Frans SijtsmaAssociate ProfessorFaculty of Spatial SciencesUniversity of Groningen, The Netherlands

Greenmappera tool to discover nature-based

recreation hotspots

Carmelina Prete PhD student

(of Prof. Severino Romano) Universita Basilicata, Italy

Take home messages› Erholungstypen involve two spatial scale complexities:

• People are attracted to, and have connections with, a portfolio of nearby and (far) more distant natural places

• Local, regional, national, worldwide attractivity come togetherin one area

› Although the above makes governance of nature and landscape very complex, perhaps the use of online possibilities (like Greenmapper) may simplify things• …and give workable solutions for the Kantone Sankt Gallen and

Glarus to easily reach their Danish fans, and for the Germanfans to bring their ideas to the Kantone Zug and Zürich

1 The Swiss Greenmapper results

2 From attractive points toattractive areas

3 The potential for betteronline governance

New facts

Work in progress

Future work

GreenmapperDouble mission

Who likes whichnature areas and

why?

How can fans of nature areas be

easily reachable?

Central question Greenmapper survey• In this questionnaire you can mark places that are attractive, valuable or

important to you. Places with green, water or nature.

• They can be places both within or outside a city or village. The only condition is that it should be places with green, or water or nature. You can think of a place in a park, by a lake, at the sea, in the forest, near cows in the meadow, in a tulip field, a place to watch birds, etc., etc. It doesn’t matter whether they are places you never visit or if they are places you visit frequently.

www.greenmapper.org

Greenmapper

Greenmapper (4.0): marking attractive nature related places

A marker

Own house

Area wherein the marker can be placed

‘Why’-questions appear once themarker is placed

Four levelsAttractive nature• Local (<2km from home location)• Regional (<20km from home location)• National (in your country)• World (somewhere in the world)

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Extra questions in Swiss survey

Extra questions in Swiss survey

Greenmapper results Switzerland

Neighbourhood 1,335 markers

Living area 1,154 markers

Country 1,016 markers

Worldwide 1,004 markers

Cities/Areas Number of users

Glarus 20

Sankt Gallen 366

Zürich 1,105

Zug 89

0 Location of Swiss Greenmapper respondents

New facts

1 Local attractive places

New facts

2 Regional attractive places

New facts

3 National attractive places

New facts

4 Worldwide attractive places

New facts

4 Worldwide attractive places in Switserland: by Swiss respondents…

New facts

4 Worldwide attractive places in Switserland: NOT by Swiss respondents… but by Germans,

Dutchmen, Danes ….

New facts

0 Location of Zürich Greenmapper respondents

New facts

1 Local attractive places

New facts

1&2 Local&Regional attractive places

New facts

3 National attractive places

New facts

4 Worldwide attractive places

New facts

Future work

1 The Swiss Greenmapper results

2 From attractive points toattractive areas

3 The potential for betteronline governance

New facts

Work in progress

We preferably want to govern areas, not individual points.

Why clustering?

Clustering ( local to global ) Work in progress

• Finds clusters of varying shapes, sizes, and

densities, even in the presence of noise and outliers

• Handles geo-data of varying densities, without using

a fixed density radius

• Automaticly detects the numbers of clusters

Shared Nearest NeighbourWork in progress

p

q

p

q

a) b)The Shared Nearest Neighbours (SNN) approach

o o

Level K N. clusters

NeighbourhoodK=3 193K=4 221K=5 139K=6 93

Living areaK=3 164K=4 180K=5 115K=6 77

CountryK=3 172K=4 198K=5 127K=6 84

WorldwideK=3 183K=4 185K=5 130K=6 97

The Shared Nearest Neighbours (SNN) approachWork in progress

1 Neighbourhood

Work in progress

2 Living area

Work in progress

3 Country

Work in progress

4 Worldwide (Swiss to Europe)

Work in progress

4 Worldwide (Swiss to World)

Work in progress

Worldwide to Switzerland

4 Worldwide: Swiss in Switzerland + World to Switzerland

Source Worlwide levelin Switzerland

CH 2016/2017 data 96

NL and Gfk 2013 DE and DK 150

NL dataset 2015/2016 46

Korean dataset 11

DE 2016 dataset 2

Total 305

Work in progress

4 Worldwide: Swiss in Switszerland + World to Switzerland

Work in progress

Selection of quotes (Why is this place attractive?):‘das beste Land; Ferien; Schönes Land; Ferienwohnung zumEntspannen & Auszeit nehmen, schöne Natur zum Spazieren, wohliges Ferien-/Heimgefühl, Familienzeit; Schön; Wunderschön, erholsam; Ruhe erholung; meine Heimat; Wunderbare Aussicht, gutes Essen, Militärfestung (Sasso); Skifahren; Ich liebe es in der Schweiz ferien zu machen und zu wohnen; Schön; Sehr saubere Luft, viel Natur aber auch Kultur, viele Möglichkeiten (Kultur, Studiumetc.) trotz allem tolerante Menschen, wenig Betrügerei etc.; SchöneBerge; abgeschieden, ruhig, unberührte Natur.’

Work in progress

1 The Swiss Greenmapper results

2 From attractive points toattractive areas

3 The potential for betteronline governance

New facts

Work in progress

Future work

GreenmapperDouble mission

Who likes whichnature areas and

why?

How can fans of nature areas be

easily reachable?

Future work

We saw

› that people have a portfolio of natural places they like; nearby places and fare away places

› that the same natural area can be liked by various combinations of local people, people from the region, people from the whole country and people from the whole world

Complex!

Future work

Face governance complexity: make fans of areas reachable via Greenmapper platform

…using the specific and strong ties of people with specific areas

Future work

Greenmapper.org (for now only in Dutch…)

Personal homepagemy attractive places

my nature communities

Future work

Greenmapper: fans can be easily reachedfor ideas, governance, support

40

Send messages and share links

among fans

Future work

Make fans of areas reachable via Greenmapper platform en apps (greentracker en greenmapper daily)

…using the specific and strong ties of people with specific areas

Future work

What does connectivity among/to fans bring?

› Explore/poll opinions in an early stage› Gather ideas (open ideo) › Perform serious governance (deliberative polling)› Support fans for maintenance or cleaning› Support of fans through financial contributions

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Greenmapper

The same holds for the fans among each other, since Greenmapper aims to also organize fans without organisations

Future work

Role university in connecting (with) fans

› University make connection technically possible› Other organisations should build content

› University analyses what works› University creates/assures accessible public data and

knowledge

43Greenmapper

You?

Future work

Take home messages› Erholungstypen involve two spatial scale complexities:

• People are attracted to, and have connections with, a portfolio of nearby and (far) more distant natural places

• Local, regional, national, worldwide attractivity come togetherin one area

› Although the above makes governance of nature and landscape very complex, perhaps the use of online possibilities (like Greenmapper) may simplify things• …and give workable solutions for the Kantone Sankt Gallen and

Glarus to easily reach their Danish fans, and for the Germanfans to bring their ideas to the Kantone Zug and Zürich

Publications (selection)1. F.J. Sijtsma, W.G. van der Bilt, A. van Hinsberg, B. de Knegt, C.M. van der Heide, H.Leneman, R. Verburg (2017). Planning nature in

urbanized countries. An analysis of monetary and non-monetary impacts of conservation policy scenarios in the Netherlands. Heliyon, 3 (2017), e00280, pp.1-30. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.heliyon.2017.e00280 (open access)

2. Bijker R.A. and Sijtsma F.J. (2017). A portfolio of natural places: Using a participatory GIS tool to compare the appreciation and use of green spaces inside and outside urban areas by urban residents. Landscape and Urban Planning 158 (2017) pp. 155-165. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.landurbplan.2016.10.004

3. Davis, N., Daams, M., Sijtsma, F., & van Hinsberg, A. (2016). How deep is your love - of nature? A psychological and spatial analysis of the depth of feelings towards Dutch nature areas. Applied Geography, 77, 38-48. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.apgeog.2016.09.012

4. Daams, M. N., Sijtsma, F. J., & van der Vlist, A. J. (2016). The Effect of Natural Space on Nearby Property Prices: Accounting for Perceived Attractiveness. Land Economics, 92(3), 389-410. DOI: 10.3368/le.92.3.389

5. Sijtsma, F. J.; Broersma, L.; Daams, M. N.; Mehnen, N.; Oostra, M.; Sietses, A. M. 2014. A socio-economic analysis of the international Wadden area. Analysis carried out through the Wadden Sea Long-Term Ecosystem Research (WaLTER) and University of Groningen. URSI Report 345. University of Groningen/WaLTER, Groningen.

6. R.A. Bijker,N.Mehnen and F.J. Sijtsma and M.N. Daams (2014), Managing urban wellbeing in rural areas: can online communitiesimprove the financing and governance of highly valued nature areas? Land 2014, 3(2), 437-459

7. S. de Vries, A. Buijs, F. Langers, H. Farjon, A. van Hinsberg, F.J. Sijtsma (2013). Measuring the attractiveness of Dutch landscapes: identifying national hotspots using Google Maps. Applied Geography. Volume 45, December 2013, Pages 220-229. dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.apgeog.2013.09.017 (Impact Factor 3,4)

8. Sijtsma, F. J., Heide, C. M. v. d. and A. van Hinsberg (2013). Beyond monetary measurement: How to evaluate projects and policies using the ecosystem services framework. Environmental Science and Policy, Volume 32, October 2013, Pages 14–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.envsci.2012.06.016

9. F.J. Sijtsma, H. Farjon, S. van Tol, A. van Hinsberg, P. van Kampen and Arjen Buijs (2013). Evaluation of landscape changes - Enrichingthe economist's toolbox with the Hotspotindex. In: W. Heijman, & C. M. J. v. d. Heide (Eds.), The Economic Value of Landscapes. Chapter 8, pp 136-164. London: Routledge.

10. F.J. Sijtsma, M.N. Daams, H. Farjon and A.E. Buijs, (2012). Deep feelings around a shallow coast. A spatial analysis of tourism jobs and the attractivity of nature in the Dutch Waddenarea. Ocean and Coastal Management, 68 (2012), November, pp138-148. DOI:http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ocecoaman.2012.05.018;

11. Sijtsma, F. J., Heide, C. M. v. d., & Hinsberg, A. v., 2011. Biodiversity and decision-support: integrating CBA and MCA. In A. Hull, E. Alexander, A. Khakee & J. Woltjer (Eds.), Evaluation for participation and sustainability in planning. London: Routledge. (Chapter 9; pp 197-218)

12. Sijtsma, F.J., de Vries, S., van Hinsberg, A., Diederiks, J., 2012. Does 'grey' urban living lead to more 'green' holiday nights? A Netherlands Case Study. Landscape and Urban Planning, 105, pp.250-257.

Extra Swiss questions

Extra Swiss questions

Extra Swiss questions

Extra Swiss questions

Exploring clustering points to areas

Neighbourhood 1,335 markers

Living area 1,154 markers

Country 1,016 markers

Worldwide 1,004 markers

Cities/Areas Number of usersGlarus 20Sankt Gallen 366Zürich 1,105Zug 89