sfpe performance design case study

8/22/2019 SFPE Performance Design Case Study

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Illustration of the SFPEIllustration of the SFPE

PerformancePerformance

--Based DesignBased Design

GuideGuide-- A Case StudyA Case Study

Scott Laramee / Eric RosenbaumScott Laramee / Eric RosenbaumNFPA World Fire Safety CongressNFPA World Fire Safety Congress

May 2003May 2003


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AgendaAgenda

Overview of performanceOverview of performance--basedbaseddesigndesign

Outline SFPE guide and processOutline SFPE guide and process Review application to projectReview application to project

QuestionsQuestions


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Why Use PerformanceWhy Use Performance

Based Approach?Based Approach?

Engineering tools and methods areEngineering tools and methods aremore available & accepted by moremore available & accepted by more

jurisdictionsjurisdictions

Examples of accepted tools/methods:Examples of accepted tools/methods:

Empirical calculationsEmpirical calculations

Zone modelsZone models

CFD field modelsCFD field models


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Why Use PerformanceWhy Use Performance

Based Approach?Based Approach?

Provides structured means of designProvides structured means of designalternatives to prescriptive codealternatives to prescriptive code

requirementsrequirements

Allows for consideration of fire risks andAllows for consideration of fire risks and

benefits of different fire protectionbenefits of different fire protection

strategiesstrategies


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Advantages of PerformanceAdvantages of Performance

Based ApproachBased Approach

Offers greater design flexibilityOffers greater design flexibility SometimesSometimes more cost effectivemore cost effective

(e.g., large complex buildings)(e.g., large complex buildings) Provides an environment whichProvides an environment which

encourages new ideasencourages new ideas(i.e., encourages(i.e., encourages engineeringengineering))


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Performance BasedPerformance Based

Code Provisions in USCode Provisions in US

In 1997 (Time of Design)In 1997 (Time of Design) CaseCase--byby--case basis requiring approvalcase basis requiring approval

of Boards in Philadelphiaof Boards in Philadelphia

Alternative design methodsAlternative design methods


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Code Provisions in USCode Provisions in US

Now (2003)Now (2003) NFPA 5000 and NFPA 101 (Life SafetyNFPA 5000 and NFPA 101 (Life Safety

Code)Code)

Other NFPA CodesOther NFPA Codes

ICC Performance CodeICC Performance Code

SFPE Engineering Guide toSFPE Engineering Guide toPerformancePerformance--Based Fire ProtectionBased Fire Protection

Analysis and Design of BuildingsAnalysis and Design of Buildings


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Approach UsedApproach Used

Design preDesign pre--datesdatesreleaserelease

Similar approachSimilar approach

usedused


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Performance Based Approach UsedPerformance Based Approach UsedSFPE PBD Guide:SFPE PBD Guide:

OutlinesOutlinesprocessprocess Provides guidanceProvides guidance

for engineersfor engineers andand

AHJAHJ IdentifiesIdentifies

parameters toparameters to

consideredconsidered Provides possibleProvides possible

referencesreferences


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PBD ProcessPBD ProcessDefining Project Scope

Identifying Goals

Defining Objectives

Developing Performance

Developing Design Fire

Developing Trial Design(s)

Evaluating Trial Design(s)

Select Final Design

Selected Design

Meets PerformanceCriteria

Performance

Based Design

Report

(Chapter 12)

Design Brief

Specifications, Drawings,

and Operations and

Maintenance ManualPrepare Design Documentation

No

Yes

Modify Designor Objectives

Defining Project Scope


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PBD ProcessPBD Process

Identifying Goals


Identifying Goals

Defining Objectives





Select Final Design

Selected DesignMeets Performance

Criteria

Performance

Based Design

Report

(Chapter 12)

Design Brief


and Operations and


No

Yes



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Defining Objectives


Identifying Goals

Defining Objectives





Select Final Design


Criteria

Performance

Based Design

Report

(Chapter 12)

Design Brief


and Operations and


No

Yes



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Criteria


Identifying Goals

Defining Objectives





Select Final Design


Criteria

Performance

Based Design

Report

(Chapter 12)

Design Brief


and Operations and


No

Yes



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Scenarios


Identifying Goals

Defining Objectives





Select Final Design


Criteria

Performance

Based Design

Report

(Chapter 12)

Design Brief


and Operations and


No

Yes



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Developing Trial Designs


Identifying Goals

Defining Objectives





Select Final Design


Criteria

Performance

Based Design

Report

(Chapter 12)

Design Brief


and Operations and


No

Yes



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Fire Protection

Engineering

Design Brief


Identifying Goals

Defining Objectives





Select Final Design


Criteria

Performance

Based Design

Report

(Chapter 12)

Design Brief


and Operations and


No

Yes



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Evaluating Trial Designs


Identifying Goals

Defining Objectives





Select Final Design


Criteria

Performance

Based Design

Report

(Chapter 12)

Design Brief


and Operations and


No

Yes



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Selected Design

Meets Performance

Criteria?


Identifying Goals

Defining Objectives





Select Final Design


Criteria

Performance

Based Design

Report

(Chapter 12)

Design Brief


and Operations and


No

Yes



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Identifying Goals

Defining Objectives





Select Final Design


Criteria

Performance

Based Design

Report

(Chapter 12)

Design Brief


and Operations and


No

Yes



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Select the Final Design


Identifying Goals

Defining Objectives





Select Final Design


Criteria

Performance

Based Design

Report

(Chapter 12)

Design Brief


and Operations and


No

Yes



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Performance-Based

Design Report


Identifying Goals

Defining Objectives





Select Final Design


Criteria

Performance

Based Design

Report

(Chapter 12)

Design Brief


and Operations and


No

Yes



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Prepare DesignDocumentation


Identifying Goals

Defining Objectives





Select Final Design


Criteria

Performance

Based Design

Report

(Chapter 12)

Design Brief


and Operations and


No

Yes



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and operations and

Maintenance Manual


Identifying Goals

Defining Objectives





Select Final Design


Criteria

Performance

Based Design

Report

(Chapter 12)

Design Brief


and Operations and


No

Yes



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Identifying Goals

Defining Objectives





Select Final Design


Criteria

Performance

Based Design

Report

(Chapter 12)

Design Brief


and Operations and


No

Yes




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Project ScopeProject Scope

Identify stakeholders and roleIdentify stakeholders and role Consider project attributesConsider project attributes

Boundaries of the PBD portion of theBoundaries of the PBD portion of the

designdesign


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StakeholdersStakeholders

Department of Licenses andInspections

Fire DepartmentBuilding owners and management

InsuranceDesigners; Architect and Engineers


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Project AttributesProject Attributes

BuildingBuilding

characteristicscharacteristics

OccupantOccupant

characteristics

Cultural/social valueCultural/social value

ApplicableApplicable

regulationsregulations

characteristics


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Overview of Building DesignOverview of Building Design

Kimmel Center for the Performing ArtsKimmel Center for the Performing Arts Large performing arts center (assembly)Large performing arts center (assembly)

Areas of two city blocksAreas of two city blocks

Atrium space with two inner buildingsAtrium space with two inner buildings

2,500 person concert hall2,500 person concert hall

700 person stage theater700 person stage theater


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Key Prescriptive Code ProvisionsKey Prescriptive Code Provisions HighHigh--rise buildingrise building

Modified Type 2A construction buildingModified Type 2A construction building

Automatic sprinklers required in allAutomatic sprinklers required in all

areasareas

Smoke control required for atriumSmoke control required for atrium


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Reasons for SeekingReasons for Seeking

Performance AlternativesPerformance Alternatives

Intent of code provisions met throughIntent of code provisions met throughalternative meansalternative means

Unique, architecturally significant atriumUnique, architecturally significant atrium


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Atrium Smoke Control IssuesAtrium Smoke Control Issues

Unconditioned, large upper atriumUnconditioned, large upper atrium

(stratification)(stratification)

Exhaust locations problematic forExhaust locations problematic for

designdesign

Maintenance and system testing anMaintenance and system testing an

issueissue


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Building CharacteristicsBuilding Characteristics


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Identifying Goals


Identifying Goals

Defining Objectives





Select Final Design

Selected Design


Performance

Based Design

Report

(Chapter 12)

Design Brief


and Operations and


No

Yes



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Fire Safety GoalsFire Safety Goals

Fundamental fire safety (Fundamental fire safety (

societalsocietal

) goals:) goals:

Life safetyLife safety

Property protectionProperty protection

Continuity of operationsContinuity of operations

Limit environmental impact of fireLimit environmental impact of fire


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Fire Safety GoalsFire Safety Goals

Goals for this building:Goals for this building:

Life safety of building occupantsLife safety of building occupants

Fire fighter operationsFire fighter operations

Property protection (StakeholdersProperty protection (Stakeholders

accepts increased property risk)accepts increased property risk)


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Defining Objectives


Identifying Goals

Defining Objectives





Select Final Design

Selected Design


Performance

Based Design

Report

(Chapter 12)

Design Brief


and Operations and


No

Yes

Modify Design

or Objectives


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ObjectivesObjectives

More detailed than a goalMore detailed than a goal

Often stated as acceptable loss or riskOften stated as acceptable loss or risk

May be injury or death, cost, or loss ofMay be injury or death, cost, or loss of

downtime or critical equipmentdowntime or critical equipment

Might be equivalency to a prescriptiveMight be equivalency to a prescriptive

code or insurance requirementcode or insurance requirement


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StakeholdersStakeholders ObjectivesObjectives

No loss of life outside of area of fireNo loss of life outside of area of fire

originorigin

No significant thermal damage outsideNo significant thermal damage outside

of room of fire originof room of fire origin

Design in fiscally responsible mannerDesign in fiscally responsible manner

Maintain creative design for intendedMaintain creative design for intendedfunction (performing art center)function (performing art center)


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Design ObjectivesDesign Objectives

Result from quantification of stakeholderResult from quantification of stakeholderobjectivesobjectives

Can be deterministic or probabilisticCan be deterministic or probabilistic

Focus is on the damageFocus is on the damage target(s)target(s)Building, compartment, contents, process,Building, compartment, contents, process,

or occupantor occupant

Serve as benchmarks for evaluatingServe as benchmarks for evaluatingpredicted performance of trial designspredicted performance of trial designs


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Design ObjectivesDesign Objectives

Maintain tenable conditions duringMaintain tenable conditions duringegressegress

Prevent flashover of the area of firePrevent flashover of the area of fire

originorigin Minimize the likelihood of fire spreadMinimize the likelihood of fire spread

beyond the space/room of fire originbeyond the space/room of fire origin

Limit the thermal damage to areasLimit the thermal damage to areasbeyond the area of fire originbeyond the area of fire origin


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Atrium Smoke ControlAtrium Smoke Control

Prescriptive Code RequirementsPrescriptive Code Requirements

Designed to maintain smoke layer 6 ft aboveDesigned to maintain smoke layer 6 ft above

highest level of exit access for 20 min.highest level of exit access for 20 min.

Passive smoke control (i.e., no mechanicalPassive smoke control (i.e., no mechanicalexhaust) allowed by codeexhaust) allowed by code

AlternativeAlternative approaches allowed whichapproaches allowed which

achieve same level of smoke control as otherachieve same level of smoke control as other

methodsmethods


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Intent of applicable codeIntent of applicable code

Maintain smoke layer above a level thatMaintain smoke layer above a level that

will:will:

Not affect occupant ability to egress (lifeNot affect occupant ability to egress (life

safety)safety)

Prevent smoke migration to other areas ofPrevent smoke migration to other areas ofthe building (property protection)the building (property protection)


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Criteria


Identifying Goals

Defining Objectives





Select Final Design

Selected Design


Performance

Based Design

Report

(Chapter 12)

Design Brief


and Operations and


No

Yes

Modify Design

or Objectives


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Performance CriteriaPerformance Criteria

Threshold values, ranges, orThreshold values, ranges, or

distributionsdistributions

Used to evaluate trial designsUsed to evaluate trial designs

Forms the basis for identifying the set ofForms the basis for identifying the set of

candidate designs from which the finalcandidate designs from which the final

design will be selecteddesign will be selected


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Type of Performance CriteriaType of Performance Criteria

TemperatureTemperature

Smoke concentration or obscurationSmoke concentration or obscuration

Evacuation timeEvacuation time

Toxic or corrosive speciesToxic or corrosive species

Level of smoke layerLevel of smoke layer

Radiant fluxRadiant flux


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Example Performance CriteriaExample Performance Criteria

Parameter Hazard Limit

Carbon Monoxide Concentration 5,000-8,000 ppm

Lower Oxygen Limit 12%

Temperature (occupants immersed in layer) 149F

Temperature (occupants below smoke layer 325F

Visibility 30 ft


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Scenarios


Identifying Goals

Defining Objectives





Select Final Design

Selected Design


Performance

Based Design

Report

(Chapter 12)

Design Brief


and Operations and


No

Yes

Modify Design

or Objectives


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Develop Design Fire ScenariosDevelop Design Fire Scenarios

Building

Characteristics

Occupant

Characteristics

Fire

Characteristics

Possible

Fire Scenarios

Evaluate

Candidate Designs

Develop

Candidate Designs

Design Fire

Curves

Design

Fire Scenarios

Building

Characteristics

Occupant

Characteristics

Identify Possible Design FireIdentify Possible Design Fire


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Identify Possible Design FireIdentify Possible Design Fire

ScenariosScenarios

Building

Characteristics

Occupant

Characteristics

FireCharacteristics

Possible

Fire Scenarios

Architectural Features

Structural Components

Fire Protection Systems

Building Services/Processes

Operational Characteristics

Fire Department Response

Environmental Factors


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Occupant CharacteristicsOccupant Characteristics

Human behaviorHuman behavior

Response characteristicsResponse characteristics

Evacuation timesEvacuation times

Design FireDesign Fire


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Time (seconds)

0 200 400 600 800 1000 1200

HeatRelea

seRate(Btu/s)

0

500

1000

1500

2000

2500

3000

Steady Fire

MediumFire

Steady andMedium

Fire

Sofa

Kiosk




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Design Fireg

Smoke Yield (kg/kg)1 Heat of Combustion

(Btu/lbm)2Carbon Dioxide Yield

(lbm/lbm)2Hydrogen to Carbon

Ratio (lbm/lbm)3

0.013 13,030 1.9 0.16

1Nelson [1990] 2Tewarson[1995] 3Babrauskas [1986]


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Developing Trial Designs


Identifying Goals

Defining Objectives





Select Final Design

Selected Design

Meets Performance

Criteria

Performance

Based Design

Report

(Chapter 12)

Design Brief


and Operations and


No

Yes



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Developing Trial DesignsDeveloping Trial Designs

Consider context in which the designConsider context in which the design

will be evaluatedwill be evaluated

Select features that achieveSelect features that achieve

performance criteriaperformance criteria


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Fire Protection

Engineering

Design Brief


Identifying Goals

Defining Objectives





Select Final Design

Selected Design

Meets Performance

Criteria

Performance

Based Design

Report

(Chapter 12)

Design Brief


and Operations and


No

Yes


Fire Protection EngineeringFire Protection Engineering


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Fire Protection Engineeringe otect o g ee g

Design BriefDesign Brief

Developed by engineer and presentedDeveloped by engineer and presented

to stakeholdersto stakeholders

Documents agreements betweenDocuments agreements between

stakeholders prior quantitative analysisstakeholders prior quantitative analysis


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Form of the Design BriefForm of the Design Brief

Formal submittalFormal submittal

Meeting minutesMeeting minutes


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Evaluating Trial Designs


Identifying Goals

Defining Objectives





Select Final Design

Selected Design

Meets Performance

Criteria

Performance

Based Design

Report

(Chapter 12)

Design Brief


and Operations and


No

Yes



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Evaluating Trial DesignsEvaluating Trial Designs

Process of determining if a trial designProcess of determining if a trial design

meets the performance criteria in themeets the performance criteria in the

design fire scenariosdesign fire scenarios

Trial design(s) tested against design fireTrial design(s) tested against design firescenariosscenarios


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Evaluating Trial DesignsEvaluating Trial Designs


Select Final Design


Criteria?

No

Yes

Modify Design

or Objectives


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Fire ModelsFire Models

Hand CalculationsHand Calculations

CFASTCFAST

CFDCFD


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Final DesignFinal Design


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Atrium Smoke ControlAtrium Smoke Control Given fire produces the same amount ofGiven fire produces the same amount of

particulateparticulate

Amount of smoke increases because of airAmount of smoke increases because of air

entrainmententrainment

cc QHQV 98.38.20 35

31

+=


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Air Air

AirAir

Fire

2HplumeintoentrainedAir


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Atrium Smoke ControlAtrium Smoke ControlDilute Smoke = SDilute Smoke = S22

100

ft

Dense Smoke = SDense Smoke = S11

10

ft

21

21

SineParticulatSineParticulat

SofVolume50

1SofVolume

=



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SmokeSmoke

RoofRoof

GardenGarden

Estimated Layer Decent TimeEstimated Layer Decent Time 22--3 minutes3 minutes

Estimated Smoke Properties:Estimated Smoke Properties:

CO concentrationCO concentration ~100 ppm~100 ppmOO22 ~20.5%~20.5%

TemperatureTemperature


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Select the Final Design


Identifying Goals

Defining Objectives





Select Final Design

Selected Design

Meets Performance

Criteria

Performance

Based Design

Report

(Chapter 12)

Design Brief


and Operations and


No

Yes


Performance Based DesignPerformance Based Design


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Approach (Final Design)Approach (Final Design)

Passive smoke control in atriumPassive smoke control in atrium

Use of large ceiling as smoke reservoirUse of large ceiling as smoke reservoir

Verification of tenability (computerVerification of tenability (computer

modeling)modeling)Manual vents providedManual vents provided


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AtriumAtrium Smoke ControlSmoke Control

SolutionSolution

Control fuel loads in atriumControl fuel loads in atrium

Verify occupant tenabilityVerify occupant tenability

Fire/smoke modelingFire/smoke modeling

Timed egress analysisTimed egress analysis

Owner/insurance acceptance ofOwner/insurance acceptance ofincreased property riskincreased property risk


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ResultsResults

Untenable conditions do not occur for atUntenable conditions do not occur for at

least 20 min.least 20 min.

Total bldg. evacuation (including safetyTotal bldg. evacuation (including safetyfactor 2.0) infactor 2.0) in less thanless than 20 min.20 min.

Analysis demonstrates occupants notAnalysis demonstrates occupants notexposed to hazard prior to egressexposed to hazard prior to egress



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Other design featuresOther design features

Fire department ventingFire department venting

Building owner accepts risk of possibleBuilding owner accepts risk of possibleproperty damage due to smokeproperty damage due to smoke

migrationmigration


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Performance-Based

Design Report


Identifying Goals

Defining Objectives





Select Final Design

Selected Design


Performance

Based Design

Report

(Chapter 12)

Design Brief


and Operations and


No

Yes



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PBD ReportPBD Report

Formal submittalFormal submittal

Details of approachDetails of approach

EvaluationEvaluation

ResultsResults


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Other DocumentationOther Documentation

Drawings and specs prepared byDrawings and specs prepared by

ArchitectArchitect

Design engineersDesign engineers


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Summary / ConclusionsSummary / Conclusions

Process in SFPE Guide worksProcess in SFPE Guide works

Specific application for smoke controlSpecific application for smoke control

Used for other features alsoUsed for other features also


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Summary / ConclusionsSummary / Conclusions


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QuestionsQuestions