Sex and Gender Aspects in Clinical Medicine

Sabine Oertelt-PrigioneVera Regitz-ZagrosekEditors

Sex and Gender Aspects in Clinical Medicine

EditorsDr. Sabine Oertelt-PrigioneInstitute of Gender in Medicine (GiM)Charité - UniversitätsmedizinBerlin Germany

Prof. Dr. Vera Regitz-ZagrosekInstitute of Gender in Medicine (GiM)Center for Cardiovascular Research (CCR)Charité - UniversitätsmedizinBerlin Germany

ISSN 978-0-85729-831-7 e-ISBN 978-0-85729-832-4DOI 10.1007/978-0-85729-832-4Springer London Dordrecht Heidelberg New York

British Library Cataloguing in Publication DataA catalogue record for this book is available from the British Library

Library of Congress Control Number: 2011941509

© Springer-Verlag London Limited 2012Apart from any fair dealing for the purposes of research or private study, or criticism or review, as permitted under the Copyright, Designs and Patents Act 1988, this publication may only be reproduced, stored or transmitted, in any form or by any means, with the prior permission in writing of the publishers, or in the case of reprographic reproduction in accordance with the terms of licenses issued by the Copyright Licensing Agency. Enquiries concerning reproduction outside those terms should be sent to the publishers.The use of registered names, trademarks, etc., in this publication does not imply, even in the absence of a specifi c statement, that such names are exempt from the relevant laws and regulations and therefore free for general use.The publisher makes no representation, express or implied, with regard to the accuracy of the information contained in this book and cannot accept any legal responsibility or liability for any errors or omissions that may be made.

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Springer is part of Springer Science+Business Media (www.springer.com)

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1 Why Do We Need Gender Medicine?. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1Vera Regitz-Zagrosek

2 Gendered Innovations in Biomedicine and Public Health Research . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5Londa Schiebinger

3 Sex and Gender in Medical Literature . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9Sabine Oertelt-Prigione

4 Sex and Gender Differences in Cardiovascular Disease. . . . . . . . . . . . 17Vera Regitz-Zagrosek

5 Sex and Gender Differences in Pulmonary Diseases . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 45Christian Grohé

6 Sex and Gender Differences in Gastroenterology and Hepatology. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 65Matteo Garcovich and Andrew Kenneth Burroughs

7 Sex and Gender Differences in Nephrology. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 83Maurizio Gallieni, Nicoletta Mezzina, Cristina Pinerolo, and Antonio Granata

8 Sex and Gender Differences in Autoimmune Diseases . . . . . . . . . . . . . 101 Gisele Zandman-Goddard, Elena Peeva, Ziv Rozman, Ilan Ben-Zvi, Pnina Langevitz, Yulia Shvartser, Daniela Amital, Howard Amital, Shaye Kivity, Merav Lidar, Hedi Orbach, and Yehuda Shoenfeld

9 Sex and Gender Differences in Endocrinology . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 125Alexandra Kautzky-Willer

10 Sex and Gender Differences in Hematology . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 151Oliver Schmetzer and Anne Flörcken

11 Sex and Gender Differences in Neurology . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 169Christian H. Nolte, Peter U. Heuschmann, and Matthias Endres

12 Pharmacokinetics and Pharmacodynamics: The Role of Sex and Gender . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 183 Flavia Franconi, Manuela Sanna, Elisabetta Straface, Roberto Chessa, and Giuseppe Rosano

Index . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 195

Contents

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Contributors

Daniela Amital, M.D. Department of Psychiatry B , Ness Ziona Mental Health Center , Ness Ziona , Israel

Howard Amital, M.D. Sackler Faculty of Medicine , Tel-Aviv University , Tel-Aviv , Israel, and Department of Medicine B , Sheba Medical Center , Tel Hashomer , Israel

Ilan Ben-Zvi, M.D. Zabludowicz Center for Autoimmune Diseases , Sheba Medical Center , Tel Hashomer , Israel

Andrew Kenneth Burroughs, F.Med.Sci. Sheila Sherlock Liver Centre , Royal Free Hospital , London , UK

Roberto Chessa, M.D. INBB Laboratorio Nazionale di Osilo , INBB , Sassari , Italy

Matthias Endres, M.D. Department of Neurology and Center for Stroke Research Berlin , Charité University Medicine , Berlin , Germany

Anne Flörcken, M.D. Department of Hematology, Oncology and Tumor Immunology , Charité University Medicine , Berlin , Germany

Flavia Franconi, M.D. Department of Pharmacology , University of Sassari , Sassari , Italy

Maurizio Gallieni, M.D. Nephrology and Dialysis Unit , San Carlo Borromeo Hospital and Specialty School of Nephrology , University of Milan, Milan , Italy

Matteo Garcovich, M.D. Sheila Sherlock Liver Centre , Royal Free Hospital , London , UK

Antonio Granata, M.D. Department of Nephrology and Dialysis , AOU “Policlinico – Vittorio Emanuele” , Catania , Italy

Christian Grohé, M.D. Department of Respiratory Medicine , Evangelische Lungenklinik Berlin , Berlin , Germany

Peter U. Heuschmann, M.D., MPH Center for Stroke Research Berlin , Charité University Medicine , Berlin , Germany

Alexandra Kautzky-Willer, M.D. Gender Medicine Unit, Clinical Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Department of Internal Medicine III , Medical University of Vienna , Vienna , Austria

Shaye Kivity, M.D. Zabludowicz Center for Autoimmune Diseases , Sheba Medical Center , Tel Hashomer , Israel

viii Contributors

Pnina Langevitz, M.D. Zabludowicz Center for Autoimmune Diseases , Sheba Medical Center , Tel Hashomer , Israel, and Sackler Faculty of Medicine , Tel-Aviv University , Tel-Aviv , Israel

Merav Lidar, M.D. Zabludowicz Center for Autoimmune Diseases , Sheba Medical Center , Tel Hashomer , Israel, and Sackler Faculty of Medicine , Tel-Aviv University , Tel-Aviv , Israel

Nicoletta Mezzina, M.D. Nephrology and Dialysis Unit , San Carlo Borromeo Hospital and Specialty School of Nephrology , University of Milan, Milan , Italy

Christian H. Nolte, M.D. Department of Neurology, Charité University Medicine , Berlin , Germany

Sabine Oertelt-Prigione, M.D. Institute of Gender in Medicine (GiM), Charité - Universitätsmedizin , Berlin , Germany

Hedi Orbach, M.D. Department of Medicine B , Wolfson Medical Center , Holon , Israel

Elena Peeva, M.D. Division of Rheumatology , Albert Einstein College of Medicine , New York, NY , USA

Cristina Pinerolo, M.D. Nephrology and Dialysis Unit , San Carlo Borromeo Hospital , Milan , Italy

Vera Regitz-Zagrosek, M.D. Institute of Gender in Medicine (GiM), Center for Cardiovascular Research (CCR), Charité - Universitätsmedizin , Berlin , Germany

Giuseppe Rosano, M.D. Dipartimento di Scienze Internistiche , IRCCS San Raffaele Pisana Roma , Rome , Italy

Ziv Rozman, M.D. Internal Medicine Department C , Wolfson Medical Center , Holon , Israel

Manuela Sanna, Ph.D. INBB Laboratorio Nazionale di Osilo , INBB , Sassari , Italy

Londa Schiebinger, Ph.D. History Department , Stanford University , Stanford, CA , USA

Oliver Schmetzer, Ph.D., M.D. Clinic for Hematology and Oncology , Charité University Medicine , Berlin , Germany

Yehuda Shoenfeld, M.D. Zabludowicz Center for Autoimmune Diseases , Sheba Medical Center , Tel Hashomer , Israel, and Sackler Faculty of Medicine , Tel-Aviv University , Tel-Aviv , Israel

Yulia Shvartser, M.D. Department of Medicine B , Sheba Medical Center , Tel Hashomer , Israel

Elisabetta Straface Department of Therapeutic Research and Medicine Evaluation Istituto Superiore di Sanità , Istituto Superiore di Sanità, Rome , Italy

Gisele Zandman-Goddard, M.D. Internal Medicine Department C , Wolfson Medical Center , Holon , and Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel-Aviv University, Tel-Aviv, Israel

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ADPKD Autosomal Dominant Polycystic Kidney Disease AF Atrial Fibrillation AIH Autoimmune Hepatitis ALL Acute Lymphocytic Leukaemia AML Acute Myeloid Leukemia BMI Body Mass Index BMPR2 Bone Morphogenetic Protein Receptor Type 2 CAD Coronary Artery Disease CD Crohn’s Disease CEA Carcinoembryonic Antigen c-ErbB2 Cellular Avian Erythroblastosis Homologue B2 CKD Chronic Kidney Disease CLL Chronic Lymphocytic Leukaemia CM Cardiomyopathies CML Chronic Myeloid Leukemia CNS Central Nervous System CRC Colorectal Cancer CT X-Ray Computed Tomography CYP Cytochrome P450 mono-oxygenases CYP Cytochrome CYP1A1 Cytochrome P450, family 1, subfamily A,

polypeptide 1 DLG5 Disc Large Homolog 5 DM Diabetes Mellitus DVT Deep Venous Thrombosis ERs Estrogen Receptors ESRD End Stage-Renal Disease FDA Food and Drug Administration FEV1 Forced Expiratory Volume in 1 second FVC Forced Vital Capacity GFR Glomerular Filtration Rate GSTM1 Glutathione-S-Transferase HBsAb Anti-HBs Antibodies

Abbreviations

x Abbreviations

HBsAgB Virus Surface Antigen HBV Hepatitis B Virus HCC Hepatocellular Carcinoma HCV Hepatitis C Virus HF Heart Failure HRCT High Resolution CT HRQL Health-Related Quality of Life i.v. Intravenously IBD Infl ammatory Bowel Diseases ICS Inhalative Corticosteroids ICU Intensive Care Unit IgE Immunoglobulin E ILD Interstitial Lung Disease IP Interstitial Pneumonia IPF Idiopathic Pulmonary Fibrosis LABA Long Acting Beta Agonists LAMA Long Acting Anticholinergic Drugs MELD Model for End-stage Liver Disease MI Myocardial Infarction MRI Magnetic Resonance Imaging MS Multiple Sclerosis MWD Minute Walk Distance NHL Non-Hodgkin-Lymphoma NSCLC Non-Small Cell Lung Cancer NSIP Nonspecifi c Interstitial Pneumonia ntBNP n-terminal Brain Natriuretic Peptide OPTN Organ Procurement and Tissue Network OS Overall Survival OSA Obstructive Sleep Apnea syndrome PAH Pulmonary Arterial Hypertension PAPS Primary Antiphospholipid Syndrome PBC Primary Biliary Cirrhosis PCOS Polycystic Ovary Syndrome PE Pulmonary Embolism PEF Peak Expiratory Flow PFS Progression Free Survival PPAR Peroxisome Proliferator-Activated Receptors PSC Primary Sclerosing Cholangitis PVH Pulmonary Venous Hypertension QoL Quality of Life RHC Right Heart Catheterization SABA Short Acting Beta Agonists

Abbreviations xi

SLE Systemic Lupus Erythematosus SNPs Single-Nucleotide Polymorphism SOB Shortness Of Breath SVR Sustained Virological Response SVT Superfi cial Venous Thrombosis TNF Tumor Necrosis Factor UC Ulcerative Colitis UDCA Ursodeoxycholic Acid UIP Usual Interstitial Pneumonia VTE Venous Thromboembolism