see Tobacco workers "Lunchpail" by Jerry Curley, 8:4: 10 Lundeberg, Gunnar, 8:3:15 Lundeberg, Harry, 8:2:12, 8:3:15 L'Union Italiana (The Italian Club)

Tampa, FL (Ybor City) (1918), 5: 1: 15il. Luvaas, Reva, 1 :3 :66il. Lyon, Patrick, 1: 1 :36il. M MIA Com, Lowell, MA, 6:3:cover, 6:3:56il. MacDonald, Jeff, 8:3:7 Machinists, 1: 1:4il., 1: 1:6, 1: 1: 11, 7:2:58-59il., 8:4:42il.

in East Liverpool, OH, 5:2:cover work conditions, 7:2:28

Machinists, International Association of(IAM), 3:3:59, 3:4:48, 6:2:14, 8:4:38, 8:4:69

and ACIU (Allegheny), 4:2:9, 4:2: 11 Division 3 (Southeast U.S.), 3:2:55-56 landmarks, 6:4:60-61 Local 598 (WV), 3 :3 :73 Lodge 10 (Richmond, VA), 3:2:55-56 and scientific management, 7:1:22, 7:2:21il. strikes:

Oakland General (1946), 8:2:4-5il. in Washington, 7:2:22

Machinists and Aerospace Workers, International Association of see Machinists, International Association of (IAM)

Mackay, James Calvin, 9:3:6il. MacNeal, Arthur, 3:3:30 "'Made in New Haven': Unionization and the Shaping of a Clothing Workers'

Community" by Frank R. Annunziato, 4:4:20-33 Madison County Workers' Memorial, Alton, IL, 6:4:59 Madison Square Garden, New York

(ca. 1920s), 6:2:28 Magat, Richard

"Grants for Labor: The Record of the Garland Fund and the Ford Foundation" with Gloria Garrett Samson, 8:4:58-77

Mahon, W.D., 2:2:67il. Mahoney, Timothy

author: "Treasures of the United Brotherhood of Carpenters and Joiners of America: Memorabilia and Historical Records at the University of Maryland," 9: 1 :46-59

Mahoney, William, 9:4:30-31, 9:4:34ils., 9:4:37 Mailers Union, International

sources, 1 : 1 : 72

Maine Department of Seashore Fisheries, 2: 1 :61 Maine Federation of Labor, 2: 1:50, 2: 1:58, 2: 1:60 "Maine Lobstermen and the Labor Movement: The Lobster Fishermen's

International Protective Association, 1907, 11 by Charles A. Scontras, 2: 1 :50-63

Maintenance of Way Employees, Brotherhood of, 6: 1 :48, 6:2:32, 8: 1 :8, 8:1:20, 8:1:23, 9:3:35

Majesky, Steve, 5:2:5lil. The Make-Up Man Statue, Washington, 6:4:50-52, 6:4:5lil. Malgren, Richard, 3 :2:37-38 Malmgreen, Gail

author: "Labor and the Holocaust: The Jewish Labor Committee and the Anti-Nazi Struggle," 3:4:21-36

Man Memorial Hospital, Logan County, WV, 3 :3 :68il. Man With a Pick, 9:3:10 Manhattan Island, New York

map (1844), 6:4:66il. Mann, Michael, 9:2:4-5il., 9:2: !Oil. Manual labor

New England late twentieth century, 6:3:40-57

Manumit School, Pawling, NY, 8:4:62 Maplecrest Turkey Packing Plant, Wellman, IA, 3: 1:20-3 lil., 3: 1:28-33,

3: 1 :29il., 3: 1 :32-33il., 3: 1:48-49il., 3: 1 :48-53 passim. Marcantonio, Vito, 1 :4:26il. March on Washington Movement (1941), 3:3:24, 4:3:27-28

flyer, 4:3:27il. March on Washington Movement (1963), 6:2:76il., 6:2:76-77

flyer, 4:3:28il. Margold, Nathan, 8:4:66 Marine and Shipbuilding Workers of America, Industrial Union of

sources, 9: 1:55 Marine Transport Workers, Federation of (MTW), 2:4:60-62 Mariner's Friendly Society Pitcher (1795), 3 :3 :cover Marinship Corporation, Sausalito, CA, 3 :2:70il. Maritime National Historic Park, San Francisco, 6:4:46 & ii. Maritime Union, National (NMU)

in Memphis, 4:1:62 and strike assistance (1948), 4:1:6lil.

Maritime workers, 6:4:53 landmarks, 6:4:5lil., 6:4:52il., 6:4:53 see Seamen

Market vendors in Florida (1981-95), 7:4:48il. Indianapolis (1908), 6: 1 :28il.

Mexico City, Mexico (1992), 6: 1 :28il. Markholt, Ottilie

author: "Boom Town Labor: Tacoma's Early Union Movement, 1883-1892," 3:3 :44-61 "The Last Hurrah: The 1892 Tacoma Labor Day Parade," 3:3:59

Marks, Seth, 1:2:18 Marsh, Fred Dana, 1 :3 :68 Marshall Plan

Paris office, 1 :4:68il. Martin, Homer, 2:3:43-44, 5:4:25-33 passim., 5:4:26il.

and Lovestonites, 5:4:26-28 and occupational safety and health, 3: 1 : 64

Martin, James A., 3: 3: 3 6il. Martinsburg B & 0 Railroad Roadhouses and Shop Complex, Martinsburg, WV,

6:4:62 Marx and Haas Clothing Company, St. Louis, 4:4:36il. Mason, Lucy Randolph, 3:2:59-60, 6:1:58-59, 6:3:2lil., 6:3 :24-39,

6:3 :26il. author:

The Churches and Labor Unions (1945), 6: 1:58 & il. Standards for Workers in Southern Industry, 6:3:24il.

and black workers, 6:3:27-29 and cotton textile industry, 6:3 :24-27 and NRA (National), 6:3:25il. and textile workers, 6:3:24-26, 6:3:35 and women workers, 6:3:30-31

Masonry Institute, International, 8:4:39 Masons, 1:3:35il.

strikes: Cuba (1899), 6:4:7

Mass media, 9:4:28 . see also Labor media Mass meetings

Boston seamen (1808), 2:4:13 Northeastern seamen (1808), 2:4:12-13 NYC seamen (1808), 2:4:9-10 Philadelphia seamen (1808), 2:4 :13-14

Mass transit see Streetcars

Massachusetts Bureau of Labor Statistics (BLS) formation, 4:3:8 report (1875), 4:3 :6-21 passim.

conclusions, 4: 3 : 19 methods, 4:3:12-15

Massachusetts Consumers League, 6:3 :26-39 passim. Massachusetts Federation of Labor, 1 : 2: 3 5, 5 :4 :44

Mast, Fred, 1: 1 :4il. Mastex Industries, Holyoke, MA, 6:3: lil., 6:3 :50-5 lil. Match-makers

Gilded Age, 4:3:80il. Matejka, Michael G.

author: "Cooperative Local History Project," 1: 1 :22-23 author: "Shops' Whistle a Workers' Monument," 1: 1: 18-19

Mather Mine Disaster Monument, Mather, PA, 6:4:59 Mattress workers, 2: 1: 3 8, 2: 1 : 40 May Day, 7:4:28-41

and drinking, 7:4:34 as family celebration, 7:4:33-34 as fundraising event, 7 :4: 3 9 and immigrant workers, 7: 4: 3 0 observances

by Italian workers, 7:4:28il., 7:4:29il. in Barre, VT (ca. 1905), 7:4:36il. in Haledon, NJ (ca. 1915), 7:4:40il. in WV (1905), 7:4:28il., 7:4:29il. in WV (ca. 1905), 7:4:37il., 7:4:39il.

in Italy (1980), 7:4:3 lil. by multi-ethnic groups, 7:4:32 in Paterson, NJ, 7:4:32

origins, 7:4:29-30 origins of, 1 :2:62 and political speeches, 7:4:34 publications, 7 :4 :41 il. role in political education, 7:4:31 and strikes, 7: 4: 3 8 work abstention on, 7:4:35-36

May First -- Emigrants by Pietro Gori, 7:4:32-33il. McAdoo, William Gibbs, 6: I :62-63il., 6: 1 :67-69, 6: 1 :68il. Mccane, S.B., 6: I :55 McCarl, Robert, 1:3 :66il. McCollester, Charles J.

author: "Turtle Creek Fights Taylorism: The Westinghouse Strike of 1914," 4:2:4-27

McCormick, Cyrus, I, 4: 1 :7 McCormick, Cyrus, II, 4: 1 : 7-11, 4: 1: Sil. McCormick, Harold

and company unions, 4: 1 : 6-7 McCormick Club House, Chicago, 4: 1: 11 McCormick Tractor Works, Chicago, 4:1:4-5il.

Assembly line photo (1935), 4:1:26il.

photo (ca. 1930), 4 :1:24-25il. Departmental Quality Contest (1929), 4: 1:23il. Works Council, 4: I: 13-26 passim.

McCormick Works, Chicago, 4: I :6-7il., 4: I: 12-13il. Assembly lines (ca. 1920), 4: I: I 6-17il. Forge Shop (ca. 1920), 4:1:15il. foundry (ca. 1920), 4: I : I 0-11 ii. Works Council, 4: I: 13-25 passim.

September 1927, 4 :1:14il. McCoy, Thomas P., 3:2:35-38 passim. McCoy Stadium, Pawtucket, RI, 3:2:37il. McCraith, August, I: I :69il. McCrea, Ed, 4: I: 60il., 4: I : 61 ii. McDevitt, Jim, 4 :4: 7 McDonald, David, 9:4:74 McDonald, Duncan, 3:4:50 McDonald David, 9:4:62il. McDowell, Mary, 3:3:28, 3:3:29il. McGhee, Roy, 3: I :68il. McGuire, Peter J., 4:3:8, 9:1:48, 9:1:48il., 9:1:54 McGuire (Peter) Memorial, Pennsauken, NJ, 6:4 :59 McGurty, Lawrence, 4: I: 61 ii. Mcintyre Mine Disaster Monument, Mcintyre, PA, 6:4:59 McKinley, William

presidential campaigns of 1896, 8:1:28 of 1900, 8:1:27, 8:1:28il., 8:1:36

presidential election of 1900, 1:3:38il, 1:3:40, 3:1:6 McLean, Lachland, 1: 1 :72 McMath, Robert C. Jr., "History by a Graveyard: The Fulton Bag and Cotton

Mills Records," 1:2:4-9 McMurphy, George E., 3:3:53, 3:3:56 McNeill, George E., 1:2:61il., 1:2:62 McNeill, George F., 4:3:8 McFarlan, James, 5:2:66il., 5:2:69il. Meacham, Stewart, 8:4:76 Meany, George, 1:4:69-70, 2:4:34-35, 5:4:54il., 6:2:75il., 7:4: 12, 7:4: 17,

7:4:60-62 at AFL-CIO constitutional convention, 9:3:31il. commemorative stamp, 2:4:34-43 passim. death, 2:4:35-36 and ILGWU (Garment) strike (1958), 5:3:26, 5:3:33 and Mississippi AFL-CIO, 4:4:8-9 views:

Eisenhower, Dwight D ., 8: I :39il.

Ford Foundation, 8:4:70 Meany (George) Memorial Archives, Silver Spring, MD, 1:1:79, 4:3:32-33il.,

5:4:61-64, 6:4:52, 8:3:7-8, 8:3: 16-l 7il. conferences, 8:3 :8, 8:3 :9il., 8:3: 14il., 8:3: 14-15 exhibition: "Black Fridays: Faces from an American Dream" (1993),

5: 1 :79il. installation of entrance plaque (1987), 8:3:8il. library (1994), 8:3:7il. ties to other conserving institutions, 8:3:8

Meat cutters, 4:2:38-39il., 8:3:66-67il. Meat Cutters and Butcher Workmen ofNorth America, Amalgamated, 8:4:71 .

see Food and Commercial Workers International Union, United (UFCW) Local 563 (Los Angeles), 8:1:8, 8:1:23 Local 566 (Peoria, IL)

sources, 3 :4:50 see also Food and Commercial Workers International Union, United

Meat industry see Chicken processing industry; Packinghouse industry

Meat packers, 4:2:38-39il., 8:3:58-59il., 8:3:62-63il., 8:3:64-65il., 9:2:34il., 9:2:59il., 9:2:60-6lil., 9:2:6lil., 9:2 :66il., 9:2:68il., 9:2:68-69il.. see also Food and Commercial Workers International Union, United (UFCW)

portrayed in dramatic presentations, 9:2:62il., 9:2:62-75 passim., 9:2:63il., 9:2:70-7lil.

strikes: Hormel, Austin (1933), 9:4:35il.

wages, 9:2:63-64, 9:2:66 work conditions, 9:2:68

Meatpacking industry. see Packinghouse industry see Packinghouse industry

Mechanics, 3: 3: 9, 8: 1: 40il. images and symbols, 3 : 3 : 51 ii.

Mechanics, Junior Order of United American in Richmond, VA, 3:2:56

Mechanics and Tradesmen, General Society of, 3:3:9-11 images and symbols, 3:3:1 Oil., 3 :3: l lil., 3:3:12il.

Mechanics and Tradesmen, New York Society of, 3:3:5lil. Mechanics' Bell, 6:4:64-71, 6:4:65il., 6:4:69il., 6:4:70il., 6:4:7lil. The Mechanics Fountain (1901), San Francisco, 9:3:9il., 9:3:10 Meilleur, Doris Jarrett, 8:1:58, 8:1:60, 8:1:62 Memorials

see Labor landmarks "Memories oriTrack: Paintings of a Railway Artist," by Mark Priest, 6:2 :30-

53 Memphis Public Works Strike (1968)

see State, County and Municipal Employees, American Federation of (AFSCME) -- Local 1733 (Memphis)

Memphis Search for Meaning Committee, 8:3:40, 8:3:56 Memphis streetfront (1939), 4:1:58-59il. Memphis Strike of 1968 Monument, Memphis, TN, 6:4:59 Memphis Trades and Labor Council, 4: 1 :53 Men and Religion Forward Movement

in Atlanta, 1 :2:9 and Fulton Bag and Cotton Mills Strike (1914-15), 1:2:11-29 passim.

Mendelson, Drew, 9:4:35-37, 9:4:38il. Mendoza, Hope, 8: 1:8-22 passim., 8: 1:2lil., 8: 1:22il. Mendoza, Nora Chapa

author: 11 Trabajo de la Tierra -- Work of the Land: Images of the Migrant Worker," 7:2:35-55

paintings: Box Car Housing, 7:2:53il. Breaking Chains 11, 1960-1970, 7:2:42-43il. Campesino, 7:2:cover, 7:2:40il. Casa de Verano, 7:2:52-53il. Child Labor, 7:2:34-35il. Cultivating, 7:2:54-55il. El Cortito II, 7:2:46-47il. Employment Agency, 7:2:45il. Foreign Workers and Control, 1942-1950, 7:2:49il. Grapes (Wrath of Grapes), 7:2:41il. Lured to the North, 7:2:50-51il. Meandering Stream, 7:2:38-39il. Mexican Entry, 1917-1929, 7:2:80il. Migrant Condos, 7:2: lil. Operation Farmlift, 7:2:36-37il. Pecan-Shelling Industry, 7:2:48il. Women, 7:2:44-45il.

Menes, Robert, 9:3:42il. 11A Mennonite Woman in 'Thanksgiving Town': Edith Swartzendruber Nisly's

Work Experience, 1935-1941, 11 by Hope Nisly, 3:1:24-33, 48-53 Mennonites, 3:1:26-33, 3:1:48-53, 3:1:5lil.

church, 3: 1 :27il. Merchant marines

see Maritime workers Merchant Taylors Company, London, 3 :3 :6il. Mercury poisoning

and Danbury (CT) hatters, 2:3: 16-17il. and hat making, 2:3 :6-20 and New Deal, 2:3:16 symptoms, 2:3:14il., 2:3 :15

treatment, 2:3: 10 and voluntarism, 2: 3 : 18

Merrimack Mill, Lowell, MA, 8:2:6lil. (ca. 1910), 8:2:77il. map (1912), 8:2:59il.

Mesaba Park, St. Louis County, MN, 6:4:62 Mesabi and Vermilion Ranges, MN

Ely, MN (ca. 1940), 5: 1:68-69il. map, 5: I :65il.

The Messenger, 4:3:25il. Messengers, 7: 2: 22il. Metal bed workers, 2: 1 :38 Metal Trades Council

in MS, 4:4: 17-18 Metal workers, 6:3 :48il.

(ca. 1940), 4:2:79il. images and symbols, 1 :2:39il. landmarks, 6:4:42-43il.

Metos, Chris S., 6:4:44il. Metropolitan Community Center, Chicago (1923), 3:3:27il. Mexican American workers

celebrations, 8: 1: 23 and civil rights, 8: 1 : 15 impact ofExecutive Order 8802 (1941), 8:1:10 in Los Angeles, 8: 1 : 6-23

celebrations, 8: 1 :6, 8: 1:7il., 8: 1: 16, 8: 1: l 7il., 8: 1: 18, 8: 1: 18il., 8: 1: 19il.

impact of 1948 elections, 8:1:16 impact of Communist purges (1949-50), 8:1:21

politicization of, 8:1:4-5il., 8:1:6-25 passim., 8:1:18 Michelson, Clarina, 8:4:60, 8:4:66 Michigan Federation of Labor, 5:4:33

and junior unions, 5: 1:30-31 Michigan Lumberman's Memorial, Tawes City, MI, 6:4:59 Micromotion study, 7:2:28, 7:2:57il.

and disabled workers, 7 :2:57il. "pure motions," 7:2:33 Simultaneous Motion Cycle Chart, 7:2:56 see also Cyclegraphs, Time-motion photographs

Middle class. see "Capital vs. labor" films; Clerical workers; Office workers

Migrant workers, 2:4:50-51, 2:4:51il., 2:4:53il., 7:2:34-35il., 7:2:36-37il., 7:2:38-39il., 7:2:40il, 7:2:4lil., 7:2:42-43il., 7:2:46-47il., 7:2:48il., 7 :2:49il., 7:2 :50-5lil., 7:2:54-55il.. see Itinerant laborers

living conditions, 7:2: lil., 7:2:52-53il., 7:2:53il. sources, 1: 1:74 see also Agricultural workers; individual unions

Miles, Charles A., 1 :2: lOil. , 1:2:13-31 passim. Miley (J. Frank) Gravesite, Morgantown, WV, 6:4:59 Milian, Francisco, 5: 1 : 16-18 Militias, 7: 1: 52-63

in Great Strike of 1877, 8:4: l 7il. see also Houston Light Guard see also National Guard

"The Mill Was Made of Marble," 9:3 :30-37 passim., 9:3:35il. Mill workers

African-Americans, 2:2:9il. inMA(1875), 4:3:13 on picket, 2:2:4il.

Miller, Fannie, 3: 1 :24il. Miller, Henry, 3:4:6-7il., 3:4:8il., 3:4:8-13 passim. Miller, S., 9:1:18il. Miller, Sally M.

author: "Different Accents ofLabor, 11 2:3:62-75 Millinery Workers Union

Dallas, 5 :4: 6 Mills, John C., 3:3:24-25il., 3:3:27, 3:3:37il., 3:3:37-38, 3:3:43il. Mills, Lorraine, 5:4:50il. Millsfield (OH) Mine Disaster, 5:2:50 Millwrights, 6:3:46-47il., 9:3:43il. Milwaukee Industrial Union Council, 6:1 :13 Mine, Mill and Smelter Workers, International Union of (IUMMSW), 2:3:34,

5: 1:69 hard rock mining, 6:2:20 landmarks, 6:4:63 Local 700 (Los Angeles), 8:1:8, 8:1:20 Local 890 (Bayard, NM), 1: 1 :70il. in Los Angeles

Communist purges (1949-50), 8:1:21 sources, 1: 1:68-71 union organization, 5: I : 64-65 see also Miners, Western Federation of (WFM)

Mine Safety and Health Administration sources, 3 :2:68

Mine workers, 1 :3 :66il., 2: 1: lil. images and symbols, 1: 1 :70il., I : I :72il., 1: 1:72-74, 1: 1:73il.

Mine Workers of America, Progressive (PMW A) Local 3 5 (IL)

landmarks, 6:4:36 & ii., 6:4:38

sources, 3 :3 :66 Mine Workers of America, United (UMWA), 2:3:33-34, 4:4:36, 5:2:31, 5:2:50,

6:2:67-68, 6:2:68il., 6:2:69-70, 7: 1:9il., 7: 1 :24, 8:4:68, 9:3 :8 in Beckley, WV, 7: 1 :24 in Brookside, CO, 1:4: 11 and Brookwood Labor College, 2:2:29, 2:2 :35 and company store, 2: 1:20 and convict-lease system, 7:2:64, 7:2 :65, 7:2:67-68 District 5 (Colliers, WV), 4:4:40

monument to Fannie Sellins, 4:4:35il. District 15, 1:4: 15il. District 29 (Beckley, WV), 3:3:68 District 3 1 (Morgantown, WV)

landmarks, 6:4:59 District Convention

Trinidad, CO (Sept. 1913), 1:4:12il. and factory inspection laws, 3 : 1 : 64 in IL

sources, 3:4:50-53 passim. and imprisonment of Fannie Sellins (1914), 4:4:41il., 4:4:42il. landmarks, 6:4:36, 6:4:58-61, 6:4:63 in Livingston, IL

and UGWA (Garment), 4:4:36 Local 7 (Panther Valley Region, PA), 9:4:54 Local 9 (Panther Valley Region, PA), 9:4:54 Local 728 (Virden, IL), 6:4:36 Local 1572 (Lanscoal, PA), 9:4:56 Local 4010 (Owings, WV), 3:3:74-75il. Local 6046 (Lochgelly, WV), 3 :3 :68 Local 6363, 9:2:36 Ludlow Massacre (1914), 1:4:4-5il., 1:4:18-21, 1:4:21, 1 :4:21il.,

1 :4:23il., 6: 1 :66, 6:2: 19, 6:4:28 landmarks, 6:4:3 lil., 6:4:59, 6:4:62 represented in film, 9:3 :68il., 9:3 :68-70, 9:3 :69il., 9:3 :?Oil.

Ludlow tent colony, CO, 1:4:4-20 passim., 1:4:12-13il., 1:4:19il. membership

1930s, 2:2:24 as model for SWOC (Steel), 9:4:62 and NIRA (National), 5:2:6, 5:2:10 and occupational safety and health, 3: 1 : 5 8-7 6 passim. in Panther Valley Region, PA, 9:4:58 parades:

Shenandoah, PA (1902), 7:3:8il. Wilkes-Barre, PA (1905), 7:3:4-5il., 7:3:8il.

and presidential campaigns, 8: 1 : 1 il.

retirement funds, 3:3 :68il., 3:3:68-69il. songs, 7:3:4, 7:3:6, 7:3:9il., 7:3: 15 strike assistance

silk workers in PA (early 1900s), 7:3:11-12, 7:3:14 strikes:

in AL (1890s), 7:2:67-68 Allegheny and Kiskiminetas River Valleys, PA (1917), 4:4:42 Allegheny Coal, PA (1919), 4:4:43 Anthracite Coal (1902), 6:1:64, 6:1:65il., 6:2:19, 7:3 :6, 7:3:17

unifying effect of, 7: 3 : 8-10 Anthracite Coal Strike of 1902, 3: 1:4-23, 3: 1: 14-15il. Blair Mountain, WV (1921), 6:4:56 Colorado Fuel and Iron Strike (1913-14), 1:4:4-21, 1:4:4-23il. Colorado Fuel and Iron Strike (1913-1914), 6:2:19 Hitchman Coal and Coke Company, Wheeling, WV (1907), 4:4:39-41 Matewan, WV

landmarks, 6:4:58 northeastern PA (1900-1902), 7:3:10 Pittston Strike (1989)

South Clinchfield, VA, 4:2:52-53il. Virden, IL (1898), 6:4:36, 6:4:56, 6:4:63

landmarks, 6:4:36 & il., 6:4:38 West Virginia-Pittsburgh Company, Colliers, WV (1913-14), 4:4:39-41

Sunshine Mine Disaster, ID (1972), 6:4:28, 6:4:3 lil. and SWOC (Steel), 5:1:69, 5:2:16-18, 5:2:24, 9:4:75 and UGWA (Garment), 4:4:36-47 passim. union organization, 6:1:54-55, 6:1:57 Welfare and Retirement Fund

sources, 1 : 1 : 72 and workers' health insurance, 5:2:36 and World War I, 4:4:43 in WV

sources, 3: 3: 64 union organization, 3:3:64, 3:3:65il.

Miners, 3:1:12-13il., 3:1:22il., 3:3 :54-55il., 3:3:67il., 5:2:49il., 5:2:56-57il., 6:4:44-45il., 7: 1 :22, 7: 1:24-26, 9:2:32-47 passim., 9:4:49il., 9:4:50il., 9:4:51il., 9:4:52-53il.

1930s, 5:2:54il. anthracite, 3 : 1 : 5 7 il. in Appalachia

(1962), 7:l:lil., 7:1:23il. (1981), 7: 1:30-3 lil.

Bisbee Deportation, AZ (1917), 6:4:57, 9:3:71 bituminous coal

strikes:

1919, 6:1:68 Castle Gate mine explosion, UT (1924), 6:4:44-45il., 6:4:46 in China (1986), 7:1 :40-4lil. coal, 9:2:38il., 9:2:39il., 9:2:40il., 9:2:46il. Coal Employment Project (1980s), 8:4:77il. coal towns, 9:2:33il. and convict-lease system, 7:2:64-65il., 7:2:64-75 in Cuba (1989), 7:1:28il., 7:1:46il. in Czechoslovakia (1990), 7:1:29il., 7:1:50-51il. dress, 7: 1:32il. families, 7:1:27il., 7:1:39il., 7:1:44il., 7:1:47il., 7:1:48il.,

7:1:5lil. family economy of, 7:3 :6, 7:3: 15-20 in film, 9:3:61, 9:3 :68-69, 9:3:69il. following lay-offs, 9:4 :56-57 inFrance(early 1980s), 7:l:cover, 7:1 :24il., 7:1:32-33ils. in Germany (1984), 7: 1 :28il., 7: 1 :38-39il. Huddleston Mine, Potts Valley, VA, 6:2: lil. images and symbols, 5:1:48-49, 5:1:49-5lils. images and symbols of, 9:2:cover, 9:2:33il., 9:2:37il., 9:2:38il.,

9:2:39il., 9:2:40il., 9:2:4lil., 9:2:42il., 9:2:43il., 9:2:44il., 9:2:46il., 9:2:47il., 9:2:80

and industrial unionism, 2:3 :24 iron, 5: 1:62-77, 5: 1:66-67il.

work conditions, 5: 1:62-63il., 5: 1:66-67il., 5: 1 :77il. jack leggers, 9:2:47il. landmarks, 6:4:44-45il., 6:4:49il., 6:4:49-50, 6:4:80il. leisure, 7: 1:26, 7: 1:29il., 9:4:50-51, 9:4:56il. living conditions, 6:2 :13, 6:2:18il. Los Angeles Aqueduct, 6:2:4-5il., 6:2: 12il. and May Day, 7:4:32, 7:4:36 in Mexico (1988), 7: 1:42-43ils., 7: 1 :44-45ils., 7: 1 :77il. monuments, 7: 1 :45il. paintings:

in Jerome, AZ (1937), 7:3 :40-4lil., 7:3:44-45il., 7:3:52il. in Morgantown, WV (1942), 7:3:44, 7:3 :53il.

Phelps Dodge, Bisbee, AZ (ca. 1910), 6:2:11il., 6:2:2lil. poetry, 7:3:4, 7:3 :6, 7:3:15 and scientific management, 6:2:13-16 in Scotland (1982), 7: 1:25il., 7: 1:28il., 7: 1:34-35il., 7: 1:80il. in Silver City, ID (1900), 2:3:22-23il. sources, 3:2:68, 3:3:64-69 in Spain (1983), 7: 1 :36-37ils., 7: 1 :74il. strikes:

Coeur d'Alene, ID (1892), 2:3:25, 8:4:32

Columbine Massacre, Lafayette, CO (1927), 6:4 :57 Cripple Creek, CO (1894), 2:3:25, 2:3:28 IL (1919), 1:2:68 Leadville, CO (1880), 2:3:24 Panther Valley Region, PA

(1926), 9:4:51 (ca. 1938), 9:4:54

wildcat: Pittsburgh ( 1909), 3: 1: 5 8

Wilder, TN (1933), 5: 1:28-34 passim. and children's clubs, 5: 1:34

WV (1922), 8:4:60-61 union organization, 2:3 :24 in UT, 9:2:cover, 9:2:37il., 9:2:46il. wages, 6:2:l0-l6passim., 9:4:54 work conditions, 9:4:54 in WV, 3 :3 :62-63il., 3 :3 :64, 3 :3 :70-71il., 9:2:40il. in Zimbabwe (1989), 7: 1 :27il., 7: 1 :48-49ils., 7: 1 :65il.

Miners,' Mechanics,' and Laborers' Protective Association see Miners Union, Cooperative

Miners, Western Federation of (WFM), 2:3:22-36, 6: 1 :71, 6:2:4-21, 6:4:57 and AFL, 2:3:27, 6:2:14

re-merger (1911), 2:3:34 Arizona State Union (ASU), 6:2:6 and assassination of Frank Steunenberg, 2:3 :31, 6: 1:71 Coeur d'Alene, ID (1899), 2:3 :30-31 criminal activities, 2: 3: 31 il. Cripple Creek, CO (1903-1904), 2:3:28, 2:3:29il., 2:3:30 District 5, 2:3 :30 and eight hour movement, 2:3:27-28 Executive Board (1901-1902), 2:3:26il. foundation (1893), 2:3 :25 industrial unionism of, 2:3:27 and labor espionage, 5:2:67il., 6:2:7-20 passim., 6:2:16-20 landmarks, 6:4:59-61 Local 16 (Great Falls, MT), 1 : 1 : 69 Local 137 (Troy), 6:2: 13 Local 266 (Franklin Furnace, New Jersey Zinc), 6:2:16 Local 267 (Perth Amboy, NJ), 6:2: 15 Local 268 (Wharton, NJ)

strikes: Empire Steel and Iron Works, Mount Hope, NJ (1913), 6:2:15il.,

6:2:18, 6:2:20 Richard Iron Mine, Thomas Mining Corporation, Wharton, NJ (1913),

6:2: 15-18 passim.

Miner's Magazine, 6:2:20 correspondence logo (1911), 6:2:20il.

and politics, 6:2 :14-15 poster, 2:3:30il. in Silver City, ID, 2:3 :26 sources, 1: 1:68-71 strikes:

Coeur d'Alene, ID (1899), 2:3:30-31 Cripple Creek, CO (1894), 2:3 :25 Cripple Creek, CO (1903-04), 2:3 :28-30, 2:3:29il. Los Angeles Aqueduct (1910-11 ), 6: 2: 13-15 Mesabi Range, MN (1907), 5: 1 :64 Phelps Dodge, Bisbee, AZ (1907), 6:2:10, 6:2:19

union organization, 6:2 :6-21 in AZ, 6:2:7-13 of southern workers, 6:2:20

Union-at-Large (UAL), 6:2: 13 see also Mine, Mill, and Smelter Workers, International Union of

(IUMMSW) Miners Mound Plaque, Negaunee, MI, 6:4:59 Miners of America, Progressive (PMA), 2:2:35

sources, 3:3:66 Miners' Union, Butte, 6:4 :57, 6:4:61 Miners Union, Cooperative, 2:3 :24 Miners Union, National (NMU), 3:3:66 Minimum wage laws, 6:3:22, 6:3:24il.

see also National Recovery Administration (NRA) Mining industry, 5:2:79il., 9:4:49il., 9:4:55-56

coke ovens, 7:2:70il. Mount Hope mine power house (ca. 1910), 6:2: l 6-l 7il.

Minneapolis Labor Review, 9:4:30, 9:4:32 Minnesota Central Labor Union, 9:4:32 Minnesota Farmer Labor groups, 7:2:10 Minnesota Farmer-Labor Party, 9:4:30-32 Minnesota Federation of Labor, 9:4:30 Minnesota Historical Society, 9:4:40-41, 9:4:43 Minnesota Union Advocate. see St. Paul Union Advocate Miranda, Guillermo, 9: 1: lil. Mississippi AFL-CIO

and civil rights, 4 :4: 4-19 and presidential election of 1964, 4: 4: 11-12 and right-to-work laws, 4:4:6-7 State Council, 4:4:6-12 passim.

executive board, 4:4:6il., 4:4: 10 and Program of Progress (1960), 4:4:7-8

and voter registration drives, 4: 4: 12-19 passim. Mississippi Democratic Conference

and Mississippi AFL-CIO, 4 :4:14 Mississippi Freedom Democratic Party (MFDP), 4:4:14, 4:4:19 Mississippi Freedom School (1964), 5:3:27il. Mississippi Voter Registration and Education League (MVREL), 4:4: 15 Mr. Block, 9:4:42il. Mr. Logan, US.A. (1918), 9:3:71 Mitchell, John, 3:1:6il., 3:1:10-llil., 3:1:20il.

and Anthracite Coal Strike (1902), 3:1 :6-23, 7:3:6, 7:3:8-10 John Mitchell Day, 7:3 : 10 parades:

UMWA(Mine) (1902), 7:3 :8il. (1905), 7 :3:4-5il., 7:3 :8il.

and workers in northeastern PA, 7: 3 : 10-11 Mitchell, John M., 8: 1: lil. Mitchell (John) Monument, Scranton, PA, 6:4:59 Mlotek, Joseph, 3:4:49 Mob violence

in Puerto Rican labor movement, 6: 4: 14-16 Modern School, Stelton, NJ, 8:4:62 "Modern Times" (1936), 1:3:cover, 1:3:42 Molders Union of North America, International

in WI, 1:4:49 Mollahan Mills, Newberry, SC, 3 :2:66-67il. "The Molloy Collection," by Harry R. Rubenstein, 2:2:65 Molly Maguires, 5:2:64, 5:2:66il.

images and symbols, 5: 1:48-49, 5: 1:50-5 lil. Molony, Joe, 9:3:37 Money (1915), 9:3:63, 9:3:66 Monongah (WV) Mine Explosion (Dec. 1907), 3:3:67 & il. Monroe, Jimie, 8: 1 : 11 il. Montgomery, David, 5:3 :13-19 passim., 5:3:14il. Monuments

see Labor landmarks Mooney, Fannie

see Sellins, Fannie Mooney, Fred, 3:3:64-65 Mooney, Tom, 1 :2:72il. Moore, Charles, 9:3 :10-13 Moral Rearmament (MRA), 6 :2:72 Moreno, Luisa, 8:1:6, 8:1:22 Morgan, Ed, 6:3 :72 & il. Morgan, Joe, 3:2:38-39, 3:2:39il.

Morgan, J.P., 3:1:11-20passim., 3:1:17il. Morgan Lithography Plant, Cleveland, OH, 2: 1: 80il. Mormino, Gary R.

author: "'The Reader Lights the Candle': Cuban and Florida Cigar Workers' Oral Tradition," 5:1:4-27

Morrison, Frank, 6:4: 14, 9: 1:20-2lil., 9: 1 :50 sources, 5:4:61-64

Morrissey, John, 9:2:16 Mother Jones

see Jones, Mary Harris "Mother" Motion picture industry

early years, 9:3 :58-59il., 9:3:60, 9:3:60il., 9:3:77il. and militant labor. see "Capital vs. labor" films and Red Scare. see Red Scare era films

Motion study see Micromotion study

Moyer, Charles, 2:3 :26il., 2:3:32il., 2:3:34, 6:2:20-21 and assassination of Frank Steunenberg, 2 :3 :31-32, 6 : 1 :71 and Cripple Creek, CO strike, 2:3:28, 2:3 :30

Mule drivers, 9:4:54. see also Miners Mulford, Jennifer, 9: 3: 51 il. Mullaney, Martin, 5:3:56-57, 5:3:62

headstone, 5:3:56il. Mullaney (Kate) House, Troy, NY, 6:4:59, 6:4:62 Mullen, William, 3:2:54-56 Mulligan, James A., 6 : 3 : l 2il. Muni, Paul, 3:4:23il. Munitions industries

World War II, 2: 1 :26 Munitions workers

World War I and women, 4: 1 :33 & il.

World War II, 1:3:80il. and blacks, 1 : 3 : 60-64 inspectors, 3 : 1 : 1 ii. and women, 1:1:59il., 4:1:39-41

Munley, Kathleen Purcell author: "Shopfloor Memories of Organizing Bethlehem Steel, 1936-1942,"

9:4:60-77 Murphy, Frank, 7:1:7, 7:1:12-15 passim., 7:1:13il. Murphy (John) Memorial, Denver, CO, 6:4:59 Murray, James E., 5:2:30il., 5:2 :31-44 passim.

see also Murray-Wagner-Dingell Bill Murray, Philip, 1:1:51, 2:3:42, 2:4:30, 4:2:28, 5:1:70il., 5:1:74il.,

5:2:38, 6:2:66il., 6:2:67-68, 6:2:70il., 7:3:74il., 9:4:62il., 9:4:66,

9:4:74, 9 :4:75 appointment as SWOC (Steel) chairman, 9:4:62 and company unions, 9:2:54 and Esther Peterson, 5:4:50-56 passim. and steel workers, 5:2:10-20 passim. and UE (Electrical), 7:4 :56

Murray (Philip) Bridge, Canonsburg, PA, 6:4:59 Murray-Wagner-Dingell Bill (National health insurance legislation), 5:2:32-

44 passim. Murrow, Edward R., 9:4:24 Murtha, Donald, 7:4:2lil. Museums. see Exhibitions Musicgals, 8: 1 :55il.

see also Whyte's Musical Sweethearts, Virgil Musicians

acceptance as "real" musicians, 8:1:51, 8:1:53, 8:1:56-58 blacks, 8:1:53, 8:1:55, 8:1:56il., 8:1:57-59 images of, 8:1:46il., 8:1:47il., 8:1:49il., 8:1:50il., 8:1:51il.,

8: 1:52il., 8: 1:53il., 8: 1: 54il., 8: 1:55il., 8: 1: 56il., 8: 1: 57il., 8:1:58il., 8:1:60il., 8:1:61il., 8:1:62il., 8:1:63il., 8:1:66il.

wage equity, 8:1:56-57 women

images of, 8: 1:46-66 relations with men, 8: 1 :48-66 sexualization and feminization of, 8: 1 :56-66 during World War II, 8: 1 : 46-66

Musicians, AmericanFederationof(AFM), 8:1:48, 8:1:50 Local 142 (WV), 3:3 :73 Local 680 (Elkhorn, NJ)

membership card, 8: 1:58il. Musicians' Mutual Protective Union

Tacoma, WA, 3:3:58il., 3:3:59 Muste, A.J., 2:2:26 Muster, Morris, 2 : 1 :48il. Musuraca, Michael

author: "The 'Celebration Begins at Midnight' : Irish Immigrants and the Celebration of Bunker Hill Day," 2:3:48-61

N Nadel, Stanley

author, "Those Who Would Be Free: The Eight-Hour Day Strikes of 1872," 2:2:72

Nahas, Kennedy, 2:3:16 Nast, Thomas, 1:3:38 & ii.

drawings: Content is Happiness (1871), 4 :3:6il.

National Association for the Advancement of Colored People (NAACP), 3:3:29, 8:3:53, 8:4:66, 8:4:76

and labor movement, 4: 1 : 64-65 in Memphis (1969), 4: 1 :62-63il.

in MS, 4:4:4-19 passim. support of Oakland General Strike (1946), 8:2:8

National Association for the Advancement of Colored People (NAACP) Legal Defense Fund, 8:4:76

National Association of Manufacturers (NAM) images and symbols, 7:3:74il. views:

NLRA (National), 2:2:54 National Association of Mexican Americans, 8: 1 : 18 National Bureau of Economic Research, 8:4:67 National Campaign to Organize Women Workers, 1 :2:8 National Child Labor Committee, 1:3:6, 6:1:24 National Citizens Committee for the Defense of Academic Freedom at St.

John's University, 9:2:7il., 9:2: 14 National Civic Federation, 9:2:22. see also Welfare capitalism National Civic Federation (NCF), 3: 1:6, 3: 1:9 National Consumers' League, 9:4: 13

clothing labels, 9:4: Bil. National Consumers League (NCL), 5:4:43, 6:3:20-39

and black workers, 6:3:27-30 and Equal Rights Amendment, 6: 3: 3 5 and Fair Labor Standards Act, 6:3:35 and NRA (National), 6:3 :25-36

compliance, 6:3 :32il. Section 7a, 6:3:35

and NWP (National), 6:3 :22, 6:3 :30-31 and Frances Perkins, 6:3:22, 6:3:25 and racial discrimination, 6:3 :25-30 and Eleanor Roosevelt, 6:3 :25 & il. and Franklin D. Roosevelt, 6:3:22-24 and state labor departments, 6:3 :34 and unorganized workers, 6:3 :33 and wages, 6:3:25-33 and women workers, 6:3 :30-33

National Education Association (NEA), 7:2:8, 7:2: 1 lil., 7:2: 16, 9:2: 18 Department of Classroom Teachers, 7:2:10 and teacher welfare issues, 7:2: 11

National Farmers' Memorial, Bonner Springs, KS, 6:4:59 National Farmworkers Service Centers, 8:4:72, 8:4:74il. National Guard

during strikes

Memphis sanitation (1968), 8:3:57il. Pullman (1894), 8:4:18, 8:4:2lil., 8:4:22, 8:4 :27il.

see also Militias National health insurance, 5:2:28-45 National Housing Act, 1 :4:68 National Industrial Recovery Act (NIRA), 9:2:49-50

and labor espionage, 5:2:47 Section 7(a), 6:1:67, 6:1:71, 6:3:25-35 passim., 8:4:64, 9:2:49-50,

9:3 :7 enforcement of, 2:2:45 workers' views, 2:2:46-53 passim.

National Industrial Recreation Association, 6: 1 :6, 6: 1: 12 National Labor Board (NLB)

see National Industrial Recovery Act (NIRA) -- Section 7(a) National Labor Relations Act (NLRA) of 1935, 1 :2:47, 2:2:45, 2:2:48,

6:1:67-73 passim., 9:2:16, 9:3:7-8 employers' views, 2:2:49il., 2:2:50il., 2:2:50-54, 2:2:52il. and labor espionage, 5:2:74-76 and professionals, 9: 2: 18-19 and steel industry, 5:2: 12-25 and union elections (1937), 5:2:23il., 5:2:24il., 5:2:26il. and universities, 9: 2: 18 and wildcat strikes, 3: 1 :69 workers' views, 2:2:49il., 2:2:50il., 2:2:54

National Labor Relations Board (NLRB), 1 :3:25-29 passim., 7:4:62 election River Rouge Ford, Dearborn, MI (1944), 2:4 :80il.

and WLRB (Wisconsin), 1 :4:54-55 see also National Labor Relations Act (NLRA) of 1935

National Labor Union (NLU), 3:2:53, 4:3:8, 6:4:35, 6:4:60, 9:4:28 establishment, 2:2:72

National Maritime Union (NMU), 3:2:12 National Museum of American History, Smithsonian Institution, 9:4:7 National Negro Congress (NNC), 4:3:27 National Organization of Women (NOW)

relations with labor movement, 1: 1 :58 National Park Service Theme Study in American Labor History, 6:4:54 "National Park Service Theme Study ofLabor Landmarks," 6:4:61-63 National Recovery Administration (NRA), 6:3 :24-36

and black workers, 6:3:27-30 Blue Eagle, 6:3 :23il. and child labor code, 1:3:4-19 passim.

newspaperboys' views, 1:3:9-17 passim., 1:3:14il. Compliance Division, 6:3:32il., 6:3 :33-34 images and symbols, 6:3 :23il., 6:3 :27il., 6:3 :28il., 6:3 :33il.

and NCL (National), 6:3 :24-36 and representation, 6:3 :27-30 sources, 1:3:7, 3:2:70 and state labor departments, 6:3 :34 and wages, 6:3:25 Woman's Advisory Committee, 6:3:21il. and women workers, 6:3:30-33 see also National Labor Relations Act (NLRA) of 1935

National Service School, Women's Naval Center, Washington, 4: 1 :35il. National Silk Dye Company, East Paterson, NJ, 2:2:4il. National Urban League, 3 :3 :29

see also Labor Apprenticeship and Education Program (LEAP) National Woman's Party (NWP)

and NCL (National), 6:3:22 and women's wages, 6:3 :30-31

National Women's Trade Union League (WTUL) see Women's Trade Union League (WTUL)

National Youth Administration job training, 3 :3 :80il.

Nationalism see Immigration

The Nation's Health: A Ten Year Program (1948), 5:2:40, 5:2:45il. Native Americans

see Navajo "Navajo Railroad Worker: My Father's Quest for the American Dream," by

Jerry Curley, 8:4:4-13 Navajo workers, 8:4:4-5il., 8:4:8il., 8:4:10-11

attitudes toward wage work, 8:4:6-7, 8:4:13 ca. 1960s, 8:4: lil. economic opportunities

following World War II, 8:4:6-7 English class, 8:4:7il. families, 8:4:6 living conditions, 8:4:7, 8:4:9 &il. railroad communities, 8:4:7, 8:4:7il., 8:4:9, 8:4:10-llil., 8:4:12il.,

8:4: 12-13 in Seligman, AZ., 8:4: 1 lil., 8:4: 12 in Witchita, Kansas (ca. 1990s ), 8 :4: l 2il.

Neagle, John painting (1826-1827), 1:2:37il.

Nearing, Scott, 8:4:66 Needletrades, Industrial and Textile Employees, Union of (UNITE), 9:4:20,

9:4:23 Neiford, Roger, 9:3:42il. Nelson, Bruce

author: "J. Vance Thompson, the Industrial Workers of the World and the Mood of Syndicalism, 1914-1921," 2:4:44-65

Nestor, Agnes, 2: 1 :69il. sources, 2: 1:68

New American Movement, 3 :3 :74 NewDeal, 1:1:49-50, 1:1:55

arts projects, 1 :3 :43-44 see also American Federation of Labor (AFL); Congress oflndustrial

Organizations (CIO); National Labor Relations Act (NLRA) of 1935; National Labor Relations Board; National Recovery Administration (NRA)

"'New Feet Under the Table:' International Harvester's Industrial Council Plan," by Toni Gilpin, 4:1:4-27

New Hampshire Federation of Labor, 6:3 :26 New Jersey Department ofLabor, 2:3:13 New Jersey Riot Act of 1902, 2:2: l lil., 2:2: 12 New labor history

see Labor history New Orleans

docks, 1: 1 :28il. union organization, 1: 1 :26-45 passim., 1: 1 :43il.

New Orleans Central Labor Union black waterfront workers, 1: 1 :39-40, 1: 1 :40il.

New Orleans Central Trades and Labor Assembly, 1: 1 :33 New Orleans Central Trades and Labor Council, 1: 1 :39 New Orleans Cotton Men's Executive Council, 1: 1 :26-36 passim. New Orleans Dock and Cotton Council, 1: 1 :26, l : 1 :40 New Republic

and Southern organizing drive (1946), 1: 1: 54 New unionism

see syndicalism "New Workers in a New World: Painting American Labor, 1830-1913," by

Judith Ayre Schomer, 3: 1 :34-47 New York Central Labor Council

and St. John's strike (1966), 9:2:12 rally, 9:2:4-5il., 9:2: 1 Oil., 9:2: llil., 9:2: 14

New York Child Labor Committee, 1:3:12 New York City

waterfront, 2:4:4-5il., 2:4:15il. New York City Assistance Society (1809), 2:4: 14 New York City Hall, 2:4:8-9il. New York City newspaper strike, 8:4:67 New York Federation of Labor, 6:4:25il. New York Mechanick Society

images and symbols (1791), 1:2:42il.

New York State Economic Council, 2:2:50 New York State Federation of Labor (AFL), 9:2:7 New York State Joint Legislative Committee, 9:2:15il. New York State School oflndustrial and Labor Relations, Cornell

University, Ithaca, 8:4:70 Newberry Library, Chicago, 6:4:54 Newport (DE) Colored School (1940), 2: 1 :33il. Newsdealers Association of Philadelphia, 1:3 :9 & ii. Newspaper Guild, 9:3:35

strikes: Portland (1959-1960), 9:3 :37

Newspaper Guild, American, 1 :2:72, 2:2:55 Newspaper Guild, Chicago

sources, 2: 1:71 strike (1938-1940), 2:1:72-73il. strike (ca. 1939), 5:3:10il.

Newspaper Guild, Detroit strikes:

(1990s), 9:4:37 Newspaper Guild, The, 8: 1 : 6

in Los Angeles, 8: 1: 10, 8: 1: 12il. Newspaperboys, 1:3:4-19, 1:3:5il., 1:3:6il., 1:3:9il., 1:3:13il.,

1:3:14il., 1:3:15il., 1:3 :16il., 1:3:17il., 1:3:19il., 6:1:30-3lil. see also Child labor

Niepold, Paul, 2:2:38il. Night work, 6:3 :30 Nilo, Doris, 8:1 :53il. "Nine to Five," 1 : 3 :4 7il. "The 1966 Strike at St. John's University: A Memoir" by Israel Kugler,

9:2:4-19 Nisly, Edith Swartzendruber, 3: 1:25il., 3: 1:26il., 3: 1 :26-33, 3: 1:27il.,

3: 1:48-53 Nisly, Hope

author: "A Mennonite Woman in 'Thanksgiving Town': Edith Swartzendruber Nisly's Work Experience, 1935-1941," 3: 1 :24-33, 3: 1:48-53

Nisly, William, 3: 1 :51-52, 3: 1:52-53il. Nixon, Richard M.

and Post Office Strike (1970), 7:4: 11-16 passim. presidential campaigns

of 1956, 8:1:38il., 8:1:39il. of 1960, 8:1:39il. of 1968, 8:1:27 of 1972, 8: 1 :27

senatorial campaign of 1948, 8: 1:22-23 No. 9 Mine Museum, PA, 9:4:59il.

Non-Partisan League, 2:4:57 Noonan, JohnF., 6:3:64-74passim. Norris, George, 6: 1 :69-71, 6: 1 :71il. Norris-LaGuardia Act of 1928, 6:1:71 Norris-LaGuardia Act of 1932, 6: 1 :71 North Alabama White Citizens' Council, Birmingham, 4:4: 12il. North Carolina Poultry Plant, Hamlet

fire (1991), 4:2:38-39il. Northern Pacific Railraod, 3:3:46il. , 3 :3:56il., 3:3:60, 3:3 :61il. Northern Pacific Wharf, Tacoma, WA, 3 :3 :57il. Northern Securities Corporation, 3: I: 10 Northwestern Sanitary Fair (May 1865), 6:3: 17il. Norton, Ed, 1:3:44 "Not Just Clothing," 9:4:24 "Not Palm Trees on Picture Postcards: Photographs of Workers in Florida,

1981-1995" by Eric Breitenbach, 7:4:42-53 "Notes From Behind the Sax Section" by Florice Whyte Kovan, 8: 1 :67 "Nothing Moved But the Tide: The Seattle General Strike of 1919," by Rob

Rosenthal, 4 :3 :36-53 Nuorteva, S., 2:3:62-63il. Nurses, 4: 1:30-31, 4: 1:3 lil., 4: 1:32il., 4:2:32-33il. "Nurses, 1960-1990," by Colleen R. Callahan, 4: 1 :32 Nutter, Kathleen Banks

author: "Organizing Women During the Progressive Era: Mary Kenney O'Sullivan and the Labor Movement," 8:3 :18-37

0 Oahu Sugar Company (January 1948), 9: 1 :39il. Oakland General Strike (1946) see Strikes -- general

"Oakland General Strike Exhibition" by Marcia Eymann, 8:2:21 Oakland Museum of California, 8:2:21il.

"'We Called it a Work Holiday': The 1946 Oakland General Strike," 8:2:21 Oakland Post Enquirer Building (1946), 8:2:18 Oakland Voters League (OVL), 8:2:20, 8:2:22-23 O'Brien Detective Agency, Newark, NJ, 6:2:54il. Occupational health and safety. see Occupational safety and health Occupational safety and health, 3:1:55-76, 5:2:51il., 5:2:56-57il.

among pile drivers, 9:3:45il. and black workers, 4: 1 :54-55 and child labor, 6: 1 :22-23il., 6: 1 :24, 6: 1 :25il. and company unions, 4: 1:21 and electrical workers, 4:2:7-8 and hat making, 2:3:6-18 passim. and radium workers, 4:2:67-75, 4:2:69il., 4:2:72il.

sources, 4:2:73

in railroad shops, 1 : 1 : 13-14 signs, 3: 1 : 5 Sil. sources, 3 :2:66-77, 3 :3 :67-68 voluntarism, 2: 3 : 18 and welfare capitalism, 9:2:26-27

Occupational Safety and Health Administration (OSHA) sources, 3:2:68, 7:4:66

Occupational Safety and Health (OSH) Act (1970), 3:1 :57-76 passim. and organized labor, 3: 1 : 68il.

Occupational unionism, 9: I: 19, 9: 1:21. see also Fraternalism O'Connor, Carroll, 1 :3 :46il. O'Connor, Julia S., 3 :4: l 5il. O'Connor, Paula

author: "Grade School Teachers Become Labor Leaders: Margaret Haley, Florence Rood, and Mary Barker of the AFT," 7:2:4-17

O'Farrell, Brigid editor:

"Union Women's Songs," 5:4:51 "'You Can't Giddyup by Saying Whoa': Esther Peterson Remembers her

Organized Labor Years, 1930-60," 5:4:38-59 Office and Professional Workers of America, United, 6:2:65 Office of War Information, 1: 1 :49 Office workers, 1:3 :46il., 7:2: l 8-19il., 9: 1:32, 9: 1:36. see also Clerical

workers in Hawai'i, 9: 1 :39il. and scientific management, 7:2:3 lil. work conditions of, 7:2:26, 7:2:28

Ohio AFL-CIO, 5:2:50 "The Ohio Labor History Project," by Dennis East, 5:2:50 Ohio Valley Trades and Labor Assembly (OVTLA), 3:3:73 Ohl, Henry, 1 :4:5 lil., 1:4:51-52 Oil, Chemical and Atomic Workers International Union ( OCA W), 1 : 1 : 71 Oil Field, Gas Well and Refinery Workers of America, International

Association of Local 234 (Chester, PA), 2:2:49-50

Oil workers, 8:2:48, 8:2:49, 8:2:50, 8:2:53, 8:2:55 Olander, Victor, 2: 1 :68il. Old Fireman's Hall, Detroit, MI, 6:4:59 Old Goose Creek Plantation (ca. 1903), 7:3:cover Old Labor Hall, Barre, VT, 6:4:62 Old Prospector Statue, Denver, CO, 2:3:25il. Old Slave Mart, Charleston, SC, 6:4:62 Olmstead, Quenby A, 2:4:79il. Olson, Bruce A

author: "Armed Elites Confront Labor: The Texas Militia and the Houston

Strikes of 1880 & 1898," 7: 1:52-63 Olson, Eugene, 9:3:39il. Olson, Martin, 9:3 :43il. Olu Dara, 8:3 :44il. O'Mahoney, John, 6:3:16il. One Big Union, 2:4:60-61 "One Thing, Then Another: Slave Children's Labor in Alabama" by Marie

Jenkins Schwartz, 7:3:22-33, 7:3:56-61 Optical Workers Union, 7: 1 :22, 7: 1 :24

strikes: Buffalo, NY (1938), 7:1:22

Oral histories Mike Sabron, 9:4:46-59

Oram, Richard author: "The City Built of Glass," 2:4:66-75

Orchard, Harry, 2:3:31-32, 2:3:33il. Orchestra Hall, Chicago, 8:4:47il. O'Reilly, Peter, 9:2:4-5il., 9:2:6, 9:2:7il., 9:2: 14-18, 9:2: 17il.,

9:2:19il. "Organized Labor and the Origins of the Occupational Safety and Health

Act," by Robert Asher, 3:1:55-76 Organizing campaigns. see also individual occupations and unions

among college professors, 9:2:6-8, 9:2:18 among janitors, 9: 1 :7 in film, 9:3:66 in steel industry, 9:2:50-55, 9:4:60-77 within sweatshops, 9 :4: 13-14

"Organizing Women During the Progressive Era: Mary Kenney O'Sullivan and the Labor Movement" by Kathleen Banks Nutter, 8:3: 18-37

Osterbind, Henry Carter, 3 :2:48il. O'Sullivan, John (Jack), 8:3:24-27

(1894), 8:3 :25il. courtship and marriage to Mary Kenney, 8:3 :24-26, 8:3 :29 death (1902), 8:3:25, 8:3:29 friendship with Samuel Gompers, 8:3:24-26 as organizer, 8:3 :26-27 and silk workers' strike (1896), 8:3 :26-27

O'Sullivan, Mary Elizabeth, 8 :3 :3 lil. O'Sullivan, Mary Kenney, 8:3:18-37, 8:3:19il.

as AFL organizer, 8:3:18, 8:3:24, 8:3:25 as bookbinder, 8:3:20-21, 8:3:23 (ca. 1885), 8:3:24il. childhood, 8:3:18, 8:3:20 children, 8:3 :29

(ca. 1903), 8:3:31il.

courtship and marriage to John O'Sullivan, 8:3:24-26, 8:3:29 factory inspector, Massachusetts State Board of Labor and Industries,

8:3:34 as founder and organizer, WTUL (Women's), 8:3:29-31, 8:3:32 as organizer, 8:3:26-27, 8:3:27-28, 8:3:28-29z progressive reformers, 8:3:32 and progressive reformers, 8:3:28, 8:3:29, 8:3:30, 8:3:33 and Railroad Strike in Keokuk, IL (1888), 8:3:23 resignation from WTUL (Women's) (1912), 8:3:33-34 and settlement house movement, 8:3:23 and silk workers' strike (1896), 8:3:26-27 views:

Lawrence Strike (1912), 8:3:34 marriage, 8: 3: 18 organization ofwomen workers, 8:3:23, 8:3:24, 8:3:26-27

and WEIU (Women's), 8:3:28 O'Sullivan, Mortimer, 8:3:3 lil. O'Sullivan, Roger, 8:3:3 lil. O'Toole, Thomas, 3: 1 :68il. Ottendorfer, Oswald, 2:2:74 Owen, Chandler, 3 :3 :30 Owens, Michael J., 2:4:7lil. Ownbey, James A., 1: 1:74 Oxford (or Beach) Telephone Exchange, Boston, 6:4:62 OyamO, 8:3:42il.

author: "I Am A Man," 8:3:54-55 "Theater Isn't Just for Sitting There: OyamO Reflects on His Play I Am

A Man," 8:3:38-53 identification with T.O. Jones, 8:3:50 laboring background, 8:3:47, 8:3:49 views:

artists, 8:3:42 labor movement, 8:3:49-50 theater, 8:3:50, 8:3:52

Oystermen, 5: 3: 80il. p

Pacheco, Enrique, 6:4: 15-16 Pacific Coast Council of Trades and Labor Federations

and Tacoma Trades Council, 3:3:57 Packard, Mel, 9:4:68 Packinghouse industry, 5:3:52, 5:3:60il., 8:3:58-59il., 8:3:60, 8:3:6lil.,

9:2:64il., 9:2:66-67il., 9:2:68il., 9:2:68-69il. (ca. 1928), 5:3:52-53il. see also Chicken processing industry

Packinghouse workers, 2:1:70, 5:3:61il., 8:3:1, 8:3:58-59il., 8:3:60, 8:3 :62-63il., 8:3 :64-65il., 8:3 :66-67il., 8:3 :68-69il.

black, 5: 3 : 54-64 passim. (ca. 1928), 5:3:50-51il. immigrant, 5:3:54-56, 5:3:62 strikes:

Chicago (1894), 5:3:52-53 Omaha, NE (1894), 5:3:52-53

union organization, 5: 3 : 5 3 women, 5:3:57-58, 5:3:58il., 5:3:62 see also Chicken processing workers; Meat cutters; Porters

Packinghouse Workers of America, United (UPWA), 5:3:62 Packinghouse Workers Organizing Committee (PWOC), 5:3:62 "The Pageant -- 1994" by students from Eastside High School, Paterson, NJ,

6:2:62-63 "The Pageant of the Paterson Strike: A Share of Life," by John Dean,

6:2:22-29, 6:2:54-61 Pageantry

see Working class Paine, Tom, 2:4:15 Painters, 1: 1: 12, 8:4:42il.

on Bronx Whitestone Bridge (1952), 1 :3: lil. Painters and Allied Trades of the United States and Canada, International

Brotherhood of see Scenic Artists, United

Painters and Decorators of America, Brotherhood of (BPDA) Local 91 (WV), 3:3:73 in Tacoma, WA, 3:3:56, 3:3:58

"Paintings of Ralph Fasanella: A Portfolio," 1:4:32-40 Paisley, Joe, 8:3:43il. Palladino, Grace

author: "Forging a National Union: Electrical Workers Confront Issues of

Craft, Race, and Gender, 1890-1902," 3:4:4-19 "Telling Labor's Story: Stuart B. Kaufman's Legacy," 8:3:4-17

Palma, Tomas Estrada, 6:4:6il. Palmer, Joab, 6:4:30, 6:4:32il. Panther Valley Deep Coal Miners, 9:4:50il. Panther Valley region, PA, 9:4:46-59 passim., 9:4:49il.. see also

Anthracite coal region -- northeastern PA after the closing of mines, 9:4:58il. closing of coal mines, 9:4:55-56

'"Papa On Parade': Pennsylvania Coal Miners' Daughters and the Silk Worker Strike of 1913" by Bonnie Stepenoff, 7:3:4-21

Paper industry, 6:3:40-41il., 6:3:42il., 6:3:45il., 6:3:46-47il.,

6:3:49il., 6:3:80il. Paper workers, 6:3 :42il., 6:3 :45il., 6:3 :46-47il., 6:3 :80il. Papermakers and Paperworkers, United (UPP), 4:4:9, 6:2:67

Local 203 (MS), 4:4 :6 Local 602 (MS), 4:4: 12 strikes: Hattiesburg, MS (ca. 1960), 4:4: 17

Paperworkers International Union, United Local 1 (Holyoke, MA), 6:3:45il., 6:3:52il.

Parades see Artisans; Labor Day; May Day; Mine Workers of America, United

(UMW A); Working class Parker, Carleton H., 2:4:48-60 passim. Parker, David L.

author: "Stolen Dreams: Portraits of the World's Working Children," 6:1:22-45

photographs: BrickMaker, Kathmandu, Nepal (1993), 6:1 :1 Brick Worker, Kathmandu, Nepal (1993), 6:1:38-39il. Carpet Weaver, Barmer, India (1994), 6: 1:43il. Carpet Weaver, Kathmandu, Nepal (1993), 6: 1 :22-23il. A Child Manufacturing Sesame Seed Oil, Jodhpur, India ( 1993), 6: 1 :22-

23il. Children Carrying Leather Goods, Dhaka, Bangladesh (1993), 6: 1:37il. Children Scavenging at a Garbage Dump, Dhaka, Bangladesh (1993),

6: 1 :33il. Fabric Printing Worker, Jodhpur, India (1993), 6: 1 :cover Garbage Picker, Juhu Beach, India (1993), 6:1:80 Leather Worker, Dhaka, Bangladesh (1993), 6:1:22-23il. Market Vendor, Mexico City, Mexico (1992), 6: 1 :28il. Newspaper Vendors, Mexico City, Mexico (1992), 6:1:30-31il. Shoeshine Boy, Tax.co, Mexico (1992), 6: 1 :45il. Street Performer, Mexico City, Mexico (1992), 6: I :40-41il. Street Vendor, Seelampur, India (1993), 6: 1:34-35il.

Parker, E .W., 3:1:18il. , 3:1:19 Parlor frame trade, 2: I :38 Parrish, Chester W., 7:4:21il. Parsons, Albert, 3 :4:50, 3 :4:5 lil. Parsons, Lucy, 3:4:50 Parsons Paper Company, Holyoke, MA, 6:3:40-4lil., 6:3:42il., 6:3:45il.,

6:3 :80il. Partido Republicano de Puerto Rico

see Puerto Rican Republican Party Partido Socialista Cubano

see Cuban Socialist Party

Partido Socialista Obrero see Socialist Labor Party of America (SLP)

Partido Socialista Obrero de Puerto Rico see Puerto Rican Socialist Party

Partido Unionista see Unionist Party

Parton, Dolly, 1 :3:47il. Pascagoula (MS) Metal Trades Council, 4:4:8-10 Passaic Textile Strike (1926), 2:2: 10, 6: 1:67

community support, 2:2:12-16passim., 2:2:14il., 2:2:15il., 2:2:16-17il. film, 2:2:20 strike assistance, 2:2:18, 2:2:20, 8:4:61 United Front Committee, 2:2: 16-17

"The Passaic Textile Strike and the Power of the Media," by Steve Krinsky, 2:2:20-21

Pat, Jacob, 3 :4:25-26il. PATCO Strike (1981). see Air Traffic Controllers Organization,

Professional (PATCO) -- strikes -- national (1981) Paternalism. see Welfare capitalism

in company towns, 3:2:24-41 passim., 5:2:8 industrial recreation as, 6: 1 :4-7 in mill villages, 4:3 :63-75 passim. see also Garden competitions

Paterson Strike (1913) see Industrial Workers of the World (IWW)

Patton, James, 5:2:35, 5:2:38 Paving Cutters' National Union, 2:1:57 "PBS Presents 'The Great Depression'," 5:2:25 Peabody, James, 2:3:28, 2:3:36il.

campaign literature (1904), 2:3 :3 lil. Peavey, Joseph, 6:4:30il. Penitentiaries

Birmingham, AL (1907), 7:2:75il. Pennsylvania Division of Occupational Health, 3: 1 :67 Pensions, 3:1:57. see Welfare capitalism Pentecostal Christians

see Church of God (Cleveland, TN) People's Party

see Populist Party Peoria (IL) Labor Temple Association

sources, 3:4:50 Perkins, Frances, 2:2:48, 2:4:32, 6:3:22-37 passim., 6:3:30il., 6:3:39il.

and NLRA (National), 2:2:44il., 2:2:54 and occupational safety and health, 3: 1 :64 and Relief of Unemployment Bill (June 1933), 2:2:48il.

and Social Security Act (Aug. 1935), 2:2:48il. Perkins, George W., 9:2:54 Perkins, H.F., 4: 1: 11 Perlman, David L.

author: "In Search of the Mechanics' Bell," 6:4:64-71 Perlman, Selig, 5:3:5il., 5:3:7-10 passim., 5:3:8il. Perlow, Max, 2: 1 :37-45 passim., 2: 1 :45il. Perlstein, Meyer, 5:4:7-14passim., 5:4:8il., 5:4:9il., 5:4:15il. Perriello, Joe, 5:2:6-25 passim. Personnel management, 7:2:20, 7:2:57 Pesotta, Rose, 5:4:45il., 5:4:45-46 Peterson, Alfred E., 8:4:23il. Peterson, Esther (Eggertsen), 3:1:67 & il., 5:4:cover, 5:4:39il.

and ACWA (Clothing), 5:4:44-49 (1958), 5:4:54il.

and AFL-CIO Industrial Union Department, 5:4:56 (1958), 5:4:54il.

author: "Union Women's Songs," 5:4:51 "'You Can't Giddyup by Saying Whoa': Esther Peterson Remembers her

Organized Labor Years, 1930-60," 5:4:38-59 and Bryn Mawr Summer School, 5:4:43-45

(ca. 1934), 5:4:42il. (ca. 1937), 5:4:43il.

childhood, 5 :4 :40 & il. as delegate to ICFTU (International), London (1949), 5:4:52 & il. family, 5:4:40-57 passim., 5:4:41il. and ILGWU (Garment), 5:4:45il., 5:4:45-48 at ILO (International), Sweden (1951), 5:4:52il. and Jacob Potofsky, 5:4:44-59 passim. and John F. Kennedy, 5:4:56-58 and Oliver Peterson (1961), 5:4:55il. and Philip Murray, 5:4:50-56 passim. and political action, 5:4:47-50, 5:4:50il.

and CIO-PAC, 5:4:48il., 5:4:49 and Sidney Hillman, 5:4:46-56 passim. as songwriter, 5:4:51 and union organization, 5:4:44-46 and Women's Bureau, 5:4:57-58 and YWCA (Young), 5:4:42-43

Peterson, Larry author: "Pullman Strike Pictures: Molding Public Perceptions in the

1890s by New Visual Communication," 8:4: 14-33, 8:4:48-57 Peterson, May, 8: 1:67 Peterson, Oliver, 5:4:41-57 passim.

and Esther Peterson (1961), 5:4:55il. Petterchak, Janice A.

author: "Resources for the Study of Labor History at the Illinois State Historical Library," 3:4:50-55 ·

Pettibone, George, 2:3 :32il. and assassination of Frank Steunenberg, 2:3:31-32

Pettibone (George) Monument, Denver, CO, 6:4:59 Pewterers, 3 : 3 : 9il. Pflug, Warner W.

author: '"The Strategy is All Reuther's, Damn Him': Two Letters from the Reuther Library," 2:3:40-47

Phagan, Mary, 1 :2:9, 1:2:11 Phalanx Forum Club, Chicago, 3:3:28 & il. "Phantom Gallery Project," 9:2:32, 9:2:35 Phelps Dodge, AZ, 6:2:6-13

Copper Queen Mine (ca. 1900), 6:2:6, 6:2:8-9il. (ca. 1910), 6:2:21il.

miners (ca. 1910), 6:2:11il. Phillips, Benjamin, 1:2:12 Phillips, Joseph V., 9:2:8il. Phillips Petroleum Company, Bartlesville, OK

bowling (1953), 6: 1:8-9il. Christmas show (1949), 6:1:12il. recreation building ( 19 51 ), 6: 1 : 6-7il.

Philoxean Society, Columbia University (1930), 1 :4:63il. Phinney, Henry, 6:3 :57 Photographic essays

"'I Paint What I Know': The Work of Former Miner Thomas Elmo Williams" by Marla Hughes, 9:2:32-47

"Pilebutts: Portrait Documentary of Pile Drives, Bridge, Dock and Wharf Builders" by Slobodan Dimitrov, 9:3:38-57

Photography see Photojournalism; individual artists

Photojournalism glossary, 8:4:19 impact upon strikes, 8:4: 14-33, 8:4:48-57

Pickford, Mary, 9:3:60, 9:3:61il., 9:3:62-63il., 9:3:64 Pieper, Fred, 6:2:72 Pile drivers, 9:3:44il., 9:3:48-49il., 9:3:52-53ils., 9:3:56il.,

9:3:57il.. see also Bridge builders; Dock builders apprenticeship training program, 9:3 :45il. bridge, 9:3 :43il.

Pile Drivers, Bridge, Dock and Wharf Builders, Los Angeles. see Carpenters and Joiners of America, United Brotherhood of (UBCJA) -- Local 2375

Pilebutts. see Bridge builders; Dock builders; Pile drivers "Pilebutts: Portrait Documentary of Pile Drivers, Bridge, Dock and Wharf

Builders" by Slobodan Dimitrov, 9:3:38-57 Pineapple workers. see also Cannery workers; Farm workers

images and symbols of, 9: 1 :42il. Pinkerton, Allan, 5:2:64, 5:2:68il. Pinkerton, Robert, 5:2:64, 5:2:75il. Pinkerton, William, 5:2:65, 5:2:68il. Pinkerton Detective Agency, 5:2:64-75 passim., 5:2:66il., 5:2:67il.,

5:2:68il., 5:2:69il. see also Labor espionage

The Pinkerton Labor Spy (1907), 5:2:67il. Pio, Louis, 2:3 :67 Pioneer Aid and Support Association, 6:4:33il. Pioneer Industrial Service, New York, 5:2:73 Pioneer Youth of America (PYA), 5:1:31il., 5:1:31-35 passim., 8:4:62

see also Socialist Party Piotrowski, Rudolph, 6:3:46-47il. Pitchers. see Meat packers Pitkin, Frederick V., 2:3:24 Pitt, Robert, 2:3 :40-4 lil. Pizer, Morris, 2: 1:36-45 passim., 2: 1:45il. Plasterers, 8:4:46-47il.

unions in Tacoma, WA, 3:3:53 Players Club, New York, 6:4:59 Plays. see Dramatic presentations

see Dramatic presentations Plumbers

unions in Tacoma, WA, 3:3:59 Plumbers and Steamfitters of the U.S. and Canada, United Association of

Journeymen, 1 :2:47il. Plumbers Union Hall, Chicago, 8:4:47il. Plumbing and Pipe Fitting Industry of the United States and Canada, United

Association of Journeymen and Apprentices of the landmarks, 6: 4: 60

Pohl, Frances K. author: "Ben Shahn and Fortune Magazine: Representations of Labor in

1946," 1:1:46-55 Pointedexter, Clarence, 9:3:51il. Police

strikes: Boston (September 1919), 9:3:74

Police officers women, 4: 1:46

photos

( 1986), 4: 1: 46il. (ca. 1955), 4:1:46il.

"Policewomen, 1960-1990," by Colleen R. Callahan, 4:1:46 "Political History Collections at the Smithsonian," 8: 1 :29 Pongpid, Praphapan, 9:4:22 Ponsi, Robert, 6:2:73il. Populist Party

landmarks, 6:4:63 presidential campaign of 18 96, 8: 1: 2 7 in Tacoma, WA, 3:3:56, 3:3:60

Porter, James, 1: 1:39-40, 1: 1 :40il. Porters, 3 :3 :32-33il., 3 :3 :40il., 8:3 :60, 8:3 :68-69il. Post Office and General Service Maintenance Employees, National

Association of, 7:4:2lil., 7:4:26-27 Post Office Clerks Association, 3:3:59 Post Office Mail Handlers, Watchmen, Messengers, and Group Leaders,

National Association of, 7:4:26 Post Office Motor Vehicle Employees, National Federation of, 7:4:2lil.,

7:4:26-27 Post Office Reorganization and Salary Adjustment Act (1970), 7:4:21 Post Office Strike (1970)

see Letter Carriers, National Association of (NALC) Postal and Federal Employees, National Alliance of, 7:4:26 Postal Clerks, National Federation of, 3:3:28 Postal Clerks, United Federation of, 7:4:2lil., 7:4:26-27

Local 251 (Brooklyn, NY), 7:4: 12 Local 295 (Detroit), 6: 1 :Sil.

Postal Union, National, 7:4:26-27 Manhattan-Bronx affiliate, 7:4:22, 7:4:23il.

membership, 7:4:26 strikes:

national postal (1970), 7:4:14, 7:4:15il., 7:4:18, 7:4:19il. Postal workers

see Letter carriers Postal Workers' Monument, Edmond, OK, 6:4:59 Postal Workers Union, American, 7:4:22 Postal, Todd Alexander

author: "Hearing the Voices of Working Children: The NRA Newspaperboy Letters," 1 :3 :4-19

Potash workers strikes:

Carlsbad, NM (1962), 6:2:68 & il. Potofsky, Jacob

and Esther Peterson, 5:4:44-54 passim. in 1958, 5:4:54il.

and presidential campaigns, 8: 1 :79il. Pottery works, 5:2:cover, 5:2: Iii., 5:2:80il. Poultry industry

turkey, 3:1:28-29il., 3:1:28-33, 3:1:30-31il., 3:1:32-33il., 3:1:48-49il., 3: 1 :48-53 passim.

Poultry Workers Memorial, Pasadena, TX, 6:4:59 Powderly, Terence V., 2:2:56il., 5:1:48-49

and temperance, 3:2:54-55 Powderly (Terence V.) Grave, Washington, 6:4:59 Powell, Dan, 4:4:6-17 passim. Pozzetta, George E.

author: '"The Reader Lights the Candle': Cuban and Florida Cigar Workers' Oral Tradition," 5:1:4-27

Prager Brothers, Tacoma, WA, 3:3:51il. Prairie View Co-eds, 8:1:56il., 8:1:61, 8:1:64il. Pratt, William C.

author: "Divided Workers, Divided Communities: The 1921-1922 Packinghouse Strike in Omaha and Nebraska City," 5:3:50-65

Pre-apprentice, 8:2:50 "President Theodore Roosevelt's Role in the Anthracite Coal Strike of

1902" by Susan E. Wilson, 3: 1 :4-23 Presidential campaigns

buttons, 8: 1 :cover, 8: 1:26il., 8: 1:28il., 8: 1:32-33il., 8: 1:36il., 8:1:40il., 8:1:43il., 8:1:44-45il.

themes economic prosperity, 8: 1:27-28, 8: 1:34il., 8: 1:35il., 8: 1:36il.,

8: 1:37il., 8: 1 :38il., 8: 1:39il. humble origins of candidates, 8:1:27, 8:1:30il., 8:1:31il., 8:1:32il.,

8:1:34il., 8:1:35il. and the labor vote, 8: 1:26-45

Pressman, Lee, 7: 1: I Oil., 7: 1: 10-20 passim. Preston, Harry, 1:2: 14-31 passim. Prices

see Inflation Pride, Hillie, 4:1:54il., 4:1:65-66 Priest, Mark

author: "Memories on Track: Paintings of a Railway Artist," 6:2:30-53 paintings: Armstrong andMigrant Workers (1984), 6:2:32, 6:2:36il. Armstrong and Railway Migrants (1984), 6:2:37il. Crack of Dawn (1992), 6:2:50-51il. The Dispute (1992), 6:2:38-39il. Full Moon (1991), 6:2:48-49il. Get Back to Work (1994), 6:2:40-41il. A Hard Day at Work (1990), 6:2:52-53il.

Hot Rail (1991 ), 6:2:31, 6:2:34-3 Sil. Iron Men (1993), 6:2:30-3 lil., 6:2:33il. New Arrivals (1991), 6:2:44-45il. New Sight (1991), 6:2:46-47il. Night Work (1992), 6:2:50-Slil. Spark Rail (l 992), 6:2:42-43il. Yellow Blue Skies, 6:2:cover

self-portrait, 6:2: 52-53il. Primo Maggio

see May Day "Primo Maggio: May Day Observances Among Italian Immigrant Workers, 1980-

1920" by Rudolph J. Vecoli, 7:4:28-41 Printers, 1 :3 :35il., 3 :3 :48il., 8:2:49

landmarks, 6:4:48il. Printing industry, 6:4:cover, 6:4:78il. Printing Pressmen and Assistants' Union of North America, International

(IPPA) Local 29 (St. Paul), 9:4:34il.

Prisco, Carlo, 9:2:8il. Progressive Citizens of America, 8: 1 : 11 Progressive historians, 5: 3: 4 Progressive League

in WI, 1:4:50 Progressive Party. see Independent Progressive Party (IPP)

and Ludlow Massacre (1914), 6:1:66 in WI, 1 :4:50

Progressive reform in Richmond, VA, 3:2:59-60 in Tacoma, WA, 3:3 :54-55

Progressivism see Liberalism

Propaganda anti-union

see Labor espionage Prospect V-111, Frostburg, MD, 6:4: lil., 6:4:49il., 6:4:49-50, 6:4:80il. Prostitution, 9: 1 :27 Prout, George, 4:2:20, 4:2:25il. Proximity Manufacturing Company, Greensboro, NC, 4:3 :64-65il.

anti-union campaign, 4:3 :73il. executives (ca. 1905), 4:3:65il. see also White Oak Cotton Mill, Greensboro, NC

Public art and portrayals oflabor movement, 8:4:34-47 union-sponsored, 8:4:38

see also Farrell, Kathleen

Public Art Workshop (PAW), 8:4:38 Public Domain: An Initiative to Place the Paintings of Ralph Fasanella in

Museums and Public Institutions, 1 :4:30-31 Public transportation

see Streetcars Public Workers of America, United (UPWA), 7:1:4-5il., 7:1:11il., 7:1:15-20 Public Works Strike, Memphis (1968)

see State, County and Municipal Employees, American Federation of (AFSCME) -- Local 1733 (Memphis) -- strikes

Puckett, William, 3:3 :37-38, 3:3:38il. Puckett Family Farm, Sattershire Vicinity, NY, 6:4:62 Puerto Rican Federation of Labor, 6:4:25il. Puerto Rican Republican Party, 6:4: 12

and FLT (Puerto Rican), 6:4: 14-15 Puerto Rican Socialist Party, 6:4:18 Puerto Rican Workers, Free Federation of (FLT), 6:4: 12, 6:4: 14

and AFL, 6:4: 16 and FRT (Puerto Rican), 6:4:12-16, 6:4:21 and longshoremen's strike (1905), 6:4:21 strikes:

agricultural workers (1906), 6:4:21-22 sugar workers (1905), 6:4:18-20, 6:4:22

and las turbas (mobs), 6:4:12-15 union organization:

agricultural workers, 6 :4: 18 Puerto Rican Workers, Regional Federation of (FR T)

and AFL, 6:4: 16 and FLT (Puerto Rican), 6:4: 12-16, 6:4:21 and longshoremen's strike (1905), 6:4: 19, 6:4:21 participation in las turbas (mobs), 6:4:14-15

Pugh, Nicey, 7:3:26il., 7:3:27 Pullers-backs

see Meat packers Pullman, George M., 8:4:22

as symbol of monopoly, 8:4:25 Pullman cars, 3:3:32-33il. Pullman Company, 3:3:22-24

Arcade Building (1894), 8:4:27il. and BSCP (Sleeping), 3:3:4lil. car, 8:4: 14-15il., 8 :4 :20il. Car Works

(1894), 8:4:50il., 8:4:51il. factory, 8:4:20il. publicity, 8:4:20il., 8:4:20-22

during strike (1894), 8:4:21il., 8:4:22

town, 8:4:20il. Pullman Historic District, Chicago, 6:4:62 Pullman Porters Benefit Association of America (PPBAA), 3:3:25-37 passim.,

4:1:56 Pullman Strike (1894)

see Railway Union, American (ARU) "Pullman Strike Pictures: Molding Public Perceptions in the 1890s by New

Visual Communication" by Larry Peterson, 8:4: 14-33, 8:4:48-57 Pulp, Sulphite, and Paper Mill Workers, International Brotherhood of

(IBP SP MW) Local 201 (Menasha, WI), 2:2:30-31

Pure and simple unionism, 1 :2:44, 1 :2:46 Q Quarry workers

in Joliet, IL (early 1900s), 8:4:80il. Quarrymen's International Union, 2: 1 :57 Quesse, WilliamF., 9:l:4-2lpassim., 9:1:6il., 9:1:18il., 9:1:20-21il. Quigel, James P., Jr.

author: 11IUE Archives at Rutgers University: Documenting the International Union of Electronic, Electrical, Salaried, Machine and Furniture Workers, 11 7:4:54-71

Quill, Mike, 9: 2: 14 Quinlan, Patrick, 6:2:24 & ii. Quinn, Vincent, 6:2:70il. Quinn (Richard F.) Monument, Philadelphia, 6:4:59 R Raccoon Coal Mine, Dade County, GA, 7:2:77il. Race discrimination. see Civil rights Race riots

in 1919, 5:3:56 Chicago, 3:3:25

in Chicago, 9:1:14, 9:1:16, 9:1:17il. New Orleans (1900), 1:1:40 New Orleans waterfront (1894-95), 1:1:39, 1:1:41il.

Rachleff, Peter author: "Unbroken Mirror: One Hundred Years of the St. Paul Union

Advocate," 9:4:26-39 Racial discrimination. see Chicago Commission on Race Relations; Race

riots; Racial segregation see Black workers; Civil rights; Racial segregation

Racial prejudice see Black workers

Racial segregation, 1: 1 :26-45 passim., 8:4:66 in Chicago labor unions, 9: 1: 16 economic impact, 4:1:52-67 passim.

in education, 2: 1:24-25il., 2: 1:24-33, 2: 1:27il., 2: 1:28il. in schools, 7:2:14 in transportation

Memphis (1943), 4:1:54-55il. see also Clothing Workers of America, Amalgamated (ACWA)

Rademacher, James, 7:4: 11-27 passim., 7:4:23il. Radio and Allied Trades Labor Council, National

sources, 7 :4: 5 6 Radium industry, 4:2:64-77, 4:2:66-67il.

in Denver, CO (ca. 1914), 4:2:77il. Radium workers, 4:2:72il.

occupational safety and health, 4:2:67-75, 4:2:69il., 4:2:72il. sources, 4:2:73 see also Dial painters

Ragmen, 2:4:8 Rail yards

Tacoma, WA, 3:3:56il. Railroad brotherhoods

see also Locomotive Engineers, Brotherhood of (BLE); Railway Brakemen, Brotherhood of (BRB); Railway Carmen, Brotherhood of; Railway Trainmen, Brotherhood of (BRT)

Railroad conductors unions in Tacoma, WA, 1: 1: 16

Railroad Conductors, Order of, 6: 1 :48 Railroad industry

(ca. 1890s), 7:1:54-55il. dieselization, 1: 1: 19-25 passim. in Midwest, 1: 1:9-10 occupational safety and health, 3:1:60-6lil. shop whistle, 6:4:50il. see also Railroad workers

Railroad Men's International Benevolent Industrial Association (RMIBIA), 3:3:24-25

Railroad Telegraphers of North America, Order of (ORT), 1:2:32 Railroad Trainmen, Brotherhood of (BRT), 5:2:35

images and symbols (1890s), 2:2:64il. sources, 1: 1:71

Railroad workers, 1:1:4-25, 1:1:24-25il., 3:3:46il., 3:3:6lil., 6:2:cover, 6:2:30-3 lil., 6:2:31-32, 6:2:33-53ils., 8:2:33, 8:2:48, 8:2:49, 8:2:50, 8:2:53, 8:2:54

artisanal pro~uction, 1 : 1 : 10-13 in Bellemont, A'Z (late 1940s ), 8:4:10-11 il. in California

ca. 1960s, 8:4:1il. and Depression (1930s), 1: 1: 17-20

in IL, 1:1: 1 landmarks, 6:4:50il. living conditions, 8:4:7, 8:4:9il., 8:4:9-10, 8:4: 12il.

Chicago (1894), 8:4:33il. Pullman (1893), 8:4:27 Pullman (1894), 8:4:52il.

in New Mexico, 8:4:4-5il., 8:4:8il. Pullman Company (1884), 8:4:24il. in Richmond, VA, 3 :2:65il. sources, 3:2:69 strikes:

Chicago (1877), 1:3:39il. Keokuk, IL (1888), 8:3:23 Martinsburg, WV (1877)

landmarks, 6:4:62 national (I 922), 1: I: l 6il., I: I: 16-17 national (1946), 1: 1 :20 Northern Pacific Railroad (1894), 3:3:60, 8:2:33 in southwest PA (1911), 7:4:38 Utah (1918), 5:4:40

telegraphers, I: 1:6 time discipline, 1: 1: 18-19 in Turner, IL (ca. 1880), 4:3:18-19il. in Witchita, Kansas (ca. 1990s), 8:4: 12il. yard clerks, 1: 1 :6 see also Great Strike of 1877

Railroad Workers Monument, Bloomington, IL, 6:4:60 "Railroaders' Town: Bloomington's Shopmen Look Back," by Mark Wyman, 1: 1 :4-

25 Railway Audit and Inspection Company, Inc., 1:2:13, 1:2:21 Railway Brakemen, Brotherhood of (BRB), 2:4:21, 2:4:22il.

see also Railroad brotherhoods Railway Brotherhoods

in WI, 1:4:50 Railway carmen, 3:3:56 Railway Carmen, Brotherhood of

in Bloomington, IL, 1: 1 :7 Tacoma, WA, 3:3:59 see also Railroad brotherhoods

Railway Carmen's Association Tacoma, WA, 3:3:57

Railway Labor Act, 3:3:38 Railway Trainmen, Brotherhood of (BRT)

in Bloomington, IL, 1 : 1 : 16 Local 13 (Wheeling, WV), 3:3:73

see also Railroad brotherhoods Railway Union, American (ARU), 9:4:28

and Eugene Debs, 2:4:21-22 memento, 8:4:26il. strikes: Pullman (1894), 3:4:52, 8:4:14-33, 8:4:32il., 8:4:48-57, 9:4:30

at factory entrance, 8:4:50il. landmarks, 6:4:62 military intervention, 8:4:28il., 8:4:29-30, 8:4:30il., 8:4:3 lil. press coverage, 8:4:14-33 passim., 8:4:21-33 passim., 8:4:28il.,

8:4:30il., 8:4:3 lil., 8:4:48-54 passim., 8:4:49il. pro-union publicity, 8:4:22-29 passim.

Rakowicz, Joe, 6:2:70il., 6:2:71 Ramsay, Claude, 4:4:4il., 4:4:4-19, 4:4:6il., 4:4:13il., 4:4:18il.

and death threats, 4 :4: 11 following Hurricane Camille (1969), 4:4: 16il. funeral, 4:4:4, 4:4: 19 and union disaffiliations, 4:4:9-10 and unionization of black workers, 4: 4: 15-17 and voter registration drives, 4: 4: 14-19 passim.

Ramsay, John, 9:4:65 Ranchers, 8:2:38-39il. Rand School, New York, 8:4:62

bookstore, 8:4:63il. Rand School of Social Science, New York, NY, 2:2:34 Randolph, A Philip, 1:2:69, 1:2:80il., 3:3:22il., 3:3:24-25il.,

3:3:26il., 3:3:43il., 4:1:56, 4:3:22-31, 6:2:76 & il., 8:1:10, 8:4:61, 8:4:65, 8:4:71, 8:4:74

and anti-communism, 4:3 :27 and BSCP (Sleeping), 4:3 :27 commemorative stamp, 2:4:38-39 at Democratic National Convention (1948), 4:3:30il. exhibition, 4:3:24il., 4:3:32-33il. and March on Washington Movement (1941), 4:3:27-28 and March on Washington Movement (1963), 4:3:28, 4:3:3 lil. and Martin Luther King, 4:3:28 memorials, 4:3:33 and Milton P. Webster, 3:3:22-43 and NNC (National), 4:3:27 photos:

(1961), 4:3:cover (ca. 1912), 4:3:23il. (ca. 1918), 4:3:26il.

as president, The Messenger, 4:3:25il. and Socialist Party, 4:3 :27

sources, 2: 1:71 and William Green (ca. 1950), 4:3:29il.

Randolph (A. Philip) Institute, 8:4:77 see Joint Apprenticeship Program (JAP)

Randolph (A. Philip) Institute, Washington, DC, 4:3 :33 Randolph (A. Philip) Memorial, Boston, 6:4:60 Rath Packing Plant, Waterloo, IA, 6:4:62 Ration cards, 8: 1 :58il. Rawson, Mike

composer: Seattle 1919, 4:3:55 Ray, Joyce

author: "Documenting Workers and Health: Federal Sources," 3:2:66-77 Reader, 5:1:4-27, 5:1:24

and cigarmakers, 5: 1: 4-7ils. Corral-WodiskaFactory, Tampa, FL (ca. 1924), 5:1:20-21il. Havana (ca. 1903 ), 5: 1 : 8-9il. Perfecto-Garcia Factory, Tampa, FL (ca. 1924), 5: 1: 17il.

and cigarmakers' strikes, 5: 1: 16-22 Cuba, 5: 1 :4-11

and Ten Years' War, 5:1:10 decline, 5: 1: 18-22 as educators, 5: 1: 13-15 and labor militancy, 5: 1 :8-23 passim. and management opposition, 5: 1 : 16 Tampa, FL (Ybor City), 5:1:12-13

"'The Reader Lights the Candle': Cuban and Florida Cigar Workers' Oral Tradition" by Gary R. Mormino and George E. Pozzetta, 5: 1:4-27

Ready-to-wear industry. see Garment industry-- ready-made clothing Real, Charles, 8: 2: 15 "Real Women and True Womanhood: Grassroots Organizing among Dallas

Dressmakers in 1935," by Patricia Evridge Hill, 5:4:4-17 "Recollections of the Passaic Textile Strike of 1926," by Martha Stone

Asher, 2:2:4-23 Reconversion

in Hawai'i, 9 : 1 :32, 9: 1:36 in Oakland (1946), 8:2:6-23 passim. protests

by UAW (Auto) women (1945-47), 1:1:60-63 Red Scare era films, 9:3:71-75, 9:3:72il., 9:3:73il., 9:3:74il.,

9:3:75il.. see also "Capital vs. labor" films images portrayed in:

labor radicals, 9:3:72-73, 9:3:74-75 labor unions, 9:3 :72il., 9:3 :72-73, 9:3:73il. strikebreakers, 9:3 :75-76 strikes, 9 :3 :72il., 9 :3 :72-73, 9:3 :73il.

Redbaiting. see also Anti-communism Redmond, B.J., 3:3:28-29 Reed, John, 6:2:24-27, 6:2:25il., 6:2:29, 6:2:62 Reed, Stanley F., 7: 1: 12-20 passim., 7: 1: 13il., 7: 1: 17il. Rees, Jonathan

author: "'Giving With One Hand and Taking Away With the Other': The Failure of Welfare Capitalism at United States Steel, 1901-1937," 9:2:20-31, 9:2:48-57

Reid, Stuart, 2: 1 :54-60 passim. Reiner, Rob, 1 :3 :46il. Relief

and Northeastern seamen (1808-1809), 2:4: 11-14 Relief of Unemployment Bill (June 1933), 2:2:48il. Religion

and unions, 6: 1 :46-57 see also Church of God (Cleveland, TN)

"Remembering the End of an Era: Telephone Interview with Boston Red Sox Manager Joe Morgan, December 16, 1990," by Doug Reynolds, 3:2:38-39

Remington, Frederic, 8:4:28il., 8:4:29 "Removing the 'Mark of the Beast:' The Church of God (Cleveland,

Tennessee) and Organized Labor, 1908-1934" by Michael Szpak, 6: 1:46-57, 6: 1 :60-61

Renchardt, Frank A, 7: 1 :59il. Replacement workers

in Oakland General Strike (1946), 8:2: 11, 8:2: 14il. see also Strikebreakers

Republic Steel Massacre Site, Chicago, 6:4:62 Resettlement Administration/Farm Security Administration (RA/FSA), 1: 1 :49 "Resources for the Study of Labor History at the Illinois State Historical

Library," by Janice A Petterchak, 3 :4:50-55 Retail, Wholesale, and Department Store Workers Union, 9: 1 :55, 9:4:34. see

also Cigar Makers' International Union (CMIU) Retail Clerks' International Union, 8: 1 :23, 8:4:69il.

Local 1265 (Oakland) strikes:

general (1946), 8:2:7-22passim. see also Food and Commercial Workers International Union, United

Retail Clerks National Protective Association Local 20 (Tacoma, WA), 3:3:55, 3:3:59

Retail Merchants Association (RMA), 8:2:6-23 passim. Retail service workers

and WLRB (Wisconsin), 1 :4:52 Retirement parties

for union members, 1:3 :69-72, 1:3 :70il., 1:3 :71il., 1:3 :72il. Reuther, Mary Wolf, 8:3 :5 lil.

Reuther, Roy, 2:2:29il. Reuther, Victor, 2:2:29il., 2:2:34, 2:2:42il., 2:3 :40-4 lil. Reuther, Walter, 1:1:62, 1:3:30, 1:4:67, 2:3:40-41il., 2:3:40-47, 4:1:65,

5:2:36, 5:4:23-32passim., 6:2:71-72, 6:2:74, 6:2:74il., 8:3:5lil., 8:4:71, 9:3:30il.

and AFL-CIO, 7:4:62 and Brookwood Labor College, 2:2:28-29, 2:2:29il. as director UAW-CIO (Auto) GM department, 2:3:45-47 and James Carey

sources, 7 :4: 60 landmarks, 6:4:63 as president ofUAW (Auto) Local 174 (Detroit), 5:4:23 views:

industrial recreation, 6: 1 : 16 Reuther (Walter) Memorial, Onaway, MI, 6:4:60 "Revelation 13: 11-18," 6: 1: 52 Revivalism

in mill villages, 4: 3 : 72 Reynolds, Doug

author: "Hardball Paternalism, Hardball Politics: Blackstone Valley Baseball,

1925-1955," 3:2:24-41 "Remembering the End of an Era: Telephone Interview with Boston Red

Sox Manager Joe Morgan, December 16, 1990," 3:2:38-39 Reynolds, Robert D.

author: "A Career at Labor Headquarters: The Papers of Boris Shishkin," 1 :4:58-

75 "Speaker from the Soul," 2:4:25

Rice, Horace Baldwin, 7: 1:57il., 7: 1:58il. Richmond (VA) Central Labor Council, 3:2:58 Richmond (VA) Locomotive Works, 3:2:65il. Richmond (VA) Trades and Labor Council, 3 :2:62 Riders of the Dawn (1920), 9:3:75 Rieb, Ernest, 9:4:42il. Riffe, John, 6:2:72 Riggers and Stevedores' Union, 2:4:60-61 Right-to-work laws

in MS, 4:4:6-8 Riopelle, Trilby, 1: 1 :62-63 Riordan, Julia, 7:2: 14 Rios, Anthony, 8:1:8-23 passim., 8:1:llil., 8:1:14il., 8:1:21il. Riots

see Industrial Workers of the World (IWW); Mob violence; Race riots "The Rise of the Rocky Mountain Labor Movement: Militant Industrial

Unionism and the Western Federation of Miners," by Phil H. Goodstein, 2:3: 22-36

River Rouge Ford Plant, Dearborn, MI, 6:4:63, 8:2:cover, 8:2:44-45il. Rivera, Diego, 8:2:39 Riveters, 1 :3 :43il.

Rosie the Riveter, 1: 1 :60 Road building

in Greenville, MS, 1 :2: lil. Robins, Margaret Dreier, 8:3:33, 8:3:34, 8:3:34il. Robinson, Steven, 9:3 :48-49ils. Roche, Josephine

sources, 1: 1:72 Rochester (WA) Steam Laundry, 3:3:53il. Rock, Howard B.

author: "'All Her Sons Join in One Social Band': Visual Images of New York's Artisan Societies in the Early Republic," 3:3:4-21

Rock Island Workers' Memorial, Rock Island, IL, 6:4:60 Rockefeller, John D., 8: 1:32il. Rockefeller, John D. Jr., 1 :4:8-21 passim. Rockefeller, Nelson A., 1 :4:65il. Rocky Mountain Fuel Company, CO, 1 :4:6 Rodriquez, Rod "J.J.," 8:1:8-23 passim. Rogers Orchestra, Sharon, 8: 1: 5 8, 8: 1: 60il., 8: 1: 61 Rogin, Larry, 2:2:27-28, 2:2:40, 9:3:24-25 Rogovin, Anne, 7: 1:24-25 Rogovin, Mark, 8:4:36, 8:4:38 Rogovin, Milton, 7:1:22-26

photographs: Appalachian miners series, 7: 1 :24 "Family of Miners," 7: 1 :cover, 7: 1: lil., 7: 1:23-25ils., 7: 1:27-5 lils.,

7: 1:65il., 7: 1:74il., 7: 1 :77il., 7: 1:80il. Portraits in Steel, 7: 1:24 Triptychs, 7: 1 : 24

Rommel, David, 9:2:74-75il. Rood, Florence, 7:2:6, 7:2:9, 7:2: lOil., 7:2: 12il., 7:2: Bil., 7:2: 16,

7:2: 17, 9:4:42 and AFT (Teachers), 7:2:11-12, 7:2:16 and GTO [Grade], 7:2:10 and NEA (National), 7:2: 10-11

Rooftop worker (1958), 6:2:80il.

Rooke (Sarah J.) Monument, Folsom, NM, 6:4:60 Roosevelt, Eleanor, 6:3 :2 lil.

and NCL (National), 6:3 :25il. Roosevelt, Franklin D., 1 :2:46, 1 :4:72, 6:3 :36il.

court packing scheme, 7: 1: 15-16 and The Samuel Gompers Memorial, 9:2:6il., 9:3 :4-7 and Hatch Act (1939), 7: 1 :4-20 passim. labor's support of, 8:1:40il., 8:1:41il., 8:1:42il. and NLRA (National), 2:2:48 presidential campaigns, 8: 1 :40il. of 1936, 8: 1: Iii. of 1944, 8: 1:41il.

and Relief of Unemployment Bill (June 1933), 2:2:48il. and Social Security Act (Aug. 1935), 2:2:48il.

Roosevelt, Theodore, 3 : 1 :6il., 3: 1 :7il., 3: 1: 10-llil., 3: 1:22il., 8: 1:36il.

and Anthracite Coal Strike (1902), 7:3:6 and Anthracite Coal Strike of 1902, 3: 1:4-Sil., 3: 1 :4-23, 6: 1 :64,

6: 1 :65il. and Dubuque Streetcar Strike of 1903, 6:3 :70 presidential election of 1904, 3: 1 :21 presidential election of 1912, 6:1:65il. views:

union organization, 6 : 1 :64-66 Root, Elihu, 3: 1:9-20 passim., 3: 1: l 6il. Ropemakers, 3:3:15 & ii. Ropewalk, 3:1:37il. Rosedale School, Livingston, MT (1909), 7:2:6il. Rosenbaum, Mark, 9:2:74-75il. Rosenblum, Frank, 3:4:36il. Rosenblum, Ida, 3 :4:36il. Rosenthal, Jack, 9:3 :37 Rosenthal, Rob

author: "Nothing Moved But the Tide: The Seattle General Strike of 1919," 4:3:36-53

composer: Seattle 1919, 4:3:55-59 passim. Ross, Fred, 8:1:13 & ii., 8:1:18, 8:1:20, 8:1:2lil. Ross, M.H., 3:3 :73 Rossiter, Asher, 5:2:75il. Rosswurm, Steve

author: "Sources for the Study of Labor History at the Chicago Historical Society," 2: 1:64-75

Roth, Herrick sources, 1 : 1 : 72

Roustabouts see Waterfront workers

Rowe, Thomas W., 2:4 :71il. Roybal, Edward R., 8:1:10-23 passim., 8:1:12il., 8:1:21il.

campaign supporters, 8: 1: l lil.

Roybal, Lucille, 8: 1 : 12il. Rubber, Cork, Linoleum and Plastic Workers of America, United. see Rubber

Workers of America, United; Rubber Workers of America, United (URWA) Rubber Workers of America, United, 4:1:55, 5:2:50, 8:1:16 Rubber Workers of America, United (URWA)

Local 135 (Buffalo, NY), 9:3:29il. Rubber Workers Union, United (URW)

landmarks, 6: 4: 5 8 Rubenstein, Harry R.

author: "The Molloy Collection," 2:2:65 "Symbols and Images of American Labor: Badges of Pride," 1:2:36-51 "Symbols and Images of American Labor: Dinner Pails and Hard Hats,"

1 :3 :34-49 author: "Between a Rock and a Hard Place: The National Museum of

American History's Exhibition on Sweatshops, 1820 to Present," 9:4:4-25

author: "In Pursuit of the Labor Vote: Presidential Campaign Material at the National Museum of American History, 11 8: 1 :26-45

Rubenstein, Lewis author: "Travels With Sketch Pads and Paint Brushes: The 1930s Labor

Artwork of Lewis Rubenstein," 7:3:34-55 as painter, 7:3:36-44 passim. paintings: Airplane Catapult (1936), 7:3:cover, 7:3:36 Clocking Out (1936), 7:3 :42-43il. Coffee Break (1937), 7:3:44, 7:3:46-47il. Copper Miners (1937), 7:3:40, 7:3:44-45i( Crane (1936), 7:3:36, 7:3:49il. Crane Movement (1936), 7:3:36, 7:3:48il. Dockworkers (1937), 7:3:37il., 7:3:44 Foundryman (1938), 7:3:35il., 7:3:44 Miners (1937), 7:3:40, 7:3:44, 7:3:52il. Miners First Aid (1937), 7:3:40-41il., 7:3:44 Niebelung Legend: Alberich and Dwarfs (Tympanum), Alberich's Hand,

Curse of the Ring (1935), 7:3:37, 7:3:39il. RabnarokLegend: Death of the Gods (Tympanum), Thor, Regenerated Man

(1937), 7:3 :37, 7:3:38il. Sorting Bolts (1936), 7:3:36, 7:3:50-51il. Washington March (1934), 7:3:54-55il. Welshman (ca. 1942), 7:3:44, 7:3:53il.

Rubinstein, Jack and Passaic Textile Strike of 1926, 2:2:18

Rumsey, Mary, 6:3 :2 lil. · Rustin, Bayard, 6:2:76, 9:2:14

Rutledge, Wiley, 7: 1 : 12-16 passim. Ruttenberg, Stanley, 1:4:69 Ryall, John, 3:2:54, 3:2:61 s Sabron, Mike, 9:4:1il., 9:4:46, 9:4:47il., 9:4:48, 9:4:50il., 9:4:51il.,

9:4:52-53il., 9:4:56il., 9:4:59il. allegiance to UMWA (Miners), 9:4:57 as auto worker, 9:4:55-56 at bagging plant, 9:4:49il. family of, 9:4:48il., 9:4:48-49 as financial secretary, UMWA (Miners) Local 1572, 9:4:56 following closing of mines, 9:4:56-57 as member ofUMW A (Mine), 9:4:48 singing, 9:4:55il. work conditions, 9:4:54

Sacco, Nicola see Sacco and Vanzetti

Sacco and Vanzetti images and symbols, 1: 1 :46-48, 1: 1 :47il. landmarks, 6:4:63

Sacco-Vanzetti Defense Committee Offices, Boston, 6:4:63 Sacramento (CA) Municipal Utility, 8:2:50 Safeway Stores, Inc.

advertisement (1987), 1:3:48il. Sager, Jane, 8: 1:51-53, 8: 1:64il., 55 Sailer, Agnes, 5:1:31-32, 5:1:34 Sailmakers, Society of Master, 3:3:12il., 3:3:12-13 Sailors see Seamen

Sailors' Union of the Pacific (SUP), 2:4:46 landmarks, 6:4:58, 6:4:63 The Seamen's Journal, 2:4:46il., 2:4:58-60

Sailors Union of the Pacific (SUP) landmarks, 8: 3 : 15 and SIU-SUP Brotherhood (SIU/Seamen's), 8:2: 12 strikes:

Oakland General (1946), 8:2:12 St. John (Vincent) Memorial, Oakland, 6:4:60 St. John's University, New York Faculty Association, 9:2: 18

St. John's University strike (1966). see College Teachers, United Federation of (UFCT) -- St. John's Chapter

St. Louis waterfront (1903), 4:4:36-37il. St. Marie, Buffy, 9:2:16 St. Mary's Catholic Church, Los Angeles, 8: 1 :4-5il., 8: 1: 14

St. Paul Labor Centre, 9:4:36il. St. Paul (MN) Federation of Women Teachers, 7:2: 11 St. Paul (MN) Men Teachers' Union, 7:2: 11 St. Paul (MN) Trades and Labor Assembly, 7:2: 11 St. Paul Teachers' Federation. see Teachers, American Federation of (AFT) -

- strikes -- St. Paul ( 1946) St. Paul Trades and Labor Assembly, 9:4:28, 9:4:42

affiliation with AFL, 9:4:30 meeting place (1893-1917), 9:4:33il.

St. Paul Union Advocate, 9:4:30il. as AFL paper, 9:4:32 after AFL-CIO merger, 9:4:32 building

(1920s), 9:4:33il. ( 1920s-1960s ), 9 :4: 3 6il. (1960s-1980s), 9:4:36il. (contemporary), 9:4:36il.

campaign against Citizens Alliance, 9:4:30-31 centennial, 9:4:29il., 9:4:40il., 9:4:40-45, 9:4:41il., 9:4:42il.,

9:4:43il., 9:4:45il. composing room, 9:4:36il. editorials, 9:4:30

since the 1960s, 9:4:34-37 financial crisis oflate 1980s, 9:4:37 foundation, 9:4:28, 9:4:30 history articles, 9:4:44-45 illustrations, 9:4:26-27il. under private ownership, 9:4:30 renamed Minnesota Union Advocate, 9:4:30 repository, 9:4:43 significance of, 9:4:39 support of Minnesota Farmer-Labor Party, 9:4:30-32 under union ownership, 9:4:30 views:

Hormel Strike, Austin, MN (1985-1986), 9:4:35 PATCO (Air) Strike (1981), 9:4:35

Saloons see Taverns

Salvatore, Nick author: "Lest We Forget," 1 :4:25-31

Samson, Gloria Garat "Grants for Labor: The Record of the Garland Fund and the Ford

Foundation" with Richard Magat, 8:4:58-77 "Samuel Gompers and the Caribbean: The AFL, Cuba, and Puerto Rico, 1898-

1906" by Joseph Bedford, 6:4:4-25

Samuel,Howard, 8:4:77 San Francisco Waterfront, CA, 6:4:63 Sanchez, Juan

paintings: Para Carmen Maria Colon (1986), 4:2:46-47il.

Sandblasters, 2: 1 :cover Sandburg, Carl, 7:2:9 Sandoval, Lencho, 8:4: 1 lil. Sanger, Margaret, 6:2:62 Sanitation workers

standard ofliving, 8:3:44 strikes: Memphis (1963), 8:3:42

see also State, County and Municipal Employees, American Federation of (AFSCME) -- Local 1733 (Memphis)

Sargetakis, Joseph T., 6:4:44-45il. Sauer (C.F.) Company, Richmond, VA (ca. 1955), 4:1:43il. Sayles Finishing Plants, East Providence, RI (1921), 3:2:34il. Employees' Association Marching Band, 3 :2:33il.

Sayre, Hal sources, 1: 1: 7 4

Scabs see Labor espionage; Replacement workers; Strikebreakers

Scarboro, Kathleen, 8:4:39-40 murals with Kathleen Farrell: Joliet Workers Then and Now (1997), 8:4:80il. Papering the World (1996), 8:4:42-45il.

Scavengers children in Boston (1909), 6: 1 :32il. children in Dhaka, Bangladesh (1993), 6: 1 :33il.

Scenic Artists Union, United, 8:4:35, 8:4:38 see also Painters and Allied Trades of the United States and Canada,

International Brotherhood of Schacht, John

author: "Labor History in the Academy: A Layman's Guide to a Century of Scholarship," 5:3:4-21

Scharnau, Ralph author: "Streetcar Strike 1903 : Dubuque Walks," 6: 3 : 5 8-77

Scharrenberg, Paul, 2:4:51-58 passim., 2:4:52il. Scheele, William

photograph (1892), 1 :2:40il. Schlesinger, Arthur M., 9:2: 19il. Schliefmann, Karl, 8:4:27 Schmidt, Edwin M.

author: "Labor on Stamps," 2:4:26-43

and Organized Labor stamp, 2:4:36, 2:4:38 Schmidt, Joseph, 8:2:67, 8:2:71 Schneider, John, 9:2:62-75 passim. Schneiderman, Rose, 9:4:14 Schneirov, Richard author: "Chicago's Fenian Fair of 1864: A Window Into the Civil War as a

Popular Political Awakening," 6:3:4-19 Schniderman, Saul, 6:4:28, 6:4:53, 6:4:54 Schomer, Judith Ayre author: "New Workers in a New World: Painting American Labor, 1830-

1913," 3:1:34-47 Schultz, Miriam Brill author:

"Have You Heard Her Name?, 11 4 :4 :44 "Where Fannie Sellins Died, 11 4:4:45

Schuster, Walter E., 3:2:29-30, 3:2:30il. Schuster, Winfield, 3 :2:29il. Schwab Clothing Company, St. Louis, 4:4:38il. Schwartz, Marie Jenkins

author: "One Thing, Then Another: Slave Children's Labor in Alabama, 11

7:3 :22-33, 7:3 :56-61 Scientific management (Taylorism), 7:2:20-33, 7:2:56-61, 7:2:60-6lil. criticized by labor, 7:2:2lil., 7:2:22 and electrical workers, 4:2:4-27 and farm equipment industry, 4: 1 :8-26 passim. and federal policy, 7:2:22 and Frank and Lillian Gilbreth, 7:2:20-22 and miners, 6:2:13, 6:2:15-16 sources, 7:2:30-31 and Frederick Taylor, 7:2:20-22 see also Company unions

Scontras, Charles A. author: "Maine Lobstermen and the Labor Movement: The Lobster

Fishermen's International Protective Association, 1907," 2: 1: 50-63 Screwmen, 1: 1 :29-40 passim. Screwmen's Benevolent Association New Orleans (1884), 1:1:29il.

Scrip from coal companies, 2: 1: l lil., 2: 1: 11-14

Scudder, Vida, 8:3 :26il. Seafarers International Union (SIU), 3 :2:4-23 and AFL-ILA campaign, 3:2:16-19 Atlantic and Gulf District, 3:2:4-18 and corruption, 3: 2: 10-19 passim. Great Lakes District, 3:2:19-21

offices, 3:2:8il. and oil tanker industry, 3:2:14-15 Seafarers Log

1946, 3:2: llil. 1948, 3:2:14il.

strike assistance, 3:2:1 Oil., 3:2:10-11 strikes:

maritime general (1946), 3:2:6-7il., 3:2:6-9 "The Seafarers Union Remembered: A Retrospective Log, 1946-1963," by Ray

Denison, 3 :2:4-23 Seaman, Bernard, 7:4:68-69il., 7:4:70 Seamen, 1:3:35il., 2:4 :47il., 3:2:6il., 3:2:7il., 3:2:20il., 8:2:33,

8:2:42-43il. and Embargo Act of 1807, 2:4:4-5, 2:4: 12 petitions to NYC mayor, 2:4:8-9 relations with Navy, 2:4: 10 unemployment, 2:4:6-17 views:

Embargo Act of 1807, 2:4:9il. Seamen's Union of America, International (SIU), 2:4:52-59 passim., 6:4:5,

6:4:53, 8:3:24 Alaska Fishermen's Union, 2:4:47-48 and SIU-SUP Brotherhood (SUP/Sailors), 8:2 : 12 sources, 2: 1:68 strikes:

Oakland General (1946), 8:2: 12 Seamstresses, 4:2:36-37il., 9:4:6il., 9:4:6-10 passim.

in film, 9:3:60, 9:3 :61il. wages, 9 :4: 6

Seattle 1919, 4:3:54-55il., 4:3:54-59 "Seattle 1919: A Critique," by David Bartine and Constance Coiner, 4:3:54-

59 Seattle Central Labor Union, 3:3:56 Seattle General Strike (1919). see Strikes -- general see Strikes -- general

Seattle Metal Trades Council (MTC) strikes:

general (1919), 4:3:38 shipyard workers (1919), 4:3:38

Section 7(a). see National Industrial Recovery Act (NIRA) Security companies see Labor espionage

Seeger, Pete, 9:3:29-30, 9:3:33il. author: "'We Shall Overcome': A Postscript," 9:3:33

"Seeking 'The One Best Way' : Frank and Lillian Gilbreth's Time-Motion

Photographs, 1910-1924 11 by Peter Liebhold, 7:2: 18-33, 7:2:56-61 Segregation see Black workers; Civil rights; Racial segregation

Seidman, Bert, 1:4:69il. Seidman, Joel, 2:2:26il., 2:2:26-27, 2:2:40-41 Selby, Esther, 6:3:21il. Sellars, Lee, 8: 3 :4 3 il. Sellers (Isaiah) Gravestone, St. Louis, 6:4:73il. Sellins, Fannie, 4:4:34-47

death, 4:4:42il., 4:4:43-46 & ils. and Steel Strike of 1919, 4: 4 :46il.

imprisonments: in 1914, 4:4:41-42 & ils. in 1917, 4:4:42

memorials, 4:4:35il., 4:4:46il. photo (1919), 4:4:34il. as president, UGWA Local 67 (Garment), 4:4:36-39 and UMW A (Mine), 4:4:39-43

Sellins (Fannie) Historical Marker, Arnold, PA, 6:4:60 Senley, Mae, 5:4: 13il. Service Employees, United Local 329 (Chicago, IL), 2: 1 :72

Service Employees International Union (SEIU), 8:4:39, 9:1:4-23 charter application, 9: 1 :23il. foundation, 9:1:4, 9:1:20-21il. images and symbols, 8:4:40-4lil. "Justice for Janitors" campaign

8:4:4 lil. Local 2 (New York), 1:4:1il. murals, 8:4:40-41il., 9: 1:5il. strikes:

sit-down 8:4:41il.

Service Employees International Union (SEIU) Bas-Relief, Washington, 6:4:60

Service workers, 9: 1:38, 9: 1:38il., 9: 1:43 strikes: Plankinton House Hotel, Milwaukee (1941), 1:4:57il.

Settlement house movement, 8:3:23, 8:3:30 sources, 2: 1:68 and WTUL (Women's), 8:3:29-31 see also Denison House, Boston

Sexism. see Sexual division oflabor; Sexual harassment; Women workers see Sexual division oflabor; Women workers

Sexual division oflabor, l:l:60-66passim., 4:1:33-47 passim., 8:3:21.

see also Family economy; Women workers among slave children, 7:3:27-28 in Hawai'i, 9 : 1:24, 9: I :27, 9: 1:32, 9: 1:43, 9 : 1 :45 in printing, 8:3:21 see also Bookbinders

Sexual harassment, 9:2:62il. Seymour, Charles, 3 :3 :46-57 passim. Shahn, Ben, 1:1:46-55, 1:3:68, 5:3 :22 Fortune illustrations:

The Church is a Union Hall (1946), 1: 1 :cover The Confederate Soldier Looks Down on a Sign of the Times (1946),

1: 1:51 il. Like His Father Before Him, the Child Will Also Enter the Mill (1946),

1: 1:53il. andNewDeal, 1:1:50-55passim., 8:1:41il. New Republic illustration, 1: I: 54il. and organized labor, 1:1:49-54, 8:1:41il. paintings: Bronx Post Office Mural: Picking Cotton (1938-39), 1: 1 :50il. For Full Employment After the War: Register Vote (1944), 1: 1 :50il. Handball (1939), 1: 1 :48il. Jersey Homesteads Mural (1937), 1 :1 :49il. The Passion of Sacco and Vanzetti (1931-32), 1: 1:4 7il. The Riveter, 1 :3 :43il.

as photographer, 1: 1 :49-50 photographs: Linworth Methodist Episcopal Church, Central OH ( 193 8), 1: 1: 52il. Sheriff During Strike, Morgantown, WV (1935), 1: 1 :54il.

political views, 1: 1 :48-55 passim. posters:

National Citizens Political Action Committee (1944), 8:1:4lil. Shahn, Bernarda Bryson, 1: 1:49, 1: 1:55 Shanker, Albert, 8:4:72, 8:4:77, 9:2:4-5il., 9 :2:6, 9 :2: 17il. Sheehan, Jack, 3: 1 :68il. Sheet Metal and Air Conditioning Contractors' National Association, 6:4:41 Sheet Metal Workers' International Association (SMWIA), 6:4:41 Local 2 (Kansas City, MO), 6:4:41 in MS, 4:4:18

Sherman, Charles, 2:3:32 Sherman, Harry, 3:4:13 Shingle Weavers Union, 3:3 :58-59 Ship captains, 6 :4 :73il. Ship carpenters

in MA (1875), 4 :3:6 Shipbuilding industry, 1 :3 :59il.

and black workers, 1:3 :54-60, 1:3 :58il. sources, 3 :2:69

Shipwrights, 2:4:cover, 2:4:7il. unions in Tacoma, WA, 3:3:55, 3:3:59

Shipwrights and Caulkers, Union Society of, 3:3:13, 3:3:14il. Shipwrights and Caulkers Benevolent Society, New York Journeymen's

strike: ten hour (1833), 6:4:69

Shipwrights and Caulkers of the City ofNew York, Union Society of, 6:4:68 Shipwrights' Association

strikes: eight hour (1860s), 6:4:70

Shipwrights' Society, New York Journeymen, 6:4:68 Shipyard workers images and symbols, 6:4:64-71 in New York, 6:4:64-71

(ca. 1862), 6:4:67il., 6:4:68il. paintings:

Quincy, MA (1936), 7:3:36-37, 7:3:42-43il., 7:3:48il., 7:3:49il., 7:3 :50-5 lil.

in Seattle, 4:3:39-4lils., 4:3:53il. strikes: New York (1833), 6:4:64 New York (ca. 1863), 6:4:64 Seattle General (1919), 4:3:36-37il., 4:3 :38-51 passim., 4:3:55

wages, 6:4:68-69 see also Dock workers

Shipyards in Beaumont, TX (1943), 2:4:1il.

Shiras, Oliver P., 6:3:68 & ii. Shishido, Kaku, 9: 1 :34-3 Sil. Shishkin, Boris, 1:4:59il., 1:4:59-75, 1:4:63il., 1 :4:65il., 1:4:66il.,

1 :4:67il., 1 :4:72il., 8:4:76 and AFL, 1:4:64-74 author: Labor Unions and the Negro, 1 :4:73il. What's Ahead?, 1 :4:74il.

and civil rights, 1 :4:70il., 1:4:71il. as comic writer, 1 :4:66-67 as director, AFL-CIO Civil Rights Committee, 1:4:69-74 as director, European Labor Division of the Economic Cooperation

Administration, 1 :4:66-68 family, 1:4:60il., 1:4:61il., 1:4:61-62 illness, 1:4:69-70 and NLRA (National), 1 :4:64-65

non-union activities, 1 :4:73-74 as secretary, AFL Housing Committee, 1 :4:68-69 as secretary, AFL-CIO Housing Committee, 1 :4:74 sources, 1 :4:59-60 speaking engagements, 1 :4:64il., 1 :4:65-67 translation of Trotsky's history of the Russian Revolution, 1: 4: 63 &

ii., 1 :4:74-75 Shishkin, Robert, 1 :4:69-74 Shoe industry

advertisement, 4: 3: 21 ii. Shoe workers

strikes: Brockton, MA (1923), 8:4:61

Shoe Workers of America, United, 8: 1 :8. see also Clothing and Textile Workers Union, Amalgamated (ACTWU)

Shoemakers, 8: 1 : 40 in MA (1870's), 4:3:6, 4:3 :1 lil. strikes: New York (1809), 2:4:14

Shoeshine boys see Bootblacks

11 Shopfloor Memories of Organizing Bethlehem Steel, 1936-194211 by Kathleen Purcell Munley, 9:4:60-77

11 Shops' Whistle a Workers' Monument, 11 by Michael G. Matejka, 1: 1: 18-19 Shorts, Cliff, 5:2:27il. Shott, Hugh Ike, 2: 1 : 18 Shrimp schooners from Biloxi, MS (ca. late 1920s), 5:3:7lil. (mid- l 920s ), 5: 3: 68il. New Basin Canal, New Orleans (1929), 5 :3 :66-67il.

Shrimp trawlers, 5:3:73il., 5:3 :74il., 5:3:76il. impact upon fishing industry, 5:3:72-76 passim.

Shrimpers, 5:3 :66il., 5:3:66-76, 5:3:69il., 5:3:73il., 5:3 :74il., 5:3:79il.

blockade along Gulf Coast (1989), 5:3:67-68 strikes:

Biloxi, MS (1932-33), 5:3:72 union organization, 5: 3: 68-7 6

Shrimpers' and Oystermans' Association, Gulf Coast and anti-trust action (1955), 5:3:75 strikes:

AL & MS (1935), 5:3:74 Biloxi, MS (1946), 5:3 :74

Shrimpers of America, Concerned, 5:3:68 Shull, Michael S.

author: "Silent Agitators: Militant Labor in the Movies, 1909-1919," 9:3:58-77

Shultz, George, 7:4:17, 7:4:21 Siderographers, International Association of

sources, 9: 1 :55 Sieban Ranch, Helena, MT, 8:2:38-39il. Sikorsky Aircraft, Stratford, CT, 6:3:57il. "Silent Agitators: Militant Labor in the Movies, 1909-1919" by Michael S.

Shull, 9:3 :58-77 Silk industry

in Shamokin, PA, 7: 3: 19il. Silk workers, 7:3:4-21, 7:3:20il.

child labor, 7:3: 17, 7:3: 18il. children, 7:3:8 family economy of, 7:3:6, 7:3:15-20 strikes: Hazleton, PA (1907), 7:3 :20 Hazleton, PA (1913), 7:3:12-13il., 7:3:12-15 Newton Upper Falls (1894), 8:3 :26 in northeastern PA (1900-1901), 7:3:8, 7:3 :11-12, 7:3:20 in northeastern PA (1907), 7:3:8, 7:3:12, 7:3:20 Paterson, NJ (1913), 6:2:22 see also Industrial Workers of the World (IWW)

wages, 7:3: 12-14, 8:3:26 work conditions, 7:3 :6-8

Silverman, Sol, 2: 1 :39il. Simmons, E.L., 6: 1:53-54, 6: 1:57 Simon, Bryant

author: "'I Believed in the Strongest Kind of Religion:' James Evans and Working-Class Protest in the New South," 4 :3:61-77

"Singing the Gospel of Brotherhood and Sisterhood: Reflections of Labor's Troubadour" by Joe Glazer, 9:3:22-37

Siqueiros, David Alfaro, 8:4:38 Sirota, Alex, 2: 1:37-46 passim., 2: 1 :45il. Sit-down strikes see Auto Workers, United (UAW)

"Six to Six" banner, 9: 1:46-47il., 9: 1:53il., 9: 1 :53-54, 9: 1 :59 Skeele, David

author: "Steel/City: Docudrama of an Industry and Its City," 4:4:48-63 Skinner, Robert E.

author: "The Black Man in the Literature of Labor: The Early Novels of Chester Himes," 1:3 :50-65

Skinner Packing Company, Omaha, NE, 5:3:60il. Skousen, Nola

author: "The City Built of Glass," 2:4:66-75

Skygate Sculpture, San Francisco, 6:4:30il., 6:4:60 Slaiman, Donald, 8:3:51il. Slang see Working class -- slang

Slater, Samuel, 3 :2:26-36 passim. Slatersville (RI) Cotton Mill (1955), 3:2:32il. Slave children, 7:3 :22-33, 7:3 :23il., 7:3 :24-25il., 7:3 :56-61

doll (ca. 1850), 7:3:29il. girl

portrait with white infant (184 7), 7: 3 : 29il. as portion of slave population, 7:3 :60 separation from parents, 7:3:26-27 sexual division oflabor, 7:3:27-28, 7:3:31-32 sources, 7:3 :58-60 with white children, 7:3:28il., 7:3:29il. work, 7:3:24-33, 7:3:56

in children's gangs, 7:3:25 on cotton plantations, 7:3:61il. incentives, 7:3:29-33, 7:3:56 as socializing agent, 7: 3 : 5 6 supervised by adult slaves, 7:3:27-28 in "trash" gangs, 7:3:25 water carrier, 7:3 :30-3 lil.

Slave hiring, 3:2:45-47 Slave quarters, 7:3 :80il. Slavery in urban South, 8:3:55 see also Slaves; Slave children

Slaves in corn field, 7:3:30-3 lil.

Slayton, John M., 1:2:12 Sleeping Car Porters, Brotherhood of (BSCP), 2:4:38-39, 3:3:22-43,

6:2:76il., 8:1:10, 8:4:61, 9:4:42, 9:4:45il. and AFL (American), 4:3:27 The Black Worker (1937), 4:3:26il. charter application, 4:3 :26il. Chicago division, 3:3:24-41, 3:3:30il., 3:3:31il., 3:3:40il.

meeting, 3: 3 : 3 9il. convention (1929), 3 :3 :24-25il. convention (1950), 1:2:cover and Garland Fund, 8:4:65-66 Ladies Auxiliary, 1 :2:73 landmarks, 6:4:60 logo, 4:3 :26il. officers, 2: 1:70il., 3 :3 :34il., 3 :3 :43il.

password, 3:3:34-35 and Pullman Company, 4:3:27 sources, 2:1:71, 3:3:34-35 strikes:

Chicago (1928), 3 :3 :32, 3 :3 :36 Pullman Company, 8:4:65-66

Slichter, Sumner, 1:4:65il. Slim by William Wister Haines, 8:2:53il. Slocum, Sam, 2:3 :55-58 Great Centennial Jubilum, 1875, 2:3:56-57il., 2:3:60il.

Slop shop, 9:4:6 Sloss Furnaces, Birmingham, AL, 6:4:27il., 6:4:37il, 6:4:38-39, 6:4:55il.,

6:4:63 ca. 1939, 6:4:27il., 6:4:37il

Smelter workers strikes:

Globeville, CO (1903), 2:3 :28 Smith, Hilda (Jane), 5:4:43 Smith, Mrs. E.B., 1:2:8, 1:2:1 Oil., 1:2: 13-33 passim. Smith, Robert M.

author: "Spies Against Labor: Industrial Espionage Agencies, 1855-1940," 5:2:64-77

Smith, Stanton, 4 :4: 8-14 passim. Smith, Tucker, 2:2:24-41 passim., 2:2:26il. Smith (H.B.) Foundry, Westfield, MA, 6:3:54-55il. Smithfield Foods, Virginia, 9:2:63 Smithfield Market, London, 8:3 :1, 8:3:58-59il., 8:3 :61il., 8:3:62-63il.,

8:3:64-65il., 8:3:66-67il., 8:3:68-69il. "The Smithsonian Gilbreth Photographic Collection," 7:2:30-31 Smithsonian Institution

"Symbols and Images of American Labor," 2:2:69 "We the People: Winning the Vote," 8:1:29 & il.

Smoger, Jim, 9:4:37 Smokeless Coal Operators Association, 2: 1: 21, 3: 3: 69 Snow, Charles, 1: 1 :72, 1: 1 :73il. Social Democratic Party of America (SDA)

foundation (1897), 2:4:23 Social Gospel movement, 1 :2:9, 4:3 :64 Social Security Act (Aug. 1935), 2:2:48il. Socialist Labor Party of America (SLP), 1:3:75 landmarks, 6:4:62 in Puerto Rico, 6:4: 12 in Tacoma, WA, 3:3 :52-56passim.

Socialist Party of America, 5:4:41 and Brookwood Labor College, 2:2:31-42 passim.

foundation (1901), 2:4:23 and '!WW (Industrial), 4:2:54-57 passim. presidential campaign of 1920, 8: 1 :44il. press, 8:4:62-63 sources, 3:4:50 in WI, 1 :4:50

Socialist publications, 7:4:4 lil. Socialist Workers Committee on Unemployment, 5:4:20 Socialist Workers Party, 3:3 :74 Socialists

and eight-hour movement (1872), 2:2:76 La Sociedad de Torcedores de Tampa (La Resistencia)

strikes: Tampa, FL (Ybor City) (1901), 5:1:16

Sofchalk, Donald G. author: "The Iron Miners' Struggle for Collective Bargaining, 1941-43,"

5: 1:62-77 Solomon, Joshua, 8:3:43il. Sombrotto, Vincent, 7:4:18, 7:4:19il., 7:4:22, 7:4:23il. Sorel, George, 6:2:58-61 Sotheran, Charles, 1:3:75 "Sources for Studying Labor: at the Western Historical Collections of the

University of Colorado, Boulder," by John A. Brennan and Cassandra M. Volpe, 1: 1:68-74

"Sources for the Study of Labor History at the Chicago Historical Society," by Steve Rosswurm, 2: 1:64-75

South (U.S.) industrialization

see Industrialization -- in U.S. South and '!WW (Industrial), 4:2:56 and union organization, 1:1:5lil., 1:1:52il., 1:1:53il., 1:1:54il.,

1:2:11, 1:2:19-31, 4:3:72-74, 6:1:48-49, 6:1 :58-59 see also individual unions and occupations

Southern Christian Leadership Conference (SCLC), 8:3:53 Southern Illinois Coal Miners Memorial, Marissa, IL, 6:4:60 Southern Tenant Farmers Union (STFU), 8:4:61

in Memphis sources, 8:3 :57

The Southerner: News of the Citizens' Council February 1956, 4:4: 12il.

Spanish-American War, 6:4:5-7 and black workers, 3:2:56

Sparhawk-Jones, Elizabeth paintings:

ShopGirls(l9l2), 3:1:45

Spaulding, John L., 3: 1: 17 "Speaker from the Soul," by Robert D. Reynolds, Jr., 2:4:25 Special Committee to Investigate Unamerican Activities, 7:3 :66il.,

7:3:67il. Special Delivery Messengers, National Association of, 7:4:26-27 Speculator Mine Monument, Butte, MT, 6:4:60 Spielman, Gordon, 9:4:34, 9:4:38il. Spielman, Phyllis, 9:4:38il. "Spies Against Labor: Industrial Espionage Agencies, 1855-1940," by Robert

M. Smith, 5:2:64-77 The Spirit of American Labor (ca. 1927), 9:3:7il. Spitalny's Hour of Charm Orchestra, Phil, 8:1:46-61 passim., 8:1:51il. Sports see also Industrial recreation

Spring industry, 2: 1:45-47 Springer, Maida, 5:4:52il. Springfield (IL) Trades and Labor Council

sources, 3:4:50 Spurling, R.G., Jr., 6:1 :48 & il. Spurling, R.G., Sr., 6:1:48 "Staging The Line: The Creation of a Play About the Patrick Cudahy Meat

Packing Strike of 1987-1989" by Michael Gordon, 9:2:58-77 Stahl, Ben, 2: 1:26il.

author: "The End of Segregation in Teacher Training in Delaware: Recollections of a Union Struggle, 1942-1946," 2:1:24-33

Starr, James, 2:2:8 Starzelski, Joseph, 4:4:43-46

death, 4:4:42il. memorial (1920), 4:4:35il.

State, County and Municipal Employees, American Federation of (AFSCME), 1:3:48

and civil rights movement, 8: 3 : 44 field services, 8:3:43il. and Ford Foundation, 8:4:72 founding, 8: 3 : 5 3 leaders at memorial for Martin Luther King, 8: 3: 51 il. Local 1173 (Memphis)

strikes: sanitation workers (1968)

rally, 8:3:50il., 8:3:5lil. Local 1733 (Memphis)

organization of, 8:3:40 payment of dues, 8: 3: 41-4 2 strikes:

sanitation workers (1968), 8:3:cover, 8:3:38-39il., 8:3:40-53

passim., 8:3:48-49il. march, 8:3 :80il. negotiations, 8: 3 :4 3 ii. picket, 8:3:45il., 8:3:57il. protest (March 28), 8:3:46-47il. sources, 8:3:40, 8:3:56-57 strike settlement, 8:3:53il. strikebreakers, 8:3:44il., 8:3:45il.

welfare fund, 8:3:54 in Memphis (1969), 4: 1:62-63il. Roll of Honor, New Britain, CT, 6:4:56 strikes: Memphis (1968)

landmarks, 6:4:59 State, County and Municipal Workers, American Federation of (AFSCME),

7:1:15 State, County and Municipal Workers of America (SCMW A), 2: 1 :26 State and County Municipal Workers Union

strikes: Elizabeth, N.J. (1938), 1:4:28

State militias see Militias

State Planters Bank, Richmond, VA, 4: 1 :44il. Stationary Engineers and Building Service Employees Local 670 (New York), 1:4:28

Stationary Firemen, International Brotherhood of strikes: Dubuque Streetcar Strike (1903), 6:3:67

Steam navigation, 2:4: l lil. Stecker, Freeland, 7:2: 12il. Steel and Metal Workers Industrial Union

strikes: Aliquippa, PA (1933), 5:2: 11

Steel industry mill, 5: 1:79il. and NIRA (National), 5 :2: IO

Steel Strike of 1919 see Steel workers

Steel workers, 2:1:65il., 3:1:59il., 4:2:34-35il., 7:1:24, 9:2:20-31, 9:2:48-55

during 1930s, 5:2:58il. at Bethlehem Steel (1942), 9:4:80 black, 5 :2:6-25 passim., 5:2:15il. (ca. 1917-18), 5:2:51il., 5:2:52-53il. during the Depression, 5:2:6-27

(early 1900s), 5:2:55il. in IL (1884), 4 :3:14 making slag (1926), 9:2:52-53il. in Meadville, PA (1905), 9:2:23il. and NIRA (National), 5:2:6 Pennsylvania (1938), 2:2:53il. in Pittsburgh (late nineteenth century), 4:4:48-63 passim. and politics, 5:2:8, 5:2:23-24 sources, 9:4:60 strikes:

Little Steel Strike, Youngstown, OH (1919), 5:2:50, 5:2:73 national (1919), 1 :2:68, 2:4 :58, 4:4:43, 4:4:44-45il., 5:2:8, 5:2:22,

5:2:68, 6: 1:71, 9:3:74 and labor espionage, 5:2:72-73 landmarks, 6:4:58 propaganda, 4 :4 :46

Republic Steel, Chicago (1937), 6:4:62 views:

administrative style of SWOC (Steel), 9:4:67 company unions, 9:4 :63, 9:4 :65 organizing campaigns, 9:4:63

see also Foundry workers; Iron and Steel Workers, Amalgamated Association of (AAISW)

Steel Workers of America, United (USWA), 1:1 :68-69, 5:2:42, 6:2:68, 6:2:72-73, 8:1:15, 8:1:20, 8:1:22, 8:1:23, 8:3:49, 8:4:71, 8:4:76, 9:3:37

and Brookwood Labor College, 2:2:41 and contract with Little Steel (1942), 9:4 :74 convention (1944)

sources, 3:4:54 and CSO (Community), 8:1:13 District 33, MN, 5:1:68il., 5:1:69

delegates (1944), 5: 1 :70il. negotiation team (1943), 5:1:74il.

District Council 3 8 (Los Angeles), 8: 1: 13 Duluth, MN (1943), 5:1:72il. foundation

and mid western iron miners, S: 1: 69-70 Hibbing-Chisholm District, MN, 5:1:75

(1942), 5:1:73il. images and symbols, 1 :2:48 Ironwood, MI, 5: 1: 69 Local 1028 (Duluth, MI), 5:1:69 Local 1845 (Los Angeles), 8: 1: 11 il. Local 1918 (Los Angeles), 8: 1 :8, 8: 1: llil., 8: 1: 14il. in Los Angeles, 8: 1: 12

in Los Angeles CIO Council presidential campaign (1948), 8: 1: 16

Mesabi and Vermilion Ranges, MN, 5: 1 :69, 5: 1:73il. and occupational safety and health, 3: 1:67-68 and OSH (Occupational) Act, 3: 1 :68il. sources, 2: 1 :71, 9:4:60, 9:4:62 strikes: Phelps Dodge Corporation, AZ & TX (1983), 1:3:68 Whitin Machine Works, MA (1945), 3:2:37

support ofCSO (Community), 8:1:8 union organization

midwestern iron miners (1942), 5: 1 :70-75, 5: 1 :73il. Virginia-Eveleth District (MN), 5: 1 :75 and World War II, 5:1:71-72

Steel Workers Organizing Committee (SWOC), 1:1:49, 7:1:8 Chicago

headquarters, 2: 1 :71il. and company unions, 9:2:54 and FEWOC (Farm), 4: 1 :25 and foundation ( 193 6), 5:2:16 foundation of, 9:4:62 Hibbing-Chisholm District (MN), 5: 1 :71 leadership, 9:4:62il., 9:4:75 Local 1211 (Aliquippa, PA), 5:2:18-19

and NLRB (National) elections (1937), 5:2:23il., 5:2:24il., 5:2:27il. parade (May 1937), 5:2:24il. strikes:

May 1937, 5:2:20, 5:2:21il., 5:2:26il. Local 1663 (Chisholm, MN), 5:1:71-72 Local 1664 (Vermilion, MN), 5:1:71 Local 1938 (Virginia, MN), 5:1:69 Local 2078 (Evelith, MN), 5:1:70-71 Local 2381 (Hull-Rust, MN), 5:1:71-72 and midwestern iron miners, 5:1:69-75 and NLRA (National), 2:2:53il. orgaruzmg campaigns

Bethlehem Steel (1936-1942), 9:4:61il. in Bethlehem, PA

picnic (1939), 9:4:66il. committee structure, 9:4:66 company-wide meeting (1940), 9:4:66il. impact of victory at U.S. Steel, 9:4:63 in Lackawanna, NY

membership drive (1941), 9:4:68-69il. literature, 9:4:77il.

poster, 9:4:60il. U.S. Steel, 9:2:54

and political action, 5: 2: 24 sample ballot, 9:4:60il. sources, 2:1:71, 9:4:60, 9:4:62 strikes: Bethlehem Steel, Lackawanna, NY (1941), 9:4:67 Bethlehem Steel, PA (1941), 9:4:67-74, 9:4:69il., 9 :4:70il.,

9:4:7lil., 9:4:72il. settlement of, 9:4:73 significance of, 9:4:73 victory parade, 9:4:73il.

and UMWA (Mine), 9:4:62 union organization, 5: 1 :65-69, 5:2: 14il., 5:2: 16-25, 5:2: 19il.

Mesabi and Vermilion Ranges, MN (1937-41), 5: 1 :65-69 and World War II, 5:1:70-71

"Steel/City: Docudrama of an Industry and Its City," by David Skeele, 4:4:48-63

Steelworkers in Joliet, IL

(1870s-1930s), 8:4: 80il. (1990s), 8:4:80il.

Steiger, William A., 3:1:68-69 Steinbrenner, George, 3:2:21-22 Steinway Piano Company, New York

and eight-hour movement, 2:2:73-75, 2:2:74il. Stepenoff, Bonnie

author: "'Papa On Parade': Pennsylvania Coal Miners' Daughters and the Silk Worker Strike of 1913," 7:3:4-21

Steunenberg, Frank assassination of, 2:3 :30-31

Stevedores strikes:

Cuban (1901-1902), 6:4:23-24 Stevedores, Longshoremen and Riggers' Union, 3 :3 :48-59 passim. Stevedoring and Rigging Company, Cooperative

in Tacoma, WA, 3:3:48 Stevens, Henry A., 3: 3 :49il. Stevenson, Adlai, 8: I :27 Stevenson, William, 2: 3 :40-41 il. Steward, Ira, 4 : 3: 8 Stewards

chief shop, 8:2:54 Stewart, Ethelbert, I :4:4, 1 :4:6 Stewart, Ira, 1:2:61il., 1:2:62-63

Stillman, Charles B., 7:2:9il., 7:2:9 & il., 7:2:9-17 passim., 7:2: 12il., 7:2:17

Stock subscription plans see Welfare capitalism

"Stolen Dreams: Portraits of the World's Working Children" by David L. Parker, 6: 1:22-45

Stone, Harlan Fiske, 7: 1 : 14 Stone cutters, 3:3:51il., 8:4:46il.

and political campaigns, 8:1:75il. tools, 8:4:46il. unions in Tacoma, WA, 3:3:53, 3:3:59

Stone cutters Association in Bedford, IN, 6:4:35

Stone sloops, 2: 1 :77il. Store card, 2:2:69il. Store clerks, 3: 1 :45 Storrs, Landon R. Y.

author: "An Independent Voice for Unorganized Workers: The National Consumers League Speaks to the Blue Eagle," 6:3:20-39

Stove workers strikes:

Lindemann-Hoverson, Milwaukee, WI (c. 1934), 1:4:50 Strasser, Adolph, 1 :2:60

landmarks, 6:4:60 '"The Strategy is All Reuther's, Damn Him': Two Letters from the Reuther

Library," by Warner W. Pflug, 2:3:40-47 Street and Electric Railroad Employees, Amalgamated Association of

(AAS CEA) Division 103 (WV), 3:3:73

Street and Electric Railway Employees of America, Amalgamated Association of(AASCEA)

Local 329 (Dubuque, IA), 6:3 :63 certificate of affiliation (1903), 6:3:65il. certificate of membership (1903), 6:3:74il. strikes:

Union Electric Company (1903), 6:3:60, 6:3:64-75, 6:3:73il. Street Car Employees of America, Amalgamated Association of (AASCEA),

2:2:59, 2:2:61 Division 22

officers, 2:2:67il. Division 618 (Providence, RI), 2:2:59-63 passim., 2:2:61il., 2:2:63il.

Street carmen early 1900s, 2:2:56il., 2:2:61-63

Street peddler in New York (ca. 1900), 7:4:35il.

Street performers Mexico City, Mexico (1992), 6:1:40-41il.

Street Railway Employees of America, Amalgamated Association of (AASREA) Division 4 (Tacoma, WA), 3:3:57, 3:3 :59 Division 84 (Houston)

strikes: Houston Electric Street Railway Company (1898), 7: 1 :56-60, 7: 1 :57il.

Street vendors Seelampur, India (1993), 6: 1 :33-34il.

11 Streetcar Strike 1903: Dubuque Walks, 11 by Ralph Scharnau, 6: 3: 5 8-77 Streetcar workers, 6:3 :76-77il. in Dubuque, 6:3 :60-75, 6:3 :67il. in film, 9:3:74 strikes: Milwaukee (ca. 1934), 1:4:50 Richmond, VA (1903), 3:2:56

Union Electric Company, Dubuque (early 1900s), 6:3:58-59il. wages, 7: 1:56 work conditions, 6:3:62-63

Streetcars, 7: 1 :57il. in Dubuque, 6:3:60-62, 6:3 :6lil., 6:3:62il. in Oakland ( 1946), 8: 2: 1 il. safety, 6:3 :64il. see also Union Electric Company, Dubuque, IA

Strike general:

Oakland ( 1946) dramatic representations of, 8:2:21

The Strike (1914), 9:3:66 Strikebreakers, 4:2:11-23 passim., 4:2:18-19il., 5:2:65il., 6:2:75

and ABWA (Butcher) strike (1921-22), 5:3:54-57, 5:3:62 at Bethlehem Steel strike (1941), 9:4:68-73 passim. and Dubuque Streetcar Strike ( 1903 ), 6: 3: 66-7 5 passim. in film, 9:3 :66 inHouston(l880-1900), 7:1:54, 7:1:56-57 in Lawrence, MA (1912), 8:2:68 in Lowell, MA (1912), 8:2:68 in Memphis (1968), 8:3:44il., 8:3:45il., 8:3:57il. in Oakland (1946), 8:2:9-15, 8:2: 1 lil., 8:2: 12-13il., 8:2: 14il. in Paterson Strike (1913), 6:2:54il. weapons, 5:2:73il. and WFM (Miners) strikes, 6:2: 10, 6:2: 17-20 see also Labor espionage

Strikes Blue Ridge Tunnel, Richmond, VA (1853), 3:2:46

Chicago stockyards strike ( 1904 ), 2: 1 : 79il. in film, 9:3 :66-67, 9:3 :67il. general:

concept of, 4 :3:36-37 Cuban (1899-1900), 6:4:7-10 New Orleans (1892), 1: 1 :32il., 1: 1 :33, 1: 1 :33il. Oakland (1946), 8:2:4-5il., 8:2:4-25, 8:2:6-7il., 8:2:8il., 8:2:9il.,

8:2:15il., 8:2 :16-17il., 8:2:18il., 8:2:19il., 8:2:20il., 8:2:22il.

legacy of, 8:2:20, 8:2:22-23 nonparticipation of IL WU (Longshoremen's), 8:2: 18-19 role of women, 8: 2: 8 strikebreakers, 8:2:9-15, 8:2 :1lil., 8:2 :12-13il., 8:2:14il.

Puerto Rican (1900), 6:4:12 San Francisco (1934), 8:2: 11 Seattle (1919), 4:3:36-59, 4:3:42il., 4:3:43il.

assistance, 4:3 :45il., 4 :3 :46-47il. in film, 9:3:74 General Strike Committee (GSC), 4:3 :42-48 passim. picket, 4:3 :34-35il. strikebreakers, 4:3:48il., 4 :3:49il., 4:3:58il. see also King County (WA) Central Labor Council (CLC); Seattle (WA)

Metal Trades Council (MTC) see also Great Strike of 1877

Great Southwest (1886), 6:4 :58 images and symbols, 8:4: 15, 8:4:36-37il. impact of photography on, 8:4:14-33, 8:4:48-57 Kohler Company, Kohler, WI (ca. 1934), 1:4:50 Morgantown, WV (1935), 1:1:54il. songs, 1:3:68-69, 1:3:73 for union recognition, 2:2:52 wildcat:

in Memphis (World War II), 4: 1 :58 for occupational safety and health, 3: 1 :58-76 passim.

see also Eight-hour movement; individual occupations and unions "Striking Against the State: The Postal Wildcat of 1970" by Aaron Brenner,

7:4:4-27 Strong, Anna Louise, 4:3:42-43, 4:3:44il., 4 :3:57-58 Strozier, Henry, 8:3:43il. Student Non-Violent Coordinating Committee (SNCC), 4:4: 14, 4:4: 19 Students for a Democratic Society (SDS), 7:4: 18, 7:4: 19il. Sturtevant, Joe, 1: 1:72il., 1: 1 :74 Suffrage movement, 8:3:34 Sugar beet industry, 7:2:36-37il., 7:2:38-39il., 7:2:45il. Longmont, CO (1907-08), 1: 1:74

Sugar cane workers (1942), 5:1:1il. in FL (1981-95), 7:4:52il.

Sugar workers, 9: 1:24, 9: 1:37il. in Maui, HI

(ca. 1912), 9:1:cover, 9:1:32-33il. (ca. 1915), 9:1 :34-35il.

Puerto Rico (1942), 4:2: Iii. songs, 9: 1:24 strikes:

(1909), 9: 1 :27 (1920), 9:1:27

Sugarman, Tracy, 5:3:22-26, 5:3:27il. author: "Echoes on Paper: Reflections on my Garment Workers Sketchbook,

1958," 5:3:22-49 and civil rights, 5:3:27 sketches: of civil rights movement, 5 :3 :27il. of garment workers, 5:3:23-24il., 5:3:25il., 5:3 :28-29il., 5:3:31il.,

5:3:32-33il., 5:3:34il., 5:3:36il., 5:3 :39il., 5:3:40il., 5:3:42-43il., 5:3:45il., 5:3:46il., 5:3:49il.

Seventh Avenue in 1958, 5:3:cover Sullivan, David, 8:4:71 Sullivan, T. S., 2:3 :26il. Summer School for Women Workers, 8:4:62 Sunday Journal, 9:4:37-38 Supreme Court

(1946-1949), 7:1:13il. Sutton, James, 9:3:43il. Sviridoff, Mitchell, 8:4:67il., 8:4:68, 8:4:70, 8:4:73, 8:4:76 Swartzendruber, Effie, 3: 1:28, 3: 1:28il. Swartzendruber, Elmer and Mary, 3: 1 :26-28, 3: 1 :27il. Sweat, Albert, 1:2:15-20 passim. Sweatshops, 3:2:77il., 9:4:cover, 9:4:4-25

(1859), 9:4:6il. (1953), 9:4: 18-19il. during the 1990s, 9:4:6, 9:4:20-22 in Baltimore (1958), 9:4:20il. definition of, 9:4:6 and immigration policies after 1940, 9:4: 17 impact of Fair Labor Standards Act (1938), 9:4:14, 9:4:16 and move for government regulation, 9:4: 14 in New York

(ca. 1911), 9:4:24il. Division Street (1889), 9:4: 12il.

Ludlow Street tenement (1889), 9:4:8il. organizing campaigns, 9: 4: 13 as part of the global economy, 9:4: 17, 9:4: 19 prevalence of in non-clothing industries, 9:4:24

Sweeny, Thomas W., 6:3:7 & il. Sweet, Fred, 9:4:33-34 Sylvis, William, 6:4:35-36, 9:4:28 landmarks, 6:4:34il.

Sylvis (William) Gravesite, Lansdale, PA, 6:4:34il., 6:4:60 Sylvis (William) Monument, Indiana, PA, 6:4:60 "Symbols and Images of American Labor: Badges of Pride" by Harry R.

Rubenstein, 1 :2:36-51 "Symbols and Images of American Labor: Dinner Pails and Hard Hats," by

Harry R. Rubenstein, 1 :3 :34-49 Symbols and images of labor. see Images and symbols of labor see Images and symbols of labor

"Symbols and Images of Labor" exhibition: Smithsonian Institution, Washington, DC, 2:2:69

Syndicalism, 2:4:46-61 passim. Syrjala, F.J., 2:3:62-63il. Szpak, Michael

author: "Removing the 'Mark of the Beast:' The Church of God (Cleveland, Tennessee) and Organized Labor, 1908-1934," 6:1:46-57, 6:1:60-61

Szwajkowski, Rosemary, 6:3:48il. T Tabachinsky, Benjamin, 3 :4:25-26il., 3 :4:29il. Tacoma, WA, 3:3:47il. Tacoma (WA) Committee of Fifteen, 3 :3 :49il. Tacoma (WA) Mill, 3:3:44-45il., 3:3:48-49 Tacoma (WA) Trades Council, 3:3:52il., 3:3 :52-60 passim. Taft, Philip, 5:3:il., 5:3 :7 Taft, Robert

caricature (1944), 7:3 :74il. and national health insurance, 5:2:34il., 5:2:35-44

Taft, William H., 8: 1:28, 8: 1 :32il., 8: 1:37il. Taft-Hartley Act (1947), 2:2:45, 5:2:36

and anti-communism, 1: 1 :54 images and symbols, 7:3 :68il., 7:3 :69il. and occupational safety and health, 3: 1 :66-69 passim. opposition to, 8:1:45il. sources, 7 :4: 66 and wildcat strikes, 3: 1 :69

Tailboard, 8:2:54 Tailgate, 8:2:54 Tailors, 3:3:53, 9:4:6, 9:4:8

images and symbols, 3: 3: 7 & il. New York (1958), 5:3:39il. unions in Tacoma, WA, 3:3:59 see also Garment workers

Tailors Fraternal Union, 6:3:7-14 Talbot (Tom) Bust, Grant Park, Atlanta, 6:4:60 Talkboard, 8:2:54 Tammany Society, 2:2:77, 2:4:12, 3:3:4-5il., 3:3:14

opposition to, 2:4: 13il. Tampa, FL (Ybor City)

ca. 1915, 5 : 1: 12il. ca. 1926, 5: 1: 13il.

Tangen, Ed, 1: 1 :74il. Tanner Clubs, 8:1:27 Tanners, 8:1:27 Tariffs, 8: 1:28, 8: 1:34il. Tavernier, Jules, 5:1:42-59 passim.

wood engravings: The Strike in the Coal Mines -- Meeting of Molly M'Guire Men, 5: 1 :48-

49, 5:1:50-51il., 5:1:58 Taverns, 3:2:50il., 3:2:51-53 Taylor, Frederick W., 4:2:8il., 7:2:20-22, 7:2:59

and Frank and Lillian Gilbreth, 7:2:26, 7:2:28, 7:2:57 Taylor, J.W., 8:4:55-57 Taylor, William B., 5:4:31-32

(ca. 1941), 5:4:3 lil. Taylorism

see Company unions; Scientific management Teachers, 4: 1 :30

pensions, 7: 2: 10 and racial discrimination, 2: 1 :26-33 wages, 7:2:7-12passim. as women's profession, 7:2:7, 7:2: 17 work conditions, 7:2:4-5il., 7:2:6il., 7:2:7, 7:2: 12

Teachers, American Federation of (AFT), 6:4:58, 7:2:6-17, 7:2:9, 7:2:11, 8:4:77

and AFL, 7:2:16 and Brookwood Labor College, 2:2:29, 7:2: 16 Building, Chicago, IL, 6:4:56 convention (1920), 7:2: 12il. and William Green, 7: 2: 16 Local 1 (Chicago)

sources, 2: 1 :70 Local 3 (Chicago), 1:2:68 Local 28 (St. Paul, MN), 7:2: 11

celebration (1943), 7:2:13il. Local 43 (St. Paul, MN), 7:2: 11 Local 89 (Atlanta), 7:2: 13

and black teachers, 7:2: 14 Local 189 (Boston), 5:4:44 Local 571 (Chicago), 2:1:71 Local 762 (Wilmington, DE), 2: 1 :24-33 passim., 2: 1 :29, 2: 1 :32il. Local 1460 (New York). see College Teachers, United Federation of (UFCT)

-- St. John's Chapter Local 1600 (Morton College, Chicago)

sources, 2: 1: 71 membership

early 1920s, 7:2:12 and racial issues, 7:2: 16 strikes:

St. John's University (1966), 9:2:7il., 9:2: 1 lil., 9:2: 14, 9:2: 18, 9:2: 19il.

St. Paul (1946), 9:4:32 union organization

Bennington, VT, 5:4:44 Springfield, MA, 5:4:44

Washington Teachers Union, 4:3:25 see also individual cities and states

Teachers, California Federation of Golden Lands, Working Hands project, 8:2:21

Teachers, Chicago Federation of, 6:4:58 see Teachers, American Federation of (AFT) -- Local 1

Teachers, Federation of Women High School Teachers, 1:2:68-69 Teachers, United Federation of (UFT), 9:2:4-5il., 9:2: 17il.

and Ford Foundation, 8:4:71-72, 8:4:72-73il. strikes: New York (1968), 8:4:72-73il.

support ofUFCT (College), 9:2:14 Teachers, Wilmington Federation of

see Teachers, American Federation of (AFT) -- Local 762 Teachers' Association, Atlanta Public School (APSTA), 7:2:12, 7:2:16

and black teachers, 7:2: 14 Teachers Association, Delaware State, 2: 1 :32

Wilmington, 2: 1 :28 Teachers Federation, Chicago (CTF), 7:2:8-17 passim.

and AFT (Teachers), 7:2:9 Teachers Guild, 9:2:6-7 Teachers' Union, Chicago (CTU), 1:2:68-73 passim.

sources, 2: 1 :70-71 Teagarden, Norma, 8: 1:56

Teamsters, 1:3:35il., 8: 1 :40il. Teamsters, International Brotherhood of (IBT), 8:4:38, 8:4:76

expulsion from AFL-CIO sources, 7:4:61

Joint Council 42 (Los Angeles), 8:4:70-71 Local 70 (Oakland)

strikes: Oakland General (1946), 8:2:9-19 passim.

Local 574 (Minneapolis, MN), 9:4:32 New Jersey, 1 :4:28 strikes:

Dubuque Streetcar Strike (1903), 6:3:68 and UMWA [Mine] parade (1905), 7:3:8il.

Teamsters, Joint Council of, 8: 1: 12 Telegraphers, Brotherhood of, 3:4:6-7

and linemen, 3:4:6 strikes:

Western Union (1883), 3:4:6 Telephone operators

Oakland, CA (1888), 3:4: 16il. Telephone workers

in Ouachita National Forest, AK ( 1924 ), 8: 1 : 80il. Teller, Henry M., 1: 1:74 "Telling Labor's Story: Stuart B. Kaufman's Legacy" by Grace Palladino,

8:3 :4-17 Temperance, 9:3 :67

and Richmond (VA) workers, 3:2:51-55 Ten hour movement, 9:1:46-47il., 9:1:53

see also Eight hour movement Tenant farmers

see Farm workers Tenant Farmers Union, Southern, 2:2:34, 4: 1 :54

in AR, 5:2:25 Tennessee Valley Authority (TVA)

Hiwassee Dam, 7:4:75il. Tenniel, John, 2:3:19il. Terrazzo workers, 8:4:46-47il. Textile industry, 1:3:4lil., 6:3:lil., 8:2:58-60

depression (mid-1920s), 2:2:6-7 in Lawrence, MA, 1 :3 :36il. mills

Blackstone River Valley (MA, CT, RI), 3:2:27il. paternalism of, 3:2:24-41 passim. in U.S. South, 1:2:9

Textile mills

in Greensboro, NC photo (ca. 1910), 4:3:64-65il. photo (ca. 1925), 4:3 :60-6lil., 4:3:70-71il.

Textile Voices: Songs and Stories of the Mills (1970), 9:3:34il. Textile workers, 3 :2:66-67il., 3 :2:67il., 6: 1 :cover

in Boston (1912), 6: 1:36il. carpet weavers

Barmer, India (1994), 6: 1 :43il. Kathmandu, Nepal (1993), 6: 1 :22-23il.

Clyde Cotton Mill, Newton, NC (1908), 6:1:42il. in FL (1981-95), 7:4:53il. Holyoke, MA (1990), 6:3:50-51il. images and symbols

mid-nineteenth century, 1 :2:38il. Lawrence, MA (1868), 5: 1 :42-43il. living conditions, 2: 2: Sil. in Lowell, MA

Appeleton Mills (1913), 8:2:68-69il. (ca. 1903), 8:2:57il., 8:2:58-59il.

occupational safety and health, 3:2:68-69il., 3:2:77il. in Passaic Valley, 2:2: 18-19il. rallies, 2:2:20il. songs, 4:3 :66il. strikes: Danville, VA (1931), 5: 1 :32 Elizabethton, TN (1929), 4:3:72 Fall River, MA (1904), 8:3:30-32 Gastonia, NC (1929), 8:4:61, 8:4:62il. Greeks in Lowell, MA (1903-1912), 8:2:60 Lowell, MA (1903), 8:2:63 Marion, NC (1929), 5:1:31 Passaic Valley ( 1926)

lockout at Forstmann-Huffinan Mills, Garfield, NJ, 2:2:9-10 United Front Strike Committee, 2:2:8-18 passim., 2:2:9il., 2:2: l lil.

and AFL, 2:2: 17 sit-down

Boston (ca. 1930), 5:4:44 U.S. South (1934), 6:3:35 Uxbridge Worsted Company (1932), 3:2:35

in U.S. South, 4:3:68-71 wages, 6:3 :25-26 see also Garment workers

Textile Workers of America, United (UTWA), 9:3:24-34 passim. and Brookwood Labor College, 2:2:41 and Bryn Mawr Summer School, 5:4:43

class(ca. 1947), 9:3:25il. expulsion of communists, 2:2:22 Fulton Bag and Cotton Mills, Atlanta (1914-15), 1 :2:4-9, 1:2:7-9 images and symbols, 1 :2:24il. and industrial recreation, 6: 1: 15 and JWW (Industrial), 8:2:68-69, 8:2:76 and Lawrence Strike (1912), 8:3:33-34 Local 763 (New York)

landmarks, 6:4:60 Local 886 (Atlanta), 1:2:13-23 passim. Local 1603 (Passaic, NJ), 2:2:17, 2:2:19 Local 1695 (Greensboro, NC), 4:3:74 and NRA (National), 6:3:25 and political action, 5: 4: 4 7 response of ethnic groups, 8:2:69 strikes:

Celanese Corporation, Rome, GA (ca. 1950), 9:3:29 Fulton Bag and Cotton Mills, Atlanta (1914-15), 1:2:7, 1:2:10-31,

1:2: 10-35il., 1:2:10-35 passim., 1:2:12il., 1:2: 12-35il., 1 :2:33, 5:2:76

labor espionage, 1 : 2: 10-19 sources, 1:2:5-9

Greensboro, GA (1941), 9:3:26il. Hazleton, PA (1913), 7:3:12-15 Lowell, MA (1912), 8:2:68-70 Passaic Valley, NJ (1912), 2:2:7-22 recognition (1934), 3:2:35, 3:2:36il. silk workers in northeastern, PA (1907), 7:3:12

union organization in Hazleton, PA (1913), 7:3:14-15 NJ, 2:2:7-8 South(1914), 1:2:11-28passim. in U.S. South, 4:3:74

use of "We Will Overcome," 9:3:29 Textile Workers Organizing Committee (TWOC), 7: 1 :8, 9:4:34

Dallas, 1 :3 :24 strikes:

sit-down Boston (1930s), 5:4:44

union organization, 5:4:44 Textile Workers' Union, National (NTWU)

and Passaic Textile Strike of 1926, 2:2:5 Textile Workers Union Hall, New York Mills, NY, 6:4:60 The Girl at the Cupola (1912), 9:3:58-59il. Theater. see Dramatic presentations

"Theater Isn't Just for Sitting There: OyamO Reflects on His Play I Am A Man"

oyamO, 8:3:38-53 "Their Energy Flows into my Paintings: An Artist's Vision of Working

America" by Ellen Griesedick, 8:2:34-47 Thomas, Elbert D., 5:2:73il., 5:2:75il., 5:4:49 Thomas, Mary, 1:4:12-18 passim. Thomas, Norman, 1 :4:72il., 2:2:43, 3:4:41, 8:4:60, 8:4:61, 8:4:63, 8:4:64

and A Philip Randolph, 4:3:27 and Passaic Textile Strike of 1926, 2:2: 12-13

Thomas, R.J., 1: 1 :62-63, 6:2:72 as president, UAW-CIO (Auto), 2:3:45

Thomas v. Collin, 7: 1 : 16 Thompson, E.P., 5:3:12 & il., 5:3:14 Thompson, Hugh, 6:2:70il., 6:2:71 Thompson, J. Vance, 2:4:45-65 passim. Thompson, Jeffery V., 8:3:48-49il. Thompson, William "Big Bill, 11 9: 1 :4, 9: I: IOil., 9: I: 13 Thompson (J.C.) Home, Marshall, MI, 6:4:60 "Those Who Would Be Free: The Eight-Hour Day Strikes of 1872, 11 by Stanley

Nadel, 2:2:72-77 Thrane, Marcus, 2:3:65il., 2:3:65-67 Three-Phase Set, 8:2:48 Tighe, M.F., 9:4:62il. Tighe, Michael, 9:2:50 Tikas, Louis, 1:4:13il. Tilden, Douglas, 9:3 :9il., 9:3: 10, 9:3: 13-14 Tile setters, 8 :4 :46-4 7il. Timber Workers, Brotherhood of (BTW), 4:2:56-57

meeting (1912), 4:2:56il. Timber Workers of America, Federated, 5:2:72 Time clocks, 7:2:60-6lil. Time-motion photographs, 7:2:19 & il., 7:2:24-25il., 7:2:28il., 7:2:29il.,

7:2:56il., 7:2:57il. techniques, 7:2:33il. see also Micromotion study

Timko, Joe, 5:2: 16-25 passim., 5:2: 17il., 5:2:27il. Tin Plate Workers, 3:3:8il. Tinners and cornice makers

strikes: nine-hour day, 3:3:52

Tinners and Cornice Makers Union, 3:3:53, 3:3:59 The Titanic (1997), 9:3:76 "To Secure These Rights, 11 1:4:72-73 Tobacco workers, 3:2:cover, 3:2:46il., 3:2:49-60, 3:2:56il., 3:2:58-59il.

Tobacco Workers International Union (TWIU). see also Bakery, Confectionery, and Tobacco Workers' International Union

Local 22 (Wheeling, WV), 3:3:73 in Richmond, VA, 3:2:58 sources, 9: 1 :55

Toledo (OH) Glass Company, 2:4:72 Tomlin, Lily, 1:3:47il. Tomlinson, Ambrose Jessup, 6: 1 :48-57, 6: 1 :50-5 lil. Tourism

in Hawai'i, 9: 1:25-38 passim., 9: 1:38il., 9: 1 :45il. and images ofworkers, 9:1:25il., 9:1:45il.

Toy Workers, United (UTW) Local 149 (WV), 3:3:73

"Trabajo de la Tierra-- Work of the Land: Images of the Migrant Worker" by Nora Chapa Mendoza, 7:2:35-55

Trade Union Committee for Organizing Negro Workers, 8:4:65-66 Trade Union Education League, 2:2:8

and Passaic Textile Strike of 1926, 2: 2: 10 Trade Union Education League (TUEL), 8:4:61 Trade Union Unity League

sources, 7 :4: 5 6 Trade unions

and black workers, 1:3:56-64 in Chicago

during the Civil War, 6:3:4-19 history of see Labor history images and symbols, 1 :2:46-58 passim.

Trade Unions, World Federation of, 7:4:62 Trades Council Labor Day Committee, Newport, RI, 2:2:68il. Tramp, 8:2:33 Tramp Lineman, 8:2:33 Tramps. see Itinerant laborers Transcontinental Railroad

Pacific Division, 3:3:45 Transport and General Workers Union, 8:3:60 Transport Service Employees, United, 2: 1 :26 Transport Workers of America, 1:3:70

strikes: New York subway (1966), 9:2:14

Transportation Union, United, 9:4:41 Trautmann, William, 8:2:60 & il., 8:2:67, 8:2:71 "Travels With Sketch Pads and Paint Brushes: The 1930s Labor Artwork of

Lewis Rubenstein" by Lewis Rubenstein, 7:3:34-55 Travis, Merle, 2: 1 :6 "Treasures of the United Brotherhood of Carpenters and Joiners of America:

Memorabilia and Historical Records at the University of Maryland" by Lauren Brown,Anne Foster, and Timothy Mahoney, 9: 1 :46-59

Tredegar Iron Works, Richmond, VA, 3 :2:47, 3 :2:52il., 6:4:63 Tresca, Carlo, 6:2:24 & ii., 6:2:54, 6:2:59il., 8:4:62 Trevellick, Richard, 6:4:35-36 Triangle Fire, Ladder Company 20, Plaque, New York, 6:4:60 Triangle Fire Plaques, New York, 6:4:60 Triangle Shirt Waist Factory Fire (1911), 3:4:42, 3:4:48

landmarks, 6:4:41 & ii., 6:4:60 see also Garment Workers Union, International Ladies

Triangle Shirtwaist Factory Fire (1911), 9:4: 14, 9:4:22 funeral parade, 9 :4: l 6il. reports of: New York Evening Journal, 9:4: l 6il. The World, 9:4:15il.

Tridon, Andre, 6:2:59 Tripp, RobertR., 3:4:12-14 Trolleys

see Streetcars Trucker

Shasta County, CA (1942), 4:2:80il. "A True Blue Labor Organizer: Edward Crough and the Western Federation of

Miners, 1907-1920," by James C. Foster, 6:2:4-21 Truman, Harry S.

and organized labor, 2:4:28 Tso, Tsish Chillie

see Curley, Dick Tucker, Sherrie

author: "Working the Swing Shift: Women Musicians during World War II," 8:1:46-66

Tura, Al, I: 3 : 71 ii. Las turbas (mobs)

see Mob violence Turner Beifuss, Joan, 8:3:40 Turners, 6: 3: 7 "Turtle Creek Fights Taylorism: The Westinghouse Strike of 1914," by

Charles J. McCollester, 4:2:4-27 Turtle Creek Valley (southeast of Pittsburgh, PA), 4:2:6-7il. Turula, Helene, 7:2: 13il. Twomey, Ed, 1: 1 :9il. Typographical Conference, Intermountain, 1: 1 :72 Typographical Society, Philadelphia

strikes: 1809, 2:4:14

Typographical Union, International (ITU), I: 1:71il., 2:2:65, 5:2:31,

5:2:50 Atlanta, 1:2:11 in Chicago, 6:3:7-8, 6:3: 14

sources, 3:4:50 in Dubuque, IA

boycott: Union Electric Company {1903), 6:3:69

landmarks, 6:4:50-52, 6:4:51il., 6:4:60 Local 6 (New York), 6:4:51-52 Local 16 (Chicago)

sources, 2: 1:66, 5:4:xx strikes:

eight hour (1905-1906), 2: 1:66il. Local 49 (Denver)

sources, 1 : 1 : 72 Local 79 (WV), 3:3:73 Local 90 (Richmond, VA), 3:2:54 Local 170 (Tacoma, WA), 3:3:45-59 passim., 3:3:46il., 3:3:48il. in Memphis

sources, 8:3:57 in Oakland

strikes: general {1946), 8: 2: 10

Providence sources, 2:2:69

sources, 1 : 1 : 72 see also Communications Workers of America (CWA)

Typographical Union, United, 5:2:50 u UA Headquarters Building, Washington, 6:4:60 Ulrich, Charles

wood engravings: The Glass Blowers, 5:1:58-59 & il.

"Unbroken Mirror: One Hundred Years of the St. Paul Union Advocate" by Barb Kucera and Peter Rachleff, 9:4:26-39

Unemployed Leagues, 5:4:20 Unemployment

Detroit (ca. 1932), 5:4:20il. relief

Michigan {1935), 5:4:23il. see also Works Progress Administration (WPA)

Union Advocate. see St. Paul Union Advocate Union Electric Company, Dubuque, IA, 6:3 :62il.

car barn (1903), 6:3 :66il. Union Leadership Program, University of Chicago, 8:4:67

Union Miners Cemetery, Mount Olive, IL, 6:4:35il., 6:4:36 & ii., 6:4:63 gravermarkers, 6 :4: 5 5il.

Union organization. see Organizing campaigns during the Civil War, 6:3:4-19 passim. see also individual occupations and unions

Union Printers' Home, Colorado Springs, CO, 6:4:60, 6:4:74il. Union songs. see Labor songs Union Square, New York, 6:4:63 Union Switch and Signal Company, Swissvale, PA, 4:2:4, 4:2:6-7il. Union Tavern, Milton, NC, 6:4:60 Unionist Party, 6:4:18 United Cabinet-Makers' Union, 2:2:73 United Employers' Movement

and eight-hour movement (1872), 2:2:76 United Farm Workers Hall, Delano, CA, 6:4:63 United Federal Workers v. Mitchell, 7: 1: 12-14 United Hebrew Trades, 3:4:21, 3:4:42 United Negro Labor Committee, 8:2:20, 8:2:22-23

Oakland city election (1947), 8:2:24-25il. United Public Workers v. Mitchell, 7: 1: 15-20 United States Radium Corporation, West Orange, N.J., 4:2:67-68 United Workers' Cooperatives/Allerton Coops, Bronx, NY, 6:4:63 University of Chicago

see Union Leadership Program, 8:4:67 "The University of Labor vs. the University of Letters in 1904: Frank K.

Foster Confronts Harvard University President Charles W. Eliot" by Joseph De Plasco, 1 :2:52

Upholsterers, 1: 1: 12, 2: I :38-45 passim. Upholsterers International Union (UIU), 2: 1 :40, 2: 1 :42

and AFL, 2:1:41 and CIO, 2: 1 :41 and FWIU (Furniture), 2:1:39-41 in New York, NY, 2:1:36

Urbanization Dallas, 5:4:5-6, 5:4:6il. images and symbols, 3: 1 :40-46 passim. in U.S. South, 3:2:43-65 passim.

Urick, AL., 6:3 :74-75 U.S. Army Depot, Columbus, OH, 5:2:49il. U.S. Arsenal Explosion Monument, Washington, 6:4:60 U.S. Bureau of Mines, 3: 1:64 U.S. Civil Service Commission (USCSC), 7: 1 :7-20 passim. U.S. Commission on Industrial Relations, 1 :2:29-30, 5 :2:66-68

and Fulton Bag and Cotton Mills Strike (1914-15), 1:2:11-29 passim. U.S. Department of Agriculture, 3 :2:69

U.S. Department of Labor and BLS (Bureau), 4:3: 10 Division of Labor Standards (DLS), 3: 1 :64 sources, 3:2:66-68 see also Women's Bureau

U.S. Housing Authority (USHA), 1:4:68 U.S. Maritime Commission

sources, 3 :2:69 U.S. Postal Service

commemorative labor stamps, 2:4:26-43 U.S. Public Health Service, 2:3:18

and mercury poisoning, 2:3: 9-10, 2:3: 18 sources, 3 :2:69-70

U.S. Rubber Co., Millville, MA baseball team, 3 :2:26il.

U.S. Rubber Co., Woonsocket, RI baseball team (1930), 3:2:32il.

U.S. Steel and agreement with SWOC (Steel) (1937), 9:2:54 and length of workday, 9:2:27 "Men Make Steel" (1939), 1:3:41 and NIRA (National), 9:2:49-50, 9:2:52 occupational safety, 9:2:26-27

poster, 9:2:30il. Oliver Iron Mining Company, MN

open pit-mine, Hibbing, MN (1942), 5: 1:63-64il., 5: 1:66il. union-busting, 5: 1 :64-65 welfare program, 5: 1 :71il.

"To Each Other" (1943), 1 :3 :42il. welfare capitalism, 9:2:20-31, 9:2:48-55

Americanization programs, 9:2:28il., 9:2:31, 9:2:48 company towns

Homestead, PA (1903), 9:2:31il. Midland, PA (1941), 9:2:55il.

company unions, 9:2:48-52 films, 9:2:20-21il. pensions, 9:2:24-25 safety committees bulletin (ca. 1913), 9:2:25il.

stock subscription plans, 9:2:24-25, 9:2:48 USO, 8:1:50il., 8:1:58, 8:1:61

tour (1945), 8:1:62il. v Vacca, J. Joseph, 7:4:22, 7:4:23il. Valdes, Dennis Nodin, 7:2:36

The Valley of the Moon (1914), 9:3:66, 9:3 :67il. Valley Paper Company, Holyoke, MA, 6:3:49il. Vamp Building, Lynn, MA, 6:4:63 Van Arsdale, Harry, Jr., 9 :2: lOil., 9:2: 12 Van Buren, Martin, 8: 1:27, 8: 1:3 lil. Vance, J. Madison, 1 : 1 : 3 5 Vanguard Press, 8:4:63, 8:4:64il. Vanzetti, Bartolomeo, 7:4 :39-40

see Sacco and Vanzetti Vecoli, Rudolph J.

author: "Primo Maggio: May Day Observances Among Italian Immigrant Workers, 1980-1920," 7:4:28-41

Vernacular speech of laborers see Working class -- slang

Veterans Trucking Company, Los Angeles, 8:2:9 Victor American Fuel Company, CO, 1:4:6-7 Violence. see Race Riots Virginia Federation of Labor, 3:2:55, 3:2:60 "Vistas and Visions of Ohio Labor," by Dennis East, 5:2:46-63 Vladeck, Baruch Charney, 3:4:21-23, 3:4:23il., 3:4:41-47 passim. & ils. Vogt, Louis Charles

paintings: Building the Queensboro Bridge (1905), 3 :1:43

"The Voice of the Gun: Colorado's Great Coalfield War of 1913-1914," by Priscilla Long, 1 :4:4-23

Volpe, Cassandra M. author: "Sources for Studying Labor: at the Western Historical

Collections of the University of Colorado, Boulder," 1:1:68-74 Vorse, Mary Heaton

on Passaic Textile Strike of 1926, 2:2: 10-11 Voter registration drives

see Civil rights; Community Services Organization (CSO) w Wade Park Hotel, Cleveland (1923), 1 :3:52il. Wage Stabilization Board (WSB)

and SIU (Seafarers) strike, 3 :2:6-9 Wagenknecht, Alfred, 2 :2:18-21 passim. Wages

see Black workers; Family economy; Minimum wage laws; National Recovery Administration (NRA); Women workers; individual occupations

Wagner, Robert, 2 :2:45il., 5:2:31il., 5:2:31-40passim. correspondence, 2 :2 :45-46 and NLRA (National), 2:2:44il. relations with organized labor, 2:2:45 and Relief of Unemployment Bill (June 1933), 2:2 :48il.

and Social Security Act (August 1935), 2:2:48il. views:

company unions, 2:2:49 NLRA (National), 2 :2:49, 2:2:54 union organization, 2:2:46

see also Murray-Wagner-Dingell Bill; National Labor Relations Act (NLRA) of 1935

Wagner, Robert F., Jr., 9:2: 16 Wagner Act (1935). see National Labor Relations Act (NLRA) of 1935

see National Labor Relations Act (NLRA) of 1935 Wagner-Ellenbogen Housing Bill, 1 :4:68 Wagner-Steagall Act

see National Housing Act Waiters and waitresses

see Food service workers Waitresses, 9 : 1 : 19 Wald, Lillian

and child labor reform, 1:3: 12-13 Walker, William, 8:4:36 Walker Iron and Coal Company, Rising Fawn, GA

monthly report (1889), 7:2:68-69il. Wallace, Henry

presidential campaign of 1948, 1:1:54, 8:1:44il. and Mexican American workers, 8:1:15-18, 8:1:18il.

Walsh-Healey Act (1936), 3:1:64 Wang Laboratories, Lowell, MA, 6:3:53il. War veterans

see individual wars Warner (Emelea Pusay) School, Wilmington, DE, 2: 1 :32il. Warren Baseball Park, Bisbee, Al, 6:4:63 Wartime reconversion. see Reconversion

see Reconversion Washers. see Laundresses Washington Central Labor Union, 6:4: 18 The Washington Post, 6:4:48il. Waterfront workers, 1:1 :27il., 1:1:30il., 1:1 :3lil., 1:1:36il., 1:1:38il.,

2:3:5lil., 3 :1:41il., 3:3:57il. race relations, 1: 1 :26-45

Watkins, Thomas H., 3: 1: 18il., 3: 1: 19 Watson, Luther, 3: 1: 62il. Watt, Bob, 1 :2:70, 1 :2:75il. Watts, Glenn, 8:4:70 Watts Labor Community Action Committee, 8:4 :71 "The Way We Were: Organizing and Other Matters (1951-1963)," by Ken Young,

6:2:65-77

"We Are Building a Strong Union, Workers in the Mill," 9:3:27 "'We Called it a Work Holiday': The 1946 Oakland General Strike"

exhibition: Oakland Museum of California, 8:2:21 111We Called It a Work Holiday': The Oakland General Strike of 1946" by

Fred Glass, 8:2:4-25 111We Miners Say We Have No Nationality': Photographs from Milton Rogovin's

'Family ofMiners'," 7:1:22-51 "We Shall Overcome," 9:3:27-31, 9:3 :33 as anthem of the civil rights movement, 9:3:29-JO sung by white workers, 9:3:28

"'We Shall Overcome': A Postscript," by Pete Seeger, 9:3 :33 "We the People: Winning the Vote"

exhibition: National Museum of American History, Smithsonian Institution, Washington, 8: 1 :29 & ii.

"We Will Overcome" (1950), 9:3:28il. Weaver, George L.P., 1:4:69-70

sources, 7:4:62 Webb's Academy and Home for Shipbuilders (Webb's Institute of Naval

Architecture), Bronx, NY, 6:4:70, 6:4:7lil. Webster, James B., 2: 1:60-61 Webster, Milton P., 3:3:22il., 3:3:23il., 3:3:24-25il., 3:3:28il.,

3:3:34il., 3:3:39il., 3:3:43il. and A. Philip Randolph, 3:3:22-43

Weed, Inis, I :2:30-31 Wehrle, Edmund F., 8:3:6

author: "'For a Healthy America:' Labor's Struggle for National Health Insurance, 1943-49," 5:2:28-45

Weir, John Ferguson, 5:1:52-53 paintings:

The Gun Foundry (1866), 5:l:cover, 5:1:52 & ii. Weir, Stan, 8:2: 12 Weisbord, Albert, 2:2:8 & ii., 2:2 : 10, 6: 1:67

and Communist Party, 2:2:23 and Passaic Textile Strike of 1926, 2:2: 11-19 passim.

Welder riggers, 9:3:cover, 9:3:53il.. see also Carpenters and Joiners of America, United Brotherhood of (UBCJA)

Welfare capitalism, 9:2:20-31, 9:2:48-55. see also Company towns; Company unions; Industrial recreation

Americanization programs, 9:2:28il., 9:2:31, 9:2:48 company towns, 9:2:28, 9:2:31, 9:2:3 lil., 9:2:55il. company unions, 9:2:48-52 critics of, 9:2:20-2lil., 9:2:22, 9:2:24, 9:2:5lil. growth of, 9:2:22 impact of Depression, 9:2:48 industrial recreation, 9:2 :24il., 9:2:57il.

and length of workday, 9:2 :27 occupational safety, 9:2:25il., 9:2:26, 9:2:26il., 9:2:30il.

bulletin (ca. 1913), 9:2:25il. poster, 9:2:30il.

pensions, 9:2:24-25 stock subscription plans, 9:2:24-25, 9:2:48 workers' education, 9:2:49il. see Paternalism

Wellman, IA, 3: 1 :28-29il. Wells, Leonard, 9:3:52-53ils. Wentworth, John, 6:3 :10-14, 6:3:15il., 6:3 :16 Wesley, Charles, 8:4:65 West, Don, 5: 1:28 West, George, 1 :4: 6 West Virginia Federation of Labor, 3:3 :72 West Virginia Industrial Union Council, 3 :3 :72 West Virginia Labor Federation, 3: 3 : 72-73 Western Central Union

in Seattle, WA, 3 :4: 15 Western Labor Union (WLU), 2:3:27 Westinghouse, George, 4:2:4-6 Westinghouse Airbrake Company, Wilmerding, PA, 4:2:4, 4:2:6-7il.

photo (ca. 1915), 4:2:26-27il. Westinghouse Electric & Meter Company, East Pittsburgh, PA, 4:2:4-6, 4:2:6-

7il. Westinghouse Electric Plant, Turtle Creek, PA ( 1915), 4: 2: 16-l 7il. Westinghouse Lamp Division, Bloomfield, NJ, 3 :2:75il. Westinghouse Machine Company, East Pittsburgh, PA, 4:2:4, 4:2:6-7il. Westinghouse Strike of 1914

see Electrical Workers -- strikes; Allegheny Congenial Industrial Union (ACIU) -- strikes

Wharf builders. see Bridge builders; Dock builders; Pile drivers "What About the Wagner Bill?" by Whiting Williams, 2:2:51 "What Ever Happened to Mrs. Smith?" by Frances Blakely, 1 :2:31-33 "What is A Landmark?," 6:4:54-55 Wheel Store/Batesville Help and Hope, Batesville, AR, 6:4:63 Wheeler, Thomas W., 3:4:12 Wheeling Township Coal Mining Company, Adena, OH, 5:2:54il. "When the Mines Closed: One Worker's Oral History" by Mike Sabron and

edited by Thomas Dublin, 9:4:46-59 "Where Fannie Sellins Died," by Miriam Brill Schultz, 4:4:45 Whistle-Bite, 8:2:54 White collar workers. see Clerical workers; Office workers White (John P .) Gravesite, Des Moines, IA, 6:4:60 White Oak Cotton Mill, Greensboro, NC

dye room (ca. 1903), 4:3:77il. slubber room (ca. 1903), 4:3:67il. weaving room (1907), 4:3:68-69il.

White supremacy see Black workers; Immigration

Whitehead and Hoag Co., Newark, NJ, 2:2:66il., 2:2:68 Whitehouse, Al, 6:2:73-74 Whiting, Basil, 8:4:69, 8:4:76 Whitmore, Herb, 9:3:56il., 9:3:57il. Whitney, Gertrude Vanderbilt, 9:3:10 "Who's In Charge?," 7:2:59 "Who's in Charge: Workers and Managers in the United States 1800-Present"

exhibition: National Museum of American History, Smithsonian Institution, Washington, 7:2:59

Why? (1915), 9:3:63 "Why Do Museums Mount This Kind of Exhibition?" by Spencer Crew and Lonnie

Bunch, 9:4:7 Whyte, Alice, 8: 1:46il., 8: 1 :47il. Whyte, Virgil, 8: 1 :51, 8: 1 :65

see also Whyte's Musical Sweethearts, Virgil Whyte's All-Girl Band, Virgil. see Musicgals; Whyte's Musical Sweethearts,

Virgil Whyte's Musical Sweethearts, Virgil, 8:1:46il., 8:1:47il., 8:1:50il.,

8:1:58il., 8:1:59il., 8:1:65 see also Musicgals; Whyte, Virgil

Wiesman, Margaret, 6:3:26-35 passim. Wilberg Coal Mine Disaster Memorial, Wilberg, UT, 6:4:60 Wilks, James, 2:3 :26il. Will Grundy Counties Central Trades and Labor Council (WGCCTLC), 8:4:38 Willett, Marinus, 2:4:8-9 Williams, John C., 2:3 :26il. Williams, Thomas Elmo

as a miner, 9:2:32-47 passim. as painter, 9:2:32, 9:2:35-36 paintings:

Daybreak at the Mine (1996), 9:2:4 lil. Deer Creek Mine (1996), 9:2:80 End of the Line (1995), 9:2:39il. Fairview Landing (1996), 9:2:cover, 9:2:37il. Farmer John's (1995), 9:2:34il. Hiawatha Tipple Memories (1994), 9:2:46il. Jack Leggers (1996), 9:2:47il. Just Another Shift (1996), 9:2:42il. Laying Bricks (1997), 9:2:45il. No Work Today Men (1995), 9:2:40il.

Silver King on Time (1995), 9:2:43il. The Tipple at Hiawatha (1994), 9:2 :33il. The Tram Crew (1994), 9:2:44il. Underground Lights ( 1996), 9: 2: 3 Sil.

participation in "Phantom Gallery Project," 9:2:32, 9:2:35 Willins, Craig, 8:3 :43il. Wilmington Central Labor Union, 2: 1 :29 Wilson, Halena, 3: 3 : 3 9il. Wilson, John, 3: 1: l 8il., 3: 1: 19 Wilson, Leon, 5:1:34 & ii. Wilson, Lillian Carter, 8: 1: 51-64 passim. Wilson, Pete, 8:2:42-43il. Wilson, Susan E.

author: "President Theodore Roosevelt's Role in the Anthracite Coal Strike of 1902," 3: 1: 4-23

Wilson, Violet, 8:1:51, 8:1:53, 8:1:64il. Wilson, Woodrow

presidential campaigns, 8: 1 :28il. presidential election of 1912, 6: 1:65il. presidential election of 1916, 6: 1 :66 views:

union organization, 6: 1 :64-67 Wilson and Company, Nebraska City, NE, 5:3:65il. Winburn, Anna Mae, 8: 1 :62il. Windber Historic District, Windber, PA, 6:4:63 Winding Gulf (WV) Colliery, 2: 1: 10-18 passim. Window Glass Cutters and Flatteners Protective Association, 3 :3 :69 Window Glass Cutters League of America (WGCLA)

sources, 3 :3 :69-70 Window Glass Workers Union

Local Assembly 300 (WV), 3:3:69, 3:3:70il. Window washers, 1:4: Iii. Winters, Donald

author: "Covington Hall: The Utopian Vision of a 'Wobbly' Poet," 4:2:54-63

Winthrop, Beekman, 6:4 :19-20, 6:4:21, 6:4:22 Wiremen journeymen, 3 :4: 11 ii.

Wisconsin Employment Peace Act (1939), 1:4:56 Wisconsin Employment Relations Board (WERB), 1:4:59 Wisconsin Federation of Labor, 1 :4:49-56 passim., 3: 1 :63 Wisconsin Industrial Commission, 1 :4:48, 3: 1:63 Wisconsin Labor Disputes Act (1937), 1 :4:52-56 passim. Wisconsin Labor Relations Board (WLRB), 1 :4:48-56 passim.

mediation, 1 :4:48il., 1 :4:48-49, 1 :4:53-56 passim.

sources, 1 :4:48-50 Wisconsin school of labor history

see Labor history -- Wisconsin school Wisconsin Street Trades Law, 1:3:11 Wisconsin Summer School for Workers in Industry, 2:2:30 Wise, Stephen, 3:4:23 Withington, Anne, 8:3:33 Witte, Edwin, 1 :4:52 WLBT-TV, Jackson, MS, 4:4:9-10 & ils. Wobblies

see Industrial Workers of the World (IWW) Wolf, Herman, 2:3:44il., 2:3:45-47 Wolfe, George, 2:1:18-20 Woll, Matthew, 9:1:20-21il. Wolman, Leo, 8:4:67 "Womanall," 4: 1 :36il. Woman's Trade Union League (WTUL). see Women's Trade Union League (WTUL) Women in Production Service (WIPS), 4:1:41-42 & ils. Women workers, 6:3: 17-18, 7:2:44-45il., 8:3:20-2lil., 8:3:22il.,

8:3:27il., 8:3:34il., 9:3:50-5lils .. see also individual occupations and unions

in Appalachia in 1962, 7: 1: lil. in 1981, 7:1:30-31il.

in business photos (1920-40), 4:1:38ils.

and cigar industry, 5:1:15-16 dial painters, 4:2:64-65il., 4:2:67-75 passim., 4:2:68-69il., 4:2:74-

75il. dress, 4:l:cover, 4:1:28-49 & ils., 4:1:80il. electrical, 3 : 4: 14 il. in factories, 5: 3: 15il. and family, 5:4:4il., 5:4:5, 5:4:13il. in farm equipment industry, 4: 1: 12-13il. in film, 9:3 :60, 9:3 :6 lil. in FL (1981-95), 7:4:49il., 7:4:50-5lil., 7:4:53il. and Ford Foundation studies, 8:4:70 fruit packers, 2:3: lil. Gilded Age, 4:3:80il. in Hawai'i, 9: 1 :24-45, 9: 1 :25il., 9: 1 :28-29il., 9: 1 :32-33il., 9: 1 :34-

35il., 9: 1 :36il., 9: 1:37il., 9: 1:39il., 9:2:26il. images and symbols of, 9: 1 :25il., 9: 1 :43, 9: 1 :45 and tourism, 9: 1 :36, 9: 1:38, 9: 1:45il.

and IBEW (Electrical), 3:4:14-16 images and symbols, 1:1:60 & il., 1:3:36-41 passim., 1:3:4lil.,

1 :3 :48il., 4:2:32-33il., 4:2:36-37il., 4:2 :42-43il., 4:2:46-47il., 5: 1 :42-43il., 6: 1: IOil.

8 :4 :40-41 ii. images and symbols of, 9: 1 :42il., 9:2:35 images of, 8: 1 :57-64 lUE (Electronic) member (1957), 7:4:66il. and labor espionage, 5:2:74 in Lowell, MA, 8:2:68-69il. metal workers, 6:3 :48il. migrants, 7 :2:4lil., 7:2:44-45il. and Oakland General Strike (1946), 8:2:6-7il., 8:2:8, 8:2:9il. occupational safety and health, 3 :2:70il., 3 :2:75il., 3 :2:77il. and occupational unionism, 9:1:19, 9:1:21 portrayed in:

dramatic presentations, 9:2:58il., 9:2:62il., 9:2:70-7lil. labor media, 9:4:33

and progressive reformers, 8:3 :28 railway workers, 6:2:44-45il. relations with Progressive reformers, 8:3:23 in Richmond, VA, 3 :2:42-43il., 3 :2:49-60 passim., 3 :2:53il., 3 :2:56il.,

3:2:57il. sources, 7:4:65 stereotypes of, 8:4:48 strikes:

Lawrence (1912), 1 :4:32 Southern Manufacturing Company, Richmond, VA (1916), 3:2:62

in textile mills Lowell (ca. 1912), 8:2:58-59il.

and union organization, 1:2:32, 3:2:58-62passim., 8:3:18-34 passim., 8:3 :24il.

and wage equity, 7:4:72il., 8:3:23 wages, 6:3:22, 6:3:30-31, 8:3:20-23 and World War I, 4 :1:31-36, 4:1:37il., 4:1:48 and World War II, 4: 1 :39-42, 4: 1:40il., 4: 1 :49 during World War II, 8:1:46-66 and WPA (Works), 5:4:24il. see also Bryn Mawr Summer School for Women Workers; Coalition of Labor

Union Women; Equity; Industrial recreation; O'Sullivan, Mary Kenney; Sexual division oflabor; individual unions and occupations

Women's Bindery Union Local 1 (Chicago), 8:3 :23

Women's Bureau, 4: 1:36, 5:4:38, 5:4:57-58, 6:3:30 sources, 3:2:66-68

Women's Christian Temperance Union (WCTU), 3:2:51 Women's Educational and Industrial Union (WEIU), 8:3:28

and Mary Kenney O'Sullivan, 8:3:28-29 retail outlet, Boston ( ca.1890), 8:3 :28-29il.

Women's Trade Union League (WTUL), 1 :2:69, 1 :2:73, 6:3 :30-33 passim., 8:3:29, 8:3:34, 9:4: 13

and ban on child labor, 8:3:34 in Boston, 8:3 :33

strike assistance: Lawrence, MA (1912), 8:3:33

in Chicago, 4:4:36 sources, 2: 1 :68-69

convention (1909), 8:3 :32il. impact of Lawrence Strike (1912), 8:3:33 legacy, 8:3:34 logo and motto (1909), 8:3:33il. and progressive reformers, 8: 3: 3 0-31 strikes:

carpet weavers, Roxbury, MA (1910), 8:3:32, 8:3:34 New York garment workers (1909-1910), 3:4:42-49 passim. textile workers, Fall River, MA (1904), 8:3:30-32

Wong, Willie Mae, 8: 1:62il., 8: 1 :63il. Woodcarvers Association, New York, 2: 1 : 3 6 Woods, J.T., 2:4:56 Woodworkers, 2: 1 :38-45 passim., 8:4:23il. Woodworkers of America, International (IW A)

Local 5443 (Laurel, MS), 4:4: 11 in Memphis, 4: 1 :62

Woolen workers union organization

Passaic, NJ (1925), 2:2:7 Wores, Theodore

paintings: The Lei Maker (1901), 9:1:25il.

"Work, Health and Community: Danbury, Connecticut's Struggle with an Industrial Disease," by Richard A. Greenwald, 2:3:4-21

Work camps Durst Ranch, Wheatland, CA, 2:4:49il., 2:4:50il.

"Work Culture in a Changing World: Images of London's Smithfield Market and ofMassachusetts' Cranberry Bogs" byBeverlyE. Conley, 8:3:58-77

Work relief for NYC seamen (1808), 2:4:10, 2:4:10il.

Work songs, 9:1:24, 9:1:36 The Worker Statue, Lowell, MA, 6:4:60 Workers Alliance

in WI, 1 :4:50 Workers Alliance of America (WAA), 5:4:20-34 passim.

Worker's compensation, 2:3:6, 3:1:57-76passim. early twentieth century, 2:3:6 and hatters, 2:3: 16

Workers Defense League see Joint Apprenticeship Program

Workers' education movement, 8:4:62-63 Workers' Health Bureau of America (WHB), 2:3:18, 8:4:64

and Danbury hatters, 2:3:16 and mercury poisoning, 2:3:16 and working class health, 2: 3: 16

Workers' International Relief (WIR) and Passaic Textile Strike of 1926, 2:2:20

Workers' Memorial Tower, Reading, PA, 6:4:60 Workers Mutual Aid Society, Havana, 5: 1: 10 Workers of America, United (USWA), 6:4:58

and industrial recreation, 6: 1 : 13 Workers' School

see Communist Party-- Workers' School Working children

see Child labor Working class, 6: 3: 6-18 passim., 8: 1 : 1 il.. see also Company towns; Welfare

capitalism celebrations, 7:3: 10, 7:4:28-41

see also Labor Day; May Day children, 5: 1:28-41 passim., 6:2:55 during the Civil War, 6:3:4-19 in Cuba, 6:4:6-11 families, 5:4:42, 7:1:26, 7:1:3lil., 7:1:65il. family economy, 8:2:62 health, 5 : 2 : 3 9il. households

in Chicago (1900s), 4:3:3-4il. housing, 8:2:74il., 9:2:28, 9:2:31, 9:2:55il. images and symbols, 5:1:42-61 & ils., 8:4:22, 8:4:23il., 8:4:24,

8:4:24il. landmarks

see also Artisans -- landmarks leisure, 5:3:16il., 5:3:16-17, 6:3:67il., 9:4:50-51, 9:4:55il.,

9:4:56il. sources, 3 :3 :74

living conditions Chicago (1893-94), 8:4:53il. Chicago (ca. 1914), 9:1:11il.

and male suffrage, 8: 1 :27 monuments, 6:4:34il.

see Labor landmarks neighborhoods

in Chicago (ca. 1900), 4:3:14-lSil. in Lowell, MA (1890), 4:3: 16il. sources, 2 : 1 :73

pageantry, 6:2:22-29, 6:2:54-63, 6:3 :6-18 passim., 7:4:30-31 and political campaigns, 8: 1: lil., 8: 1:26-45, 8: 1:78il., 8: 1:79il. politics see also Oakland Voters League (OVL)

postwar social compact of, 9:2:69-72 in Puerto Rico, 6:4:l4-22passim., 6:4:15il., 6:4 :16il., 6:4 :17il.,

6:4: 19il., 6:4:20-2 lil. and emigration, 6 :4: 14

relations with reformers Gilded Age, 4 :3:17-18

slang, 8:2:26-33, 8:2:48-55 standard ofliving, 7: 1:28il.

sources, 4:3:6-21 passim. theater, 9:2:58, 9:2:62-63. see also Dramatic presentations use of postcards, 8:4:27il. wages

Dallas (1930s), 5:4:5-6 see also Child labor; Industrial recreation; Mexican American workers;

Navajo workers; individual occupations and unions Working class history

see Labor history -- new labor history "Working Class Imagery in Harper's Weekly 1865-1895," by John Gladstone,

5: 1 :42-61 "The Working Class in American History," series from University of

Illinois Press, 5: 3: 19il. "The Working People of Richmond"

exhibition: Valentine Museum of the Life and History of Richmond, VA, 3:2:45

"The Working People of Richmond: Life and Labor in an Industrial City, 1865-1920," by Gregg D. Kimball, 3 :2:43-65

Working People's Non-Partisan League, 9:4:30 "Working the Swing Shift: Women Musicians during WGfkl-Waf-ll"-by--Sheffie - -

Tucker, 8: 1 :46-66 "Working With Laborlore, 11 by Archie Green, 1 : 3: 66-7 5 Workingmen's Association, International

Section 1 (New York), 2:2:75 Workingmen's Union, Butte, 6:4:61 Workmen's Circle (WC)

and Communist Party, 3:4:47 Education Department, 3:4:43-46

and establishment oflsrael, 3 :4:48 and health care, 3:4:45 hymn, 3:4:38 and Jewish Daily Forward, 3:4:41-42 and JLC (Jewish), 3:4:21-31 passim. labor lyceums, 3:4:43 strike assistance, 3: 4 :4 2-46 passim. support ofUFCT (College) strike at St. John's (1966), 9:2:15 and trade union movement, 3 :4:42-43 Young Circle League, 3:4:43

Works Progress Administration (WPA), 7:1:5-7 Federal Art Project, 8:4:36, 8:4:38 Federal Writers' Project, 7:3 :58 laborers

Detroit (ca. 193 6), 5: 4: 18-19il. Michigan (ca. 1936), 5:4:21il. strikes: Detroit (1936), 5:4:23

sources, 3 :2:70 and unions, 5:4:18-34 passim. Workers' Education Project, Philadelphia, PA, 2: 1:26

The WorldAjlame (1919), 9:3:74 World War I

impact upon film, 9:3:71 and Industrial Workers of the World (IWW), 2:4:55-58 rations, 9: 1: 14il. in Seattle, 4:3:37 see also Munitions workers; Women workers

World War II impact upon Hawai'i, 9: 1 :27, 9: 1:31-32 and labor, 7:3:74il., 7:3:75il. veterans, 8:2 :8 see also Munitions workers; Navajo workers; Reconversion; Women workers

World's Fairs Chicago (1893), 2:4:68-69il., 8:4:20, 8:4:55 Chicago (1934), 1:3:42 Dallas (1936), 1:3:26il. St. Louis (1890), 3 :4:4

Wrabetz, Voyta, 1 :4:52 Wright, Carroll D., 3: 1 :9-20 passim., 3: 1: 18il., 4:3 :8-10, 4:3 : I Oil. Wright, Clarence, 9: 3 :4 7il. Wright, R.H., 1:2:20-29 passim. Wright, Wendell, 8:3:38-39il., 8:3:48-49il. Wrigley, Julia

Class Politics and Public Schools: Chicago, 1900-1950, 1 :2:70, 1 :2:72

Wurf, Jerry, 8:3:5lil., 8:3:53, 8:4:72 Wyman, Mark

author: "Railroaders' Town: Bloomington's Shopmen Look Back, 11 I: 1 :4-25 y

Yanez, Balt, 8:1:8, 8:1 :18, 8:1 :22 Yankee Hill Machine Company, Northampton, MA, 6:3:48il. Ybor City

see Tampa, FL Yellin, Carol Lynn, 8:3:56 Yellin, David, 8:3:56 Yeshiva University, New York, 9:2: 18 Yomen, Ben

author: "Congressman Dripp: Lampooning Reactionary Legislators in the 1940s, 7:3:62-75

as cartoonist, 7: 3: 62-7 5 passim. cartoons:

on Fair Labor Standards Act, 7:3:75il. on GI's during World War II, 7:3:74il. on Hatch-Burton-Ball Bill (1945), 7: 1 :20il. Meet Congressman Dripp (1943), 7:3:65il. on postwar reconversion, 7:3:74il., 7:3:75il. on red-baiting, 7:3:66il., 7:3:67il. on Republican politicians, 7:3 :74il. on strikes, 7:3 :72il, 7:3 :73il. on Taft Hartley Act, 7:3:68il., 7:3:69il. on wages and prices, 7:3:70il., 7:3:7lil. on workers during World War II, 7:3 :75il.

'"You Can't Giddyup by Saying Whoa': Esther Peterson Remembers her Organized Labor Years, 1930-6011 edited by Joyce L. Kombluh and Brigid O'Farrell, 5:4:39-59

Young, Art cartoon (June 1913), 6:2:60il.

Young, Arthur, 4: 1: 8-25 passim., 4: 1: 9il. Young, George, 7:3:27il. Young, Ken, 6:2:65il., 6:2:73il., 6:2:77il.

and AFL-CIO IUD, 6:2:72-75 author: "The Way We Were: Organizing and Other Matters (1951-1963), 11

6:2 :65-77 as editor

CID News, 6:2:64il., 6:2:66-67 as executive assistant to Lane Kirkland, 6:2:77 and IW A (Insurance) strike (1956), 6 :2:70~ 71, 6:2:71il. as publicity director, IUE (Electrical), 6:2:75-76 as strike organizer, 6:2:70-71, 6:2:75 as union organizer, 6:2:65-77 passim.

IAWOC (Insurance), 6:2:65-65 passim., 6:2:70il. Young, Pauline A., 2:1:29, 2:1:29il. Young People's Socialist League (Yipsels), 3:4:42-47 passim. & ii. Young Women's Christian Association (YWCA), 3:2:60, 5:4:48

Industrial Department, 5:4:42-43 Young Workers' League, 8:4:62 see also Communist Party

Youngest All-Girl Band, 8:1:62-63 Youngstown (OH) Sheet and Tube Company, 5:2:46-47il., 5:2:59il., 5:2:60-

6lil. (ca. 1917-18), 5:2:52-53il. (early 1900s), 5:2:55il.

z Zack, Al, 6 :2:76 Zebian, David, 9:4:59il. Zemsky, Ben, 7:4:12, 7:4:14 Zide, Abraham, 2: I :37-39, 2 : 1 :45il. Zimmerman, Charles, 3:4:28-29, 3:4:34, 3:4:50 Zimmerman, Jeanne, 8:4 :45il. Zonarich, Nicholas, 9:2: 19il. Zoot Suit Riots, 1:3 :55, 1 :3 :56-57il., 1:3 :60 Zudeck, Darryl

paintings: Fast Food Man (1981), 4:2:40-4lil.