sexual economics: sex as female resource for social exchange in heterosexual interactions

8/3/2019 Sexual Economics: Sex as Female Resource for Social Exchange in Heterosexual Interactions

1/25

Zn|~à Njgcgodjz9 Zn| `z Enoàn Rnzg~rjn egr Zgjdà N|jl`chn

dc Lnvnrgzn|~à Dcvnr`jvdgcz

Rgt E# B`~ondzvnrFn{`rvoncv ge [ztjlgaght

Eagrdf` Zv`vn ^cdunrzdvt

M`vlannc F# UglzE`j~avt ge Jgoonrjn! O`rmnvdch Fdudzdgc

^cdunrzdvt ge Brdvdzl Jga~obd`

@ lnvnrgzn|~à jgoo~cdvt j`c bn `càtynf `z ` o`rmnv{a`jn dc xldjl onc znnm vg `j/

p~drnzn| ergo xgonc bt geenrdch gvlnr rnzg~rjnz dc n|jl`chn# Zgjdnvdnz xdaa vlnrnegrn

fnedcn hncfnr rganz `z de xgonc `rn znaanrz `cf onc b~tnrz ge zn|# Zgjdnvdnz xdaa nc/

fgx enoàn zn|~àdvt! b~v cgv oàn zn|~àdvt! xdvl uà~n ,`z dc udrhdcdvt! edfnadvt! jl`z/

vdvt$# Vln zn|~à `jvdudvdnz ge fdeenrncv jg~{anz `rn aggznat dcvnrrna`vnf bt ` o`rmnv/

{a`jn! dczvn`f ge bndch e~aat zn{`r`vn gr {rdu`vn! `cf n`jl jg~{anz fnjdzdgcz o`t bndcea~ncjnf bt o`rmnv jgcfdvdgcz# Njgcgodj {rdcjd{anz z~hhnzv vl`v vln {rdjn ge zn|

xdaa fn{ncf gc z~{{at cf fno`cf! jgo{nvdvdgc ogch znaanrz! u`rd`vdgcz dc {rgf~jv!

jgaa~zdgc ògch znaanrz! `cf gvlnr e`jvgrz# Rnzn`rjl edcfdchz zlgx hncfnr `ztoon/

vrdnz ,rneanjvdch vln jgo{anoncv`rt njgcgodj rganz$ dc {rgzvdv~vdgc! jg~rvzld{! dcedfna/

dvt `cf fdugrjn! enoàn jgo{nvdvdgc! vln zn|~à rnuga~vdgc `cf jl`chdch cgroz! ~c/

np~à zv`v~z bnvxnnc {`rvcnrz! j~av~rà z~{{rnzzdgc ge enoàn zn|~àdvt! `b~zdun

rna`vdgczld{z! r`{n! `cf zn|~à `vvdv~fnz#

Zn|~à jvdudvt dz gevnc rnh`rfnf z ogch vln ogzv

{rdu`vn ge `jvdudvdnz cnhgvd`vnf bt vxg dcfdudf~àz gc

vln b`zdz ge vlndr gxc dcfdudf~à fnzdrnz `cf uà~nz#

Dfnàdzvdj vrn`voncvz fnzjrdbn vln vxg dcfdudf~àz `z

{gvncvdàat np~à `cf dcvnrjl`chn`ban# Dc vldz `rvdjanxn {a`jn zn|~ a cnhgvd vdgcz dc vlnjgcvn|v ge ` j~av~r a

ztzvno dc xldjl onc `cf xgonc {a`t fdeenrncv rganz

rnznobadch b~tnr `cf znaanrdc ` o`rmnv{a`jn vl`v dz

dcna~jv`bat èenjvnf bt vln n|jl`chnz bnvxnnc gvlnr

b~tnrz cf znaanrz#

Dc rnjncv fnj`fnz vxg o`dc vlngrnvdjà `{{rg`jlnz

lùn fgodc vnf vln ednaf ge zn|~ advt# Gcn ge vlnzn no/

{l`zdynz bdgaghdjà fnvnrodc`cvz nz{njdàat z zl`{nf

bt nuga~vdgc`rt{rnzz~rnz# Vln gvlnrno{l zdynz zgjd a

jgczvr~jvdgc nz{njdàat `z zl`{nf bt {gadvdjà egrjnz#

Bgvl lùn {rg{gznf vg n|{a`dc fdeenrncjnz bnvxnnc

onc `cf xgonc# Vln nuga~vdgc`rt `{{rg`jl zvrnzznz

vlnfdeenrncv rn{rgf~jvdun zvr vnhdnz ge onc`cfxgonc`cf vlnfdeenrncjn `z vg xl v {`vvnrc ge zn|~ a rnz{gczn

xg~af lùn anf vg vln ldhlnzv p~àdvt `cf c~obnr ge

z~jjnzze~a geez{rdch#Vlnzgjd a jgczvr~jvdgcdzv `{{rg`jl

hncnràat b`znf gc enodcdzv vlngrt l`z no{l`zdynf

oàn z~bi~h`vdgc ge xgonc `cf lgx xgonc rnz{gcf

vg vlndr g{{rnzznf {gzdvdgc dc zgjdnvt# Vl~z vln fdzjd/

{adcnz ge bdgaght `cf {gadvdjz lùn bnnc ogzv {rgod/cncv dc h~dfdch lgx {ztjlgaghdzvz vldcm `bg~v zn|#

Vldz `rvdjan v~rcz vg ` fdeenrncv fdzjd{adcn cònat

njgcgodjz vg na~jdf`vn ` vlngrt ge zn|~à dcvnr`jvdgcz#

@c njgcgodj `{{rg`jl vg l~o`c bnlùdgr x`zfnedcnf

bt ,z~bznp~ncv$ Cgbna a`~rn`vn H`rt Bnjmnr ,0485$ z

lùdch eg~r o`dc `zz~o{vdgcz# Edrzv vln bnlùdgr ge

dcfdudf~ az dz dcvnrjgccnjvnf dc o`rmnv ztzvnoz dc

xldjl dcfdudf~à jlgdjnz `rnzl`{nfbt jgzvz `cfbncn/

edvz dc vln jgcvn|v ge zv`ban {rnenrncjnz# Znjgcf zj`rjn

b~v fnzdr`ban rnzg~rjnz `rnàagj vnfbt {rdjn zldevz`cf

gvlnr o`rmnv dcea~ncjnz# Vldrf znaanrz ge hggfz gr znr/

udjnz jgo{nvn xdvl n`jl gvlnr ,`z b~tnrz àzg zgon/

vdonz fg b~v cgv `z o~jl$# Eg~rvl {ng{an znnm vgo`|/

dodyn vlndr g~vjgonz# @avlg~hl njgcgodzvz dcdvdàat

egj~znf gc o`vnrdà hggfz `cf o`vnrdà cnnfz o`ct

lùn bnh~c vg aggm `v cgco`vnrdà hggfz ,z~jl `z znr/

udjnz$ `cf cgcogcnv`rt onfd` ge n|jl`chn ,z~jl `z

vdon gr nogvdgc$# Dc `fg{vdch z~jl `c `{{rg`jl g~r

vlngrt xdaa vlnrnegrn bn {rdo`rdat j~av~rà dc vln znczn

vl v dv aggmz `v lgx dcfdudf~à bnlùdgr dz zl`{nfbt vln

o`rmnv cf gvlnr z{njvz ge vln jgaanjvdun cnvxgrm b~v

i~zv `z njgcgodj n|jl`chn dz b`znf gc xl`v c`v~rn l`z

zl`{nf {ng{an vg x`cv `cf cnnf c`v~rà ogvdu`vdgcz

::4

[nrzgcàdvt `cf Zgjdà [ztjlgaght Rnudnx

2;;6 Uga# : O`dc Làa U`cjg~unr Brdvdzl

Jga~obd` U520Y2J`c`f`# N/o`da9 m`vlannc#uglzKz`~fnr#~bj#j`


2/25

`cf vncfncjdnz xdaa {rgudfn eg~cf`vdgc egr vln zn|~à

njgcgot#

@avlg~hl {{atdch njgcgodj {rdcjd{anz vg zn| o`t

znno cguna {ztjlgaght l`z dcugmnf njgcgodj vlng/

rdnz dc gvlnr jgcvn|vz# Zgjdà n|jl`chn vlngrt l`z bnnc

~znf vg `càtyn ` brg`f r`chn ge zgjdà dcvnr`jvdgcz

,n#h# Ba`~ 0456= Lgo`cz 04>; 0450= Z{rnjlnr

044


3/25

zgcz l~chnr cf admdch egr b`c`c`z b~v azg {`rvat gc

vln zldevdch bà`cjn bnvxnnc vln agjà jgoo~cdvtz

z~{{at ge b`c`c`z `cf dvz fno`cf egr vlno#

Vln jncvrà {gdcv vg g~r zgjdà n|jl`chn càtzdz ge

zn| dz vl`v zn| dz nzzncvdàat enoàn rnzg~rjn# Xlnc

o`c `cf ` xgo`c lùn zn| vlnrnegrn vln xgo`c dz

hdudch zgonvldch ge u a~n vg vln o`c# Dc vl`v znczn vln

dcvnr jvdgc dz gcn/zdfnf~canzz vln o`c hdunz vlnxgo`c zgonvldch nazn ge jgo{`r`ban uà~n#

@avlg~hl vln zgjdà n|jl`chn càtzdz xdaa dcugmn

zgjdà ztzvno vg n|{a dc zn| `cf dz vlnrnegrnnzzncvdàat

` j~av~rà vlngrt drgcdjàat dvz ogzv eòg~z `fugj`vn

jòn ergo nuga~vdgc`rt vlngrt ,àvlg~hl Jgvv 0484

fnunag{nf ` zdoda r adcn ge `c atzdz dc ` enodcdzv ldzvgr/

djà jgcvn|v$# Ztogcz ,0484$ gbznrunf vl`v Nunrt/

xlnrn zn| dz ~cfnrzvggf vg bn zgonvldch enoànz lùn

vl`v oànz x`cv ,{# 2>:$# Bt nunrtxlnrn ln on`cv

dc àa j~av~rnz `cfldzvgrdj a nr z àvlg~hl vg bn z~rn ln

gcat {rnzncvnf gbznru`vdgcz ergo ` l`cfe~a ge vlnzn#

Dcfnnf ln geenrnf rna`vdunat advvan dc vln x`t ge no{drd/

jà nudfncjn egr ldz vlngrt ` fnedjdncjt vl`v vldz `rvdjanznnmz vg rnonft ,`dfnf bt vln z~bzv`cvdà òg~cv ge

no{drdjà f`v` gc zn| vl`v lùn bnnc {rgf~jnf dc vln

fnj`fnz zdcjn Ztogcz bggm x`z {~badzlnf$# Ztogcz

àzg fdf cgv edcf dv ~zne~a vg jgczdfnr lgx njgcgodj

vlngrt odhlv na`bgr`vn ldz b`zdj gbznru`vdgc# Cgcnvln/

anzz ldz xgrm fnznrunz rnjghcdvdgc egr lùdch {~v egrvl

vln gbznru`vdgc vl`v zn| dz nzzncvdàat zgonvldch vl`v

xgonc {rgudfn `cf onc fnzdrn#

@avlg~hl cgv o`ct gvlnrz lùn n|{adjdvat fdzj~zznf

zn| `z ` enoàn rnzg~rjn xn bnadnun vl`v vl`v udnx dz

do{adjdv vlg~hl gevnc ~czv`vnf dc o`ct xrdvdchz# Egr

n|ò{an Xdazgc ,2;;0$ rnjncvat {~badzlnf ` xdfnat

dcea~ncvdà zgjdgaghdjà `càtzdz ge vln fnjadcn ge o`r/rd`hn dc Xnzvnrc j~av~rnz dc vln jg~rzn ge xldjl ln

eg~cf dv cnjnzz`rt vg dcugmn ~cz~{{grvnf zz~o{vdgcz

z~jl `z De vln j~av~rn geenrz zn|~à `jjnzz `cf fgnz cgv

rnp~drn dc n|jl`chn{nrzgcà jgoodvoncv ` agv ge onc

xdaa v`mn vln zn| nunrt vdon ,{# 0>= àvlg~hl cg

zg~rjnz gr nudfncjn xnrn jdvnf vg b`jm ~{ vldz `zznr/

vdgc$# A`vnr ln z{nj~a vnf vl v de vln hgunrconcv

x`cvnf vg o`mn o`rrd`hnz ogrn f~r`ban vln ogzv ne/

enjvdun {gadjt dcvnruncvdgc xg~af bn vg rnp~drn vl`v e`/

vlnrz rnv`dc j~zvgft ge jldafrnc èvnr fdugrjn bnj`~zn

vldz xg~af rnf~jn vln oncz `bdadvt vg `vvr`jv cnx zn|

{`rvcnrzvln do{adjdv `zz~o{vdgc bndch vl`v fdugrjnz

`rn j`~znf bnj`~zn l~zb`cfz b~v cgv xdunz anùn vlndr

z{g~znz vg h`dc `jjnzz vg cnx ogrn n|jdvdch zn| {`rv/

cnrz# Dc neenjv vldz {gadjt xg~af rnf~jn xl`v vln fd/

ugrjdch l~zb`cf jg~af geenr `cgvlnr xgo`c dc n|/

jl`chn egr zn|# Vl~z `h`dc vln udnxge zn| `z ` eno an

rnzg~rjn x`z do{adjdv dc ldz rn`zgcdch b~v ln fdf cgv

lùn `ct zjlga`rat b`zdz egr nuà~`vdch vl`v udnx# G~r

lg{n dz vl`v `c g{nc zv`vnoncv `cf `{{r`dzà ge vln en/

oàn rnzg~rjn vlngrt ge zn|~à njgcgot j`c nc`ban

z~jl `càtznz vg lùn ` zvrgch n|{adjdv b`zdz dc rn/

zn rjl edcfdchz dcja~fdch er`cm rnjghcdvdgc ge dvz adod/

v`vdgcz`cf xn vldcm vl`v xg~af bn {rnenr`ban vg rnat/

dch gc do{rnzzdgcz `cf zvnrngvt{nz `z o`ct xrdvnrz

j~rrncvat o~zv#

Zn| z Enoàn Rnzg~rjn

@ jgczdfnr vdgc ge vlnj~av~r a njgcgot ge zn| hgnz

bntgcf vln zdo{an rnjghcdvdgc vl`v onc x`cv zn| ergoxgonc# Dczge`r z vl`v dz hncnràat vr~n vln zgjdà cnv/

xgrm xdaa rnjghcdyn dv cf grh`cdyn vln bnlùdgr ge dc/

fdudf~àz `cf jg~{anz gc vl`v b`zdz# Vrn`vdch zn| `z `

enoàn rnzg~rjn on`cz vl`v n`jl j~av~rn ,xn fnedcn

j~av~rn z c dcegro`vdgc/b`znf zgjdà ztzvno$ xdaa nc/

fgx enoàn zn|~àdvt xdvl uà~n ~cadmn oàn zn|~à/

dvt# Xgonc xdaa rnjndun gvlnr uà~nf hggfz dc rnv~rc

egr vlndr zn|~à eùgrz# Oàn zn|~àdvt dc jgcvr`zv j`c/

cgv bn n|jl`chnf egr gvlnr hggfz# [~v `cgvlnr x`t

xgonc bnjgon vlnz~{{adnrz ge zn| xlnrn z oncjgc/

zvdv~vn vln fno`cf egr dv `cf {a t vln rgan ge {~rjl`znrz

`cf jgcz~onrz# Nunc vlg~hl dc gcn znczn ` o`c `cf `

xgo`c xlg rn lùdch zn|~à dcvnrjg~rzn rn bgvl fg/dch zdoda`r vldchz zgjdàat vlnt `rn fgdch p~dvn fdeenr/

ncv vldchz#

Vl~z vln edrzv {rnfdjvdgc b`znf gc vln zgjdà n|/

jl`chn vlngrt ge zn| dz vl`v dcvnr{nrzgcà {rgjnzznz z/

zgjd`vnf xdvl zn|~à bnlùdgr xdaa rnunà ` e~cfònc/

và fdeenrncjn dc hncfnr rganz# Onc xdaa geenr xgonc

gvlnr rnzg~rjnz dc n|jl`chn egr zn| b~v xgonc xdaa

cgv hdun onc rnzg~rjnz egr zn| ,n|jn{v {nrl`{z dc

ldhlat ~c~z~à jdrj~ozv`cjnz$# Dc `ct nuncv vln bgv/

vgo adcn dz vl`v zn|~à jvdudvt bt xgonc l`z n|jl`chn

u a~n xlnrn z oàn zn|~ advt fgnz cgv# Enoàn udrhdc/

dvt jl`zvdvt edfnadvt udrv~g~z rn{~v`vdgc `cf zdoda`r

dcfdj`vgrz xdaa lùn {gzdvdun uà~nz vl`v xdaa bn ogzvat`bzncv dc vln o an ,znnV`ban0$# [~v `cgvlnr x`t dv xdaa

o`vvnr ogrn vg vln egro`vdgc `cf jgcvdc~`vdgc ge ` rn/

a`vdgczld{ xlnvlnr vln xgo`c dz udrhdc vl`c xlnvlnr

vln o`c dz= xlnvlnr vln xgo`c nch`hnz dc zn| xdvl `c/

gvlnr {`rvcnr vl`c xlnvlnr vlno`cfgnz `cfzg egrvl#

Xlt ` Enoàn Rnzg~rjn7

Xlt xg~af zn| bn ` enoàn rnzg~rjn7 Ztogczz

,0484$ grdhdcà `czxnr egj~znf gc rn{rgf~jvdun zvr`v/

nhdnz zl`{nf bt nuga~vdgc `z vln ~avdo`vn j`~zn# Dc

ldz `jjg~cv vln odcdoà oàn dcunzvoncv dc {`rncv/

lggf dz àogzv ynrg xlnrn`z egr ` xgo`c dv dz z~b/

zv`cvdà# Vlnrnegrn ln {rg{gznf zn| egr ` o`c dz àa

bncnedv xdvl advvan gr cg jgzv xlnrn`z egr ` xgo`c

vln {gvncvdà jgzv ,{gzzdban {rnhc`cjt xdvl {`dc `cf

{gzzdbat fn`vl `vvncfdch jldafbdrvl$ dz z~bzv cvd a

nunc de vln {an`z~rn dz p~dvn ldhl# Vln rdzm ge ldhl

jgzv xdaa bn `c dcjncvdun egr vln xgo`c vg lgaf b`jm

`cf zg vln o`c o~zv geenr lnr zgon bncnedvz vg geeznv

vldz# Lgxnunr Ztogcz àzg `jmcgxanfhnf ,{# 250$

vl`v l~o`c bndchz fg cgv cnjnzz`rdat j`rn `bg~v vlnzn

~avdo`vn j`~znz `cf zg vln doonfd`vn {ztjlgaghdjà

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ZN\^@A NJGCGODJZ= ZN\ @Z ENO@AN RNZG^RJN


4/25

e`jvgrz vl`v an`f {ng{an vg vrn`v zn| `z ` onfd~o ge

n|jl`chn rnp~drn e~rvlnr n|{a`c`vdgc#

@ zgonxl`v fdeenrncv n|{a`c`vdgc egr xlt zn| dz `

enoàn rnzg~rjn j`c bn fnf~jnf ergo ogvdu`vdgcà

fdeenrncjnz# Zgjdà n|jl`chn vlngrt l`z en v~rnf

vln {rdcjd{an ge an`zv dcvnrnzv ,Xàanr % Ldaa 04:


5/25

~à jlgdjnz# Vldz rnjd{rgj a/dcea~ncjnz `{{rg`jl dz

zdoda`r vg g~r {nrz{njvdun dc xldjl vln agjà j~av~rà

o`rmnv{a jn dcea~ncjnz vln bnlùdgr ge dcfdudf~ az

xldjl dc v~rc jl`chnz agjà cgroz `cf n|{njv`vdgcz

xldjl jtjan `rg~cf `h`dc vg dcea~ncjn dcfdudf~àz bn/

lùdgr# Lncjn dc g~r ogfna vln agjà j~av~rn `cf vln

dcfdudf~àz vlnrndc èenjv gcn `cgvlnr dc ` rnj~rzdun

e`zldgc#Vln zgjdà n|jl`chn càtzdz no{l`zdynz vl`v zn| dz

` enoàn rnzg~rjn zg vl`v onc o~zv geenr xgonc gvlnr

rnzg~rjnz dc n|jl`chn egr dv# B~v lgx o~jl7 Vln {rdjn

ge zn| ,zg vg z{n`m$ o`t u`rt xdfnat# Vg jgooncjn `

zn|~à rna`vdgczld{ xdvl ` {`rvdj~a`r xgo`c ` o`c

o`t lùn vg geenr lnr e`cjt fdccnr gr agch znrdnz ge

jgo{adoncvz gr ` ogcvl ge rnz{njve~a `vvncvdgc gr `

adenvdon {rgodzn vg zl`rn àa ldz xnàvl `cf n`rcdchz

xdvl lnr n|ja~zdunat# Vldz {rdjn dz cnhgvd`vnf bnvxnnc

vln vxg dcfdudf~àz dc vln jgcvn|v ge vln {rdjnz vl`v

gvlnr zdoda`r jg~{anz znv#

Zn|~à cgroz vl~z jgczvdv~vn ` mdcf ge agjà hgdch

r`vn z vg vln {{rg{rd`vn {rdjn egr zn|# @jrgzz j~av~rnz`cf `jrgzz fdeenrncv ldzvgrdjà {nrdgfz vln hgdch r`vn

o`t u`rt xdfnat# Xdvldc ` hdunc jgoo~cdvt lgxnunr

dv {rgb`bat u rdnz o~jl anzz# O`rmnv egrjnz xdaa vncf vg

zv`bdadyn vldz r`vn xdvldc ` jgoo~cdvt ,b~v cgv cnjnz/

z`rdat `jrgzz jgoo~cdvdnz$# Vg daa~zvr`vn z~{{gzn `

{`rvdj~a`r xgo`c fno`cfz vgg ldhl ` {rdjn egr zn|

z~jl `z de zln rne~znz vg lùn zn| ~cvda vln o`c l`z

{rgodznf vg o`rrt lnr `cf l`z hdunc lnr `c nch`hn/

oncv rdch# Lnr z~dvgr o`t b`cfgc lnr `cf v~rc ldz v/

vncvdgc vg cgvlnr xgo`cb~v gcat de gvlnr xgonc dc

vln jgoo~cdvt xdaa geenr zn| `v ` zdhcdedj`cvat agxnr

{rdjn# De àa vln xgo`c dc lnr jgoo~cdvt fno`cf `c

nch`hnoncv rdch bnegrn hdudch zn| lgxnunr vln o`cxdaa bn ogrn admnat vg `hrnn#

@ rna`vnf {rnfdjvdgc dz vl`v agx {rdjn ge zn| eùgrz

onc xlnrn`z ` ldhl {rdjn eùgrz xgonc# Vlnrnegrn

onc xdaa vncf vg z~{{grv dcdvd`vdunz vl`v agxnr vln {rdjn

ge zn| xlnrn`z xgonc xdaa hncnràat vrt vg z~{{grv `

ldhlnr {rdjn# Dfngaghdnz ge ernn agun ,vl`v dz zn| ~c/

`jjgo{`cdnf bt `ct gvlnr gbadh`vdgcz gr n|jl`chnz$

xdaa `{{nà vg onc ogrn vl`c xgonc#

Vln {rdjn ge zn| dz cgv rnzvrdjvnf vg ogcnt ge

jg~rzn# G~r brg`f jgcjn{v~àdy`vdgc ge rnzg~rjnz ,`z

ogcnt o`vnrdà hdevz rnz{njv agun vdon eenjvdgc gr

jgoodvoncv$ dz jgczdzvncv xdvl `rh~oncvz vl v xgonc

fg cgv znanjv vlndr zn| {`rvcnrz gc vln b`zdz ge o`vnrdà

hggfz àgcn# @ rnjncv `càtzdz ,Odaanr [~vjl` %

[nfnrzgc 2;;2$ cgvnf vl`v f~rdch o~jl ge l~o`cz

nuga~vdgc`rt ldzvgrt {ng{an adunf dc zoàa hrg~{z#

Vt{djàat ` hrg~{ ge onc brg~hlv b`jm on`v egr vln

hrg~{ cf aa vln on`v x`z zl`rnf# Odaanr nv a# `rh~nf

vl`v vldz `rr`chnoncv gbzj~rnf dcfdudf~ a l~cvdch `bda/

dvt `cf vlnrnegrn xgonc jg~af cgv n`zdat ~zn hdevz ge

o`vnrdà rnzg~rjnz `z ` zdhc ge agch/vnro o`vn {gvnc/

vdà# Xdvl ` brg`fnr jgcjn{v~àdy`vdgc ge rnzg~rjnz

lgxnunr dv xg~af zvdaa bn {gzzdban egr ` xgo`c vg fn/

vnjv vln fnzdr`bdadvt ge dcfdudf~à onc xdvldc lnr

jgoo~cdvtbnj`~zn zlnjg~af znn lgx o~jl `vvncvdgc

èenjvdgc gr vdon n`jl hùn vg lnr#

Dc zlgrv xn o`t rnh`rf ` agjà zn|~à o`rmnv{a`jn

`z ` aggzn jgoo~cdvt dc xldjl onc `cf xgonc `jv `z

dcfdudf~à `hncvz znnmdch vg edcf `c `fu cv hng~z fn a#

Onc xdaa `jv admn b~tnrz xlg x`cv vg hnv hggf zn| gr

{ancvt ge zn| xdvlg~v z{ncfdch vgg o~jl ,dc vnroz gevdon neegrv ogcnt gr jgoodvoncv$# Xgonc xdaa `jv

admn znaanrz xlg x`cv vg hnv ` ldhl {rdjn egr vlndr zn|~à

eùgrz# N`jl jg~{an o`t cnhgvd`vn dvz gxc {rdjn b~v

xlnvlnr vldz {rdjn dz bnvvnr fnà egr vln o`c gr egr vln

xgo`c fn{ncfz gc lgx dv jgo{`rnz vg vln hgdch r`vn

xdvldc vlndr jgoo~cdvt#

Bnj`~zn o~jl zn|~à `jvdudvt dz jgcf~jvnf dc zn/

jrnv vlnrn dz admnat vg bn jgczdfnr`ban obdh~dvt bg~v

xl`v vln jv~à cgroz rn# @cgvlnr {rnfdjvdgc dz vlnrn/

egrn vl`v onc `cf xgonc xdaa znnm vg jgcunt fdeenrncv

do{rnzzdgcz# Onc xg~af bn admnat vg vrt vg jrn`vn vln

do{rnzzdgc vl`v o`ct jg~{anz `rn lùdch zn| `v ` agx

{rdjn# Xgonc rn ogrn admnat vg no{l`zdyn vl`v zn| dz~c~z~à g~vzdfn ge znrdg~z jgoodvvnf rna`vdgczld{z#

Oàn jgcunrz`vdgc o`t en`v~rn `cf n|`hhnr`vn zn|~à

`jvdudvt xlnrn`z enoàn jgcunrz`vdgc zlg~af jgcjnà

`cf ~cfnrzv`vn zn|#

Z~{{at `cf Fno`cf

Vln a`xz ge z~{{at `cf fno`cf j`c bn z~bzv`cvd/

`vnf dc aa zgrvz ge o`rmnv{a`jnz cf vlnrn dz cg rn`zgc

vl`v zn| zlg~af bn `c n|jn{vdgc# Xdvl zn| vln enoàn

rnzg~rjn lt{gvlnzdz fn{djvz vl`v xgonc jgczvdv~vn vln

z~{{at `cf onc jgczvdv~vn vln fno`cf#

[`vvnrcz ge zn|~ a `jvdudvt zlg~af jl`chn fr`zvdjàatxdvl vln bà`cjn bnvxnnc z~{{at `cf fno`cf z~jl `z

vln zn| r`vdg# Xlnc vln {gga ge nadhdban xgonc ,d#n#

tg~ch ~c`vv`jlnf enoàn `f~avz$ dz o~jl a`rhnr vl`c

vln {gga ge nadhdban onc z~{{at j`c bn z`df vg n|jnnf

fno`cf# Vln {rdjn xdaa vlnrnegrn frg{ xldjl on`cz

vl`v onc xdaa bn `ban vg gbv`dc zn| xdvlg~v hdudch gr

{rgodzdcho~jl dc rnv~rc# Dc jgcvr zv ` zlgrv hn ge nad/

hdban xgonc rna`vdun vg onc on`cz vl`v fno`cf g~v/

zvrd{z z~{{at `cf zg vln {rdjn dz admnat vg bn ldhl# Vl~z

jgcvr`rt vg `ct zdo{an udnx vl`v {gxnr dc vln o`rmnv/

{a`jn fn{ncfz gc lùdch ` oìgrdvt vln {rdjn ge zn|

xdaa vncf vg eùgr vln odcgrdvt hncfnr# Ogrn {rnjdznat

onc xdaa hdun xgonc ogrn rnzg~rjnz egr zn| xlnc

onc g~vc~obnr xgonc vl`c xlnc xgonc g~vc~obnr

onc#

@cgvlnr jgoogc rnz~av ge zlgrv hnz ge fnzdrnf

hggfz dz vl`v agx/jgzv z~bzvdv~vnz bnjgon ù`da`ban#

[rgzvdv~vdgc `cf {grcghr`{lt o`t bn rnh`rfnf `z

agx/jgzv z~bzvdv~vnz egr vln {rnenrrnf àvnrc`vdun ge

lùdch zn|~à rna`vdgcz xdvl ` z{njdà fnzdrnf {`rvcnr

,n#h# Jgvv 0484$#Vln njgcgodjz ge vln zn|~ a o`rmnv/

{a`jn xg~af z~hhnzv vl`v z~jl agx/jgzv àvnrc`vdunz

xdaa bn v`rhnvnf egr onc cf vg u`rtdch fnhrnnz xdaa bn

:6:



6/25

xnajgonf bt onc# Dc jgcvr`zv xgonc zlg~af hncnr/

àat g{{gzn vlno z de vlnt rn{rnzncv vlrn`v vg xgonc

hncnràatxldjl vlnt fg dc `c do{grv`cv znczn# [~v

`cgvlnr x`t xlt zlg~af ` xgo`c j rn xlnvlnr onc dc

lnr jgoo~cdvt {~rjl`zn {grcghr`{ldj o`vnrdàz `cf

o`zv~rb`vn7 B~v de {grcghr`{lt z`vdzednz zgon ge vln

oàn fno`cf egr zn| vlnc dv o`t rnf~jn vln vgvà fn/

o`cf egr lnr gxc zn|~à eùgrz `cf `z ` rnz~av vln{rdjn zln j`c gbv`dc xdaa bn agxnr#

@zz~odch vl`v ogzv onc xg~af {rnenr vg lùn zn|

xdvl èenjvdgc`vn enoàn{`rvcnrz ,`zg{{gznf vg {rgzvd/

v~vnzgr bt o`zv~rb`vdch xldanx`vjldch{grcghr`{lt$

vln xgonc dc ` jgoo~cdvt xg~af {gvncvdàat lùn `

ogcg{gat de vlnt jg~af b`cf vghnvlnr vg rnf~jn jgo/

{nvdvdgc ogch vlnoznaunz# @ r`vdgcà njgcgodj zvr`v/

nht vl`v o`ct ogcg{gadnz gr j`rvnaz lùn {~rz~nf dz vg

vrt vg dcjrn`zn vln {rdjn ge vlndr `zznvz bt `rvdedjd aat rn/

zvrdjvdch vln z~{{at# Xdvl zn| vldz xg~af ncv`da lùdch

vln xgonc {~v {rnzz~rn gc n`jl gvlnr vg n|nrjdzn zn|/

~à rnzvr`dcv `cf lgaf g~v egr ` ldhl {rdjn ,z~jl `z `

jgoodvoncv vg o`rrd`hn$ bnegrn nch`hdch dc zn|# Njg/cgodj ldzvgrt z~hhnzvz vl`v z~jl neegrvz `z dc vln j`zn

ge Grh cdy`vdgc ge [nvrgan~o N|{grvdch Jg~cvrdnz

,G[NJ$ rn gcat dcvnrodvvncvat z~jjnzze~a cf o`t ge/

vncbn ~cfnrodcnf `z dcfdudf~àzznnm vg ~cfnrbdf n`jl

gvlnr# Zvdaa ogcg{gadnz `rn zgonvdonz z~eedjdncvat z~j/

jnzze~a vl`v ogzv fnunag{nf c`vdgcz lùn eg~cf dv cnj/

nzz`rt vg nc`jv a`xz `h`dczv vlno# Dv xg~af vlnrnegrn

cgv bn z~r{rdzdch vl`v njgcgodj znae/dcvnrnzv xg~af gj/

j`zdgcàat frdun xgonc vg xgrm vghnvlnr vg rnzvr dc vln

ù`da`bdadvt ge zn|#

Jgo{nvdvdgc @ogch XgoncXn lùn z`df vl`v vln zn|~à o`rmnv{a`jn adcmz vg/

hnvlnr vln cnhgvd`vdgcz `cf zn|~à `jvdudvdnz ge àa vln

fdeenrncv jg~{anz `cf xdaa vncf vg zv`bdadyn vln {rdjn ge

zn|# Vldz {rgjnzz ge zv`bdady`vdgc xdaa rno`dc dcjgo/

{anvn lgxnunr n|jn{v dc r`rn gr n|vrnon j`znz# ^z~/

àat vln {rdjn ge zn| xdaa u`rt zgonxl`v xdvldc jgo/

o~cdvt# Zgon xgonc j`c jgoo`cf ldhlnr {rdjnz vl`c

gvlnrz egr vlndr zn|~à eùgrz# Dc vldz znjvdgc xn jgc/

zdfnr zgon ge vln e`jvgrz vl`v xdaa jgcvrdb~vn vg vlnzn

u`rd`vdgcz dc {rdjn#

Vln ogrn onc fnzdrn `ct {`rvdj~a`r xgo`c vln

ldhlnr ` {rdjn zln j`c jgoo`cf# Vldz dz vr~n dc bgvl

zncznz ge vln xgrf ogrn9 ogrn onc cf zvrgchnr fn/

zdrn# Ogzv gbudg~zat lnr zn| `{{nà xdaa dcea~ncjn lgx

o~jl `cf lgx o`ct onc x`cv lnr# @c `vvr`jvdun

xgo`c j`c jgoo`cf ` ldhlnr {rdjn vl`c gvlnrz# Vg

zgon n|vncv vldz rneanjvz vln drrnugj`ban e`jvz ge {ltzd/

jà bn`~vt# Zvdaa bn`~vt j`c bn ncl`cjnf bt jagvldch

o`mn~{ fdnvdch `cf gvlnr e`jvgrz fnzdhcnf vg o`mn

lnr aggm hggf# Vlnzn rn `h`dc vdnf vg vln agjà j~av~rn

`cf jgoo~cdvt z~jl vl`v zvr`vnhdnz egr ncl`cjdch zn|

`{{nà dc gcnj~av~rn odhlv bn jg~cvnr{rgf~jvdun dc `c/

gvlnr ,Egrf % Bn`jl 04>0$ `cf zg vln dcfdudf~à

xgo`c xdaa o`|dodyn lnr `vvr`jvduncnzz bt jgcegro/

dch vg agjà cgroz `cf zv`cf`rfz dc xldjl zln dz

jgo{nvdch egr oàn `vvncvdgc# @ xgo`c dz `càghg~z

vg `c ncvrn{rncn~r brdchdch ` cnx {rgf~jv vg o`rmnv

`cf zg ncl`cjdch `{{nà dz ` r`vdgcà zvr`vnht# @funr/

vdzdch dz azg ud`ban r`vdgcà x`t vg dcjrn`zn fno`cf

egrgcnz {rgf~jv# Eadrvdchxn rdch zn|t jagvlnz `cfdc

hncnr a jrn`vdch vln do{rnzzdgc vl v zn| xdvl lnr xg~afbn nz{njdàat {an`z`cv `cf z`vdzetdch xg~af bn njg/

cgodjàat znczdban zvr`vnhdnz egr ` xgo`c vg {~rz~n#

Vlndo{grv`cjn ge zvdo~a`vdchfno`cf lna{zrnzgaun

` znnodch {`r`fg| vl`v l`z z{`xcnf ` agch dfngaghd/

jàatjgo{adj`vnffnb`vn#Enodcdzvzlùnagch gbinjvnf

xdvl jgczdfnr`ban i~zvdedj`vdgc vg vln e`jv vl`v xgonc

xlgxn`r zn|tjagvlnz zgonvdonzbnjgon vlnv`rhnvzge

oàn l`r`zzoncv ,gr xgrzn$# Vlnt `zznrv vl`v xgonc

zlg~af bn {nrodvvnf vg frnzz lgxnunr vlnt {an`zn xdvl/

g~v `vvr`jvdch ~cxnajgon oàn `vvncvdgc# G{{gcncvz

{gdcv g~v vl`v xn`rdch zn|~àat rnunàdch gr ncvdjdch

jagvlnz o`tjgcunt`c do{rnzzdgc vl v zgon oncodhlv

rn`zgc`batodz{nrjndun`zdcfdj`vdchvl`vzlndzzn|~àatù`da`ban# @evnr aa vlnt z`t xlt frnzz dc z~jl zn|~/

àat rnun adch e`zldgc de zlnfgnz cgvx`cv vg`vvr`jv zn|/

~à`vvncvdgc7 Vlnzgjd a n|jl`chn`càtzdzo`mnz dv~c/

fnrzv`cf`ban vl v dv dz e~aat r`vdgcà egr` xgo`c vg znnm

vg zvdo~a vnogrnoàn fnzdrnvl`czlnxdzlnz vg z`vdzet#

Bt `càght ` lg~zn znaanr o`t x`cv vg lùn o`ct fde/

enrncv dcvnrnzvnf {`rvdnz vg bdf ~{ vln {rdjn nunc vlg~hl

ln gr zln ~avdo`vnat j`c gcat znaa ` hdunc lg~zn vg gcn

{nrzgc# De oncjg~afbn brg~hlv vg~cfnrzv`cf vldz vlnt

odhlv rnjghcdyn vl`v` xgo`c o`t frnzz dc` zn|to`c/

cnrxdvlg~vdvon`cdchvl`vzlnx`cvzvglùnzn|xdvlàa

ge vlno gr nunc xdvl `ct {`rvdj~a`r gcn ge vlno# Hdunc

lnr rgan dc vln zn|~à o`rmnv{a`jn zln xdaa r`vdgcàatznnmvghnvo`ctoncvgfnzdrnlnrb~vzlnfgnzcgvx`cv

vg lùn zn| xdvl ogzv ge vlno#

Dc e`jv lùdch zn| xdvl fdeenrncv {`rvcnrz xg~af bn

` {rgbano`vdj zvr`vnht egr ` xgo`c# @z zgjdà n|/

jl`chn vlngrdzvz no{l`zdyn vln uà~n ge ct jgoogf/

dvt rdznz cf eàaz xdvl zj`rjdvt# Nunc z~jl e~aat rncnx/

`ban rnzg~rjnz `z {r`dzn j`c rdzn gr eàa dc uà~n `z `

e~cjvdgc ge lgx xdfnat vlnt `rn fdzvrdb~vnf ,Ba`~

0456= Igcnz % Xgrvo`c 048:$# @ jgo{adoncv o`t

lùn gcat ogfnzv uà~n ergo zgongcn xlg {r`dznz nu/

nrtbgft adbnràat xlnrn`z vln n|`jv zòn jgo{adoncv

odhlv lùn o~jl ldhlnr uà~n de hdunc bt zgongcn

xlg dz {nrjndunf `z r`rnat {r`dzdch `ctgcn# Bt `cà/

ght zn| xg~af lùn ldhl uà~n de vln xgo`c l`z l`f

enx agunrz gr dz mcgxc vg bn rna~jv`cv vg hr`cv zn|~à

eùgrz xlnrn z vln zòn `jvdudvt odhlv lùn anzz u a~n

de vln xgo`c dz rn{~vnf vg bn aggzn gr vg lùnl`f o`ct

agunrz# Vln òg~cv ` o`c xg~af bn xdaadch vg hdun vg

lùn zn| xdvl vln xgo`c xg~af vlnrnegrn fdeenr `z `

e~cjvdgc ge lnr ,{nrjndunf$ zn|~à ldzvgrt# Dc vldz rn/

z{njv vln xgo`cz zn|~à eùgrz `rn cgv ` e~aat rncnx/

`ban rnzg~rjn cf vln xgo`c xdaa lùn zgon dcjncvdun

vg hr`cv vlno gcat z{`rdchat#

:66

B@ÔNDZVNR @CF UGLZ


7/25

Vl~z ` xgo`cz zn|~ a eùgrz agzn u a~n`z zln fdz/

vrdb~vnz vlno xdfnat# Dc jgcznp~ncjn zlnl`z`c dcjnc/

vdun vg bn znanjvdun dc lnr zn|~à {`rvcnrz `cf vg o`dc/

v`dc rn{~v`vdgc egr lùdch rna`vdunat enx {`rvcnrz#

[~v `cgvlnr x`t ` xgo`c l`z vxg rnzg~rjnz vg jgc/

zdfnr# @jv~à zn|~à `jvdudvt dz ` e~aat rncnx`ban rn/

zg~rjn dczge`r `z lnr `bdadvt vg nch`hn dc zn| dz cgv

lnùdat fn{ncfncv gc xl`v zln l`z fgcn {rnudg~zat# Dcjgcvr`zv lnr rn{~v`vdgc dz ` cgcrncnx`ban rnzg~rjn# @

e~aat r`vdgcà `{{rg`jl vg zgjdà n|jl`chnxg~af vlnrn/

egrn j`~zn vln xgo`c vg j`rn anzz `bg~v xl`v zln jv~/

àat fgnz vl`c bg~v xl`v zln dz {nrjndunf bt vln jgo/

o~cdvt `z fgdch# Xlncnunr zln nch`hnz dc zn| zln

zlg~afznnm vg mnn{ dv zgonxl`v znjrnv`cffncd`banzg

vl`v lnr rn{~v`vdgc dz vl`v ge zgongcn xlgzn zn|~à e`/

ugrz rn ldhlat n|ja~zdun cf vlnrnegrn ge ldhl uà~n#

Onc rn e`r anzz jgczvr`dcnf bt vlnzn jgcjnrcz cf

zg onc xg~af bn ogrn xdaadch vg fodv cf nunc n|`h/

hnr`vn lgx o~jl zn| vlnt lùn l`f# Dc e`jv de agx/jgzv

zn| rn{rnzncvz ` agzz egr vln xgo`c dv o`t bn rnh rfnf

`z ` h`dc egr vln o`c `cf zg vln o`c xlg j`c bg`zvge o~avd{an agunrz xdvlg~v dcj~rrdch z~bzv`cvdà jgzvz

,z~jl z lùdch l`f vg o`rrt n`jl zn| {`rvcnr$ o`t a`t

ja`do vg ldhl rnz{njv ergo gvlnr onc#

@z agch `z fno`cf dz ldhl jgo{nvdvdgc ògch

xgonc o`tbn jgcedcnf vg zlgxdch gee gcnz bn`~vt vg

bnzv `fu`cv`hn `cf o`dcv`dcdch ` hggf rn{~v`vdgc egr

zn|~à n|ja~zdudvt# Xlnc z~{{at dz ldhl rna`vdun vg fn/

o`cf lgxnunr gvlnr egroz ge jgo{nvdvdgc o`t bn/

jgon cnjnzz`rt# Fnrgh`vdch rduàz xg~af bn `c gbud/

g~z zvr`vnht `cf vldz fnrgh`vdgc xg~af admnat egj~z gc

vln vxg o`dc fnvnrodc`cvz ge ` rduàz zn| `{{nà

cònat lnr `vvr`jvduncnzz `cf lnr n|ja~zdudvt# Lncjn

xgonc xlg xdzl vg fnrgh`vn gvlnr xgonc xg~af {gr/vr`t vlno `z ndvlnr ~c`vvr`jvdun gr `z lùdch l`f o`ct

agunrz# Dc jgcvr`zv vln `jj~z`vdgc ge lùdch l`f o`ct

zn| {`rvcnrz xg~af cgv bn `c dcz~av bnvxnnc onc#

Dcfdudf~à cf J~av~rà Fdeenrncjnz

N`radnr xn z{nj~a`vnf vl`v zn| odhlv bn enoàn rn/

zg~rjnndvlnr egr rn zgcz ge dcc`vnfdeenrncjnz dc zn|~ a

fnzdrn gr dc vnroz ge j~av~rà jjnzz vg rnzg~rjnz# Egr

xgo`c xdvl `ct {gzdvdun zn|~à fnzdrn vg rner`dc ergo

zn| j`c bn rnh`rfnf `z drr`vdgcà dczge`r `z zln fncdnz

lnrznae zgon {an`z~rn `cf njgcgodj vlngrdnz ag`vln

`zznrvdgcz ge drr`vdgcàdvt# Lgxnunr z~jl rner dcdch bn/

jgonz r`vdgcà de zln j`c h`dc gvlnr rnzg~rjnz bt lgaf/

dch b`jm gc zn| zg `z vg o dcv dc ` ldhl {rdjn# Dc { rvdj/

~a`r de zln a`jmz avnrc`vdun on`cz ge jjnzz vg fnzdrnf

rnzg~rjnz zn| o`t bnjgon `c do{grv`cv rnzg~rjn egr

lnr vg ~zn vg b`rh`dc egr vlno# Dc g~r udnx dv dz admnat

vl`v bgvl vln odafnr eno an zn| frdun `cf vln a`jm ge `j/

jnzz vg gvlnr rnzg~rjnz jgcvrdb~vnf vg jrn`vdch vln o`r/

mnv njgcgot egr zn| b~v jnrv`dcat vlnrn dz ò{an rggo

vg fdz{~vn xldjl e`jvgr zlg~af bn no{l`zdynf#

Vlnzn {rg{gznf b`znz egr zn|~à n|jl`chn hncnr`vn

jgo{nvdch {rnfdjvdgcz vl`v jg~af {gvncvdàat bn vnzvnf

`h dczv n`jl gvlnr# De vlnn|jl`chnu a~nge enoànzn|/

~àdvt rdznz o`dcat ergo vln odafnr zn| frdun ge xgo/

nc vlnc vlnrn zlg~af bn e`drat xdfn dcfdudf~à u`rd`/

vdgcz dc vln {rdjn ge zn| `z zgon xgonc hg `ln`f vg

ncigt vlnoznaunz xdvlg~v `zmdch vgg o~jl dc rnv~rc

ergo zn|~à eùgrz xlnrn`z gvlnr xgonc x`cv ` hrn`vfnà bnegrn vlnt nch`hn dc zn|# Bt vln zòn vgmnc

u`rd`vdgcz dc oàn fnzdrn zlg~af àzg an`f vg xdfn fdz/

jrn{`cjdnz dc lgx o~jl ` o`c dz xdaadch vg dcunzv vg

gbv`dc zn|#

@avlg~hl vlnzn dcfdudf~à fdeenrncjnz o`t {rgf~jn

u`rd`vdgcz dc vln {rdjn ge zn| gcn zlg~af cgv n|{njv

vlno vg lùn ` a`rhn do{`jv# Vln rnàdvt ge vln o`rmnv

zlg~af vncf vg zv`bdadyn vln {rdjn ge zn| `cf zg vln ne/

enjv ge dcfdudf~à fdeenrncjnz xdaa bn vg {rgf~jn ea~jv~/

`vdgcz `rg~cf vl v zv`cf rf {rdjn#Egrn|ò{an de O`rt

edcfz lnrznae f`vdch Ido cf lùdch ogrn fnzdrn egr zn|

vl`c ln fgnz xn zlg~af cgv n|{njv vldz jg~{an vg rn/

unrzn vln ~z~à hncfnr rganz zg vl`v zln `zmz ldo g~v{`tz egr ldz eggf `cf ncvnrv`dconcv `cf brdchz ldo

hdevz xldan ln lgafz b`jm `cf de cnjnzz`rt za`{z lnr

l`cf x`t# Vln jgoo~cdvt znvz vln hncfnr rganz b`znf

gc vln vt{djà jgcfdvdgcz dc vln o`rmnv dcja~fdch

hrn`vnr oàn fnzdrn# [~v ogrn zdo{at O`rtz hrn`vnr

zn|~à fnzdrn o`t an`f lnr vg geenr Ido zn| v ` zdhcded/

j`cvat rnf~jnf {rdjn z jgo{`rnf vg vln unr`hn b~v dv

fgnz cgv znno admnat vg rnunrzn vln n|jl`chn zg vl`v zln

ncfz ~{ hdudch rnzg~rjnz vg ldo#

Dcfdudf~à fdeenrncjnz dc zn|~à `{{nvdvn `cf gvlnr

e`jvgrz o`t lgxnunr bnjgon ogrn {rgodcncv dc agch/

vnro rna vdgczld{z dc gcnznczn9 Vln rgan ge vln o`rmnv/

{a`jn vl`v ~cdednz vln ncvdrn zn|~à jgoo~cdvt o`t bno~vnf# @z xn cgvnf n`radnr o`ct e`jvgrz o`t bnjgon

dcvnrvxdcnf dc agch/vnro dcvdo`vn rna`vdgczld{ z vln

jg~{an `jj~o~a`vnz zl`rnf n|{nrdncjnz jgoodvoncvz

igdcvat gxcnf rnzg~rjnz ,xldjl `rn vlnrnegrn doo~cn

vg n|jl`chn$ `cf vln admn# Vlnt {rgb`bat rnat anzz gc

xl`v vln jgoo~cdvt dc hncnrà dz fgdch `bg~v zn| `cf

ogrn gc vlndr gxc ennadchz `cf fnzdrnz# [~v `cgvlnr

x`t vln fdeenrncjn bnvxnnc O`rtz {nrzgcà anuna ge

zn|~à fnzdrn `cf lnr {`rvcnr Idoz o`t lùngcat` od/

cgr do{`jv xlnc vlnt `rn zv`rvdch g~v bnj`~zn vln

jgoo~cdvt cgroz rn {gxnre~a b~v 0; tn`rz dcvg vlndr

o rrd`hn vl`v fdeenrncjn o`t bn gcn ge vln ogzv zàdncv

fnvnrodc`cvz ge vlndr zn| aden `cf `ct n|jl`chn {rg/

jnzznz jgccnjvnf xdvl dv#

Dc jgcvr`zv de vln o`dc e`jvgr dz xgoncz a`jm ge j/

jnzz vg vln uà~nf rnzg~rjnz dc vln oàn z{lnrn vlnc

j~av~rà fdeenrncjnz zlg~af g~vxndhl dcfdudf~à ,dcvr`/

j~av~rà$ gcnz# Dc zgon zgjdnvdnz `cf zgon ldzvgrdjà

{nrdgfz xgonc lùn l`f l`rfat `ct x`t vg h`dc `j/

jnzz vg vlnldhlatu a~nf hggfz jrn`vnf bt onc dcja~f/

dch ogcnt eggf nf~j vdgc vnjlcgaghdjà fnudjnz`cf

cnx {rgf~jvz# Dc gvlnr zgjdnvdnz nz{njdàat ogfnrc

Xnzvnrc gcnz xgonc lùn bnnc hdunc àa gr cn`rat àa

:6>



8/25

vln rdhlvz `cf {rdudanhnz vl`v onc lùn zg vlnt fg cgv

cnnf vg vr`fn zn| `z vlndr gcat x`t ge znj~rdch vlnzn rn/

zg~rjnz# Vln {rdjn ge zn| o`t xnaa u`rt z~bzv`cvdàat

bnvxnnc z~jl j~av~rnz nz{njdàat dczge`r `z xgonc

j`c xgrm vghnvlnr vg rnzvrdjv oncz `jjnzz vg zn|# Dc

{`rvdj~a`r dc n`rat l~cvnr/h`vlnrnr zgjdnvdnz zn|~à

njgcgodjz o`t lùn g{nr`vnf dc ` o~jl anzz neenjvdun

o`ccnr zdo{at bnj`~zn vlnrn xnrn rna`vdunat enxnrhggfz `rg~cf egr xgonc vg h`dc bt udrv~n ge zn|#

@avlg~hl xn fg cgv lùn ztzvno`vdj f`v` g~r do/

{rnzzdgc dz vl`v bgvl dcfdudf~à u`rd`vdgc `cf j~av~rà

u`rd`vdgcz dc vln {rdjn ge zn| rn z~bzv`cvdà# Lncjn egr

vln{rnzncv dv znnoz ogzv {a`~zdban vg jgcja~fn vl v zn|

dz ` enoànrnzg~rjn bgvl bnj`~zn ge vlnùnr`hn hncfnr

fdeenrncjn dc zn| frdun `cf bnj`~zn xgonc lùn zgon/

vdonz rnadnf gc zn| `z ` {rdcjd{à on`cz ge `jjnzz vg `

j~av~rnz rnzg~rjnz#

@ffdvdgcà Do{adj`vdgcz

Xlnrn`z jgo{nvdvdgc bnvxnnc xgonc dz jgo{ad/j`vnf bt o~avd{an e`jvgrz jgo{nvdvdgc ògch onc dz

rna`vdunat zvr`dhlvegrx`rf# @z b~tnrz dc vln n|jl`chn

onc jgo{nvn h`dczv n`jl gvlnr zdo{at bt geenrdch vln

fnzdrnf xgo`c ogrn ,d#n# ` ldhlnr {rdjn$ egr zn|#

Zn|~à fnjdzdgc o`mdch dz admnat vg bn ogrn jgo/

{an| egr vln xgo`c vl`c vln o`c# E`jnf xdvl ` z~dvgr

fnzdrdch zn| zln o`t enna {~aanf dc jgceadjvdch fdrnj/

vdgcz# Lnr gxc zn|~à fnzdrnz `z xnaa `z vln {gvncvdà

`fu cv hn vg bn h`dcnf gunr gvlnr xgonc bt ~cfnrbdf/

fdch ,d#n# geenrdchzn| `v ` zadhlvat agxnr {rdjn vg `vvr`jv

vln o`c zln x`cvz$ xg~af ncjg~r`hn lnr vg jgczncv vg

lùdch zn| xdvlg~v `zmdch egr o~jl dc rnv~rc# On`c/

xldan lnr fnzdrn vg hnv ` hggf {rdjn egr lnr zn|~à e`/ugrz xg~af jg~czna rnzvr`dcv `z xg~af lnr jgcjnrc

gunr fnunag{dch b`f rn{~v`vdgc cf vlnrnbt agxnrdch

lnr gxc dcfdudf~à o`rmnv uà~n# Vln o`cz rgan dz cgv

z~binjv vg z~jl jgo{nvdch jgcvr fdjvgrt egrjnz `cf zg

onc o`t bn `ban vg fnjdfn n`zdat p~djmat cf jgczdz/

vncvat xlnvlnr vlnt fnzdrn zn| xdvl {`rvdj~a`r xgo`c

gr cgv#

@v vln brg`fnzv anuna ` {`rvdj~a`r jg~{anz zn|~à

cnhgvd`vdgcz o`t bn adcmnf cgv gcat vg vln zn|~à

cgroz ge vln agjà jgoo~cdvt b~v vg vln zgjdgnjg/

cgodj {gzdvdgc ge xgonc dc zgjdnvt# Dc {rdcjd{an zn| dz

gcat gcn ge znunrà on`cz bt xldjl dcfdudf~à xgonc

j`c gbv`dc rnzg~rjnz b~v dc o`ct zgjdnvdnz xgoncz

àvnrc`vdun g{vdgcz lùn bnnc znunrnat adodvnf# Xlnc

xgonc a`jm nf~j`vdgcà anhà gjj~{`vdgcà {gadvdjà

`cf gvlnr njgcgodj g{{grv~cdvdnz vln{rdjn ge zn| o`t

bn ` oìgr fnvnrodc`cv ge n`jl xgo`cz adenagch

xnaa/bndch# Vldz vgg j`c j~v bgvl x`tz# De zn| dz xgo/

ncz gcat vdjmnv vg vln hggf aden vlnc dv bnjgonz zvr`vn/

hdjàat do{grv`cv egr xgonc vg o`dcv`dc ` ldhl {rdjn#

Lgxnunr `z dcfdudf~à xgonc edcf vlnoznaunz dc fnz/

{nr`vn jdrj~ozv`cjnz o`ct ge vlno o`t edcf dv cnjnz/

z`rt vg geenr zn| rna vdunat jln`{at# @avlg~hl vlnzn vxg

vrncfz o`t znno g{{gzdvnz vlnt `rn {rgb`bat zn{`/

r`vnf bt zgjdgnjgcgodj zv v~z# Vln oìgrdvt ge

xgonc xldjl dc ogfnrc zgjdnvdnz xg~af bn dc vln

odffan ja`zz zlg~af an`c vgx`rf rnzvr`dcv vg ncz~rn

vl`v vlnt gbv`dcnf ` hggf uà~n egr zn| xlnrn`z vln

xgonc v vln bgvvgo ge vln njgcgodj z{njvr~o xg~af

bn vln gcnz xlg xg~af {nrdgfdjàat edcf vlnoznaunz dc

jdrj~ozv`cjnz xlnrn vlnt jgczdfnrnf dv cnjnzz`rt vgvr`fn zn| egr xl`vnunr vlnt jg~af hnv#

Vln zn|~à do{grv`cjn ge xgoncz zgjdgnjgcgodj

{gzdvdgc dc zgjdnvt z~hhnzvz c do{grv`cv adcm bnvxnnc

vln zgjdà n|jl`chn càtzdz `cf enodcdzv vlngrt# Eno/

dcdzvz lùn agch vrn`vnf dv `z `|dgo`vdj vl`v onc lùn

zg~hlv vg g{{rnzz `cf z~bi~h`vn xgonc dcja~fdch

fnctdch xgonc g{{grv~cdvdnz vg {`rvdjd{`vn ernnat dc

vln njgcgodj jvdudvdnz ge zgjdnvt# Dcfnnf o`ct enod/

cdzv `càtznz ge zn|~à bnlùdgr ,n#h# Brgxcodaanr

048>$ z~eenr ergo rnad`cjn gc vln ldhlat p~nzvdgc`ban

`zz~o{vdgc vl`v oncz vrn`voncv ge xgonc dz ogvd/

u`vnf bt {rdo`rt jgcjnrc xdvl {gxnr xdvl zn| bndch

znjgcf`rt#Dc jgcvr zv vlnn|jl`chn`c atzdz geenrz `c n|{a`c`/

vdgc egr oncz {~rz~dv ge {gxnr gunr xgonc xldan à/

agxdch vln{gzzdbdadvt vl v xl v oncx`cv ergo xgonc

dz o`dcat zn|# Onc odhlv `zz~on ,xdvl zgon i~zvdedj`/

vdgc$ vl`v mnn{dch xgonc dc c dcenrdgr fn{ncfncv {g/

zdvdgc xdaa agxnr vln {rdjn ge zn|# Xgonc xlg cnnf

ogcnt xg~af {rgb`bat bn ogrn xdaadch vg bnjgon

odzvrnzznz mn{v xgonc jàa hdraz cf vln admn cf bt

vln zòn vgmnc vlnt odhlv bn ogrn xdaadch vg lùn zn|

vg rnv`dc vln dcvnrnzv ge ` o`c xlg dz hncnrg~z xdvl

hdevz `cf onàz# Vldz zvr`vnht xg~af bn z~eedjdncvat

jgrrnjv vg z~zv`dc dvznae# Lgxnunr vln drgct dz vl`v fn/

{rdudchxgoncge njgcgodjg{{grv~cdvdnz xg~af j`~znvlnoìgrdvt ge xgonc `cf vln enoànjgoo~cdvthnc/

nr aatvg vrt vgz~zv dc` ldhl{rdjnegr zn| `cf zg`v gcn

anuna vln zvr`vnht xg~af b`jmedrn# Onc odhlv cgv rnj/

ghcdyn vldz lgxnunr nz{njdàat de vln njgcgodj fn{rd/

u`vdgc ge xgonc xg~af rnz~av dc ` zvn`ft zvrnò ge

{ggr xgonc xdaadch vg geenr j`z~à zn| `v ` agx {rdjn#

Rnudnx ge No{drdjà Nudfncjn

Lùdch na~jdf`vnf vln vlngrt xn v~rc cgx vg n|ò/

dcn lgx xnaa dv j`c `jjg~cv egr no{drdjà edcfdchz# Dc

n`jl znjvdgc egaagxdch vln hgà dz vg n|òdcn {gzzdban

hncfnr ztoonvrdnz dc zn|~à bnlùdgr# Hncfnr zto/

onvrdnz vl`v dcfdj`vn onc hdudch xgonc rnzg~rjnz dc

n|jl`chn egr zn| xg~af bn jgczdzvncv xdvl vln vlngrt#

Vlgzn vl v dcfdj vn vlnrnunrzn,d#n#xgonc hdudch onc

rnzg~rjnz dc n|jl`chn egr zn|$ gr vln `bzncjn ge hnc/

fnr fdeenrncjnz xg~af eàzdet dv#

Dcnudv`bat zgon edcfdchz j`c z~{{grv ogrn vl`c

gcn dcvnr{rnv`vdgc# Xn rnjghcdyn vl`v zn|~à bnlùdgr

dz jgo{an| `cf o~avd{at fnvnrodcnf# Vg {rnuncv vldz

`rvdjan ergo bnjgodch ~cxgrm`bat agch cf ròbadch

:65

B@ÔNDZVNR @CF UGLZ


9/25

xn fnjdfnf cgv vg {rnzncv nunrt {gzzdban dcvnr{rnv`vdgc

ge nunrt edcfdch àvlg~hl zàdncv àvnrc`vdun n|{a`c`/

vdgcz `rn cgvnf gjj`zdgcàat# Xn lùn vlnrnegrn rn/

zvr`dcnf g~r {rnzncv`vdgc vg egj~z gc xlnvlnr edcfdchz

edv gr jgcvr`fdjv vln zgjdàn|jl`chn `c atzdz#Vl~z g~r

egj~z dz cgv zg o~jl gc xlnvlnr zgjdà n|jl`chn vln/

grt j`c bn {rgunf rdhlv xldan gvlnr vlngrdnz rn {rgunf

xrgch b~v r`vlnr xlnvlnr zgjdà n|jl`chn vlngrt j`c{rgudfn z`vdze`jvgrt n|{a`c`vdgc egr n|dzvdch edcfdchz

`cf j`cz~rudun vnzvz ge dvz e azded ban {rnfdjvdgcz# @azg

gbudg~zat vln dcvnr{rnv`vdgcz {rgudfnf a`vnr rn cnjnz/

z`rdat {gzv lgj bnj`~zn vlnt `{{at ` rna`vdunat cnx

vlngrt vg {rnudg~zat {~badzlnf edcfdchz# De vln njg/

cgodj vlngrt j`c dcvnhr`vn ` a`rhn `cf fdunrzn `zzgrv/

oncv ge edcfdchz dv xg~af fnznrun e~rvlnr zv~ft `cf

ztzvno`vdj vnzvdch#

[rgzvdv~vdgc

Vln ogzv gbudg~z egro ge zn|~ a n|jl`chn dcugaunz

{rgzvdv~vdgc dc xldjl gcn {nrzgc hdunz cgvlnr {nrzgczn| dc rnv~rc egr ogcnt# Vln n|jl`chn dz vl~z gunrv#

Jadncvz ge {rgzvdv~vnz zgonvdonz `zznrv vl`v {`tdch egr

zn| dz zdo{at ogrn zvr`dhlvegrx`rf cf anzz lt{gjrdv/

djà unrzdgc ge xl`v l`{{ncz dc jg~rvzld{ `cf o`vdch

,Agnbcnr 044


10/25

zn|~à rnzvr`dcv `cf udrv~n `cf ogzv jg~{anz fdf cgv

bnhdc lùdch zn| ~cvda vlnt xnrn v an`zv nch`hnf vg bn

o`rrdnf# Lgxnunr `v vln agx ncf ge vln njgcgodj

z{njvr~o o`ct xgonc l`f vg v~rc vg {rgzvdv~vdgc `v

zgon {gdcv# B~aag~hl `cf B~aag~hl ,044. `cf 0>. ge xgonc dc a`vn 04vl gr n`rat 2;vl jnc/

v~rt ~rb`c jncvnrz nch`hnf dc {rgzvdv~vdgc `v zgon{gdcv dc vlndr adunz# Vldz dz ` zlgjmdchat ldhl edh~rn bt

ogfnrc zv`cf`rfz# Nudfncjn z~hhnzvz vl`v ogzv ge

vlnzn xgonc xnrn cgv e~aa/vdon rnh~a`r {rgzvdv~vnz#

Ogrn vt{djàat {nrl`{z vlnt l`f agx/{`tdch geedjn gr

e`jvgrt igbz gr xgrmnf `z fgonzvdj znru`cvz `cf vlnt

xg~af gjj`zdgcàat z~{{anoncv vlndr on`hnr dcjgonz

bt lùdch zn| egr ogcnt#

Zn| `cf Ogcnt G~vzdfn [rgzvdv~vdgc

G~vzdfn ge {rgzvdv~vdgc vln n|jl`chn ge zn| egr

ogcnt dz vt{djàat zgonxl`v fdzh~dznf b~v vln dcea~/

ncjn j`c zvdaa bn cgvnf# @ a`rhn zv~ft bt Ba~ozvndc cfZjlx`rvy ,04


11/25

,0442$# Xgonc gbinjvnf ogrn zvrgchat vg vlndr {`rv/

cnrz egrodch `c nogvdgcà `vv jloncv vg `cgvlnr

xgo`cxlnrn z oncgbinjvnf {rdo`rdat vg zn|~ a dced/

fnadvt# @avlg~hl z~bznp~ncv edcfdchz lùn z~hhnzvnf

zgon ogfdedj`vdgc ge vlnzn edcfdchzonc gevnc `rn

p~dvn ~{znv gunr nogvdgcà dcedfnadvt `cf xgo`c àzg

znno fdzvrnzznf gunr zn|~à dcedfnadvt ,B~~cm @c/

handvcnr G~b`df % B~zz 0445= FnZvncg B`rvanvvBrùnro`c % Zàgunt 2;;2= L`rrdz 2;;;$onc

jgcvdc~n vg gbinjv ogrn vl`c xgonc vg zn|~à dcedfna/

dvt bt vlndr {`rvcnrz xldjl dz jgczdzvncv xdvl vln udnx

vl v enoàn dcedfnadvt hdunz`x`t `c do{grv`cv rnzg~rjn

dc ` znczn vl`v oàn dcedfnadvt fgnz cgv#

Vln enoàn rnzg~rjn `càtzdz ge dcedfnadvt rnjndunz

jgcunrhdch z~{{grv ergo rnjncv edcfdchz bt Xdnfnr/

o`c `cf AÒ`r ,044


12/25

Vl~z vln hdra l`z vg lùn rn`zgc vg bnadnun vl`v vln bgt

agunz lnr bnegrn zln j`c i~zvdet lùdch zn| xdvl ldo#

Cgv`bat Xdazgc eg~cf vl`v dv dz vln gvlnr hdraz ,cgv

bgtz$ xlg ncegrjnf vldz jgfn xdvl hdraz rnh~a`vdch

vlndr zgjdà dcvnr`jvdgcz vg lndhlvnc vln do{grv`cjn ge

vldz {rgjnzz# Lncjn rnp~drdch agun gr fnja`r`vdgcz ge

agun ergo ` o`c bnegrn ` xgo`c xdaa lùnzn| cgv gcat

x`rfz gee `c ~ceùgr`ban {nrzgcà rn{~v`vdgc egr lnrb~v azg ~{lgafz vln zv`cf`rfz ge n|jl`chn jrgzz onc

`cf xgonc ogrn hncnràat#

De zn| dz enoàn rnzg~rjn vlnc dv xdaa ~avdo`vnat bn

~{ vg vln xgo`c vg fnjdfn xlnc `cf xlnvlnr zn|~à rn/

a`vdgcz jgooncjn# Vldz udnx ge xgonc `z zn|~ a h`vn/

mnn{nrz x`z z~{{grvnf bt Jglnc cf Zlgva`cf ,0445$

xlg jgo{~vnf jgrrna`vdgcz bnvxnnc xlnc {ng{an

vlg~hlv zn| zlg~af zv`rv dc ` hdunc rna`vdgczld{ `cf

xlnc vlnt `jv~àat bnh`c lùdch zn|# Egr vln l`{anzz

onc vln jgrrna`vdgc x`z cgv nunc zdhcdedj`cv ,r? #04$

dcfdj`vdch vl`v vlndr xdzlnz `cf {rnenrncjnz xnrn nz/

zncvdàat drrnanu cv xlnrn`z egr xgonc vln jgrrna`vdgc

x`z unrt ldhl ,r? #


13/25

`v e`jn uà~n9 @bgrvdgc `cf do{rgunf jgcvr`jn{vdgc

zlg~af rnf~jn ~cx`cvnf bdrvlz tnv vln r`vn ge ,gevnc

~cx`cvnf$ g~v/ge/xnfagjm bdrvlz jv~àat dcjrn`znf dc

vln x`mn ge vlnzn `fu`cjnz `cf bt ` z~bzv`cvdà o`r/

hdc# @mnrage nv à# ,0448$ n|{a`dcnf vl`v vlrg~hlg~v

ldzvgrt vnjlcgaghdjà jl`chn l`z jrn`vnf bgvl xdccnrz

`cf agznrz# Vln cnx vnjlcgaght agxnrz jgzvz egr z~{/

{adnrz xlg nobr`jn dv ,dc vldz j`zn vln xgonc xlg~znf vln bdrvl jgcvrga {daa gr anhà `bgrvdgc$ `cf vlnzn

jgzvz `rn {`zznf àgch vg jgcz~onrz ,dc vldz j`zn onc

bncnedvnf$ xlnrn`z vlgzn z~{{adnrz xlg e`da vg `fg{v

vln cnx vnjlcgaght ncf ~{ bndch zdhcdedj`cvat xgrzn

gee vl`c bnegrn# Rnjghcdvdgc ge vln dcvnradcmnf c`v~rn

ge vlnzn vrncfz dz u a~`banjgcedro vdgc ge vlnudnx vl v

zn| gjj~rz dc ` mdcf ge o rmnv{a jn dc xldjl vln `jvdud/

vdnz ge dcfdudf~àz`cfjg~{anz `rnxdfnat dcvnrrna vnf#

Agzdch gcnz udrhdcdvt dz `c do{grv`cv nuncv dc ogzv

adunz `cf dv dz ldhlat rnanu`cv vg vldz fdzj~zzdgc bn/

j`~zn dv zdhcdednz vln jgooncjnoncv ge `f~av zn|~à

`jvdudvt `cf vlnrnegrn o`t bn `c nz{njdàat do{grv`cv

zvn{ cf jlgdjn# Bndch ` udrhdc l`z fdeenrncv on`cdchzegr onc unrz~z xgonc# Vlnrn `rn o~avd{an x`tz vg

udnx gcnz udrhdcdvt `cf zv~fdnz z~hhnzv vl`v xgoncz

udrhdcdvt dz udnxnf `z lùdcho~jl ogrn {gzdvdun u a~n

vl`c oncz udrhdcdvt# Rnzn`rjl bt J`r{ncvnr ,2;;0$

eg~cf vl`v xgonc xnrn vxdjn `z admnat vg vldcm `bg~v

vlndr udrhdcdvt `z ` hdev ge gcnznae vl`v dz hdunc vg ` zdh/

cdedj`cv {`rvcnr xlnrn`z onc xnrn vlrnn vdonz `z

admnat `z xgonc vg udnx udrhdcdvt `z ` zvdho` vl`v

zlg~af bn fdzj`rfnf `z zggc `z {gzzdban# Vl~z xgo/

ncz `vvdv~fnz rneanjvnf vlnudnx vl v vlndr zn|~ advt l`f

u a~n xlnrn z oncfdfcgv lùn vl v znae/udnx ,znn V`/

ban 0$# Ge {`rvdj~a`r dcvnrnzv x`z vln e`jv vl`v vldz {`v/

vnrc x`z jgcedcnf vg lnvnrgzn|~à `jvdudvt9 Anzbd`czxnrn anzz admnat vg vldcm ge udrhdcdvt z hdev# Vldz jgc/

edroz vln udnx vl`v vln n|jl`chn u a~n ge zn| dz {rdo`r/

dat agj`vnf dc lnvnrgzn|~à dcvnr`jvdgcz#

Cgv dcjdfncvàat J`r{ncvnr ,2;;0$ eg~cf vl`v vln

a`ch~`hn ge n|jl`chn x`z ~znf p~dvn ernp~ncvat xlnc

udrhdcdvtx`zerònf`z `hdevz~jlvl`vvlnhdunrznnmz

vg edcf ` rnjd{dncv xlg xdaa `{{rnjd`vn vln uà~n ge

xl v dz bndch n|jl`chnf# @jjgrfdch vg J`r{ncvnr xlg

dcvnrudnxnf onc `cf xgonc `bg~v udrhdcdvt `cf vlndr

{nrjn{vdgcz ge dv vlgzn xlg udnxnf udrhdcdvt `z ` {rn/

jdg~z hdev xnrn jgcjnrcnf {rdo`rdatxdvl edcfdch {`rv/

cnrz xlg xg~af `{{rnjd`vn vln xgrvl ge vlndr hdev `cf

ogrndo{grv`cvrnjd{rgj`vndvxdvl`hdevgezdoda`ruà~n

,vt{djàat vln rnjd{dncvz gxc udrhdcdvt gr dcjrn`znf

jgoodvoncv vg vln rna`vdgczld{$ ,{# 0:5$# Vl~z vln

a`ch~`hn ge n|jl`chn `cf vln erònxgrm ge hdevdch dz

~znf vg fnzjrdbn xgoncz b~vcgv oncz udrhdcdvt dc vln

jgcvn|v ge lnvnrgzn|~à jg~rvdch rna`vdgczld{#

R`{n `cf Jgnrjdgc

Ergo ` zgjdà n|jl`chn {nrz{njvdun r`{n dz `mdc vg

vlnev gr aggvdch dc vl`v dv v`mnz zn| ergo zgongcn

`h`dczv vl`v {nrzgcz xdaa `cf xdvlg~v hdudch vl`v {nr/

zgc `ctvldch dc rnv~rc# R`{n vl~z udga`vnz vln r~anz ge

n|jl`chn# Vl~z zn|~àat jgnrjdun onc rn ogrn admnat

vl`c gvlnr oncvg udnx oàneno an dcvnr`jvdgcz `z n|/

{agdv`vdun dc hncnrà `cf vlnt `{{rg`jl vlno bt znnm/

dch vg hnv `z o~jl egr vlnoznaunz `z vlntj`c xldan hdu/

dch `z advvan dc rnv~rc#

Gvlnr edcfdchz z~hhnzv vl v r`vlnr vl`c zdo{at bndch` udga`vdgc ge e`dr n|jl`chn zgon r`{nz ,nz{njdàat

jg~rvzld{ `cf f`vn r`{nz$ o`t `rdzn ergo fdzjrn{`cv

{nrjn{vdgcz `z vg xl v dz e drat gxnf# Jgnrjdun oncbn/

adnun vl`v ~zdch egrjn vg gbv`dc zn| j`c bn i~zvdednf dc

o`ct j`znz z~jl z de vln jg~{an l`z bnnc f`vdch egr

{nrdgf ge vdon ,zg vl`v vln xgo`c gxnz vln o`c zn|

dc rnv~rc egr ldz dcunzvoncv$ gr de vln xgo`c l`z anf

vln o`cgc ,M`cdc 04$# @agch vlnzn adcnz c`rjdzzdz/

vdj onc xlg lùn `c dcea`vnf znczn ge fnznrudchcnzz

`cf vlnrnegrn lùn ldhlnr n|{njv`vdgcz vl`v gvlnrz xdaa

hdun vlno xl`v vlnt x`cv `rn ogrn {rgcn vl`c gvlnr

onc vg nch`hn dc zn|~à jgnrjdgc ,B`~ondzvnr J`v`c/

nzn % Xàa`jn 2;;2= B~zlo`c Bgc`jjd U c Fdim %B`~ondzvnr 2;;:$# Dcfnnf ogzv no{drdjà edcfdchz

`bg~v r`{n edv ` ogfna vl`v z~hhnzvz vl`v zgon onc rn/

zgrv vg egrjn vg gbv`dc zn| xlnc vlndr n|{njv`vdgcz egr

zn|~à {an`z~rn lùn bnnc vlx`rvnf ,znn B`~ondzvnr nv

à# 2;;2 egr rnudnx$# Fnznrudchcnzz jan`rat do{adnz `

znczn ge e`dr n|jl`chn9 Zn|~àat jgnrjdun onc gevnc

enna vl`v vlnt rn bndch fncdnf xl`v vlnt rdhlve~aat fn/

znrun `cf o`ct vlnrnegrn enna i~zvdednf dc v`mdch zn|#

G~r `càtzdz zlg~af dc cg x`t bn jgczvr~nf `z n|/

j~zdch zn|~à jgnrjdgc `cf xn rg~cfat jgcfnoc `ct

z~jl `jvz# Vlnn|jl`chn `c atzdz lna{z o`mn jan`r lgx

z~jl ` lndcg~z `jv j`c gjj~r dc xl`v jg~af gvlnrxdzn

bn ` {gzdvdun rgo`cvdj jgcvn|v#Vlg~hlr`{n rnznobanzzvnàdch dv o`t bn rnh`rfnf bt vln {nr{nvr`vgrgc vln

b`zdz ge fdzvgrvnf `cf ogràat rn{~hc`cv b~v z~binj/

vdunat jgo{naadch jghcdvdgcz`z zvnàdch zgonvldch

vl`v dz rdhlve~aat ldz cgv ~cadmn` o`c xlg ~znz ` h~c vg

rgb ` zvgrn vl`v ln ennaz l`z jln`vnf ldo dc ` {rnudg~z

vr`cz`jvdgc#

@z xdvl {rgzvdv~vdgc vlnrn dz ` xnaa mcgxc `ztoon/

vrt bnvxnnc onc `cf xgonc xdvl rnh`rf vg zn|~à jg/

nrjdgc9 Onc `rn o~jl ogrn admnat vg~zn egrjn vggbv dc

zn|# Vln fdeenrncjn dz ogzv {rgcg~cjnf `v vln ldhlnr

anunaz ge egrjn# Enfnrà B~rn`~ ge Dcunzvdh`vdgc zv`vdz/

vdjz rnunà vl`v 44. ge vln `rrnzvz egr r`{n `cf zn|~à

jgnrjdgc `rn ge onc ,Enfnrà B~rn`~ ge Dcunzvdh`vdgc

044


14/25

ogrn admnat vg aggm b`jm gc vln dcjdfncv `z odcgr `cf

~cdo{grv`cv ,nunc de fdzv`zvne~a$ z jgo{`rnf xdvl en/

oàn udjvdoz ge oàn jgnrjdgc# Dc `c do{grv`cv znczn

vln oàn udjvdoz znno anzz {rgcn vl`c enoàn udjvdoz

vg enna vl`v vlnt lùn agzv zgonvldch ge uà~njgczdz/

vncv xdvl vln udnx vl`v zn| dz cgv ` oàn rnzg~rjn#

Jrgzz/j~av~rà jgo{`rdzgcz ge r`{n r`vnz vlg~hl

onvlgfgaghdjàat {rgbano`vdj bnj`~zn ge u`rd`vdgcz dcfnedcdvdgc cf rn{grvdch azg ancf zgon z~{{grv vg vln

`càtzdz ge r`{n dc vnroz ge zn|~à njgcgodjz# @z xn

lùn z`df n|jl`chn ge zn| egr gvlnr hggfz dz {rnz~o/

`bat ogzv do{grv cv dc zgjdnvdnzxlnrn xgonc lùn adv/

van nazn vg ~zn egr `jjnzz vg zgjdnvtz hggfz `cf vldz

zlg~af bn ogzv {rgcg~cjnf xlnc xgonc jgcvrdb~vn

advvan vg vln njgcgot# Z~rn ncg~hl z~jl zgjdnvdnz lùn

vln ldhlnzv r`vnz ge r`{n ,Zjlanhna % B`rrt 04


15/25

g~v gvlnr j`~zà dcvnr{rnv vdgcz z~jl `z vl v zlgrv zmdrvz

j`~zn onc vg fdn gee gr anùn vln jg~cvrt vlnrnbt

jl`chdch vln zn| r`vdgb~v vlnzn znno ` {rdgrd anzz

{a`~zdban vl`c vln udnx vl`v zn| dz ` enoàn rnzg~rjn

vln {rdjn ge xldjl rdznz `cf eàaz xdvl o`rmnv ea~jv~`/

vdgcz dc z~{{at `cf fno`cf#

Rnzn`rjl dcvg zn| r`vdgz tdnafnf `cgvlnr rnanu`cv

`ztoonvrt# H~vvncv`h `cf Znjgrf ,04


16/25

`cf dv xg~af {rnfdjv vl`v xgonc dc o`ct fdeenrncv nr`z

`cf {a`jnz xg~af lùn vln zòn g{{gzdvdgc vg agx/jgzv

jgo{nvdvdgc ,znn V`ban 0$# Jgczdzvncv xdvl lnr udnxz

04vl/jncv~rt xgonc xnrn o~jl ogrn z~{{grvdun vl`c

onc ge vln zg/jàanf Zgjdà [~rdvt ogunoncvz `cf

gvlnr jò{`dhcz vl`v jò{`dhcnf h`dczv {rgzvdv~vdgc

z~jl z bt vrtdch vg {nrz~`fn xgonc vg rncg~cjn vlndr

xgrm z {rgzvdv~vnz dc eùgr ge gvlnr gjj~{`vdgcz ,Xà/mgxdvy 04


17/25

Jgcunrhdch edcfdchz xnrn gbv`dcnf dc f`v` gc jrgzz/

zn| erdncfzld{z# Onc rn{grvnf vl`v lùdch zn|~à `j/

jnzz gr vln {gvncvdà egr zn|~à `jjnzz vg vlndr enoàn

erdncfz x`z ldhl/r`cmdch bncnedv ge lùdch jrgzz/zn|

erdncfzld{z ,Banzmn % B~zz 2;;;$# Xgonc jgc/

unrznat fdf cgv jgczdfnr vln {gzzdbdadvt ge zn|~ a `jvdu/

dvt xdvl ` oàn erdncf jgczvdv~vnf `c do{grv`cv bncnedv

ge jrgzz/zn| erdncfzld{z# E~rvlnrogrn xlnc gcat gcnonobnr ge ` jrgzz/zn| erdncfzld{ bnjònrgo`cvdj aat

`vvr`jvnf `cf x`z xdaadch vg lùn zn| gcat oàn {`rv/

cnrz vggm `fu`cv`hn ge vldz g{{grv~cdvt vg lùn zn|

jgczdzvncv xdvl vln udnx vl`v vln enoàn geenr ge zn|

x`z dvznae p~dvn `{{nàdch xlnrn`z ` oàn geenr ge zn|

l`z advvan gr cg uà~n#

Zdoda`r vg vln f`v` gc jrgzz/zn| erdncfzld{z rn/

zn`rjl gc ~crnp~dvnf agun l`z eg~cf vl`v v`rhnvz ge ~c/

rnp~dvnf agun ,d#n# rninjvgrz$ hncnràat rn{grvnf àogzv

cg {gzdvdun `z{njvz vg vln n|{nrdncjn ge bndch agunf

,B`~ondzvnr % Xgvo`c 0442$# Vlnrn xnrn lgxnunr

zgon dcfdj`vdgcz vl`v oàn rninjvgrz xg~af zgonvdonz

nch`hn dc zn|~à `jvdudvt xdvl vln xgonc xlg agunfvlno nunc de vln onc fdf cgv x`cv vg {~rz~n ` rna vdgc/

zld{ `ct e~rvlnr# Dc jgcvr`zv enoàn rninjvgrz fdf cgv

znno vg {nrjndun bndch agunf `z `c g{{grv~cdvt vg nc/

h`hn dc zn|# Vldz `ztoonvrt dz `h`dc jgczdzvncv xdvl

vln udnx ge zn| z enoàn rnzg~rjn bnj`~zn vln u`da/

`bdadvt ge ` zn|~àat xdaadch b~v gvlnrxdzn ~cfnzdrnf

{`rvcnr l`z ztoonvrdjà {{nà9 Onc xdaa zgonvdonz

n|{agdv dv vg gbv`dc zn| ergo xgonc b~v xgonc fg cgv

`jv z de vlnt xg~af h`dc ctvldch bt lùdch zn| ~cfnr

vln zòn jdrj~ozv`cjnz#

Zn|~à N|{nrdncjnz `z Zg~rjnge [rnzvdhn gr Fdzhr`jn

@jjgrfdch vg vln zgjdà n|jl`chn `càtzdz vln

xgo`c hdunz zn| `cf vln o`c hnvz dv# @jj~o~a`vdch `

a`rhn c~obnr ge zn|~à n|{nrdncjnz o`t vlnrnegrn

òg~cv vg ` {gzdvdun do{rnzzdun vàat ge h`dcz egr vln

o`c xlnrn`z egr vln xgo`c dv a`jmz vl`v fdonczdgc#

Egr ` xgo`c dv o`t nunc jgon vg znno ~c`{{nàdch vg

lùn l`f o`ct {`rvcnrz# Zgjdà n|jl`chn vlngrdzvz

lùn no{l`zdynf vl`v zgjdà rnx`rfz vncf vg agzn uà~n

`z vlnt `rn hdunc g~v ogrn xdfnat ,Ba`~ 0456$# Egr n|/

ò{an {r`dzn l`z rna`vdunat advvan uà~n jgodch ergo `

{nrzgcxlg {r dznz nunrtgcn ernp~ncvat xlnrn z dfnc/

vdjà {r`dzn ergo zgongcn xlg r`rnat hdunz {r`dzn

xg~af lùn o~jl ogrn do{`jv# Lncjn vg o`|dodyn

vln uà~n ge gcnz {r`dzn gcn zlg~af hdun dv gcat z{`r/

dchat# Bt vln zòn vgmnc ` xgo`c xg~af lùn `c dc/

jncvdun vg o`dcv`dc vln ldhl uà~n ge lnr zn|~à eùgrz

bt fdzvrdb~vdch vlno gcat z{`rdchat#

Jgczdzvncv xdvl vldz `càtzdz ` o~avd{adjdvt ge zn|/

~à n|{nrdncjnz l`z agch l`f fdeenrncv do{adj`vdgcz egr

onc `cf xgonc# Onc xlg lùn l`f zn| xdvl o`ct

xgonc lùn h`dcnf zv`v~z `cf xnrn `fodrnf bt gvlnr

onc# Xgonc xlg l`f zn| xdvl o`ct onc vt{djàat

agzv zv`v~z `cf xnrn fnrgh`vnf nunc fnz{dznf bt gvlnr

xgonc ,znn V`ban 0$# Dc o`ct j~av~rnz xgonc zg~hlv

vg {rnznrun vlndrudrhdcdvt~cvdao`rrd`hn `cf cgcudrhdc

xgonc xnrn {nrjndunf `z anzz fnzdr`ban o`vnz gr nunc

`z ~cxgrvlt ge o`rrd`hn ,Bnvydh 04



18/25

~crùna vl`v {`r`fg| lùn jgcja~fnf vl`v onc `cf

xgonc jg~cv fdeenrncvat9 Onc nzvdo`vn `cf rg~cf ~{

xlnrn`z xgonc nc~onr`vn `cf godv zgon ,Brgxc %

Zdcja`dr 0444= Xdnfnro`c 0448$ `cf onc `rn ogrn

admnat vg jg~cv bgrfnradcn j`znz z~jl `z grà zn| ,Z`c/

fnrz % Rndcdzjl 0444$# Vlnzn fdeenrncv zvr vnhdnz

{rgb`bat rneanjv fdeenrncv ogvdu`vdgcz dczge`r `z onc

fnzdrn vg rn{grv ldhl vàat cf xgonc fnzdrn vg rn{grv` agx gcn cf zg n`jl hncfnr znanjvz ogfn ge jg~cv/

dch vl`v hdunz dv vln zgrv ge rnz~av dv {rnenrz# Dc zlgrv

onc x`cv vg rn{grv ` ldhlnr c~obnr vl`c xgonc

xldjl edvz vln udnxvl`v ` ldhlc~obnr ge zn|~à n|{nrd/

ncjnz l`z ogrn {gzdvdun do{adj vdgcz egr o`cz zv`v~z

vl`c egr ` xgo`cz#

@hhrnzzdgc Bnvxnnc Xgonc

Vln zn|~à n|jl`chn `càtzdz no{l`zdynz vl`v vln

uà~n ge ` xgo`cz zn|~à eùgrz rna`vdun vg lnr rduàz

fn{ncfz gc vxge`jvgrz cònatlnr {ltzdjà `vvr`jvdun/

cnzz ,gr gvlnr zdhcz vl`v zln xg~af bn ` z`vdzetdch zn|{`rvcnr$ cf lgx xdfnat zln l`z fdzvrdb~vnf vlno# Vln

ldhlnzv uà~n xg~af bn jgoo`cfnf bt ` unrt `vvr`j/

vdun xgo`c xdvl odcdoà zn|~à n|{nrdncjn# Ogrn/

gunr xgonc jgo{nvn `h`dczv n`jl gvlnr `cf de `

xgo`c j`ccgv do{rgun lnr gxc `vvr`jvduncnzz gr rn{~/

v`vdgc zln j`c fdz{`r`hn vlgzn ge lnr rduàz#

@ogch onc jgo{nvdvdgc egr xgonc zgonvdonz

an`fz vg gunrv{ltzdjà `hhrnzzdgc b~v dcfdrnjv egroz ge

`hhrnzzdgc `rn ogrn jgoogc ògch xgonc# Jldne

ògch vlnzn `rnneegrvz vg fnrgh vn ` rdu a bt z{rn`fdch

r~ogrz `cf hgzzd{ `bg~v lnr# Vln ogzv jgoogc jgc/

vncv ge vlnzn `hhrnzzdun fnrgh`vgrt r~ogrz jgczdzvz ge

vln vxg fdonczdgcz xn lùn dfncvdednf cònat fnrg/h`vdchvlnrdu az `{{n`r cjn `cf`zznrvdchvl v vlnrdu a

l`z l`f o`ct zn|~à {`rvcnrz# Dc e`jv xlnc `cv`hg/

cdzo ògch xgonc fgnz an`f vg {ltzdjà `hhrnzzdgc

dv dz ogzv gevnc {rnjnfnf bt z~jl jgooncvz xdvl vln

ogzv jgoogc dcz~av bndch c jj~z`vdgc ge zn|~à do/

{rg{rdnvt `cf `cgvlnr jgoogc gcn dcugaudch fnrgh`/

vdgc ge vln rduàz {ltzdjà `vvr`jvduncnzz ,Jò{bnaa

044>$# Dc jgcvr`zv edhlvz bnvxnnc tg~ch onc `rn à/

ogzv cnunr {rnjnfnf bt `jj~z`vdgcz ge {rgodzj~dvt#

Ogrngunr vln jgo{nvdvdun do{nv~z egr z~jl `hhrnzzdgc

dz nudfncv ergo vln edcfdch vl`v enoànenoàn hhrnz/

zdgc dz ogrn jgoogc xlnc vlnrn dz ` rna`vdun zlgrv`hn

ge ù`da`ban onc ,Jò{bnaa 044>$ `cf dc jgcfdvdgcz

~cfnr xldjl xgonc `rn njgcgodjàat fdz`fu`cv`hnf

,Jò{bnaa O~cjnr % Bdbna 044


19/25

zv`r Xdav Jlòbnra`dc ja`donf vl`v ln l`f zn| xdvl

2;;;; xgonc ,znn B`~ondzvnr % Vdjn 2;;;$ `cf

nunc de vl`v edh~rn dz zgonxl`v dcea`vnf dv dz `{{`rncv

vl`v ln x`z e`r anzz jlggzt vl`c Mg~rcdmgu #

Mg~rcdmgu`z `cnjfgvn brdchz ~{ vln brg`fnr dzz~n

ge zn| xdvl `vlanvdj zv`rz# @c LBG z{njdà {rghrò

jàanf [a`tdch vln Ednaf9 Z{grvz `cf Zn| ,Fnjnobnr

25 2;;;$ o`fn jan`r vl`v bndch ` zn| ztobga dz ` jnc/vrà {`rv ge z{grvz zv`rfgo egr bgvl onc `cf xgonc#

Vln `vlanvnz `vvdv~fnz fdeenrnf bt hncfnr lgxnunr#

Vln enoàn `vlanvnz gbinjvnf vg zn|~à `vvncvdgc# Vlnt

rnzncvnf vl`v oàn e`cz jòn vg hònz vg aggm `v vlndr

anhz `cf vl`v zgon {rgogvnrz x`cvnf vlno vg xn`r

zn|t g~vedvz# Vlnt jgo{a`dcnf `bg~v lgx vln {rnvvt

`vlanvnz `vvr`jvnf ogrn `vvncvdgc nunc de vlnt fdf cgv

xdc vln jgo{nvdvdgc# Vlnt vlg~hlv vl`v Br`cfd Jl`z/

v`dcz jnanbr vgrt rd{{dch gee lnr zldrv èvnr xdccdch vln

Xgraf J~{ zgjjnr zlggvg~v zlg~af cgv lùn bnnc jgc/

zdfnrnf zn|~à# Dc jgcvr`zv oàn `vlanvnz xnrn p~dvn

jgoegrv`ban xdvl vlndr zn| `{{nà zv`v~z# Vlnt z{gmn

xdvl {an`z~rn `bg~v lgx xgonc zncv vlno eagxnrzxdvl enoàn ~cfnrh`roncvz ncvxdcnf dc vln bg~p~nv

lgx xgonc xnrn àx`tz ù`da`ban lgx `c `vlanvn

jg~af lùn zn| bnegrn cf èvnr nunrt hòn# Dczvn`f ge

gbinjvdch vg bndch znnc `z zn| gbinjvz vlnt znnonf

p~dvn l`{{t `bg~v xl`v vlnt {grvr`tnf `z ` {nro`cncv

agx/mnt zn| grht vlrg~hlg~v vlndr j`rnnrz#

@avlg~hl vln LBG rn{grv dz ig~rcàdzo r`vlnr vl`c

zjdncjn dvz edcfdchzz~hhnzv vl v vln zòn {lncgoncgc

,`vlanvdj z~jjnzz brdchdch zn|~à `vvncvdgc$ nadjdvz g{/

{gzdvn rn`jvdgcz ergo onc `cf xgonc# Bgvl {`vvnrcz

`cf vlndr g{{gzdvncnzz o`mn znczn de gcn `zz~onz vl`v

zn| dz ` rnzg~rjn vl`v xgonc hdun vg onc# Vln z{grvz

zv`rz {nrjndun vl`v vlnt jgcvrdb~vn vg vln e`cz bt vlndrneegrvz gc vln {a`tdch ednaf# Egr onc vg bn geenrnf zn|

dc rnv~rc znnoz c {{rg{rd`vn rnx`rf# Egr xgonc bn/

dch `zmnf egr zn| dc `ffdvdgc vg `vlanvdj {nregro`cjn

znnoz admn c ~ce`dr cf n|jnzzdun do{gzdvdgc#

Z`fgo`zgjldzvdj rna`vdgczld{z {rgudfn e~rvlnr jgc/

unrhdch nudfncjn ge zn| dc vln jgcvn|v ge ~cnp~à zv`/

v~z# Bgvl onc `cf xgonc nch`hn dc rna`vdgczld{z

jl`r`jvnrdynf bt nc`jvdch zjncnz ge ~cnp~à {gxnr

xdvl gcn {nrzgc fgodc`vdch vln gvlnr bt on`cz ge

ztobgadj jvdgcz z{nnjl bgcf`hn cf {ltzdjà jl`z/

vdznoncv# Dc ` jgo{`rdzgc ge oàn unrz~z enoàn o`z/

gjldzo B`~ondzvnr ,04


20/25

o`dcat ogch vln enoàn {nnr hrg~{# Dcfnnf vln gcat

oàn xlg l`z ct zdhcdedj`cv dcea~ncjn gc enoàn fg/

anzjncv zn|~à bnlùdgr dz vln bgterdncf `cf ln vt{d/

jàat {~zlnz egr ogrn zn| r`vlnr vl`c anzz# Dc `f~av/

lggf `h`dc xgonc r`vlnr vl`c onc `rn vln o`dc

zg~rjnz ge {rnzz~rn gc xgonc vg rner`dc ergo zn|#

Xgonc jgczdzvncvat n|{rnzz ogrn fdz`{{rguà vl`c

onc ge xgonc xlg nch`hn dc {rno`rdvà zn|~à jvdu/dvt# Vln zg/jàanf fg~ban zv`cf`rf vl`v rnjghcdynz {rn/

o`rdvà `cf gvlnr zn|~à `jvdudvdnz `z `jjn{v`ban egr

onc b~v cgv egr xgonc dz z~{{grvnf ogrn bt xgonc

vl`c bt onc ,Gadunr % Ltfn 044:$# Nunc ogfnrc

xgonc xlg fg cgv ncfgrzn vln fg~ban zv`cf`rf vlno/

znaunz bnadnun vl`v dv zvdaa n|dzvz `cf {nrjndun gvlnr

xgonc `z ogrn admnat vl`c onc vg ncegrjn dv bt jgc/

fnocdch xgonc egr zn|~à `jvdudvdnz vl`v `rn `jjn{v/

`ban ògch onc ,Odaal`~znc % Lnrgaf 0444$#

Dc gvlnr j~av~rnz z~rhdjà dcvnruncvdgcz vl`v j~rv`da

xgoncz j`{`jdvt egr zn|~à {an`z~rn `rn z~{{grvnf

{nregronf `cf dcdvd`vnf bt xgonc r`vlnr vl`c onc

,n#h# Bgfft 04


21/25

onv`/`càtzdz bt @rjlnr ,2;;;$ eg~cf vl`v onc `cf

xgonc dcdvd`vn z~jl udgancjn v aogzv np~à r`vnz ,`j/

v~àat xgonc `rn zadhlvat ogrn admnat vg fg zg$ à/

vlg~hl onc j`~znf ogrn znrdg~z dci~rdnz# Dv dz vlnrn/

egrn {gzzdban vg n|òdcn {gzzdban adcmz bnvxnnc zn|~à

`jvdudvt `cf oàn enoàn gr rnjd{rgjà `b~zn# Vln

zn|~à bnlùdgr ge udgancv jg~{anz x`z zv~fdnf bt

FnO`rdz ,0448$# @avlg~hl zn| x`z rna`vdunat r`rn f~r/dch vln udgancv n{dzgfnz gunràa ln eg~cf vl`v vlnzn

jg~{anz l`f ogrn ernp~ncv zn| vl`c cgcudgancv jg~/

{anz# FnO`rdz jgcja~fnf vl`v vldz ldhl r`vn ge zn|

rneanjvnf ` {`vvnrc dc xldjl vln udjvdo xg~af `vvno{v

vg `{{n`zn gr {a`j`vn vln udgancv {`rvcnr bt geenrdch

zn| ,`z g{{gznf vg o`mdch ~{ evnr edhlvz gr gvlnr {gz/

zdban n|{a`c`vdgcz$# Vlnrn x`z lgxnunr c do{grv`cv

`ztoonvrt dc vln {`vvnrcz ge zn|~à `{{n`znoncv dc

FnO`rdzz edcfdchz# Xlnc ln brgmn ldz zò{an fgxc

`jjgrfdch vg xldjl {nrzgc x`z udgancv ln eg~cf vl`v

vln nanu`vnf zn|~àdvt x`z gcat gbznrunf dc j`znz dc

xldjl vln l~zb`cf x`z udgancv# O`rrd`hnz xdvl udgancv

xdunz fdf cgv lùn nanu`vnf r`vnz ge zn|#Vldz `ztoonvrt edvz xnaa xdvl vln udnx vl`v zn| dz

zgonvldch vl`v xgonc hdun vg onc# @ eno an udjvdo ge

udgancjn j`c zgonvdonz {a`j`vn gr `{{n`zn lnr b~zdun

l~zb`cf bt geenrdch ldo n|vr` zn|# Dc jgcvr`zv ` oàn

udjvdo j`ccgv nzj`{nudgancjn bt geenrdch ldz xden zn|/

~à eùgrz# Vl~z nunc dc vln jgcvn|v ge fn{agr`ban `j/

vdgcz z~jl `z fgonzvdj udgancjn enoàn zn|~àdvt l`z

uà~n egr zgjdà n|jl`chn xlnrn`z oàn zn|~àdvt fgnz

cgv#

@ zo`vvnrdch ge gvlnr gbznru`vdgcz lùn {gdcvnf vg

dczvdv~vdgcàdynf unrzdgcz ge vln n|jl`chn ge zn| egr rn/

f~jdch udgancv udjvdody`vdgc# @~zvràd` x`z egr o`ct

tn`rz {rdo`rdat ` {ncà jgagct dc xldjl ` zoàa egrjnge h~`rfz `vvno{vnf vg {rnzdfn gunr ` a`rhn c~obnr ge

jgcudjvz `cf rnan`znf jgcudjvz# @jjgrfdch vg L~hlnz

,04


22/25

fdeenrncjnz xdaa grh`cdyn vln bnlùdgr ge ogzv dcfdudf/

~àz dc vln zgjdnvt#

Vln znjgcf {`rv ge vln `rvdjan {rnzncvnf ` brg`f

r`chn ge no{drdjà edcfdchz `cf vlnt xnrn hncnràat

jgczdzvncv xdvl o`ct `z{njvz ge vln n|jl`chn vlngrt

vlg~hl zgon `z{njvz ge vln vlngrt rno`dc nzzncvdàat

~cvnzvnf# Xn dfncvdednf hncfnr ztoonvrdnz jgczdzvncv

xdvl vln udnx vl`v zn| dz ` enoàn rnzg~rjn# Vl~z dc{rgzvdv~vdgc onc {`t xgonc egr zn| b~v xgonc r`rn/

at {`t onc egr zn|# Dc jg~rvzld{ onc geenr xgonc

jgoodvoncv cf fdz{a`t gr n|{ncf o`vnrdà rnzg~rjnz

gc vlno b~v vln rnunrzn dz r`rn# Xgonc vt{djàat `rn

`ban vg `vvr`jv zn| {`rvcnrz xlg lùn zadhlvat ldhlnr

anunaz ge zgjdà zv`v~z vl`c vln xgoncz gxc z~hhnzv/

dch vl`v vln zv`v~z dcjrnoncv rneanjvz ` oàn jgcvrdb~/

vdgc vg geeznv vln enoàn jgcvrdb~vdgc ge zn|# O`rdvà

dcedfnadvt bt vln xden dz vrn`vnf `z de dv xnrn ` odz/

`{{rg{rd`vdgc ge ` uà~`ban rnzg~rjn xlnrn`z dcedfna/

dvt bt vln l~zb`cf dz o`dcat jgcfnocnf de gvlnr ,nz{n/

jdàat o`vnrdà$ rnzg~rjnz `jjgo{`ct dv# Vln {rdjn

ge zn| rdznz xlnc xgonc `rn zj`rjn b~v eàaz xlncxgonc `rn `b~cf`cv rna`vdun vg onc jgczdzvncv xdvl

vln jl`r`jvnrdy`vdgc ge xgonc `z z~{{at `cf onc `z

fno`cf ,znn V`ban 0$# Vln j~av~rà z~{{rnzzdgc ge en/

oàn zn|~àdvt `{{n`rz vg bn onfd`vnf bt xgonc jga/

anjvdunat `cf dv dz ogzv jgoogc dc zgjdnvdnz xlnrn

xgonc `rn ogzv fn{ncfncv gc vln {rdjn ge zn| vg gb/

v`dc g{{grv~cdvdnz `cf rnzg~rjnz àa ge xldjl jgrrn/

z{gcfz vg lgx gadhg{gadnz vrt vg frdun ~{ o`rmnv {rdjnz

bt rnzvrdjvdch vln z~{{at# Xdfnz{rn`f aggzncdch ge zn|/

~à cgroz ,ogzv cgv`bat vln Zn|~à Rnuga~vdgc$ `rn

ogzv admnat xlnc xgonc gbv`dc gvlnr ùnc~nz vg z~{/

{grv vlnoznaunz `cf vlnrnegrn fg cgv cnnf vg o`dcv`dc

`c `rvdedjdàat ldhl {rdjn ge zn|# Zn|~à eùgrz j`c bnb`rvnrnf vg {a`j`vn c `b~zdun l~zb`cf b~v cgv c b~/

zdun xden#

Dc hncnrà vln f`v` z~hhnzv vl`v oàn zn|~àdvt l`z

advvan gr cg n|jl`chn uà~n xlnrn`z enoàn zn|~àdvt

jgoo`cfz ` zdhcdedj`cv b~v ea~jv~`vdch {rdjn# Ogzv ge

vln edcfdchz {nrv`dc vg vln bnhdccdch ge ` zn|~à rna`/

vdgczld{ `cf dv znnoz rn`zgc`ban vg jgcja~fn vl`v vl`v

zgjdàn|jl`chn{rgjnzznzfg g{nr`vn xdvl rnh`rf vg vln

fnjdzdgc `bg~v xlnvlnr vg bnhdc lùdch zn|# Vlnrn dz

e`r anzz nudfncjn vg dcfdj`vn vl`v zgjdà n|jl`chn {rg/

jnzznz jgcvdc~n vg bn rnanu cv vg zn|~à fnjdzdgcz xdvl/

dc `c nzv`badzlnf rna`vdgczld{ vlg~hl zgon edcfdchz

,z~jl z dcugaudch dcedfnadvt cf a`jm ge zn| z hrg~cfz

egr fdugrjn$ fg z~hhnzv vl`v vln njgcgodj rganz rn zvdaa

rnanu`cv dco rrd`hn nunc de o~vnf# Dc` znczn vln o r/

rd`hn jgcvr`jv z{njdednz n|ja~zdun zn|~à gbadh`vdgcz

`cf zl`rdch ge rnzg~rjnz cf vln o`rrdnf jg~{an dz nz/

zncvd aat rnogunf ergo vln brg`fnr zn|~à o`rmnv/

{a`jn zg vln njgcgodj {rgjnzznz ge vl`v o`rmnv{a`jn

`rn zgonxl`v anzz rnanu`cv vg o`rrdnf vl`c ~co`rrdnf

{ng{an#

[nrl`{z vln ogzv dcvnrnzvdch p~nzvdgc vg nonrhn

ergo vln rnudnx {rgjnzz egr vldz `rvdjan x`z xlt de vln

njgcgodj `càtzdz dz jgrrnjv {ng{an `rn rna~jv`cv vg

`jmcgxanfhn vln n|jl`chn {rgjnzznz gunrvat7 Vldz rn/

a~jv`cjn n|vncfz ergo vln rne~zà ge f`vdch {`rvcnrz vg

vàm z{njdedj aat`bg~v lgx o~jl vlno`czlg~afz{ncf

vg lùn lgx o~jl zn| vg vln agx {rnzvdhn `jjgrfnf

{rgzvdv~vnz ,xlg n|{adjdvat vr`fn zn| egr ogcnt$ dc

cn`rat àa j~av~rnz `cf nunc vg `ct xdfnz{rn`f rna~j/

v`cjn vg ncvnrv`dc vln vlngrt cf càtzdz xn lùn {rg/{gznf# Nunc vln ogzv gbudg~z n|ò{anz rn jgcjnànf9

Egr n|ò{an vlnzn f`tz ogzv zdchan {ng{an `rn `x`rn

ge ` z~{{gznf gbadh`vdgc vl`v ` xnffdch nch`hnoncv

zlg~af bn o`rmnf bt vln o`c hdudch vln xgo`c rdch

jgzvdch 2 ogcvlz xgrvl ge ldz zà`rt xdvl cg jgrrn/

z{gcfdch hdev ergo lnr vg ldo# Bnadnunrz dc hncfnr

np~àdvt `rn rdhlvat geencfnfbt vldz {r`jvdjn b~v dc g~r

udnx dv zdo{at dcfdj`vnz v`jdv `jjn{v`cjn vl`v ~cfnrat/

dch aa vln e`cjt rlnvgrdj bg~v adbnr`vdgc cf np~àdvt

vln o`c dz zvdaa nzzncvdàat {`tdch egr zn|~à jjnzz# Cg

gcn x`cvz vg `jmcgxanfhn vldz lgxnunr#

Gcn odhlv zdo{at z`t vl`v j~av~rà dfnàz ge agun

`cf rgo`cjn `rn dcjgo{`vdban xdvl n|jl`chn`càtznzlncjn vln rna~jv`cjn b~v vl`v rnz{gczn e`daz vg dcfdj`vn

xlt j~av~rà dfnàz zlg~af eùgr ldhl/eagxc jgcjn{vz

ge rgo`cvdj agun gunr {r`jvdjà `cf jgcjrnvn fdzj~z/

zdgcz ge zn|~à n|jl`chn# Lgxnunr dcjgo{`vdbdadvt

odhlv `rdzn bnj`~zn `cv`hgcdzvdj n|jl`chn rna`vdgc/

zld{z `rn fdudzdun xlnrn`z zn|~à rna`vdgczld{z `rn ge/

vnc zg~hlv z {gzdvdun nunc jgoo~cà bgcfz# N|{adjdv

`jmcgxanfhoncv ge n|jl`chn {rgjnzznz dc zn|~àdvt

xg~af jnrv`dcatr`dzn ` znvge fdeedj~avdnz vl v jg~af xnaa

o`mn {ng{an rnvdjncv# Enx jg~{anz xdaa n|`jvat o`vjl

vln unr`hn hgdch r`vn egr zn|~à n|jl`chn cf zg gcn

gr vln gvlnr ge vlno dz hnvvdch {ggr fnà# Vg jmcgxa/

nfhn vl`v xg~af rnunà vln o`c `cf xgo`c `z lùdch`c nzzncvdàat cv`hgcdzvdj rna`vdgczld{ v {rnjdznat vln

ogoncv xlnc vlnt `rn {rnz~o`bat vrtdch vg egro `

~cdvnf {`rvcnrzld{ `cf zg fgxc{a`tdch vln n|jl`chn

{rgjnzz xg~af bn uà~`ban egr ùgdfdch vln fdudzdun

rnjghcdvdgc ge n|jl`chn# @ vgg/{rnjdzn cnhgvd`vdgc ge

lgx o~jl vln o`c zlg~af jgcvrdb~vn odhlv àzg egrjn

vln xgo`c vg `jmcgxanfhn vl`v zln xdaa jl`rhn gcn

o`c ogrn vl`c `cgvlnr ogrn `vvr`jvdun o`c vlnrnbt

zvrdmdch bagx vg ldz nhg# Lnr {rnzvdhn jg~af azg bn v

zv`mn nz{njdàat de vg o`mn n|{adjdv cnhgvd`vdgcz zln

jòn ~cfnr {rnzz~rn ,jgo{ r`ban vg vlnfdzjagz~rnz rn/

p~drnf ge lg~zn znaanrz$ vg rnunà xl v zln x`z geenrdch

dc vnroz ge xdaadchcnzz vg {nregro u`rdg~z `jvz `jv~à

{ltzdjà vr`dvz ~cfdzh~dznf bt jagvldch `cf o`mn~{

`cf n|vncv ge {rdgr zn|~à `jvdudvt# Dc `ct j`zn lgx/

nunr vln rna~jv cjn vg `jmcgxanfhn zn|~ a n|jl`chn dz

dvznae c dcvrdh~dch jlàanchn egr e~rvlnr rnzn`rjl#

@ adodv vdgc ge vldz {rginjv x`z vl`v dv fdf cgv z{njde/

djàat ~cfnrv`mn vg {dv zgjdà n|jl`chn vlngrt `h`dczv

gvlnr vlngrdnz# Dcfnnf xn lùn {rg{gznf vl`v dc ogzv

rnz{njvz vln zgjdà n|jl`chn `càtzdz dz jgo{`vdban

xdvl gvlnr vlngrdnz z~jl `z zgjdà jgczvr~jvdgcdzv `{/

{rg`jlnz `cf nuga~vdgc`rt vlngrt# Xn o`t jgcja~fn

:5;

B@ÔNDZVNR @CF UGLZ


23/25

vl`v zgjdà n|jl`chn o`t jjg~cv egr hrn`v o`ct no/

{drdjà edcfdchz cf vl`v dv l`z z~rudunf o`ct vnzvz vl`v

jg~af lùn eàzdednf dv b~v xn j`ccgv ja`do vl`v vln zg/

jdà n|jl`chn vlngrt l`z bnnc {rgunc vg bn jgrrnjv gr

nunc ogrn jgrrnjv vl`c gvlnr vlngrdnz# Vldz `rvdjan

zlg~af bn znnc `z ogrn ge ` bnhdccdch vl`c `c ncf#

Zn| dz ` {rnjdg~z hggf egr xldjl fno`cf hncnràat

n|jnnfz z~{{at `cf zg dv xg~af bn z~r{rdzdch de o rmnv/{a`jn ftcòdjz `cf njgcgodj {rdcjd{anz xnrn ~vvnrat

`bzncv# Xn fg cgv znnm vg rn{a`jn àa gvlnr vlngrdnz ge

zn|~ a bnlùdgrxdvl vldz njgcgodj gcn `cf dcfnnfxn

lùn cgvnf vl`v vln njgcgodj `càtzdz fgnz cgv `{{at

np~àat xnaa vg àa zn|~à bnlùdgr# Xn {rg{gzn gcat

vl`v vln njgcgodj `càtzdz fnznrunz vg bn dcja~fnf `z

gcn do{grv`cv fdonczdgc ge zn|~à `jvdudvt `cf gcn

~zne~a `{{rg`jl egr ~cfnrzv`cfdch vln dcvnr{nrzgcà

`cf jgaanjvdun `z{njvz ge zn|~àdvtnz{njd aat vln

a`rhn/zjàn j~av~rà grh`cdy`vdgc ge zn|# Dc udnx ge

lgx xnaa vln zgjdà n|jl`chn vlngrt l`z e`rnf dc vldz

rnudnx xn vldcm dv `{{rg{rd vn vl v rnzn`rjlnrz xlg `rn

dcvnrnzvnf dc vln j~av~rà z{njvz ge zn|~àdvt j`c bnhdcjgcf~jvdch ogrn {rgz{njvdun cf n|{adjdv vnzvz ge dv#

Rnenrncjnz

@mnrage H# @# Tnaanc I# A# % M`vy O# A# ,0448$# @c `càtzdz ge

g~v/ge/xnfagjm jldafbn`rdch dc vln ^cdvnf Zv`vnz# Vln P~`r/

vnrat Ig~rcà ge Njgcgodjz! 000! 288:08#

@cfnrzgc [# B# % Zvr~jmo`c/Iglczgc J# ,Nfz#$# ,044054:5:#

B~~cm B# [# % U`c Frdna B# ,04


24/25

@ lnrdv`hn ge lnr gxc ,{{# 0520


25/25

V`cc`ldaa R# ,04

sexual economics: sex as female resource for social exchange in heterosexual interactions

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