shang-ping xie & takeaki sampe, iprc, university of hawaii ... · shang-ping xie & takeaki...
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Mapping high sea winds from space
Shang-Ping Xie & Takeaki Sampe,
IPRC, University of Hawaii
BAMS, in press
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High Sea Winds• danger to ships
• intense air-sea exchanges
• enhance upper ocean mixing
� Global mapping of high-wind ( >20 m/s) occurrence using QuikSCAT for 7 years (Sept
–QuikSCAT for 7 years (Sept 1999 – Aug 2006).
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Dec-Jan-Feb• frequent in wintertime midlatitudes (storm track region)
• less in the (sub-) tropics
winter
Color: High wind frequency (%)
summer
Westerly winds
Storm tracks
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Jun-Jul-Aug• Tropical cyclones do not emerge in climtology
summer
Typhoon
Color: High wind frequency (%)
winter
Typhoon
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� zonal wind
NCEP/NCAR reanalysis (Nakamura et al. 2004)
� low-level
storm track
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Winter North Pacific
SST influence is not clear (front is not so sharp).
several orography-related features
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Around Japan
cold air outbreaks off Vladivostok
• high-wind spots, associated with
orography
Strong westerly windafter passage of low (to the east of max. in mean winds)
Contour: SST
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North Atlantic
storm track
South tip of Greenland
storm track
Color: High wind frequency (%) Contour: SST
� Orography (Greenland, Norway, France-“mistral”)
� SST frontal effects (more frequent over warmer waters)
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North Atlantic
2%~17%
� Orography (Greenland, Norway, France-“mistral”)
� SST frontal effects (more frequent over warmer waters)
Color: High wind frequency (%) Contour: SST
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NCEP reanalysis-2*2006 is not included
�orography-related features are not captured well
�SST impact is not clear (land-sea contrast is conspicuous)
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momentum-mixing mechanism
• lower static stability over warmer waters �
enhanced mixing � increase in downward
transport of momentum to the surface. (Wallace
et al. 1989 etc.)
warmcold
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off Greenland
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JJA
summer
Color: High wind frequency (%)
winter
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Southern Indian Ocean
warmer water
colder water
warmer water
daily wind vector(u,v)
Color: High wind frequency (%) Contour: SST
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Top 10 list for frequent high winds (annual mean)
Blue: Orographic; Red: SST fronts; Gray shade: near ice edge
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High wind occurrence
QuikSCAT satellite reveals rich variability of high winds.
• Basin scale: storm tracks and the westerlies
• Sub-basin scale: SST and orography• Sub-basin scale: SST and orography
– spatial variations across oceanic fronts
– more (less) over warmer (colder) waters
– coastal orography (cape wind, gap wind)
Sampe and Xie, BAMS, accepted. Preprint, data and images available at
http://iprc.soest.hawaii.edu/~takeaki/highwind/index.html
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Why do high winds occur near major ocean fronts?
Storm growth &surface westerlies
Surface stability
Ocean front
Nakamura et al. (2004)
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Mapping high sea winds from space
Shang-Ping Xie & Takeaki Sampe,
IPRC, University of Hawaii
BAMS, in press