthetics Statement: ......................................................................................................................... 4 Material: ................................................................................................................................................................. 4 Dimensions: .......................................................................................................................................................... 4 Protection: ............................................................................................................................................................. 4 Paint: ........................................................................................................................................................................ 4

Cabinet Design ............................................................................................................. 5 Shape: ...................................................................................................................................................................... 5 Bracing & Wall Strength: ................................................................................................................................. 5 Wall Relationships & Edge Diffraction: .................................................................................................... 5 Prioritization ........................................................................................................................................................ 5 Golden Ratio: ........................................................................................................................................................ 6

Technical Goals ............................................................................................................ 6 Technical Goal Statement ............................................................................................................................... 6 Size & Weight ....................................................................................................................................................... 6 SPL Standards ...................................................................................................................................................... 7 Speaker Sensitivity ............................................................................................................................................ 7

Personal Standards ...................................................................................................... 8 Frequency Response ......................................................................................................................................... 8 Low Frequency Response ............................................................................................................................... 8 High Frequency Response .............................................................................................................................. 8 Shape and Voicing .............................................................................................................................................. 9 Coloration and Time Response .................................................................................................................... 9 Dispersion ............................................................................................................................................................. 9

Drivers ......................................................................................................................... 9 Woofer Selection ................................................................................................................................................ 9 Tweeter Selection ........................................................................................................................................... 15

Drafting ..................................................................................................................... 21

Shriek Mk. I Testing Report ........................................................................................ 22 Overall Loudspeaker Performance .......................................................................................................... 22 Individual Drivers ........................................................................................................................................... 26

Speaker Glossy ........................................................................................................... 31

Bibliography ............................................................................................................... 32

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Functional Description

Design Goal Statement • Reach comfortable mixing levels • Produce high fidelity mixing speakers • Portable size: Large enough to support 8” drivers but maneuverable to new

locations • Price Range: ~$700.00

Purpose These loudspeakers will serve as general mixing speakers for various projects

including, but not limited to: video games, music and movies. I believe they will be used most often for video game sound effect synthesis and mixing.

Environment The loudspeakers will be maneuverable to various locations to account for the

unpredictability of a sound designer’s job. Environments may include anything between medium sized rooms1 to large open areas.

Audio Characteristics The primary purpose for these speakers will be general mixing. With this in mind

they will be prioritizing a Hi Fidelity sound rather than personal enjoyment. My high frequency response goal is around 20KHz. My low frequency

requirement should be around 50 Hz. Both of these values were determined through a course of personal experiments to determine my personal preferences.

My SPL preference based off experiments must be able to comfortably reach about 85 dB SPL. I hope to have headroom though somewhere in the 90 dB SPL range.

Portability: The speakers must be portable with the mobility mind set in place. The variable in

this is the frequency in which they will be moved. Considering this I would like them to feel stationary when first looking at them, but attachable or removable parts will make them easier to move.

1 —. Common Room Sizes. http://www.dimenstionsinfo.com/common-‐room-‐sizes/ (accessed Jan 17, 2014).

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Visual Aesthetics

Visual Aesthetics Statement: My plan is for these speakers to be different from the typical matted black

speakers commonly used in theater and other applications where speakers are wanted invisible. I plan for these speakers to stand out. The overall aesthetics will also reflect my portability mindset.

Material: ¾” ply wood for the basic construction of the box. I will then apply a ½” outer

layer of MDF to help with stability and overall aesthetics of the speakers.

Dimensions: The speaker’s dimensions should be around 17.5” tall by around 14.5” deep with

a width of about 11.5.” These dimensions are loosely based off already made professional cabinet sizes such as the Yamaha HS82 and Lindsey John’s previously made Euphony Blues3.

Protection: I will not use a grill when the speakers are set up, though I will create a front face

that will be attachable once the speakers are ready to be moved. The creation of this front face will be determined after the speakers have been created.

Paint: The loudspeakers will be painted a glossy white. How to obtain the glossy finish though is yet to be decided. I also plan to add my “Shriek Studios4” logo onto the speaker at various positions to help advertise myself.

2 N/A. "HS8." -‐ HS Series. http://usa.yamaha.com/products/music-‐production/speakers/hs_series/hs8/?mode=model (accessed Jan 17, 2014).

3 Johns, Lindsey. Tech Speakers -‐ Michigan Tech FA 4740 Loudspeakers -‐ Euphony Blues. http://areteaudio.wordpress.com/?s=euphony+blues (accessed Feb 2, 2014).

4 Green, Steven. Steven M. Green Shriek Studios -‐ Home. http://www.shriekstudio.com (accessed Jan 17, 2014).

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Cabinet Design

Shape: These speakers will be of a vertical rectangle with one woofer and one tweeter.

The reason behind the shape is due to the fact that rectangles have come to be the most convenient shape when creating speakers.5 I will be severely rounding the edges of the speakers as well.

Bracing & Wall Strength: I will be bracing the speaker box with at least 1 brace within the box. The brace

will also serve as a wall to separate the rear mounted mini dsp amp as well as have black hole sound dampening material mounted to it.

Wall Relationships & Edge Diffraction: Any and all bracing will be rounded to reduce wall reflections6. Internal muffling

will also be used to reduce noise reflections. Wood glue, caulk and various types of nails will join the walls and bracings themselves.

Prioritization Hi Fidelity is my first priority. I am looking to achieve ±1.5dB across the 50Hz to

20kHz range. My second priority is size. These speakers must be at least somewhat portable to showcase and work on projects under various circumstances. My final priority is SPL. I wish to reach at least 85 dB SPL with hopefully 5 to 10 dB SPL of headroom.

5 Sabolish, Michael. Speaker Cabinets. http://www.duncanamps.com/technical/speaker_cab.html (accessed Jan 17, 2014).

6 LaLena, Michael. Speaker Box Design Example. http://diyaudioandvideo.com/Tutorial/SpeakerBox (accessed Jan 17, 2014).

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Golden Ratio: In order to reduce resonance within the box I will be attempting a method of using

mostly all prime numbers for internal wall sizes. By using these numbers I should be able to minimize frequencies of resonance as they are not easily created in multiplications.

Technical Goals

Technical Goal Statement My technical goals are mainly to achieve a studio pair of hi fidelity loudspeakers

that can be used for various mixing of audio projects. This means achieving a frequency response of about 1.5 dB between the 50Hz to 20 kHz range. At the same time these speakers must be portable. SPL is of low priority but these speakers should comfortably reach about 85 dB SPL.

Size & Weight Height: 17.5” Width: 14.5” Depth: 11.5” Weight: 20 to 30 lbs

From carrying similar objects around, I’ve found about 30 pounds is at the top of my comfortable carrying limit. However this weight is made easier once handles or a method for which I can handle the object is put into play.

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SPL Standards K 20: For dynamic range fitting to the demands of film mixing.

This is my primary basis for my SPL goal, which is to have 83 dB for my “0” with 20 dB of headroom, making my goal a peak of 103 dB.

Speaker Sensitivity dBW 83 dBA in order to meet “0” for K"20 dBW = 10log(x) x = 100 Watts dBW = 20dB

The K 20 standard requires speakers to be able to reach 83 dB but add another 20 dB of headroom. In order to reach this, I will be using a 100 watt amplifier which should go beyond my wanted peak goal of 95 dB SPL. According to NIOSH recommendations, 88 dBA is the first measurement where hearing loss can be found. With my goal of 85 dB SPL, hearing loss could be a factor, however it will be of low concern to me as I do not plan to use these speakers beyond that level.

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Personal Standards

Frequency Response -My goal frequency response 50Hz – 20KHz ±1.5dB My low frequency preferences are based on my personal findings below. General Low Frequency Perception: -Noticeable low frequency loss: 25Hz -Still Doable: 45 Hz -Unacceptable low frequency loss: 70 Hz

Low Frequency Response Low frequency goals generally pertain to sound effects as well as music. -Bass Guitar (41Hz) -Kick Drum (50Hz) -Sound Effects (40 Hz)

High Frequency Response High frequency response is based off of speaking voices, soundtrack music. -Sound Effects (20KHz) -Voices (16KHz)

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Shape and Voicing With the intent of these speakers being used for general mixing, I aim to achieve a

flat frequency response across my desired spectrum. A large amount of perceived bass boost would greatly detract from the purpose of these loudspeakers.

Coloration and Time Response These loudspeakers will be designed to minimize coloration and listening

fatigue. The design should roll off low and high frequencies evenly. Though to reach lower Mounting and Positioning

These loudspeakers will most often be placed onto a desktop at a distance of around 1.5 to 2 meters apart, angled at either a single or a pair of listeners between 1 to 2 meters away at any given time.

Though I do not plan to use any sort of mounting, I’d like to leave the option to do so available at this time.

Dispersion Designed for a relatively near listener, the loudspeakers will need only a relatively

narrow dispersion. However, keeping in mind there may be more than one listener, the dispersion must be acceptable to about 45 degrees off center.

Drivers

Woofer Selection

Steven Green


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Dayton Audio7

RS225-‐4

Specifications:

Cost: $48.00

Size: 8”

+/-‐ 2 In Bandpass 150 Hz to 1K Hz

Breakup Starts at: 1K Hz

Breakup Amplitude Peak: 8 dB

Recommended Crossover: 3rd Order at 1K Hz8

7 Dayton Audio Editors. Dayton Audio RS 225-‐4. http://www.daytonaudio.com/index.php/loudspeaker-‐components/loudspeaker-‐drivers-‐by-‐series/reference-‐series/rs225-‐4-‐8-‐reference-‐woofer-‐4-‐ohm.html (accessed 3 3, 2014).

8 This is my recommended crossover due to the very erratic frequencies given by the woofer after 1K Hz.

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Assessment:

The Dayton RS225-‐4 is an 8-‐inch woofer I have recently decided to model. It turns out to have a great low frequency range with a very minor boost being needed to reach levels below 50 Hertz in a very small box. The driver itself is cheap and is becoming a quick favorite of mine. I have yet to find many downsides yet other than its high end only barely reaches 1,000 Hertz comfortably.

Fountek9

FW200

Specifications:

Cost: $60.45

Size: 8”

+/-‐ 2 In Bandpass 100 Hz to 900 Hz




9 Fountek Electonics Co. Fountek FW200. http://www.fountek.net/products.asp?id=63 (accessed 2014 йил 15-‐Feb). 10 This is my recommended crossover because of the break up frequencies after 1K Hz

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Assessment:

The Fountek FW200 Woofer has been my favorite up until this point with his awesome low frequency response and nice design. However the fact that it has been outperformed means more to me than how it looks. It is also a little more on the expensive side as far as my woofers have been going.

Aurum Cantus11

AC180/50C2C

Specifications:

Cost: $97.00

Size: 7”

+/-‐ 2 In Bandpass 70 Hz to 900 Hz



Recommended Crossover: 4th Order at 1K Hz12

11 Aurum Cantus Editors. Aurum Cantus AC180 50C2C. http://www.parts-‐express.com/pedocs/specs/296-‐450-‐aurum-‐cantus-‐ac18050c2c-‐specifications.pdf (accessed 3 3, 2014).

12 This is my personal crossover because of how sharply the frequency drops off.

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Assessment:

The Aurum Cantus had a great frequency response chart but upon actually modeling it, it has a very quick drop off after reaching its lowest frequencies. The problem I faced with it though was its size and the company behind it. I don’t necessarily agree with their business practices and don’t really care to be buying their products. This particular driver is also on clearance at most retailers though which leads me to believe it will be done away with, meaning future replacements would be harder to find.

HiVi13

M8N

Specifications:

Cost: $34.86

Size: 8”




Recommended Crossover: 4th Order at 1.5K Hz14

13 HiVi Editors. HiVi M8N. http://www.parts-‐express.com/pedocs/specs/297-‐446-‐hi-‐vi-‐m8n-‐specifications-‐44414.pdf (accessed 3 3, 2014).

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Assessment:

This woofer is interesting as it has a great low-‐end response with a ported design. However I can’t stand the aesthetics of it. I was able to get a lower end out of a different driver too, which drew me further away from this woofer

Dayton Audio15

RS 180-‐4

Specifications:

Cost: $42.00

Size: 7”





Assessment:

The Dayton RS180-‐4 was a woofer I decided to model after seeing how well the other Dayton Audio woofer performed. It gave me a great low shelf response but wasn’t able to surpass the Dayton RS-‐225.

14 This is my recommended crossover due to how sporadic the response plot becomes. 15 —. Dayton Audio RS180-‐4. http://www.parts-‐express.com/pedocs/specs/295-‐374-‐dayton-‐audio-‐rs180-‐4-‐specifications-‐46164.pdf (accessed 3 3, 2014).

16 This is my recommended crossover point.

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Tweeter Selection

Vifa17

NE19VTT-‐04

Specifications:

Cost: $34.21

Size: ¾”


Breakup Starts at: 10K


My tweeter selection has varied across a number of tweeters. However the one I will be using will be the Vifa NE19VTT-‐04 as it seems to have the best low and high ends at the best cost. The tweeter is ¾” big. It will match my woofer nicely. I also enjoy the aesthetics of it though wish it were all black to match my woofer selection.

17 Vifa Co. Vifa NE19VTT-‐04. http://www.madisoundspeakerstore.com/hard-‐dome-‐tweeter/vifa-‐ne25vta-‐1-‐aluminum-‐dome-‐tweeter-‐4-‐ohm/ (accessed 2014 йил 15-‐Feb).

Steven Green


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Vifa18

XT25TG30-‐04

Specifications:

Cost: $32.90

Size: 1”




I had also considered the Vifa XT25TG30-‐04 however its frequency range did not suit what I would have liked to do with it. It just didn’t compare with the other tweeters I was considering. The price was a good match for the tweeter but it breaks up far too quickly as it reaches its high end.

18 —. Vifa XT25TG30-‐04. http://www.parts-‐express.com/pedocs/specs/264-‐1016-‐vifa-‐xt25tg30-‐04-‐specifications-‐46530.pdf (accessed 3 4, 2014).

Steven Green


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Vifa19

Vifa NE25VTS-‐04

Specifications:

Cost: $32.90

Size: 1”




I also tried to use the Vifa NE25VTS-‐04, however again this Vifa tweeter did not reach what I had hoped it would reach in terms of low frequency and steady high frequencies.

19 —. Vifa NE25VTS-‐04. http://www.parts-‐express.com/pedocs/specs/264-‐1034-‐vifa-‐ne25vts-‐04-‐specifications-‐46538.pdf (accessed 3 4, 2014).

Steven Green


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Dayton Audio20

ND25TA-‐4

Specifications:

Cost: $18.85

Size: 1”




I also attempted to stay with a single brand, in doing so I looked at the Dayton Audio ND25TA-‐4. The major problem with this tweeter though is that it does not go very low at all. It came off as a fairly cheap tweeter. The break up pattern seemed fluid enough but overall the driver came off to me as a very poor tweeter.

20 —. Vifa ND25TA-‐4. http://www.parts-‐express.com/pedocs/specs/275-‐057s.pdf (accessed 3 4, 2014).

Steven Green


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Vifa21

D27TG35-‐06

Specifications:

Cost: $28.00

Size: 1”

+/-‐ 2 In Bandpass 1.5K Hz to 15K Hz



A final tweeter I had looked at was the Vifa D27TG35-06. Similar to the other Vifa, I liked the aesthetics better but it performed a little under what the other Vifa could do. It broke up far too quick but at high frequencies. However leading up to its flat rate, it doesn’t start leveling off until its pretty high up.

21 —. Vifa D27TG35-‐06. http://www.parts-‐express.com/pedocs/specs/264-‐1022-‐vifa-‐d27tg-‐35-‐06-‐specifications.pdf (accessed 3 4, 2014).

Steven Green


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I ended up going with the Dayton Audio RS-‐225 woofer and Vifa NE19NT tweeter. For their prices and their frequency response plots, I felt they were by far the best value for their prices.

Dayton Audio RS-‐225 with Vifa NE19NT Tweeter Crossover Chart

Tweeter Tweeter&Crossover Woofer Woofer&Crossover Sum500 82 67 88 88 881000 91 79 91 91 912000 90 81 86 83 94.53000 89 86 82 73 934000 89 89 91 79 945000 87 87 91 76 916000 88 88 94 77 927000 89 89 97 78 938000 89 89 94 73 899000 90 90 95 72 9010000 91 91 92 67 91

40&

50&

60&

70&

80&

90&

100&

110&

120&

500& 1000& 2000& 3000& 4000& 5000& 6000& 7000& 8000& 9000&10000&

Tweeter&

Tweeter&Crossover&

Woofer&

Woofer&Crossover&

Sum&

Steven Green


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Drafting

1112"

918"

1012"

1'-51 2"

1'-212"

1'-2"1'-03

4"1'

534"

134"

412"

34"

1"

81 2"1'-

3"

1'-41 2"

815 16"

23 16"

813 16"

51316"

215 16"

14"

12"

38"

34"

1 2"3 4"

MDF Plywood

1'-3"

1'-41 2"

1012"

9"

Cut SheetPlywood

MDF

Left Speaker Left Speaker Right Speaker Right SpeakerInternal Front Internal Back Internal Front Internal Back

Left SpeakerInternal Brace

Right SpeakerInternal Brace

Left SpeakerExternal Front

Left SpeakerExternal Back

Right SpeakerExternal Front

Right SpeakerExternal Back

Left SpeakerExternal Bottom

Left SpeakerExternal Top

Right SpeakerExternal Bottom

Left SpeakerExternal Top

Left SpeakerTop

Left SpeakerBottom

Right SpeakerBottom

Right SpeakerTop

Left SpeakerExternal L

Left SpeakerExternal R

RightSpeakerExternal L

RightSpeakerExternal R

Left SpeakerInternal L

Left SpeakerInternal R

Right SpeakerInternal L

Right SpeakerInternal R

38"

38"

34"

34 "

Left/Right Outside

Front/Back Inside

Top/Bottom Inside

Internal Bracing

Top/Bottom Outside

Front/Back Outside

Left/Right Inside

11 2"

1'-2"12"

111 2"

1'-212"

1'-51 2"

14"

14"

12"

1'-51 2"

1012"

1'-41 2"

9 16"

14"

14"

12"

1 4"

1 4"

9 116"3

4"

1'-3"

38"

1114"

Draft

CutsCut Sheet

5 116"

2 116"

23 8"

101 2"

3 4"

1'-034"

1'-41 2"

34"

38"

1'-034"

1'-1 12"

1'-3"

Steve GreenFA 4740Shriek Mk. I

Notes:

3/4" Plywood

1/2" MDF

1" Black Hole

Steven Green


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Shriek Mk. I Testing Report My goal was to create a speaker with a +/-‐ 1.5 dB response between 50 Hz

and 19,000 Hz. My initial testing, shown below showed my speakers had about a +/-‐ 4 response between those frequencies as a start. The major problems being near the crossover and where the box resonated.

Through my testing, I typically kept the testing equipment at about 16 to 24 inches from the speaker. While 1 meter is typically the average, I found I had been receiving a lot more room noise than direct speaker sound when at that distance.

Initial Testing:

Overall Loudspeaker Performance

Frequency Response:

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Integrated Response:

Harmonic Distortion:

Minimum Phase:

Horizontal Off-‐Axis:

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Vertical Off-‐Axis

Difference Plot:

Step Response:

Integrated Step Response:

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Impulse Response:

Waterfall Plot:

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Individual Drivers

Woofer

Frequency Response:


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Minimum Phase:

Horizontal Off-‐Axis

Vertical Off-‐Axis:

Step Response:

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Impulse Response:

Tweeter

Frequency Response:


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Minimum Phase:

Horizontal Off-‐Axis

Vertical Off-‐Axis:

Step Response:

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Impulse Response:

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Speaker Glossy

Steve%Green%

Shriek'Mk.'I'The$Shriek$speakers$are$built$with$high$fidelity$in$mind.$They$

will$typically$be$used$in$a$studio$setting$for$the$creation$and$mixing$of$sound$effects$and$dialogue.$$They$have$a$frequency$response$accurate$to$within$1.5$dB$between$70$to$1,9000$Hz.$but$can$reach$as$low$as$40$hertz$depending$on$room$size.$The$Mk$I’s$have$a$very$crisp$sound$but$have$little$to$no$listening$fatigue.$$Due$to$their$shape,$dispersion$is$almost$unnoticeable$to$within$45$horizontal$degrees$off$axis.$They$use$the$Mini$DSP$active$crossovers,$with$which$they$can$be$tuned$easily$to$whatever$room$they’re$placed$in$and$don’t$require$a$separate$amp.$$

$

• +/-'1.5'dB'between'70'&'19,000Hz$

• Very'Low'Listening'Fatigue'

• Very'Wide'Dispersion'

• Mini' DSP' ICE-125' Amp' /' Active'''''''''''''''''''''

Fourth'Order'Crossover'

• ~40'Pounds'

• Dayton'Audio'RS-225'Woofer'

• Vifa'NE19VTT-04'

$

Steven Green


32

Bibliography Aurum Cantus Editors. Aurum Cantus AC180 50C2C. http://www.parts-‐express.com/pedocs/specs/296-‐450-‐aurum-‐cantus-‐ac18050c2c-‐specifications.pdf (accessed 3 3, 2014).

Calculator for Closed Back Cabinets Using One Speaker. Weber Vintage Sound Technology. 1998. http://www.webervst.com/spkrcalc/closed1.htm (accessed 2014 йил 6-‐Feb).

Co., Jinglang Audio. AC180/50C2C Woofer. http://www.aurumcantus.com/aurumcantus-‐download/pdf/AC180%2050C2C.pdf (accessed 2014 йил 15-‐Feb).

coursegraphics. http://www.drewdaniels.com/coursegraphics.html (accessed 2014 йил 17-‐Jan).

Dayton Audio Editors. Dayton Audio RS 225-‐4. http://www.daytonaudio.com/index.php/loudspeaker-‐components/loudspeaker-‐drivers-‐by-‐series/reference-‐series/rs225-‐4-‐8-‐reference-‐woofer-‐4-‐ohm.html (accessed 3 3, 2014).

—. Dayton Audio RS180-‐4. http://www.parts-‐express.com/pedocs/specs/295-‐374-‐dayton-‐audio-‐rs180-‐4-‐specifications-‐46164.pdf (accessed 3 3, 2014).

Dickason, Vance. The Electrostatic Loudspeaker Design Cookbook. Peterborough, N.H.: Audio Amateur, 1995.

Fountek Electonics Co. Fountek FW200. http://www.fountek.net/products.asp?id=63 (accessed 2014 йил 15-‐Feb).

Fountek Electronics Co. Fountek Neo X 2.0. http://www.fountek.net/products.asp?id=137 (accessed 2014 йил 15-‐Feb).

Green, Steven. Steven M. Green Shriek Studios -‐ Home. http://www.shriekstudio.com (accessed 2014 йил 17-‐Jan).

HiVi Editors. HiVi M8N. http://www.parts-‐express.com/pedocs/specs/297-‐446-‐hi-‐vi-‐m8n-‐specifications-‐44414.pdf (accessed 3 3, 2014).

Johns, Lindsey. Tech Speakers -‐ Michigan Tech FA 4740 Loudspeakers -‐ Euphony Blues. http://areteaudio.wordpress.com/?s=euphony+blues (accessed 2014 йил 2-‐Feb).

LaLena, Michael. Speaker Box Design Example. http://diyaudioandvideo.com/Tutorial/SpeakerBox (accessed 2014 йил 17-‐Jan).

N/A. "HS8." -‐ HS Series. http://usa.yamaha.com/products/music-‐production/speakers/hs_series/hs8/?mode=model (accessed 2014 йил 17-‐Jan).

Steven Green


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—. AES Standard on Acoustics -‐ Sound Source Modeling -‐ Loudspeaker Polar Radiation Measurements. http://docs.com/WEPM (accessed 2014 йил 17-‐Jan).

—. Common Room Sizes. http://www.dimenstionsinfo.com/common-‐room-‐sizes/ (accessed 2014 йил 17-‐Jan).

Newell, Philip, and Keith Holland. Loudspeakers For Music Recording And Reproduction. Amsterdam, MA: Focal Press.

Plummer, Christopher. “FA 4740 Transducer Theory.” Houghton, MI: Michigan Technological University, 2014.

Sabolish, Michael. Speaker Cabinets. http://www.duncanamps.com/technical/speaker_cab.html (accessed 2014 йил 17-‐Jan).

Vifa Co. Vifa NE19VTT-‐04. http://www.madisoundspeakerstore.com/hard-‐dome-‐tweeter/vifa-‐ne25vta-‐1-‐aluminum-‐dome-‐tweeter-‐4-‐ohm/ (accessed 2014 йил 15-‐Feb).

Vifa Editors. Vifa 25VTS-‐04. http://www.parts-‐express.com/pedocs/specs/264-‐1034-‐vifa-‐ne25vts-‐04-‐specifications-‐46538.pdf (accessed 3 4, 2014).

—. Vifa D27TG35-‐06. http://www.parts-‐express.com/pedocs/specs/264-‐1022-‐vifa-‐d27tg-‐35-‐06-‐specifications.pdf (accessed 3 4, 2014).

—. Vifa ND25TA-‐4. http://www.parts-‐express.com/pedocs/specs/275-‐057s.pdf (accessed 3 4, 2014).

—. Vifa NE25VTS-‐04. http://www.parts-‐express.com/pedocs/specs/264-‐1034-‐vifa-‐ne25vts-‐04-‐specifications-‐46538.pdf (accessed 3 4, 2014).

—. Vifa XT25TG30-‐04. http://www.parts-‐express.com/pedocs/specs/264-‐1016-‐vifa-‐xt25tg30-‐04-‐specifications-‐46530.pdf (accessed 3 4, 2014).

shriek mki - tech speakers · 2014. 5. 2. · stevengreen& shriekmk.itransducerdesign&...

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