SHOTCRETING

K.V.SUBBA RAO

Shotcreting

• Shotcreting is a method in concrete work in which the concrete mix is applied in layers under the pressure of compressed air

• . Shotcreting is done with a special unit, which consists of a mortar gun or concrete sprayer and a compressor

Shotcreting

• A dry mix of cement and aggregate, usually sand, is prepared for shotcreting.

• The compressed air forces the mix through a hose to the nozzle, moistens it with water supplied through another hose, and then projects it at high velocity (130–170

m/sec) onto the surface being shotcreted.

Shotcreting

• A single shotcrete layer is 10–15 mm thick and has high mechanical strength (40–70 meganewtons per sq m), density, water tightness, and cold resistance

• Shotcreting is used in building thin-walled reinforced-concrete structural components, such as shells, vaults, and tanks, and in producing the lining in tunnels. It is also used for hydraulic insulation, for finishing the joints of reinforced-concrete structural components, and for repair and strengthening of concrete and reinforced-concrete components.

Shotcreting

• The shotcrete is placed layer-by-layer• For shotcrete placing special equipment are used, where

by means of "dry" technology the mixture of cement, sand and metal batched in specified proportions is squeezed out with pressure air by means of flexible hose to the nozzle atomizer, where the mixture is moisturized with water. When the "wet" technology is used, prepared concrete is delivered to the machines

Shotcreting

• Shotcreting has high strength properties; resistance of its extension is 10 per cent more in comparison with standard concrete. The cover of high strength, density and waterproofing capacity is formed because of impact laying

• Shotcrete application allows decreasing face thickness and out-turns; excluding the necessity of formwork and mechanizing the concrete work process totally.

Materials for shotcreting

• Cement• Sand• Coarse Aggregates• Water• Chemical additives• Compressed Air

Materials for shotcreting

• Chemical admixtures are added for acceleration of setting and hardening.

• Sodium Carbonate = ½ Kg per 50 Kg bag of cement• Sodium Aluminate = ½ Kg per 50 Kg bag of cement• Calcium Carbonate = 1 Kg per 50 Kg bag of cement• Alternatively, following additives can also be used:• Super plasticizer @ 1 % by weight of cement • Accelerator (say sodium Silicate) @ 5 % by weight of

cement

Preparation of Surface

• The following precautions are necessary in preparation of the surface before the shotcrete is applied:

• The surface should be free from lose materials. It should be clean to receive the shotcrete layers.

• In case the surface is smooth it should be roughened with sand blasting. Otherwise the surface could be cleaned with air water jet.

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Preparation of Surface

• The thickness of the shotcrete layer being only 76 mm any undulations in the surface more than such thickness will have to be backfilled with either masonry or lean concrete depending on the site conditions and specifications prescribed.

Mix of shotcrete

• Cement 450 kg / m3• Sand 1100 kg / m3 (0.70 m3)• Coarse aggregate • (5 mm – 10 mm size) 500 Kg/M3 (0.30 M3)• Proportion by weight 1:2.44:1.11

Application Methodology

• Spray pneumatically the first layer of shotcrete of 38 mm thickness

• Welded wire mesh of 100 mm x 100 mm x 5 mm is nailed with the help of nails. Binding wire is used to keep the mesh in place.

• The second and final layer of 38 mm of shotcrete is sprayed pneumatically over the first layer.

Precautions to be taken

• The finished shotcrete layer is to be kept wet continuously for at least a week after completion.

• There would be rebound during the operations which shall not be used for shotcrete.

• The time lag between the first layer and the second layer is to be kept as minimum as possible.-say less than 8 hours.

Precautions to be taken

• After completing the shotcrete and after the mix is set, the surface should be thoroughly sounded by a hammer for drumming areas resulting from rebound pockets or lack of bond etc., which should be cut out and replaced with fresh shotcrete.

• Where dry process is adopted the jetting of water should be synchronized with that of the concrete mix for a homogeneous shotcrete.

• Where wet mix is adopted the specified water cement ratio is to be strictly enforced.

Shotcreting

Shotcreting

Shotcreting

Shotcreting

Shotcreting

Shotcreting

NSRC

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