seventy-third critical bibliography of the history and philosophy of science and of the history of...

Seventy-Third Critical Bibliography of the History and Philosophy of Science and of theHistory of Civilization (To November 1948)Author(s): George Sarton and Frances SiegelSource: Isis, Vol. 40, No. 2 (May, 1949), pp. 124-193Published by: The University of Chicago Press on behalf of The History of Science SocietyStable URL: http://www.jstor.org/stable/227043 .

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Seventy-third Critical Bibliography

of the

History and Philosophy of Science

and of the History of Civilization

(to November I 948)

The latest Critical Bibliography to appear was the seventy-second, which was published in Isis, 39, 242-83, I948, but bibliography no. 59 which was to be included in no. 86 of Isis (vol. 32, 2) has not yet appeared because the German invasion of Belgium stopped the publication of vol. 32 (part i of that vol., no. 85, has appeared in I947; part 2, no. 86, will appear in I949).

This seventy-third bibliography contains about I,OOO items. They have been kindly contributed by the io following scholars:

C. W. Adams (London) E. G. Allen (Ithaca, N. Y.) I. B. Cohen (Cambridge, Mass.) C. D. Leake (Galveston, Texas) M. F. A. Montagu (Philadelphia) J. Pelseneer (Paris) G. Sarton (Cambridge, Mass.) J. Streeter (Poughkeepsie, N. Y.) Q. Vetter (Prague) C. Zirkle (Philadelphia)

The general plan of this bibliography was explained in volume 36, p. 22-23. The method of classification was devised to satisfy the needs of historians of science in general, rather than those of historians of particular sciences. For example, a student of the history of physiology will flnd only a few of the physiological items under the heading 36. Physiology. Studies devoted to definite physiologists would be found in the chronological section of part I, and those devoted to, say, Hindu physiology in section 9, India, of part II. It would not take him very long, however, to glance through the whole bibliography and mark with a pencil the items pertinent to his own investigations. No method of classification can satisfy immediately every need, but we believe that ours is suffi- ciently clear to be of use to every scholar willing to take the few necessary pains.

I entreat the authors of relevant books and papers to send me copies of them as promptly as possible in order that their studies may be registered in this bibliography and eventually reviewed and discussed. By so doing they will not simply help me and every other historian

of science, but they will help themselves in the best manner.

Most of the notes were selected by me. They were typed by Miss Frances Siegel, and the typing and the proofs read by Dr A. Pogo.

GEORGE SARTON November I9, I948

Harvard Library, 185 Cambridge 38, Mass.

Part I Fundamental Classification

(centurial)

9th CENTURY B.C. GORDIS, ROBERT. "Homeric" books in Pales-

tine. Jewish Quarterly Review, 38, 359-68, I948.

7th CENTURY B.C. HIUMBERT, PAUL. Problemes du livre d'Ha-

bacuc. 303 P. (Memoires de l'Universit6 de Neuchatel, i8). Neuchatel, I944. Reviewed by Theodor H. Gaster, Jewish Quar-

terly Review, 38, 347-48, I948.

5th CENTURY B.C. GEISSER, FRANZ. Mo Ti, der Kiinder der

allgemeinen Menschenliebe. xi+i8o p. Bern, Francke, I947.

Reviewed by L. S. Y., Harvard Journal of Asiatic Studies, II, 229, 1948.

4th CENTURY B.C.-second half [ARISTOTLE]. Les meteorologiques. Nouvelle

traduction et notes par J. Tricot. 300 p. Paris, Vrin, I94I. Reviewed by Pierre Brunet, Revue d'histoire des

sciences, I, 78-79, 1947.

MORAUX, P. Une nouvelle trace de l'Aristote perdu. Les Etudes classiques, i6, 89-9I, I948.

NEUGEBAUER, OTTO. The astronomical origin of the theory of conic sections. Proceed-

124



4th Century B.C. - 3rd Century 125

ings of the American Philosophical Sockty, 92, 136-38, 3 figs., 1948. "Menaechmus, a pupil of Eudoxus, is credited

with the discovery of the conic sections (about 350 B.C.). These curves were obtained, however, by a very peculiar construction. The cone is a right circular cone; the intersecting plane is always per- pendicular to one of the generating lines of the cone, and the three types of curves are obtained by varying the angle at the vertex of the cone. The strange condition of perpendicularity of the intersecting plane always seemed to me to point to only one explanation, the theory of sundials. The generating line must be the 'gnomon,' the intersecting plane is the plane on which the shadow is cast. I shall demonstrate in the following section that a very simple type of sundial satisfies all requirements which lead to the above definition of conic sections."

ROBINSON, CHARLES ALEXANDER, JR. Alexander the Great: the meeting of East and West in world government and brotherhood. 252 p. New York, Dutton, 1947.

Reviewed by M. L. W. Laistner, American His- torical Review, 53, 311-12, 1948.

STEPHANIDES, MICHAEL. The Aristotelian definition of tragedy and Aristotle's philosophy of nature. Academy of Athens, Practica, i6, I71-74, 1941 (in Greek).

VERBEKE, GERARD. La structure logique de la preuve du Premier Moteur chez Aristote. Rev. philosophique de Louvain, 46, 13760, 1948.

WOLFSON, HARRY A. Infinite and privative judgments in Aristotle, Averroes, and Kant. Philosophy and Phenomenological Research, 8, 173-87, 1947.

3rd CENTURY B.C.-whole and first half

BELFROID, J. Euclide et la pensee mathematique. Les Etudes classiques, I6, 24-32, 1948.

3rd CENTUIRY B.C.-second half

VIRIEUX-RAYMOND, A. La logique stoi- cienne. Library of the Xth International Congress of Philosophy (Amsterdam, August 11-18, 1948), I, Proceedings of the Congress, 30-31.

2nd CENTURY B.C.-whole and first halt

TORREY, CHARLES C. The question of the original language of the qoheleth. Jewish Quarterly Revkw, 39, I5I-60, 1948.

1st CENTURY B.C.-second half

[VERGIL]. Servianorum in Vergilii carmina commentariorum, Vol. II. Edited by E. K. Rand, H. T. Smith, J. J. Savage, G. B. Wal- drop, J. P. Elder, B. M. Peebles, and A. F. Stocker. xxii+5Io p. (Special publication of the American Philological Association, no. I,

vol. II. Lancaster, Pa., 1946.

Reviewed by Cornelia C. Coulter, Speculum, 23, 332-35, 1948.

lst CENTUNYwRYhole and first half

WOLFSON, HARRY AUSTRYN. Philo: foun- dations of religious philosophy in Judaism, Christianity, and Islam. Vol. I, xvi+462 p.; vol. II, xiv+53I p. Cambridge, Harvard Uni- versity Press, I947.

Reviewed by Floyd V. Filson, Jewish Quarterly Review, 39, 97-102, 1948; by Milton V. Anastos, American Historical Review, 53, 525-26, 1948; and by George Boas, journal of the History of Ideas, 9, 385-92, 1948.

1st CENTURY-second half

CALEY, EARLE R. The earliest known use of a material containing uranium. Isis, 38, I90-

93, I948.

KENNARD, J. SPENCER, JR. Gleanings from the Slavonic Josephus controversy. Jewish Quarterly Review, 39, i6I-70, 1948.

LIPPMANN, EDMUND 0. VON. Chemical and technological references in Plutarch. Am- bix, 3, I-I4, I948.

SAINT-DENIS, E. DE. Notes critiques sur le

livre 9 de Pline l'Ancien. Les Etudes classiques, i6, 92-111, 1948.

ZEITLIN, SOLOMON. The hoax of the "Sla-

vonic Josephus." Jewish Quarterly Review, 39, I17 1-80, I1948.

2nd CENTURY-whole and first half PALMER, J. A. B. Ptolemy Bk. VII, ch. i, s.

83: some names and some comments. Journal

of the Royal Asiatic Society, 184-87, 1947.

Note on the geography of India.

2nd CENTUqRY-second half

[GALEN]. Obras de Galeno. Traduccion y

notas por R. P. Julio B. Lafont y Anibal Ruiz

Moreno. 149 p. La Plata, Universidad Na-

cional de la Plata, 1947.

Reviewed by Henry E. Sigerist, Bulletin of the History of Medicine, 22, 224-25, 1948.

3rd CENTURY-whole and first half

VAN DE WOESTIJNE, PAUL. Index ver-

borum in Quinti Sereni librum medicinalem.

88 p. (Rijksuniversiteit te Gent, Werken

uitgegeven door de Faculteit van de Wijs-

begeerte en Letteren, 9I). Antwerp, De Sik-

kel, 1941.

Concordance based upon the edition of Serenus' Liber medicinalis by Fred. Vollmer (Leipzig I9I6; Isis, 3, 320; Introd. I, 324). All the grammatical forms of each word have been put together, which

is very convenient. It is a pity that after having completed that analysis the author did not add a

chapter of conclusions on Serenus' vocabulary. G. S.

3rd CENTUR&Y-second half

CARAMELLA, SANTINO. La filosofia di

Plotino e il Neoplatonismo. A cura di Arturo



I26 3rd Century (2nd half) - ioth Century (2nd half) Caruso. Regia Universitk degli studi di Ca- tania. Gruppo dei fascisti universitari. 245 p. Catania, 1940-XVIII.

DOWNEY, GLANVILLE. Pappus of Alexandria on architectural studies. Isis, 38, 197-200,

1948.

SWITALSKI, BRONISLAUS W. Neoplatonism and the Ethics of St. Augustine. I, Plotinus and the Ethics of St. Augustine. xxxii+II3 p. New York, Polish Institute of Arts and Sciences in America, 1946. Reviewed by Eugen Kullmann, Speculum, 23,

510-II, 1948.

4th CENTURY-whole and first half

The Mildenhall treasure. A provisional handbook. 24 p., 5 figs., 8 pls. London, British Museum, 1947.

PIGANIOL, ANDRI. Histoire romaine. Tome IV, 2ieme partie. L'Empire chritien (325-. 395). xvi+446 p. (Histoire generale fondee par Gustave Glotz). Paris, Presses Universi- taires de France, 1947.

Reviewed by Henri Gregoire, Bulletin de l'Aca- demie royale de Belgique (Classe des Lettres, 224- 35, juin 1947).

4th CENTURY-second half

THOMPSON, E. A. The historical work of Ammianus Marcellinus. xii+I45 p. Cam- bridge, University Press; New York, Mac- millan, 1947.

Reviewed by Charles Upson Clark, American His- torical Review, 53, 314-I5, I948, and by Mason Hammond, Speculum, 23, 150-53, I948.


LATTIN, HARRIET PRATT. Use of a sphere by Macrobius. Isis, 39, i6-69, I948.


COSTER, CHARLES HENRY; PATCH, HOWARD R. Procopius and Boethius. Spec- ulum, 23, 284-87, I948.

VAN DEN BESSELAAR, JOSEPH JACOBUS. Cassiodorus Senator en zijn Variae. De hove- ling; de diplomatieke oorkonden der Variae, de rhetor. XVi+230 p. Nijmegen, Dekker & Van de Vegt, I945. (In Dutch). Thesis for the doctorate in philosophy and letters

at the Catholic University of Nijmegen. The title means: Cassiodorus and his Variae; the courtier, the diplomatic sources of the Variae, the rhetor. Good index. G. S.


ALLEN, EDWIN BROWN. A Coptic solar eclipse record. Journal of the American Orien- tal Society, 67, 267-69, I947.

"The Coptic text, as given in this paper, is a record of the solar edipse of 6oi, March io, of the Christian era."

DENNETT, DANIEL C., JR. Pirenne and Muhammad. Speculum, 23, I65-90, 1948.

SARTON, GEORGE. The English translation of the Qur'an. Isis, 38, 243, 1948.


LINDQVIST, SUNE. Sutton Hoo and Beo- wulf. Antiquity, 22, 131-40, 1948.

For Sutton Hoo, see Isis, 39, 74.


SAKANISHI, SHIO. Wall paintings of the Horyiji. ig p. Asahi Shimbun, 1947.

See also Nait6 T6ichir5 (Isis, 36, 174).


NEMOY, LEON. Anan ben David. A re- appraisal of the historical data. Semitic Stud- ies in Memory of Immanuel Low, 239-48, Budapest, 1947.


DUMONT, M. Un professeur de mathematique au IXe siecle: Mohammed ibn Mousa al- Khowarizmi. Revue ginerake des sciences, 54, no. 2, 7-13, figs., 1947.

Account of a popular lecture; nothing new. G. S.

MINORSKY, V. Tamim ibn Bahr's journey to the Uyghurs. Buletin of the School of Orien- tal and African Studies, University of Lon- don, 12, 275-305, 1948.

RIDEOUT, J. K. The context of the Yuan Tao and the Yuan Hsing. Bulletin of the School of Oriental and African Studies, Uni- versity of London, I2, 403-08, I948. On the poet Han Yu (768-824), see Introd. 3,

233, 905, 2113. His Yuan tao is an inquiry in the Way, his Yuan hsing, an inquiry into Nature.

G. S.


MUNTNER, SUESSMANN. Assaph the physician. Bibliography, manuscripts. (In Hebrew). Qirjath Szefer, 24, I48-52, I947.

MUNTNER, SUESSMANN. Sobre las fuentes de Asaf. Traducido del alemin por F. P6rez Castro. Sefarad, 7, 26I-69, I947.

VAN DE VELDE, A. J. J. De chemico-medicus Rhazes, die omstreeks 940 overleed. Konink- lijke Vlaamsche Academie voor Taal- en Letterkunde, Verslagen en Mededeelingen, 707-36, November I94I.


ABDUL HAMID, KHWAJA. Ibn Maskawaih: a study of his al-Fauz al-Asghar. I30 p.

Lahore, Shaikh Muhammad Ashraf, I946.

Reviewed by Eric F. F. Bishop, Muslim World, 38, 134-35, 1948, and by A. S. Tritton, lournal of the Royal Asiatic Society, 223, 1947.



iith Century - 13th Century (2nd half) 127

11th CENTURY-whole and first half AFNAN, SCHEIL. The commentary of Avi-

cenna on Aristotle's Poetics. Journal of the Royal Asiatic Society, i88-go, I947.

ATES, AHMED. Tarcuman al-balaga, das fru- heste neupersische Werk fiber rhetorische Figuren. Oriens, I, 45-62, 3 pls., Istanbul, I948. The earliest new-Persian treatise on rhetorical

figures is the Tarjuman al-balagha by the poet Farrukhi (d. I038).

LATTIN, HARRIET PRATT. The eleventh century MS Munich I4436; its contribution to the history of coordinates, of logic, of German studies in France. Isis, 38, 205-9 5, 2

figs., I948.

llth CENTURY-second half

BEAURECUEIL, S. DE. Gazzali et S. Thomas d'Aquin: Essai sur la preuve de l'existence de Dieu propos&e dans l'Iqtisad et sa comparai- son avec les "voies" Thomistes. 38 p. Im- primerie de l'Institut Fransais d'archeologie orientale, I947.

Reviewed by S. M. Zwemer, Muslim World, 38, I33, I948. VAN LEEUWEN, A. Th. Ghazali als apologeet

van de Islam. 2I6 p. Leiden, I947.

Reviewed by D. C. Mulder, Muslim World, 38, 222-23, I948.

WILLIAMS, JOHN R. Godfrey of Rheims, a humanist of the eleventh century. Speculum, 22, 29-45, I947.

12th CENTURY-whole and first half ALONSO, MANUEL (S. J.). Hermann de

Carintia De essentiis. Edicion preparada y anotada. Miscellanea ComiUas, 5, 7-IO7, facs. Universidad Pontificia Comillas (Santander), 1946. Hermann de Carinthia (XII-i) who flourished

1130-60 and is also called Hermannus Dalmata, Sclavus, Secundus (see Introd. 2, 173-74) should not be confused with the earlier Hermann the Lame (XI-2) or with the later one, Hermann the Ger- man (XIII-2). Father Manuel Alonso, to whom we already owe important studies on the Liber de causis (Isis, 36, 176; 37, 241), on Gundisalvo, on Ibn Rushd, etc., has greatly increased our debt to him with this critical edition of the Dc essentiis, well annotated and indexed. G. S.

MICHEL, HENRI. Un astrolabe latin du XIIe sikle. Ciel et Terre, no. 3-4, 7 p., 1948.

ODO OF DEUIL. De profectione Ludovici VII in orientem. Edited with English translation by Virginia Gingerick Berry. xliv+154 p. (Records of Civilization, 42). New York, Columbia University Press, 1948. Reviewed by John L. LaMonte, Speculum, 23,

502-04, 1948. SANFORD, EVA MATTHEWS. Honorius,

Presbyter and Scholasticus. Speculum, 23, 397-425, 1948.

VAJDA, GEORGES. Une version h6bralque inconnue des "cercles imaginaires" de Batal- yawsl. Semitic Studies in Memory of Im- manuel Low, 202-04, Budapest, I947.


ASBELL, MILTON B. Vignettes in dental history. Moses Maimonides (II35-I204). The Alpha Omegan, 7 p., 2 facs., October I946.

AUSTIN, H. D. Germanic words in Uguicci- one's lexicon. Speculum, 23, 273-83, I948.

GARREAU, ALBERT. Fr&re Roger Bacon. 70 p. Paris, Editions Franciscaines, I942.

Reviewed by Pierre Brunet, Revue d'Histoire des Sciences, i, 8I-82, I947.

MARINESCU, C. Encore une fois le probleme du Pretre Jean. Acadimie Roumaine, Bule- tin de la Section Historique (Histoire Geographie -Sciences sociales), 26, 202-22,

I945.


BIRKENMAJER, ALEXANDER. Robert Grosseteste and Richard Fournival. Medie- valia et Humanistica, 5, 36-4I, I948.

CARRA DE VAUX. Une solution arabe du probl6me des carr6s magiques. Revue d'His- toire des Sciences, I, 206-I2, I948.

Apropos of al-Biini (Introd. 2, 595). G. S.

DOUGLAS, ELMER H. Al-Shidhili, a north African sufi, according to ibn al-$abbigh. Muslim World, 38, 257-79, I948.

Apropos of 'Ali ibn 'Abdallih al-Shidhili, who died in Upper Egypt in I258 (not I248). See In- trod. 3, 1453, I723, I864. G. S. MUNTNER, StUSSMANN. R. Jakob Haqqa-

tan, the anonymous translator in the XIII century. (In Hebrew). Tarbiz, I8, I94-99,

1947.

ZARNOJI. Ta'llm al-muta'allim. Tar!q at- ta'allum. Instruction of the student: the method of learning. Translated, with an introduction by G. E. von Grunebaum and Theodore M. Abel. v+78 p. (Published under the auspices of the Iranian Institute and School of Asiatic Studies). New York, King's Crown Press, 1947.

Elaborate review by G. Levi Della Vida, Journal of the American Oriental Society, 68, 155-57, 1948.


AGUS, IRVING A. Rabbi Meir of Rothenburg. His life and his works as sources for the religious, legal, and social history of the Jews of Germany in the thirteenth century. 2 vols. xxxiii+749 p. Philadelphia, Dropsie College, 1947. Reviewed by Solomon Gandz, Isis, 39, 175, 1948.

ALFONSO EL SABIO. Setenario. Edited with an introduction by Kenneth H. Vanderford.



128 13th Century (2nd half) lxx+27I p. Buenos Aires, Instituto de Filologia, 1945.

Reviewed in Modern Language Review, 518, October 1947.

BAKOS, JAN. Psychologie de Gr6goire Aboul- faradj dit Barhebraeus d'aprEs la huitibme base de l'ouvrage Le candelabre des sanc- tuaires. Editee et traduite en franqais. xl+ 148+(131 p. in Syriac). Leiden, Brill, 1948.

Syriac edition and French translation of the eighth "basis" of the Menarath qudhshe (Introd. 2, 978) dealing with the reasonable soul. The author had already published the beginning of the same work and a biography of Barhebraeus in Patrologia orien- talis (vol. 22, 1930; 24, 1933). The Avant propos of the present volume gives a very clear summary of Barhebraeus's psychology. The translation is followed by notes (p. 75-129), by a Syriac glossary and an index of proper names. G. S.

DELHAYE, PHILIPPE. Siger de Brabant: Questions sur la Physique d'Aristote (Texte inedit). 256 p. (Les Philosophes Belges- Textes et Etudes - Collection publi6e par l'Institut superieur de Philosophie de l'Uni- versit6 de Louvain). Louvain, 1941.

Reviewed by F. Stuart Crawford, Speculum, 23, 11 7-19, 1942.

HAUST, JEAN. M6dicinaire liegeois du XIIIe siicle et medicinaire namurois du XVe (Manu- scrits 8i5 et 2769 de Darmstadt). 216 p. (Academie Royale de Langue et de Litt6rature fran,aises de Belgique, textes anciens, 4). Bruxelles, Palais des Acad6mies, ic4I.

The monastery of St. James in Liege, founded in ioI6, was secularized in 1785, and its library sold in 1788. Some of its 6oo MSS finally reached the Grand-ducal library of Darmstadt. Two of the Darmstadt MSS (815, 2769) are collections of various writings in Latin and in the vernacular of Liege. Prof. Haupt has edited two of these Walloon texts, both of the kind called "medicinaires, r&ceptaires, antidotaires" (masses of recipes put together without rhyme or reason), the scientific value of which is almost nihil but which may be of great philo- logic interest. The most important of these two Walloon medicinaria covers I205 lines and dates from the second half of the thirteenth century. In- cipit: Ichi comence li medicinair. It includes a great many recipes most of which are irrational, a dream book, a moon book, a treatise on the "twelve Fridays of fasting" (twelve Fridays of the year when fasting is most meritorious; similar texts are available in Italian, Provensal, English -"The golden Fridays of the year," - German, Romanian). The second text covers only 502 lines and dates only from the fifteenth century; the editor devotes much less space to it (27 p.). Both texts are carefully edited, annotated, and each has its own glossary. The book is a contribution to the study of popular medicine in mediaeval Liege, but chiefly to the study of early Walloon.

LEOPOLD OF AUSTRIA. Li compilacions de le science des estoiles, Books I-III. Edited from MS French 6I3 of the BibliothWque Nationale, with notes and glossary by Francis J. Carmody. Berkeley, University of Cali-

fornia Publications in Modern Philosophy, 33, i-iV, 35-102, I fig., 1947- Reviewed by Lynn Thorndike, Speculum, 23,

1I29-30, 1948.

MULLALLY, J. P. The Summule logicales of Peter of Spain. CiV+172 P. (Publications in Mediaeval Studies, University of Notre Dame, 8). Notre Dame, Ind., I945. Reviewed by Arthur F. Stocker, Speculum, 23,

324-26, 1I948.

RENAUD, H. P. J. Le calendrier d'Ibn al- Bann&' de Marrakech (1256-I32I J. C.). Texte arabe in6dit, 6tabli d'aprEs cinq manuscrits, de la Risfila fi'l-anw&'. Avec une traduction frannaise annotee et une introduction. 66 p. (+20 P. in Arabic). (Publications de l'Institut des Hautes Etudes marocaines, 34). Paris, Larose, I948. This posthumous publication of our friend, Dr.

Renaud of Rabat, is a very welcome addition to the study of the Islamic calendar and weather lore, but it does not increase our respect for the Moroc- can mathematician and astronomer, Ibn al-Banni' (XIII-2; Introd. 2, 998-1000). Interest in that kind of Arabic writing was awakened in 1848 by J. T. Reinaud in his Introduction to the geography of Abu-l-Fidi' (XIV-x), and again in 1873 by R. Dozy: Calendrier de Cordoue, a tenth century calendar, which was used two centuries later in the book of agriculture of Ibn al-'Awwam (XII-2). Dr. Renaud has carefully analyzed Ibn al-Banni's Risilat fi-l-anwi' and shown that it is a slavish reproduction in some essentials of the older calendars. Ibn al-Banna did not even bother to adapt the Spanish calendar to the Moroccan location and to take into account a difference of 60 lat. between Cordova and Marrakech. He does not decide whether the equinox occurs on March I3 or i 6! It is a popular book like the farmer's almanacs the world over, full of astrology and other superstitions. The Arabic text has been established on the basis of all available MSS and a well annotated French translation is provided. A table of the 28 lunar mansions (manizil) is given as well as other tables. In short, this is an excellent edition with all the technical information which is needed to enable one to understand the text. G. S.

[THOMAS AQUINAS]. S. Thomas de Aquino, Summa theologica, V, IIIae partis supplementum, cura et studio Instituti studiorum medievalium Ottaviensis ad textum S. Pi! Pp. V iussu confectum recognita. xliii+525 P. Ottawa, Canada, College Dominicain, 1945.

Rcviewed by Charles Denecke (S. J.), Speculum, 23, 33I-32, 1948.

TISSERANT, EUGEINE, Cardinal. Une lettre de l'Ilkhan de Perse, Abaga, adress&e en 1268 au Pape Clement IV. Le Museon, 59, 547- 56, 1946.

VAN DE VELDE, A.J.J. Roger Bacon 65o jaren na zijn dood herdacht. Jaarboek 1942 van de Koninklijke Vlaamsche Academie voor Wetenschappen, Letteren en Schoone Kunsten van Belgie, I90-230, I942.



14th Century I29

VAN DE VELDE, A. J. J. Technische woorden. 4 Bijdrage tot het Lapidarium van Albertus Magnus. Koninklijke vlaamsche Akademie voor Taal- en Letterkunde, Verslagen en Mededeelingen, 469-505, May 1941; 39-89, January 1942; 467-509, September 1942; 33- 130, January 1943.

Studies concerning the mineralogical terminology of Albert the Great.


CAZELLES, RAYMOND. Jean l'Aveugle, comte de Luxembourg, roi de Boheme. 308 p., 9 ills., 2 maps, tables. Bourges, Tardy, 1947.

GEWIRTH, ALAN. John of Jandun and the Defensor Pacis. Speculum, 23, 267-72, 1948.

GUELLUY, ROBERT. Philosophie et theolo- gie chez Guillaume d'Ockham. xxiv+383 p. Louvain, Nauwelaerts, 1947.

HALKIN, FRANGOIS. Un monastere copte a Famagouste au XIVe siecle. Le Museon, 59, 5II-I4, I946.

[Isaac Israeli the Younger]. (Introd. 3, 69I). The facts correctly stated in that article have been incorrectly summarized on p. 368. The sentence on p. 368, 1. i5-i6 should read: The great astronomical work of Isaac Israeli of Toledo was written in Hebrew, but an abbreviated Arabic translation was soon published and this was further translated into Hebrew.

S. G.

LA PIANA, ANGELINA. Dante's American pilgrimage. A historical survey of Dante studies in the United States, I800-I944. xi+310 p. (Published for Wellesley College). New Haven, Yale University Press, 1948.

Reviewed by Camillo P. Merlino, Speculum, 23, 491-92, 1948.

MICHEL, HENRI. Le Rectangulus de Wal- lingford precede d'une note sur le Torquetum. Ciel et Terre, no. 11-12, 9 p., 5 figs., 1944.

PEGIS, ANTON C. Some recent interpretations of Ockham. Speculum, 23, 452-63, 1948.

PROSKAUER, CURT. Six illustrations to stomatological texts in an Avicenna manuscript of the XIV century. Victor Robinson Memorial Volume, 3I3-24, 6 facs., New York, 1948.

RENAUD, H. P. J. Un chirurgien musulman du royaume de Grenade. (Note complemen- taire). Hesplris, 27, 97-98, I940.

Apropos of Muhammad ibn 'All al-Shafra, surgeon and herbalist. In the note relative to him (Introd. 3, 895-96), I was not able to give many biographical details concerning him. He flourished in Cadix sometime between 1314 and 1322, was driven away by a plague; he spent many years in Marrakech but finally returned to Granada, where he died soon afterward in Feb. 1360. G. S.

REPARAZ, G. de. Les sciences geographiques et astronomiques au XIVe siecle dans le Nord- Est de la Peninsule Iberique et leur origine. Archives Internationales d'Histoire des Sci- ences, 234-65, 1948.

[RUYSBROECK, JAN VAN]. Jan van Ruus- broec Werken. Naar het standaardhandschrift van Groenendael uitgegeven door het Ruus- broec-Genootschap te Antwerpen. i944 f. Lannoo, Tielt; Residentiebode, Den Haag. I have seen in the Warburg Library, London,

three volumes of this new edition (1944, 1946, 1947) prepared by many Jesuit fathers. There is a glossary in each volume but no index. For earlier editions, see Introd. 3, 580-82. G. S.

SARTON, GEORGE. Introduction to the His- tory of Science, vol. 3. Science and learning in the fourteenth century. XV+2155 p. (Car- negie Institution of Washington, publication no. 376). Baltimore, Williams & Wilkins, 1948. Reviewed by William Beebe, New York Herald

Tribune, Nov. 14, 1948; by I. Bernard Cohen, Sci- entific American, Oct. 1948; by E. J. Dijksterhuis, De Gids, Amsterdam, October 1948; and by Lynn Thorndike, American Historical Review, 54, Io6- 10, 1948.

SARTON, GEORGE. Lilium medicinae. Medi- aeval studies in honor of Jeremiah Denis Mat- thias Ford, 237-56, 6 ills., 1948.

Discussing the main work of Bernard of Gordon and its various editions and translations. The plate reproducing the first page of an early Hebrew translation was printed upside down. G. S.

SAYILI, AYDIN. Gazan han rasathanesi. 40

sayili Belleten den ayri basim, 625-40, Turk Tarih Kurumu Basimevi, Ankara, 1946 (in Turkish). Observatory of Ghizin Khan, who ruled from

1295 to 1303. G. S.

SETTON,KENNETH M. Catalan domination of Athens 1311-1388. Xv+323 p., 8 pls. Cam- bridge, Mass., Mediaeval Academy of Amer- ica, 1I948. $7.50.

The subject of this learned volume is wider than the title says, for it deals also, though more briefly, with the Venetian and Florentine dominations of Athens (to 1456). The Catalan adventurers are the main heroes, however, if the term heroes can be properly given to them. Lovers of Catalan culture such as myself (Introd. 3, 342-43, 1304-06) will be disappointed by the almost complete absence of it in Athens. This is not a criticism of the author who devotes a long chapter (p. 2I6-6o) to "Lan- guage and Culture," but in spite of his efforts he was not able to evidence much culture in that time and place. It is true the Athenian Catalans cultivated their language and tried to enforce its use; most administrative documents were written in Catalan and Latin, but no literature emerges, unless you count the Aragonese version of the Chronicle of Morea (Introd. 3, 948). No science whatsoever is recorded, not even medicine; one master John of Montpellier was sent to Thebes in 1356, but I have never heard of him. The fact is that those



I30 14th Century (2nd half) - -5th Century (2nd half) Catalan adventurers were a very poor lot of people, who lacked not only culture but humanity. They were brutal masters and had no sympathy for the Greeks, whose race, religion, and language they equally despised. Their brutality is immortalized in many Greek phrases (p. 247). The only monu- ment which may possibly be ascribed to them (or to the Italians?), the Frankish Tower built on the Acropolis, was taken down in i874. By the way, the name Acropolis was used for the first time in a Latin text by Ciriaco of Ancona as late as 1444 (before that it was called castrum Athenarum or otherwise; Athens itself was called Satines, Cetines, etc.). The population of Athens was 9 to II,000 people, of whom one third perhaps were Catalans. We do not come across many Greeks in these pages; the most interesting of them is Symeon Atumanos (XIV-2). It is pleasant to read at the end of this volume that the Diplomatari de l'Orient catall compiled by Antonio Rubio y Liuch has finally appeared. G. S.

THORNDIKE, LYNN. Astronomical observations at Paris from 13I2 to I3I5. Isis, 38, 200-205, I948.


ALLOUCHE, I. S. Un texte relatif aux premiers canons. HespAris, 32, 8I-84, I945.

Text taken from the history of Granada by Ibn al-Khatib (XIV-2; Introd. 3, I762-64). It concerns the siege of Huescar in 1324 by Arabs, but does it refer to cannon, to firearms, or to a kind of ancient artillery or Greek fire? See my notes on the invention of firearms in Introd. 3, 722-26.

G. S.

BOULET, MARGUERITE. Quaestiones Jo- hannis Galli. clxxviii+559 p. (BibliothEque des Ecoles franqaises d'Athenes et de Rome, fasc. I56). Paris, Boccard, I944. Reviewed by Joseph R. Strayer, Speculum, 23,

477, 1948.

CRUM, RICHARD H. A note on Dominici's sources. Medievalia et Humanistica, 5, 42-45, I948.

Edmund Hunt's edition of Dominici's Lucula noctis (Notre Dame, Indiana, 1940; Isis, 36, 27) was the cause of this study on Dominici's sources.

G. S.

JANSSENS, HERMAN F. Ibn Batouta "Le voyageur de 1'Islam" (I304-I369). II5 p., frontispiece. (Collection LebEgue, no. 89). Brussels, Office de Publicite, I948.

This is a good synthesis of present knowledge concerning Ibn Battuita, for whom see also Introd. 3, I614-23. G. S.

JURJANI (Introd. 3, 146I). A long analysis of his book on Definitions was published by A. I. Silvestre de Sacy in Notices et extraits (vol. io, 66-I58 of Sacy's offprint, Paris, I8I4). G. S.

[IBN AL-QUNFODHI. To the bibliography given in Introd. (3, I766) should be added H. P. J. Renaud: Astronomie et astrologie marocaines (Hesperts, ann6e I942, 4I-63).

This includes Ibn al-Qunfuidh's table of relations between planets, zodiacal signs, and their character- istics. This volume of Hespe'ris, printed in France during the war, did not reach me until November 1948. G. S.

RITTER, HELLMUT. Irrational solidarity groups. A socio-psychological study in connection with ibn Khald'un. Oriens, I, I-44, Is- tanbul I948.

ROTH, CECIL. A Hebrew elegy on the mar- tyrs of Toledo, I39I. Jewish Quarterly Re- view, 39, I23-50, I948.

THORNDIKE, LYNN. Nicholaus de Heybech of Erfurt. Isis, 39, 59-6o, I948.


MOURIN, LOUIS (editor). Six sermons franqais inedits de Jean Gerson: etude doctrinale et litt6raire suivie de l'edition critique et de remarques linguistiques. xiii+6ii p. (Etudes de th6ologie et d'histoire de la spiritualit6, 8). Paris, Vrin, I946.

Reviewed by Ray C. Petry, Speculum, 23, 144-

47, I948. MULLETT, CHARLES F. John Lydgate: a

mirror of medieval medicine. Buletin of the History of Medicine, 22, 403-I5, I948.

O'CONNOR, SISTER MARY CATHERINE. The art of dying well. The development of the Ars moriendi. Xiii+258 p., 3 ills. (Colum- bia University Studies in English and Com- parative Literature, no. I56). New York, Co- lumbia University Press, I942.

The Ars moriendi, one of the most popular books of the fifteenth century, was written after 1408 (date of Gerson's Opusculum tripartitum which was one of its sources) and probably not long, if at all, before the middle of the century. Its success is attested by an abundance of MSS, xylographic and typographic incunabula. Sister Mary's book is a very elaborate study of all those editions, preceded by a briefer account of the literary history. Most of the MSS and printed editions are in Latin, but various vernaculars are also represented. There are two texts: the first, Tracta- tus (Spectcltdm) artis bene moriendi; the second, one third of the first in length, is generally called Ars moriendi (though this title applies also to both tcxts). The Ars moriendi tradition has of course deeper origins than Gerson's Opusculum. It was connected with the dance of death (dance maca- bre), a tradition to which the Black Death gave a new popularity (Introd. 3, 1231, i86o). The fourth part of Sister Mary's book deals with other books in the ars moriendi tradition, some of them contemporary, others, later, Catholic or Protestant.

G. S.


AMALGIA, ROBERT. Cristoforo Colombo da- vanti alla scienza. Scientia, marzo I948.

[AMERBACH, JOHANN AND BONIFA- CIUS]. Die Amerbachkorrespondenz. Bear- beitet und herausgegeben von Alfred Hart-



I5th Century - i6th Century 131

mann. I. Band: Die Briefe aus der Zeit Jo- hann Amerbachs, I48I-I5I3. Mit Register und sechs Handschriftenproben. xxiii+485 p., I942. II. Band: Die Briefe aus den Jahren I5I4-I524. Mit Register und sechs Hand- schriftenproben. 543 p., I943. III. Band: Die Briefe aus den Jahren I525-1530. Mit Namen- und Sachregister. viii+582 p. Ba- seR, Verlag der Universitatsbibliothek, 1947.

When I heard that the university library of Basel had begun the edition of one of its greatest treas- ures, the Amerbach letters, I begged my friend, Arnold Klebs, to review that work for Isis, and the first volume was actually sent to him. The preparation of that review was probably the last task under- taken by him, and he did not live long enough to complete it. Since then two more volumes have appeared, carrying the correspondence until 1530. Johann Amerbach (c. I445-1513) was one of the great printer-publishers of his time, and his son, Bonifacius (1495-1562), an illustrious jurisconsult, both of whom increased the fame of Basel. The first three volumes contain 1484 letters, carefully edited by Alfred Hartmann and well indexed. That correspondence will provide much information to students of the Renaissance and Reformation not only in Basel but in many other places. Among the correspondents, we find many famous ones, such as Sebastian Brant, Joh. Froben, Reuchlin, Wimpfeling, Erasmus, Montaigne, Zasius, Paracelsus, Sadoleto, etc.; a great many others were unknown to me.

G. S.

Bt7HLER, CURT F. The statistics of scientific incunabula. Isis, 39, I6368, I948.

CASTALDI L. Ancora per le case del Malpighi e del Galvani. Rivista di storia deUle scienze, anno 31, II8-i9, 1940 (received, I948).

CISELET, PAULE; DELCOURT, MARIE. Monetarius. Voyage aux Pays-Bas (I495). Traduit pour la premiere fois. Introduit et annote. 69 p., frontispiece. (Collection Na- tionale). Bruxelles, Office de Publicit6, I942.

(COMMYNES, PHILIPPE DE (447 ?-15II) 1. Les m6moires de Philippe de Commynes, par Julia Bastin. 8i p., frontispiece. (Collection Nationale, no. 46). Brussels, Office de Pub- licite, 1944.

Extracts from the Memoires, with notes and introduction. G. S.

EISLER, ROBERT. Luca Signorelli's School of Pan. Gazette des Beaux-Arts, 77-92, 5 figs., I948.

FRANKEL, WALTER K. Medico-historical remarks in "The Nuremberg World Chroni- cle" of I493. The Merck Report, 24-29, ills., October 1947.

IVINS, WILLIAM M., JR. A neglected aspect of early print-making. Bulletin Metropolitan Museum, 7, 5I-59, figs., Oct., 1948.

PFISTER, ARNOLD. Ueber Anfinge und erste Entwicklung des Druckes medizinischer Werke in Basel. Festschrift fur Jacques Brodbeck- Sandreuter, 33564, I8 figs. Basel, I942.

TAVIANI, SIRO. Ancora su Vinci di Lionardo. Rivista di storia delle scienze, anno 31, 119- 22 (received, 1948).

tJNVER, A. SOHEYL. Turk Pozitif ilimler tarihinden bir bahis Ali Ku?ci. Hayati ve es- erleri. 89 p., pls. Istanbul tlniversitesi, Fen Fakiiltesi Monografileri. (Ilim Tarihi Kismi, Sayil) Istanbul, Kenan Matbaasi, 1948 (in Turkish). This first volume of a new series of the Univer-

sity of Istanbul deals with the scientific work done during the rule of Muhammad II the Conqueror (1451-81), and especially with the life and deeds of 'All ibn Muhammad al-Qiishchli, who was the third director of the Samarqand Observatory and completed the tables of Uluigh Beg. After Uluigh's assassination in 1449, 'All flourished for a time in Tabriz. While he was performing the Pilgrim- age he was stopped by Uzun Hasan (ruler of the Aq-Quyunli, Turkomans of the White Sheep, 1466-78) who sent him as his ambassador to Muiammad al-Fiti4; the latter invited him to remain in Istanbul permanently. 'All wrote two Arabic treatises for the Conqueror, both named after him, the Mulammadiya on mathematics and the Fatblya, on astronomy. He died in I474. Dr. Onver gives considerable information about him, and his book is beautifully illustrated. G. S.

16th CENTURY--whole and first hal

A. Mathematics

BELLINI, ANGELO. Gerolamo Cardano e il suo tempo (sec. XVI). Xi+327 p., pIs., figs. Milano, Hoepli, 1947. The author of this book is a dermatologist with

a deep interest in the history of medicine and Italian history. In 1932, he published an Italian translation of Cardano's autobiography, and in 1936 a defense of Cardano. These efforts are now completed with a very elaborate biography of that ex- traordinary individual. G. S.

B. Physical Sciences and Technology

ARMITAGE, ANGUS. Sun, stand thou still: the life and work of Copernicus the astronomer. X+2IO p., 7 pls., I6 figs. (Life of Sci- ence Library). New York, Schuman, I947.

Reviewed by Francis R. Johnson, Isis, 39, I75-76, 1948.

COPERNICUS, NICHOLAS. De revolutioni- bus. (Facsimile ms.). xiv+(430)+Mxv p. Munich, Oldenbourg, I944.

Vol. I of projected complete works. The excellent reproduction retains much of the quality of the original cvcn to the red ink used in parts of tables. The introduction is by Fritz Kubach and the closing pages by Karl Zeller. No discussion of the changes made by the author is included, nor are the variations from the 1543 edition noted.

EISLER, ROBERT. The frontispiece to Sigis- mondo Fanti's Triompho di Fortuna. Journal of the Warburg and Courtauld Institutes, Io, I56-6I, I pl., 1947.



132 r6th Century ROSSMAN, F. Der Commentariolus von Niko-

laus Kopernikus. Naturwissenschaften, 34, 65-69, I947.

SHERLOCK, T. P. The chemical work of Paracelsus. Ambix, 3, 33-63, 1948.

WESCHER, H. Franzosische Textilkunst im I6. Jahrhundert. Ciba Rundschau, 76, 2804-38, ills., 1948.

C. Natural Sciences

BUSACCHI, VINCENZO. I tre consulti inediti di P. A. Mattioli conservati alla Biblioteca Universitaria di Bologna. Rivista di storia delle scienze, anno 3I, I92-97, I940 (received, I948).

MARSHALL, JAMES. Rabelais on syphilis. Nature, I62, ii8, I948.

Apropos of J. Mottron, Rabelais et la v&ole, 127 p., Tours, Arrault, 1947.

MONTEIRO, ARLINDO CAMILO. Le mede- cn et naturaliste suisse Conrad Gesner (iS6- I566) dans l'histoire des sciences, speciale- ment au Portugal et au Bresil. Actes du Ve Congr6s international d'histoire des sciences, Lausanne I947, I69-8I. Paris, Academie In- ternationale d'Histoire des Sciences, I948.

D. Medical Sciences

CATOIRE, PIERRE. Andre Vesale. Essai. Mystique & experiences. i6o p. Bruxelles, Les Editions pour tous, I947.

FRANKEL, WALTER K. Michael Servetus- a medical martyr. The Merck Report, 29-34,

figs., April 1948.

GUMPERT, MARTIN. Vesalius. Scientific American, I78, 20-23, I948.

A popular article copiously illustrated by reproduction of platcs from the original edition of Dc humani corporis fabrica. C. Z. JUNG, C. J. Paracelsica. i88 p. Zurich, Ra-

scher, 1942.

Essay rcvicw by Walter Pagel, Isis, 39, 44-48, 1948.

O'MALLEY, CHARLES DONALD; SAUN- DERS, J. B. DEC. M. The "Relation" of An- dreas Vesalius on the death of Henry II of France. Journal of the History of Medicine and AUied Sciences, 3, I97-2I3, 3 figs., I948.

[PARACELSUS]. Nova Acta paracelsica. IV. Jahrbuch der schweizerischen Paracelsus-Ge- sellschaft, I947. I38 p., pls. Basel, Birk- haiuser, I947.

This fourth volume of the collection contains twelve papers on Paracelsus, ten of which were written by J. Strebel, the two remaining ones by Fritz Werle and B. de Telepnef. G. S. ROSEN, GEORGE. Some recent European

publications dealing with Paracelsus. Journal of the History of Medicine and Allied Sci- ences, 2, 537-48, 1947.

SINGER, CHARLES; RABIN, C. A prelude to modern science. Being a discussion of the history, sources, and circumstances of the "Tabulae anatomicae sex" of Vesalius. lxxvi+ 58 p., 6 facs. Cambridge, Eng., Wellcome Historical Medical Museum, 1946.

Reviewed by J. J. Izquierdo, journal of the His- tory of Medicine and Allied Sciences, 3, 362-66, 1948.

STREBEL, J. Analytische Studie uber die para- celsische Ursprache. Gesnerus, 5, 30-34, I948.

STRONG, LEONELL C.; McCAWLEY, E. L. A verification of a hitherto unknown pre- scription of the i6th century. Bulletin of the History of Medicine, 2I, 898-904, I947.

VAN DE VELDE, A. J. J. Het Epitome van Vesalius en zijn drie nederlandsche uitgaven. Verhandel. Kon. Vla. Acad. Geneesk. van Belgie, 23 p., ills., 1947.

Vesalius' Epitome was published in Basel in the same year as the Fabrica, 1543. The author describes the three editions of the Dutch translation of that Epitome: Brugge 1569, Antwerpen 1583- 86, Amstcrdam I647. G. S.

VAN DE VELDE, A. J. J. Paracelsus, op 24 September I541 overleden, herdacht. Jaar- boek I941 van de Koninklijke Vlaamsche Academie voor Wetenschappen, Letteren en Schoone Kunsten van Belgie, I3-65, 5 figs., I94I.

VAN DRIESSCHE, A. Andreas Vesalius in de plastische Kunst. Kon. Vlaamse Acad. voor Geneesk., Verhand., 9, 251-65, 1947.

E Alia

BROWN, C. C. A Malay Herodotus. BSOAS, I2, 730-36, London I948.

[ERASMUS]. Erasme. Eloge de la folie. Textes annotes par V. Larock. 2me edition. 84 p., frontispiece, ills. (Collection Nationale). Brussels, Office de Publicite, I943.

New French translation of Erasmus' most popular work, with notes. G. S.

[ERASMUS]. Maison d'Erasme (anno iSiS). Catalogue. 6oo items, 38 p. Mus es Com- munaux d'Anderlecht.

GUICCIARDINI, FRANCESCO. Le cose fio- rentine dall'anno I375. Ora per la prima volta pubblicate da Roberto Ridolfi. 425 p. Flor- ence, Olschki, I945.

Reviewed by Felix Gilbert, American Historical Review, 53, 3I8-21, 1I948.

LARRA1SAGA, VICTORIANO (S. I.). El di- ario espiritual de San Ignacio en el cuarto centenario de su redaccion (2 Feb. 1544-27 Feb. 1545). Miscelanea Comillas, 4, 275-315,

I1945.



16th Century (2nd half) ROERSCH, ALPHONSE. Clenard peint par

lui-meme. Textes choisis, traduits et annotes. 78 p., frontispiece. (Collection Nationale). Brussels, Office de Publicite, 1942.

Nicolas Clenard (or Cleynaerts) was a Belgian humanist, born in Diest 1493/4, who taught Greek and Hebrew in Louvain. In 1531, he went to Spain together with Christopher Columbus' son, Fer- nando, who wanted to employ him in the library he had founded in Seville. However, Clenard parted company with Columbus in Salamanca, because he wished to study Arabic. His Arabic studies led him to Granada and to Morocco. He died in Granada in 1542 aet. 49. His Hebrew grammar was reprinted 29 times after 1529, and his Greek one, "Institutiones et meditationes in artem gram- maticam" (1530), no less than 300 times. It is the Arabist in him, however, who interests us most. He studied Arabic alone without grammar or dictionary, almost in the way Champollion studied hieroglyphics. His letters prove his originality and alertness. These were published six times, the first time in Louvain 1550, the sixth by the author of the present anthology (3 vols., Bruxelles 1940-41). Clenard's personality is perhaps more arresting than that of his illustrious contemporary, Erasmus.

G. S.

SCHURHAMMER, GEORG. Franz Xavier in Japan. 47 p. Schoneck/Beckenried (Schweiz), Administration der Neuen Zeit- schrift fur Missionswissenschaft, 1947.

Reviewed by Victor Rienaecker, Journal of the Royal Asiatic Society, 1I35, 1I947.

16th CENTURY-second haif


[BRAHE, TYCHO]. Tycho Brahe's Descrip- tion of his instruments and scientific work as given in Astronomiac instauratac mechanica (Wandesburgi 1598). Translated and edited by Hans Raeder, Elis Stroimgren and Bengt Strbmgren. I44 p., frontispiece, 31 figs. (Det Kongelige Danske Videnskabernes Selskab). Copenhagen, Munksgaard, 1946.

DIJKSTERHUIS, E. J. Bij Stevins vierde eeuwfeest. Eeen Stevin-herdenking. Dc Gids, 3, 13 p., 1948. Account of the academic ceremonies held in the

town hall of Brugge (West-Vlaanderen, Belgium) in June 1948 to celebrate the fourth centenary of Simon Stevin's birth in that city. Text of the discourses delivered by E. J. Dijksterhuis and Frank van den Wijngaert. G. S.

DUMON, DANIEL. Simon Stevin. 134 p. (Dietse Gestalten, no I3). Tielt, Lannoo (n. d.).

GADE, JOHN ALLYNE. The life and times of Tycho Brahe. Xii+201+I p., ills. Princeton, Princeton University Press, 1947.

Reviewed by C. Doris Hellman, Isis, 39, 176-79, 1948.

HELLMAN, C. DORIS. Additional tracts on the Comet of 1577. Isis, 39, I72-74, 1948.

HELLMAN, C. DORIS. Georg Rethe. Isis, 39, 49-55, facs., 1948.

KRICKA Z BITYSKY, VAVRINEC. Mathesis Bohemica. vii P.+53 ff.+sg p. Prague, Li- brairie Technique. Kcs 120.

Reproduction avec commentaire du manuscrit de Vav?inec KfiZka z B;tysky (d. 1570) qui traite la construction et la production des tubes de canon et des divers projectiles, la construction des pompes, aqueducs et fontaines, la construction et la fabrica- tion de cloches et cymbales. Q. V.

NAEF, HENRI. Un alchimiste au XVIe siecle ou Battonat, la seigneurie de Geneve et le Comte de Gruy6re. 304 p., 8 pls. (Memoires et Documents publies par la Societ6 d'Histoire de la Suisse romande, 2). Lausanne, Payot, 1946.

Elaborate discussion with all available documents (some of them reproduced in facsimile) of the criminal procedure instituted by the Seigneurie de Geneve in 1552 against "George de Laye, dict Battonat, seigneur de Laye et vicomte de Borges." This Battonat was an alchemist, accused of counter- feiting money. He may be called an alchemist because he admitted "besoigner de l'art d'alchymie," investigated the transmutation and coloration of metals, the means of multiplying and increasing gold and silver, and was employed by Michel, count of Gruyere, but as far as we can see he was primarily a counterfeiter of money, rather than an alchemist proper. The distinction between alchemy and swindling was not always easy to draw; it might not be clear in the mind of the very operator who was sometimes fooling himself as well as others. The author has taken infinite pains to analyze and explain that wretched business. Battonat was questioned (tortured) and on 13 January 1553

was condemned (p. ioi) to be fustigated near the town hall, branded on the forehead with hot irons, and banished from Geneva forever. The most interesting part of this memoir for students of alchemy or of the social background of alchemy is chapter 6, "L'alchimiste, sa clientele et leur temps" (p. 134- 58). The work is of greater interest, however, to students of the local history of Geneva and Gruyere; a large number of local places and people are mentioned, also plenty of foreign ones, for the world of alchemists and other crooks was international. Fine printing and good index. G. S.

VINCENT, J. Le systeme geologique de Simon St6vin. Annuaire meteorologique de l'Observa- toire Royal, 355-6I, Bruxelles, I9OI.

C. Natural Sciences

BUESS, HEINRICH. Conrad Gessners Bezie- hungen zu Basel. Gesnerus, 5, 1-29, 1948.

DESTOMBES, MARCEL. La mappemonde de Petrus Plancius gravee par Josua van den Ende, I604, d'apr6s l'unique exemplaire de la Biblioth6que nationale de Paris. ii+51 p., I

fig., 14 maps. (Publications de la Societe de Geographie de Hanoi). Hanoi, I944.

Reviewed by G. Sarton, Isis, 38, 262, 1948.

MONTEIRO, ARLINDO CAMILO. Le m6de- cin et naturaliste suisse Conrad Gesner (II6-



I34 r6th Century (2nd half)

i566) dans l'histoire des sciences sp6cialement au Portugal et au Bresil. Archives Interna- tionales d'Histoire des Sciences, 466-78, 1948.

D. Medical Sciences DOOREN, LEONARD. Doctor Johannes Wier.

Leven en Werken. Academisch proefschrift. i56 p., 2 pls. Aalten, De Graafschap, 1940.

This biography of Johannes Wier (1515-88) is very welcome, because he is one of the greatest men of the sixteenth century and his main work, De praestigiis daemonum (Basel 1563; facsimile in Isis, 25, 15I), one of the golden books of mankind. Wier was born at Grave, on the river Maas, in N. Brabant; he was a Dutchman, not a German. He practised medicine in Arnhem, was for a long time physician to the Duke of Cleves, Berg and Jiilich, and to the count of Bergh. He claimed that mental diseases are not caused by demons or by the ill- will of men; that witches are mental patients; and explained the witchcraft delusion in terms of psy- chopathology. In the bibliography, I missed a reference to E. T. Withington: Dr. John Weyer and the witch mania, in the Studies in the history and method of science (p. I89-224, Oxford 1917), an excellent paper which I remember with gratitude, for it initiated me into that moving subject. Dooren's little book is a medical thesis of the Uni- versity of Utrecht, well documented but dry; it includes the text of eight letters of Dr. Wier to his family. G. S.

KOCHER, PAUL H. Paracelsan medicine in England: the first thirty years (ca. I570-

i6oo). Journal of the History of Medicine and Allied Sciences, 2, 45I-80, 1947.

ROBERTSON, WILLIAM EGBERT. Michael Servetus. Victor Robinson Memorial Volume, 325-3I, New York, 1948.

VAN DE VELDE, A. J. J. Het Hygiasticon van Leonardus Lessius. Koninklijke Vlaam- sche Academie voor Taal- en Letterkunde, Verslagen en Mededeelingen, 201-43, March 1943.

Leonardus Lassius was born in Brecht 1554; he was professor of theology in the Jesuit school of Louvain and died there in I623. His Hygiasticon dealing with the art of preserving one's health and lengthening one's life was a very popular book. There were at least ten Latin editions in the seventeenth century-the princeps being that of Ant- werp I613. In addition, there were many editions in Dutch, French, English, Spanish, Italian, and Polish. G. S.

WICKERSHEIMER, ERNEST. Les "Arcana Paracelsica" de Gaspard-Ulrich Hertenfels. Actes du Ve Congr6s international d'histoire des sciences, Lausanne I947, I89-200. Paris, Academie Internationale d'Histoire des Sci- ences, 1948.

E. Alia BRODRICK, JAMES (S. J.). The progress of

the Jesuits (I556-79). vii+337 p. New York, Longmans, Green, I947.

Reviewed by Ernest W. Nelson, American His- torical Review, 53, 802-o4, 1948.

DELEN, A. J. J. Christophe Plantin, impri- meur de l'humanisme. 79 p., frontispiece. (Collection Nationale, n? So). Brussels, Of- fice de Publicite, 1944.

DE SMET, ANTOINE. A note on the carto- graphic work of Pierre Pourbus, painter of Bruges. Imago Mundi, 4, 33-36, i pL., facs., 1947.

GLIOZZI, MARIO. Relazioni scientifiche tra Fra Paolo Sarpi e Giovan Battista Porta. Archives Internationales d'Histoire des Sci- ences, 395-433, I948.

MERCATI, ANGELO. II sommario del pro- cesso di Giordano Bruno con appendice di do- cumenti sull'Eresia e l'Inquisizione a Modena nel secolo XVI. iii+I55 p. (Studi et Testi, ioi). Citta del Vaticano, Biblioteca Aposto- lica Vaticana, 1942.

Reviewed by Dorothea Waley Singer, Isis, 38, 247-48, 1948. MONTEIRO, ARLINDO CAMILO. "Os Lusia-

das" devant l'histoire de la science et de la culture. Actes du Ve Congres international d'histoire des sciences, Lausanne 1947, 252-

6i. Paris, Academie Internationale d'Histoire des Sciences, 1948.

MOSSE, GEORGE L. The influence of Jean Bodin's Ripublique on English political thought. Medievalia et Humanistica, 5, 73- 83, 1948.

SCHt7TTE, JOSEPH (S. J.). II cerimoniale per i missionari del Giappone. xv+359 p., 21 pls. Rome, Edizioni di Storia e Lettera- tura, 1946.

Reviewed by C. J. Dunn, Bulletin of the School of Oriental and African Stuidies, University of Lon- don, 12, 482-84, 1948.

17th CENTURY-owhole and first half A. Mathematics

ITARD, JEAN. Fermat precurseur du calcul differentiel. Archives Internationales d'His- toire des Sciences, 589-6IO, figs., 1948.

ITARD, JEAN. Un mathematicien humaniste, Claude-Gaspar Bachet de Meziriac (I58i- I638). Revue d'histoire des sciences, I, 26-

50, 1947.

IVINS, WILLIAM M., JR. A note on Desar- gues' theorem. Scripta Mathematica, I3, 203-

10, 5 figs., 1947.

B. Physical Sciences and Technology DE WAARD, CORNELIS. Journal tenu par

Isaac Beeckman de I604 - I634, publie avec une introduction et des notes. Tome premier, I604-I6I9. xxxix+364 p., 80 figs. Tome deux- i6me, I6I9-I627. xxi+457 p., 83 figs. Tome troisi6me, I627-I634 (I635). ii+450 p., 77 figs. La Haye, Nijhoff, 1939, 1942, 1945.

Reviewed by George Sarton, Isis, 38, 249-50, 1948.



17th Century 135

DE WAELE, HENRY. J. B. Van Helmont. 82 p., front. (Collection nationale, no. 78). Bruxelles, Office de Publicite. Reviewed by Walter Pagel, Isis, 38, 248-49, 1948.

[Galileo]. Domus Galilaeana, an institute founded at Pisa in I94I to co-ordinate the studies and research on the life and works of Galileo, has in its library an extensive collection of the books published on Galileo's works plus many manuscripts still unex- ploited. The institute also publishes a number of series dealing with mathematics, physics, and the history of science. American Historical Review, 53, 428, 1948.

HUMBERT, PIERRE. Le probleme des longi- tudes entre i6io et i666. Archives Interna- tionales d'Histoire des Sciences, 383-87, 1948.

HUMBERT, PIERRE. Les astronomes fransais de I6Io a I667. 72 p. Draguignan, 1942.

Reviewed by Jean Itard, Archives Internationales d'Histoire des Sciences, 732-37, 1948. READ, JOHN. Scottish alchemy in the seven-

teenth century. Chymia, I, 139-51, 4 ills., 1I948.

VAN DE VELDE, A. J. J. De geboorte en het overlijden van J. B. van Helmont. Mededee- ling aan de Bestendige Commissie voor de Geschiedenis der Wetenschappen, I3I-36, 1943.

VAN DE VELDE, A. J. J. Herinnering aan Johan-Baptista Van Helmont. Drie eeuwen na zijn overlijden, I644-1944. Jaarboek Kon. Vlaamsche Acad. voor Wet. Let. Sch. Kun- sten, 99-123, 2 pls., 1944.

VOLLGRAFF, J.-A. CorneLis Drebbel (1572-

I633), premier inventeur des vaisseaux sous- marins. Archives Internationales d'Histoire des Science, no. 2, 233-36, 1948. Also in Actes du 5e Congres international d'histoire des sciences, Lausanne 1947, 95-98; Paris, Aca- demie Internationale d'Histoire des Sciences, 1948.

C. Natural Sciences BROMEHEAD, C. E. N. A geological museum

of the early seventeenth century. Quarterly Journal of the Geological Society of London, 103, 65-87, 4 pls., 1947.

"The paper describes the five volumes labelled TFossils' which are among the Italian drawings pur- chased by George III in 1762, and which are now in the Library at Windsor Castle. The drawings have been identified as representing some of the specimens in the Museum of the Academy of the Lynxes in Rome in I626. It is shown that these unique documents throw much light on contemporary thought, and indicate the emergence of a genuine science of Geology from the mists of magic, imagination and fable. Published accounts of similar collections, notably those of the Vatican as catalogued by Mercati, Aldrovandus, and Nehemiah Grew's catalogue of the Royal Society's museum, are quoted to show the opinions held at the time as to their origins and uses."

VAN DE VELDE, A. J. J. Het Lapidarium van Vondel. Koninklijke Vlaamsche Aca- demie voor Taal- en Letterkunde, Verslagen en Mededeelingen, 337-99, May 1943; 53-84, January 1945.

These two papers entitled Vondel's Lapidary do not deal with a definite work of the great Dutch poet, Joost van den Vondel (I587-I679), but with his mineralogical terminology in the whole of his abundant writings. Vondel was acquainted with 36 precious stones or other minerals, the names of which are investigated. G. S. VAN SCHOOR, G. La botanique au XVIIJme

si6cle. Les Naturalistes Belges, 2-6, janvier '944.

D. Medical Sciences BUESS, HEINRICH. Die historischen Grund-

lagen der intravenosen Injektion. Ein Beitrag zur Medizingeschichte des 17. Jahrhunderts. 208 p., 4 pls. (Veroffentlichungen der Schweizerischen Gesellschaft fur Geschichte d. Medizin und der Naturwissenschaften, I5). Aarau, Sauerlander, 1946. Note by I. B. Cohen, Isis, 38, 250, 1948, COn-

cerning G. Urdang's review in Isis, 38, 111-14.

IZQUIERDO, J. J. On Spanish neglect of Har- vey's "De motu cordis" for three centuries, and how it was finally made known to Spain and Spanish-speaking countries. Journal of the History of Medicine and AUied Sciences, 3, 105-24, 8 figs., I948.

NEUBURGER, MAX. John Floyer's pioneer work. Bulletin of the History of Medicine, 22, 208-12, 1948.

PUTTI, V. Alcune lettere di Cesare Magati. Ri- vista di storia delle scienze, anno 31, 134-39, facs., 1940 (received, 1948).

WICKERSHEIMER, ERNEST. La medecine au XVIIe siecle. Les medecins celebres, p. 8o- 85, Paris, Mazenod, 1947.

E. Alia

BAUM, HELENA WATTS. The satiric & the didactic in Ben Jonson's comedy. Vii+192 p.

Chapel Hill, University of North Carolina Press, 1947. $3.50. "The following study was begun as an attempt

to discover the relation between the comedies of Ben Jonson and his many statements about what a comedy should be and should do. The first chapter is by way of a general summary of the critical theories and dramatic practices among Jonson's contemporaries, and the material is presented briefly. In the three following chapters, Jonson's work has been examined from several different points of view. In Chapter II, I have attempted to interpret his various and scattered expressions of his theory of didactic comedy. The point which here perhaps deserves most emphasis is that Jonson's standards for truth and goodness are intellectual and social rather than religious or more narrowly moral."

COOK, ELIZABETH. The first edition of Religio Medici. Harvard Library Buletin, 2, 22-31, 1948.



i36 17th Century (2nd half) DE VOCHT, HENRY. Oriental languages in

Louvain in the XVIIth century. Abudacnus and le Wyt de Luysant. Le Musion, 59, 671- 88, 1946.

LEBPGUE, RAYMON. Les correspondants de Peiresc dans les anciens Pays-Bas. 8i p., portr. (Collection Nationale, 35). Bruxelles, Office de Publicitee, 1943.

Apropos of Nicolas de Fabri, sieur de Peiresc (158o-I637), who played an important part in the transmission of knowledge at the time preceding the organization of scientific academies and scientific journals. The book is devoted to the many friends and correspondents of Peiresc in the Nether- lands. It is divided as follows: I. The Spanish Netherlands (Belgium). Artists; Artois, W. Flan- ders, Hainaut; Pays de Liege; Brabant; Antwerp. nI. The United Provinces (Holland). Hugo Grotius. Indexes of people and subjects. G. S.

MERSENNE, MARIN (I588-I648). Corres- pondance du P. Marin Mersenne, religieux minime. Publiee par Mme Paul Tannery. Edit6e et annotee par Cornelis De Waard. Vol. 3, I63I-I633. viii+664 p., I3 pls. Paris, Presses Universitaires de France, I946 (out of print). Reviewed by George Sarton, Isis, 39, 179-81, 2

facs., 1948. MERTON, E. S. Sir Thomas Browne's scientific

quest. Journal of the History of Medicine and Allied Sciences, 3, 2I4-28, I948.

RIVKIN, ELLIS. Leon da Modena and the Kol Sakhal. Jewish Quarterly Review, 38, 227-65, 369-408; 39, 63-78, I948.

TURNBULL, G. H. Hartlib, Dury and Come- nius: gleanings from Hartlib's papers. 477 p. University Press of Liverpool, I947.

Reviewed by Dorothy Stimson, Isis, 39, I81-82, 1948.

17th CENTURY-second half A. Mathematics

ENGELHARDT, W. U. Leibniz als Natur- forscher. Naturwissenschaften, 34, 97-II4,

1947.

GARCfA DE ZOSIGA, EDUARDO. Leibniz, matemitico. Revista de la Facultad de Hu- manidades y Ciencias, Universidad de la Repfiblica, Montevideo, Uruguay, I, 207-10, I947.

SPIESS, 0. Une edition de l'oeuvre des mathe- maticiens Bernoulli. Archives Internationaks d'Histoire des Sciences, 356-62, I948. Also in Actes du se Congres international d'histoire des sciences, Lausanne 1947, 71-77; Paris, Academie Internationale d'Histoire des Sci- ences, 1948.


ANDRADE, E. N. DA C. The correspondence of Isaac Newton. Isis, 38, 244, I948.

BELL, A. E. Christian Huygens and the development of science in the seventeenth century. 220 p. New York, Longmans Green, London, Arnold, 1947. $4.00.

This excellent book is divided into parts. Part 1, pp. I-96, is devoted to the life of Huygens; Part II, pp. 96-211, is devoted to the scientific work of Huygens. This is followed by a set of para- graphs devoted to the chief persons mentioned, a short bibliography, and an index. The author notes that "as an account in English of the work of Huygens, this study is to be regarded as only a beginning." Considering the availability of Huy- gens' works in more than 20 magnificent volumes, each with a complete index, it seems strange that no one has yet prepared the full scale study that Huygens' position in the history of science demands. While the present book gives useful sum- maries of the many aspects of Huygens' life and works, it must necessarily whet the appetites of historians for a fuller and more complete work. Until such a one appears, Mr. Bell's book will find continuous use. I. B. C.

COHEN, I. BERNARD. Roemer and Fahren- heit. Isis, 39, 56-58, I948.

HELLMAN, C. DORIS. Stanislaw Lubienski. Isis, 37, I79-80, I947-

Apropos of the author of the Theatrum cometicum (I666-68). HOBHOUSE, STEPHEN. Selected mystical

writings of William Law [:I686-I1767]. Edited with notes and twenty-four studies in the mystical theology of William Law and Jacob Boehme and an enquiry into the influence of Jacob Boehme on Isaac Newton. Fore- word by Aldous Huxley, xxiii+425 p. New York, Harper, I948. $5.00.

The first edition of this book appeared in 1938, the second in 1940, and this is the second revised edition. The most interesting part of the book for historians of science is the discussion of Newton and Boehme. Many writers have stressed the in- debtedness of Newton to Boehme, basing their case largely on a letter from Law to Cheyne. Hobhouse concludes that the case for this supposed indebted- ness is not a very good one, that "Newton cannot have obtained any likely suggestions for the formulation of his three laws of motion from Boehme's three foundation properties of nature." This is in direct contradiction to almost all writers on New- ton, such as L. T. More, who thought it "almost certain that the idea of the three laws of motion reached Newton through his eager study of Boehme." Hobhouse tells us in a note that after correspondence with More, the latter "allows me to state that on further consideration, he has now altered the view expressed in his biography (Isaac Newton, p. 158-59) as to the influence of Boehme on Newton." The author concludes, "Let it suffice for us to pay our tribute to Jacob Boehme, with all his obscurities and defects, as one of the sublimest of mystics and most daring of metaphysicians, without making unreasonable claims for him as having forestalled or inspired the great pioneers in the fieldls of natural science." I. B. C.

HOOYKAAS, R. Robert Boyle. Een studie over natuurwetenschap en Christendom. 126

p. Loosduinen, Kleijwegt, no date.



17th Century (2nd half) 137

Reviewed by Pierre Brunet, Archives Interna- tionales d'Histoire des Sciences, 338-39, 1948.

LINDROTH, STEN. Urban Hiarne and Labo- ratorium chymicum. Lychnos, 5I-iI6 (in Swedish, with summary in English), 1946-47.

"The scientific activities of the well-known Swedish physician Urban Hiarne (I641-1724) primarily concerned chemistry. With him, Swedish chemistry attained international fame for the first time. He carried out his work in the royal Laboratorium chymicum, whose director he was fiom 1683 until his death almost forty years later."

McKIE, DOUGLAS. Boyle's law. Endeavour, 7, 148-51I, 4 figs., 1948. 'The celebrated generalization known as Boyle's

law is still often referred to as Mariotte's law, and even by Boyle's own countrymen it is sometimes called the law of Boyle and Mariotte. It was an- nounced by Boyle in i 662 as a result of extensive and carefully executed experiments. Mariotte's work was much later in date and was based on very few experiments."

PATTERSON, LOUISE DIEHL. Robert Hooke and the conservation of energy. Isis, 38, I5I-56, 2 figs., 1948.

SERGESCU, PIERRE. Stanislaw de Lubie- nitzki. Addition to the notes published in Isis, 36, 266; 37, 179. Isis, 38, 242, 1948.

SERRUS, CH. La mecanique de J.-A. Borelli et la notion d'attraction. Revue d'histoire des sciences, I, 9-25, 1947.

STREETER, JOHN W. John Winthrop, Junior, and the fifth satellite of Jupiter. ISis, 39, 159-63, 1948-

Shows that Winthrop did not discover satellite V of Jupiter. VAN DE VELDE, A. J. J. Robert Boyle, 250

jaren ne zijn dood op 30 December I69I, herdacht. Jaarboek 1941 van de Koninklijke Vlaamsche Academie voor Wetenschappen, Letteren en Schoone Kunsten van Belgie, I66-211, 1941.

VAN DE VELDE, A. J. J. Georg Ernst Stahl (I660-1734). Het phlogiston en het vitalisme. Verhandelingen van de Koninklijke Vlaamsche Academie voor Wetenschappen, Letteren en Schoone Kunsten van Belgie, 9, 26 p., 1947.

C. Natural Sciences

[CARRA, BARTHALEMY]. The travels of the Abbe Carr6 in India and the Near East, I672 to I674. Translated from the manuscript journal of his travels in the India Office by Lady Fawcett and edited by Sir Charles Fawcett with the assistance of Sir Richard Burn. Volume 2. From Bijapur to Madras and St. Thome. Account of the capture of Trincomalee Bay and St. Thome by de la Haye, and of the siege of St. Thom6 by the Golconda army and hostilities with the Dutch. xxiv+675 p., maps. Second series, no. XCVI. London, Hakluyt Society, 1947.

Vol. x of this work dated 1945 was reviewed in Isis, 39, 251. Vol. 2 centers around St. Thom6 near Madras. The narrative is summarized in the introduction. The work is well annotated in the best Hakluyt tradition, but there is no index.

G. S. DELORME, SUZANNE. Pierre Perrault, au-

teur d'un traite De lorigine des fontaines et d'une theorie de l'exprimentation. Archives Internationales d'Histoire des Sciences, no. 3, 38894, 1948. Pierre Perrault is much less known that his

brothers, Charles, author of the famous tales and of eulogies of the illustrious men of his time, and Claude, physician, zoologist, architect. He held a top position in the French treasury and wrote a book on the origin of fountains, published anon- ymously in 1674 and dedicated to Huygens.

G. S. SCHIERBEEK, A. Een en ander over de

mikroskopen van Antoni van Leeuwenhoek en over zijn oudste zegel. Biologisch jaarboek, 14, 118-29, 1947.

STULDREHER-NIENHUIS, J. Verborgen paradijzen. Het leven en de werken van Maria Sibylla Marian (I647-1717). 2nd edition, I86 p., portr., pls. Arnhem, Van Loghum Slaterus, 1945.

Reviewed by George Sarton, Isis, 39, 184, 1948.

D. Medical Sciences ALBERTI, G. Fonti greco-latine della Dietetica

Rediana. II problema alimentare, S. II, vol. 3, fasc. I, 1939.

Reviewed by L. Castaldi, Rivista di stora dell scienze, anno 31, I26, 1940 (received, 1948).

Sources of the dietetics of Francesco Redi, especially in his Consulti. BROWN, HARCOURT. Jean Denis and trans-

fusion of blood, Paris, I667-I668. Isis, 39, 15-29, 1948.

ISAACS, RAPHAEL. Medicine in the seventeenth century in England. Victor Robinson Memorial Volume, 129-35, facs. New York, 1948.

RUDBECK, OLAF 1i63o-1702]. Atlantica. Vol. III. Original Swedish text edited by Axel Nelson. 777 p., figs. Uppsala, Almqvist & Wiksells, 1948.

Rudbeck is universally known because of his discovery of the lymphatic system in I651 (before Bartholin) and of his publication of it in 1653 (after Bartholin) in the Nova excercitatio anatomica (facsimile reprint Uppsala 1930; Isis, 22, 350). He is better known perhaps to the Swedes and other Scandinavians because of his enormous work, At- lantica, wherein he proved that Sweden was the cradle of human culture and identified it with Plato's Atlantis (hence its title). Rudbeck's Atlantica is a work of immense learning. For a study of it and facsimiles of various pages see review of vol. I of Nelson's edition (1937; Isis, 30, 114-19) and reviews of the atlas (1938; Isis, 31, 175) and of vol. 2 (I939; Isis, 33, 71). This work is magnificently published in the Lychnos series.

G. S.



138 17th Century (2nd half) SCHWERZ, FRANZ. Die Heilmittel in den

Schriften des Schaffhauser Arztes Heinrich Skreta ilber die Lagersucht. Festschrift fur Jacques Brodbeck-Sandreuter, 371-444, 2

facs., Basel, 1942.

E. Alia

EMERY, CLARK. John Wilkins' universal language. Isis, 38, 174-85, 3 figs., 1948.

GILBERT, ALLAN H. On the composition of Paradise Lost. A study of the ordering and insertion of material. x+i85 p. Chapel Hill, University of North Carolina Press, 1947.

$3.50. Dr. Gilbert discusses the dates of composition of

the various parts of Paradise Lost as dependent upon the order of composition. Milton seems to have prepared first the parts of Paradise Lost di- rectly presenting its theme. Later came the more evidently epic sections, such as Books One and Two. Dr. Gilbert considers the whole as then re- worked to obliterate the most evident traces of saltatory composition. "Editor and translator of Milton's Ars Logica, Columbia edition, vol. ii, Dr. Allan H. Gilbert is also author of A Geographi- cal Dictionary of Milton and numerous articles on Milton. He is Professor of English at Duke Uni- versity."

GRAGOIRE, F. Fontenelle, une "philosophie" desabusee. xxx1x+474 p. Paris, Vrin, 1947.

The author, "Docteur es-Lettres, Professeur a l'Institut Francais de Varsovie" (has that Institute been permitted to continue?) claims that Fontenelle was not really what he was believed to be -anti- clerical, rationalist, a defender and vulgarizer of positive science, a forerunner of the Encyclo- pedistes; "sous le pre-encyclopediste nous avons cru deceler un sceptique au doute generalise; bien plus: un nihiliste desespere, quoique souriant, dont la formule philosophique essentielle ne serait pas fort eloignee de l'a quoi bon d'un Chateaubriand." It all amounts to this that Fontenelle was wise and prudent, a lover of science without being a scientific doctrinarian or a fanatic. Moreover, he was timid, afraid of controversies, eager to please. As he put it himself in a letter to a friend, "Souvenez- vous que la sagesse consiste plus souvent a se taire qu'a parler; car il est toujours temps de penser; mais il ne l'est pas toujours de dire ce qu'on pense."

Such as it is, the book will be useful for students of the period (I675-1750), for Gregoire's analysis is very comprehensive. Part I. Fontenelle's science: metaphysics of mathematics, "Des forces vives a la bonne nature," relativistic Cartesianism, dog- matic anti-Newtonianism, scientific method, God in nature. Part II. His philosophy: the human spirit, society, value of knowledge, problem of action.

The documentation is abundant, but there is no index. G. S.

MOHAMMED EL FASI. Une liste complite des oeuvres du grand polygraphe marocain 'Abd ar-Rahman al-Fasi. Hespdris, 29, 6-8sT, 1942.

List of I96 Arabic titles with notes. G. S.


A. Mathematics

CONTE, LUIGI. Giovanni Bernoulli e la sfida di Brook Taylor. Archives Internationales d'Histoire des Sciences, 6Il-22, 1948.

HOFMANN, J. E. Von der Magie der mathe- matischen Zeichensprache. Zur Erinnerung an die Erstausgabe der Eulerschen Introductio 1748). Experientia, 4, 364-66, 1948.

SPIESS, 0. Die Mathematiker Bernoulli. 36 p. (Basler Universitatsreden, Heft 24.). Basel, 1948.

Reviewed by P. Sergescu, Archives Interna- tionales d'Histoire des Sciences, 529, 1948.


BRUNET, PIERRE. Les premieres recherches exp6rimentales sur la foudre et l'electricit6 atmospherique. Lychnos, 117-48, 1946-47.

"Lorsque la pensee de Franklin vint agir comme un ferment sur les conceptions des physiciens de son epoque, quelques-uns d'entre eux, il est vrai, avaient deja soupconne la nature electrique de la foudre. Sans que l'on puisse mettre vraiment en parall'ele les vagues intuitions de ces precurseurs avec les idees de caractere nettement scientifique du genial americain, il est neanmoins opportun, dans une etude historique telle que celle-ci, de donner une rapide vue d'ensemble sur les preli- minaires a une connaissance des principaux phenomenes d'electricite atmospherique."

CERNV, KAREL. Prokop Divis cesky vyni- lezce hromosvodu. (P. D., the Czech inventor of the lightning rod). 77 p., 13 pls. Znojmo, 1948 (in Czech). Sumptuous publication to celebrate the 25oth

anniversary of the birth of the Bohemian physicist. Karel Hujer wrote a preface in English, which is published also in Czech, Russian, and French translations. The book includes (p. 49-75), the Czech text of Divil' treatise on atmospheric electricity entitled Magia Naturalis. Father Procopius Divis, sometimes called the European Franklin, was born in I698 in Zamberg, Bohemia. He built a lightning rod in the Pfim6tice parish garden in 1754; it stood there until I760 when it was pulled down by the populace. He died in I 765. We hope to publish in Isis a paper by Dr. Hujer explaining these matters more fully. G. S.

GOULD, RUPERT T. John Harrison and his timekeepers. 24 p., 9 pIs. Mariner's Mirror, 21, 1935.

HOOYKAAS, R. The first kinetic theory of gases (I727). Actes du se Congres international d'histoire des sciences, Lausanne 1947, 125-29. Paris, Academie Internationale d'histoire des sciences, 1948.

C. Natural Sciences [Linnaeus]. Svenska Linn6-sallskapets Arsskrift.

Arging XXX, 1947. 113+10 p., ills. Uppsala, I948.



i8th Century '39

The 3oth yearbook of the Swedish Linnacan Society contains as usual a number of Linnaean studies which we have no room to analyze. An English summary will be found on p. I02-04.

G. S.

PUJATTI, DOMENICO. L'origine delle sorgenti secondo Antonio Vallisnieri. Revista di stonr delle scienze, anno 31, I98-204, 1940 (received, 1948).

SAVAGE, SPENCER. A catalogue of the Lin- nean herbarium. 225 p. London, Linnean Society, 1945.

Reviewed by P. H., Revue des Questions Scien- tifiques, 9, 135-36, 1948. VAN SCHOOR, G. La botanique au XVIIIeme

siecle. Les Naturalistes Belges, 78-83, I944; 62-67, 1945.

D. Medical Sciences

BEER, RtDIGER ROBERT . Der grosse Hal- ler. 137 p., frontispiece. Sackingen, Stratz, 1947.

FAUCHARD, PIERRE. The surgeon dentist, or Treatise on the teeth. Translated from the second edition, 1746, by Lilian Lindsay. xvi+ 184 p.+128 p., 42 pls., frontispiece, portr. London, Butterworth, 1946.

Reviewed by Henry E. Sigerist, Bulletin of the History of Medicine, 22, I05-08, 1948.

G6RNICKI, B. L'influence d'Albert de Haller sur la pense physiologique polonaise. Ar- chives Internationales d'Histoire des Sciences, 676-83, 1948. Also in Actes du Ve Congres international d'histoire des sciences, Lausanne 1947, 212-19; Paris, Acad6mie Internationale d'Histoire des Sciences, 1948.

LAMERS, A. J. M. Hendrik Van Deventer, medicinae doctor, I651-1724. Leven en werken. 267 p., 14 pls. Assen, Van Gorcum, 1946.

Reviewed by George Sarton, Isis, 39, I82-84, 1948.

NARDI, G. M. Antonio Cocchi puericultore. Rivista di storis deUe scienze, anno 31, I8I- 92, I ill., 1940 (received, 1948).

OSHLAG, JULIUS A. The ethical practices of Sir Hans Sloane. A brief note based on statements made in Sir Hans Sloane's "An account of a most efficacious medicine for soreness, weakness, and several other distem- pers of the eyes." Buletin of the History of Medicine, 2I, 9I8-2I, I947.

WEHRLI, G. A. Die arztliche Verordnung von Leibesilbungen bei einigen Schweizer-Autoren des I8. Jahrhunderts. Festschrift fur Jacques Brodbeck-Sandreuter, 2I-7I, Basel, I942.

E. Alia

DUFRENOY, J.; DUFRENOY, M.-L. Un bi- centenaire oubli6: La Venus physique, 1746

ou, Maupertuis, precurseur de la pathologie comparee. Revue de Pathologic Comparee, 48, 107-15, 1948.

McKEEHAN, LOUIS W. Yale science. The first hundred years, 170o-I8o0. x+82 P. (Publication no. I8, Historical Library, Yale University School of Medicine), New York, Schumann, 1947.

Reviewed by D. J. Struik, Scripta Mathematica, 13, 211-14, 1947, and by Harris E. Starr, Ameri- can Historical Review, 53, 633, 1948.

VENTURI, FRANCO. Le origini dell'Enciclo- pedia. i66 p. Roma, Edizione U, 1946.

Reviewed in Modern Language Review, 42,

514-I6, 1947.


GUICHONNET, PAUL. Geneve jugee par Carnot. Les Musdes de Genave, 5, mai 1948.

LAMBERT, JOHANN HEINRICH (1728-77). Opera mathematica. Volumen primum. Com- mentationes arithmeticae algebraicae et analyticae, pars prima. Edidit Andreas Speiser. xxxi+358 p., figs. Zurich, Fussli, 1946.

Lambert, physicist and mathematician of considerable genius, was born in 1728 in Mulhouse, Upper Alsace. That city was a part of the Swiss confederation from 1526 to 1798; thus, Lambert may be justly called a Swiss mathematician, and it is natural that a complete edition of his works be edited and published in Switzerland. This first volume begins with Lambert's biography by J. H. S. Formey (1780) and includes I6 papers on arithmetic and algebra dating from 1758 to 1772.

[LAMBERT, J. H.]. Iohannis Henrici Lam- berti Opera mathematica. Volumen secun- dum. Commentationes arithmeticae algebraicae et analyticae. Pars altera. Edidit Andreas Speiser. 11ix+324 p., facs. Zurich, Fussli, 1948.

This volume completes volume I and includes 13 memoirs dealing with algebra, analysis, and the calculus of probabilities, also an index nominum covering both volumes. The first memoir is an addition to logarithmic and trigonometric tables (Berlin 1770); the tables have been reproduced in facsimile. Nos. 2 to Io were published by Lam- bert between 176I and 1777; nos. xx to 13 were published posthumously from 1787 to 1799. Some of the memoirs are in Latin, others in German or in French. The editor, Andreas Speiser, describes their peculiarities in the introduction. This volume was kindly communicated to me by Prof. R. C. Archibald. G. S.

ROSSIER, PAUL. Remarques sur le "Cours complet de mathematiques" de l'abb6 Sauri. Archives Internationales d'Histoire des Sci- ences, 297-311, 1948. Also in Actes du se Congrbs international d'histoire des sciences, Lausanne I947, 78-92; Paris, Acad6mie Inter- nationale d'Histoire des Sciences, 1948.



I40 I8th Century (2nd half) TATON, RENt. Une correspondance mathe-

matique inedite de Monge. Revue scientifique, 85, 963-89, 2 facs., 1947. Exemplary edition of five long letters addressed

by Monge, in 1771-72, the first to D'Alembert, the others to Condorcet. When Monge began this correspondence, he was only 25 and was teaching mathematics and physics in the military school of Meziires. Yet his mathematical genius was already ripe and his fundamental ideas were taking shape. As the letters deal with problems of the calculus of variations and with partial differential equations, the editor has provided introductions explaining the history of these subjects down to Monge's time. As only three of Monge's works were published in book form, it is much to be hoped that his scattered memoirs and his correspondence may be collected. Taton would be the right man to edit Monge's Opera. G. S.


COHEN, I. BERNARD. In defense of Ben- jamin Franklin. The homely Philadelphian, often treated by historians as a politician with a spare-time interest in gadgets, was actually one of the great experimental scientists. Scientific American, 36-43, ills., August, I948.

DICKINSON, H. W. The garret workshop of James Watt. 24 p., 6 ills. (Board of Educa- tion, Science Museum, Technical Pamphlet, no. I). London, HMSO, I937.

First printed in 1929.

EDELSTEIN, SIDNEY M. Priestley settles the water controversy. Chymia, I, 123-37, 3 ills., I 948.

PELSENEER, JEAN. Pour l'edition de la correspondance de Lavoisier. Archives Inter- nationales d'Histoire des Sciences, no. 2, 259- 6o, 1948. Also in Actes du se Congres international d'histoire des sciences, Lausanne I947, I06-07; Paris, Academie Internationale d'Histoire des Sciences, I948.

RADBILL, SAMUEL X. The iconography of Benjamin Rush. Transactions & Studies of the College of Physicians of Philadelphia, i6, 73-79, 3 portrs., I948.

RUFUS, W. CARL. David Rittenhouse as a Newtonian philosopher and defender. Popu- lar Astronomy, 56, I22-30, I948.

Posthumous paper of the late W. Carl Rufus (1876-x946), well known to our readers (Isis, 35, 3I6-26, 1944; Introd. 3, 1538, 1866). Obituary of Rufus by F. E. Brasch, Pop. Astr., 56, 119-22, portr., 1948. G. S. VAN DE VELDE, A.J.J. A.L. Lavoisier

I743-1943. Verhandelingen van de Konink- lijke Vlaamsche Academie voor Wetenschap- pen, Letteren en Schoone Kunsten van Belgie, 5, 5I p., frontispiece, 1943.

VAN DE VELDE, A. J. J. Twee eeuwen na de geboorte van Carl Willem Scheele. Jaar- boek I942 van de Koninklijke Vlaamsche

Academie voor Wetenschappen, Letteren en Schoone Kunsten van Belgie, 231-72, 4 pIS., 1942.

C. Natural Sciences

CHATTERJEE, D. Early history of the Royal Botanic Garden, Calcutta. Nature, i6i, 362- 64, 1948.

DENNY, MARGARET. Linnaeus and his disciple in Carolina: Alexander Garden. Isis, 38, I6I-74, I948.

DENNY, MARGARET. Naming the gardenia. Scientific Monthly, 67, I7-22, I948.

The gcnus Gardenia was named for Alexander Garden of Charleston, South Carolina, in I760 by Linnacus (Isis, 38, I61-74, 1948). Dr. Denny gives an amusing and interesting account of how it came about.

HAGEN, VICTOR WOLFGANG VON. The immortal botanist. The strange and stirring story of Jos6 Celestino Mutis and the eighteenth century botanical expedition to Colom- bia in the time of the kingdom of New Granada. Journal of the New York Botanical Garden, 49, I77-84, 2Io-i8, I948.

HOFSTEN, NILS VON. Lamarck. Un deux- centieme anniversaire. Lychnos, 36-50 (in Swedish, with summary in French), I946-47.

LARSEN, ESTHER LOUISE. Pehr Kalm's description of spruce beer. Agricultural History, 22, I42-43, I948.

A translation of Kalm's paper of 1751. (Kongl. Svenska Academien, Handlingar, 12, I90-96).

MERRILL, E. D. An overlooked Flora Indica. Jour. Arnold Arboretum, 29, I86-92, I948.

In volume four of Outlines of the Globe by Thomas Pennant (1726-1798), published in I8oo, is a section, Flora Indica, p. 239-317. It is a list with references, not a descriptive flora. It is included neither in Pritzel's Thesaurus nor in Jack- son's Guide to the literature of botany. C. Z.

REMINGTON, C. L. John Abbot's "Notes on my life." Lepidopterists' News, ii, no. 3, March I948.

Verbatim edition of the autobiographical notes of John Abbot of Georgia. This manuscript was found unexpectedly in the locked file of the Mu- scum of Comparative Zoology at Cambridge by the editor of the paper, Mr. C. L. Remington (journal of the New York Entomological Society, 22, 70, 1914). E. G. A. RENIER, ARMAND. Les contributions de

Robert de Limbourg (I731-1792) i 1'etude du Quaternaire de l'Est de la Belgique. La Geologie des Terrains Recents dans l'Ouest de l'Europe, Session extraordinaire des Societes belges de G6ologie (19-26 Septembre I946), 420-5I, I pl., 2 figs., 1947.

"Apres avoir rappele quelles furent la carriere et les publications de Robert de Limbourg et les appreciations, presque toutes incompletes, sur son oeuvre geologique, finalement tombec dans l'oubli,



x8th Century (2nd half) 141

on fait voir par transcription de textes, presentement peu accessibles, comment cet important precurseur aboutit, par un ensemble serre d'observations, a la conception actuelle du creusement des vallees, puis ce en quoi sa methode est toujours d'application feconde dans certaines interpretations morpholo- giques, qu'il s'agisse de la Meuse ou de la Warche."

TORTONESE, ENRICO. Lazzaro Spallanzani: founder of experimental physiology. En- deavour, 7, 92-96, 1948.

A brief biography of Spallanzani (1729-1799).

D. Medical Sciences BELLONI, LUIGI. Immatrikulations- und

Testaturkunde des Tessiner Augenarztes Pie- tro Magistretti (I765-I837). Gesnerus, 5, 34-42, 4 psi., I948.

COPE, V. ZACHARY. Surgical lectures of I50

years ago. Proceedings of the Royal Society of Medicine, 4I, 353-58, I948.

EDWARDS, LINDEN F. Doctor Edward Tiffin, first Governor of Ohio. Bulletin of the History of Medicine, 2I, 8II-22, I947.

ENTRALGO, PEDRO LAIN. Sensualism and vitalism in Bichat's "Anatomie gen6rale." Journal of the History of Medicine and Allied Sciences, 3, 47-64, I948.

MAcNALTY, SIR ARTHUR S. Edward Ban- croft M.D., F.R.S., and the War of American Independence. Proceedings of the Royal So- ciety of Medicine, 38, 7-I5, I944.

OPPENHEIMER, JANE M. A note on Wil- liam Hunter and Tobias Smollett. Journal of the History of Medicine and Allied Sciences, 2, 48I-86, I947.

REYNOLDS, WHITMAN M. Inoculation for the smallpox in colonial America. Bulletin of the History of Medicine, 22, 273-76, 1948.

ROSEN, GEORGE. Biography of Dr. Johann Peter Frank. Imperial and Royal Court Councillor, Hospital Director and Professor of Practical Medicine at the University in Vienna, member of various learned societies. Written by himself. Translated from the German, with an Introduction and notes, by George Rosen. Journal of the History of Medicine and AUied Sciences, 3, II-46, I948 (to be cont'd). "The autobiography of Johann Peter Frank is an

historical document of importance on two grounds. In the first place, it is the basic source for our knowledge of Frank's life and work. In the second place, however, its significance lies in the contribution that it makes to the social history of the eighteenth century. Frank is a representative of the Enlightenment, especially of that version known as the philosophy of enlightened despotism. He spent his lift in the service of various rulers, great and small, and from his story one learns what it meant to be a public medical official in an atmos- phere of absolutc monarchy, cameralism, and the police state."

RUNES, DAGOBERT D. (editor). The selected writings of Benjamin Rush. xii+433 p. New York, Philosophical Library, I947. $5.00.

This volume of selections from the writings of the physician and patriot, Benjamin Rush, includes a variety of topics: government, education, alco- holism, manners, and charity, as well as writings on science and medicine. While it is useful to havc a selection of Benjamin Rush conveniently available in one volume, one can only regret that the edition has been made so badly. The sources of the text are not given for many of the selections; there are no explanatory notes, nor is there any attempt on the part of the editor to explain the relevance or importancc of any of the pieces included in the work. The cditor's prefacc is a short school-boyish biography. At the end of the work is a supposed list of the writings of Rush published in his lifetime, a list of titles without datc and without indication to the rcader or student as to whether publshed as a pamphlet, book, or articlc in a journal. It is greatly to bc hoped that this poor cdition will not discouragc a serious scholar from attempting to producc a good onc. I. B. C. STEVENSON, LLOYD G. The stag of Rich-

mond Park: a note on John Hunter's most famous animal experiment. Bulletin of the History of Medicine, 22, 467-75, I948.

TEMKIN, OWSEI. Comments on the German edition of Rush's account of the Yellow Fever. Victor Robinson Memorial Volume, 375-82, New York, I948.

VAN DE VELDE, A. J. J. Petrus J. Van Bavegem geneeskundige en Petrus Van Ba- veghem apotheker. Verhandel. Kon. Vla. Akad. Geneesk. Belgie, 74-88, I946.

Biographies of two Flemish medical men who might be easily confused. Petrus Van Bavegem of Antwerp (1745-x805) was a medicus, Pieter Van Baveghem of Ghent (1758-1835), an apothecary.

G. S. WEBSTER, NOAH. Letters on yellow fever

addressed to Dr. William Currie. With an introductory essay by Benjamin Spector. Supplements to the Bulletin of the History of Medicine, no. 9, vi+iio p., frontispiece. Baltimore, The Johns Hopkins Press, 1947.

E. Alia

BERMAN, ELEANOR DAVIDSON. Thomas Jefferson among the arts. An essay in early American esthetics. xviii+305 p., 20 pls. New York, Philosophical Library, 1947.

Revicwed by F. I. G. Rawlins, Nature, I62, 513, 1948. CALLMER, CHRISTIAN. Le voyage de Jacob

Jonas Bjornstihl en Thessalie, sa mort et le sort de ses manuscrits et de ses livres. Lychnos, I49-96 (in Swedish, with summary in French), ills., I946-47.

CARON, PIERRE. Manuel pratique pour l'6tude de la Revolution fransaise. Nouvelle 6dition. Paris, Picard, I947.

Reviewcd by Leo Gershoy, American Historical Review, 53, 876, 1948.



142 x8th Century (2nd half) DUMBAULD, EDWARD. Thomas Jefferson,

American tourist; being an account of his journeys in the United States of America, England, France, Italy, the Low Countries, and Germany. Xv+266 p. Norman, Univer- sity of Oklahoma Press, 1946.

Reviewed by Bernard Mayo, American Histoical Review, 53, 397, 1948. FAY, BERNARD. La franc-maconnerie et la

revolution intellectuelle du XVIIIe siecle. 286 p. (Collection de Cluny, 5). Paris, Cluny, 1942 (reprint of the edition of I935, published as a new work). Reviewed by George Sarton, Isis, 39, 184-87,

1948.

GORDON, DOUGLAS H.; TORREY, NOR- MAN L. The censoring of Diderot's En- cyclopidie and the re-established text. vii+ I24 p., frontispiece, 6 facs. New York, Co- lumbia University Press, I947.

This book is the fruit of an unexpected discovery which Dr. Gordon describes as follows: "In the spring of 1933 I received a book catalogue is- sued by Arthur Rau, an American bookseller, who for many years had been established in Paris and dealt extensively in fine French books. The catalogue described a set of the great eighteenth- century Encyclopedie containing an extra volume of material which had obviously belonged to one intimately associated with the publication of the work. Outstanding among this material was a group of more than 300 pages of proof, which were advertised as showing corrections in Diderot's hand. Examination of the extra volume made it clear that the proofs also showed important articles as they had existed before the self-imposed censor- ship of thc last ten volumes by the publisher, Le Breton." Norman L. Torrey, helped by Prof. Joseph E. Barker of Sweet Briar College and by Miss Charlotte Morris, has been able to determine the nature of the cancellations made by Le Breton, and gives photographs of a few of the bowdlerized proofs. There is also an illustration of the 1 745 prospectus when the Encyclopedie was conceived simply as a translation of Ephraim Chambers' Cyclopaedia of 1728. In Query no. 26 (Isis, 20, 264), I inquired about the existence of the Pro- spectus of 1 750. That Prospectus is preserved in pp. 13-25 of the extra volume owned by Dr. Gordon. Many other documents may be found in that volume, e. g., the condemnation of the Encyclopedie in 1759. G. S. KOYRIA, ALEXANDRE. Condorcet. Journal

of the History of Ideas, 9, 131-52, 1948.

NEILL, THOMAS P. Quesnay and physioc- racy. Journal of the History of Ideas, 9, I53-73, I948.

ROGIER, CH. RADOUX. La Maison de Gretry. Suivez le guide ! Une heure au musee. 36 p., figs. Liege, 1946.

SCHNEIDER, HEINRICH. Quest for mys- teries. The masonic background for literature in eighteenth-century Germany. xi+178 p., frontispiece. Ithaca, N. Y., Cornell Univer- sity Press, 1947.

Reviewed by George Sarton, Isis, 39, I84-87, 1948.

SELLERS, CHARLES COLEMAN. Charles Wilson Peale. Volume I, Early life (I74I- I790). Volume II, Later life (I79o-i827). XiV+293 p.; xii+468 p. Philadelphia, Ameri- can Philosophical Society, 1947.

Reviewed by St. George L. Sioussat, American Historical Review, 53, 552-53, I948.

SOMOGYI, JOSEPH DE. John Un (I724-

I795). Isis, 39, 61-62, 2 facs., I948.

STARK, W. America: ideal and reality; the United States of 1776 in contemporary Euro- pean philosophy. viii+115 p. (International Library of Sociology and Social Reconstruc- tion). London, Kegan Paul, 1947.

Reviewed by John G. Gazley, American Histori- cal Review, 53, 828, I948.

TOKSVIG, SIGNE. Emanuel Swedenborg, scientist and mystic. 389 p. New Haven, Yale University Press, 1948. $5.oo. We have long been awaiting a critical evaluation

of this distinguished man of the I8th century, whose active mind Leibniz-like ranged through many subjects: mathematics, mineralogy, physics, biology, anatomy, philosophy, theology. Unfor- tunately, a full appraisal of a polymath like Swe- denborg or Leibniz requires on the part of the author a Swedenborg-like or Leibniz-like univer- sality. Miss Toksvig (Mrs. Francis Hackett), novelist of distinction and biographer of H. C. Anderson, is unfortunately not well enough versed in i8th-century science to make independent judgments of Swedenborg's contributions and the significance of his research in the light of the times. Where good secondary accounts are available, the discussion becomes lucid; unfortunately, most of his scientific work is skipped over, and nothing new or original is added to our knowledge. On the side of theology and spiritualism, however, Miss Toksvig does much better and, in fairness to her, it must be admitted that this is her chief interest if not ours. By consulting original source material and especially unpublished manuscripts, Miss Toksvig has been able to present her subject with apparent accuracy and completeness. I. B. C. WEARMOUTH, ROBERT F. Methodism and

the common people of the eighteenth century. 276 p. London, Epworth Press, I945.

Reviewed by Harald Lindstrom, Lychnos, 320- 2I (in Swedish), 1946-47.

19th CENTURY-whole and first half A. Mathematics

ARNOUX, ALEXANDRE. Algorithme. Paris, Grasset, I948.

"Biographie romancee" of Evariste Galois.

[Hamilton, Sir William Rowan]. A collection of papers in memory of Sir William Rowan Hamilton. 82 p., 3 ills. New York, Scripta Mathematica, 1945.

Reviewed by G. Verriest, Revue des Questions Scientifiques, 9, 105, 1948.

MULLETT, CHARLES F. Charles Babbage (1792-1871): a scientific gadfly. Scientific Monthly, 67, 361-71, 1948.



xgth Century '43

B. Physical Sciences and Technology BROWNE, C. A. Recently acquired informa-

tion concerning Fredrick Accum, I769-I838. Chymia, I, I-9, 2 portrs., I948.

DANJON, A. Le centenaire de la decouverte de Neptune. Ciel et Terre, 62, 369-83, 4 figs., I946.

DAUMAS, MAURICE. L'ecole des chimistes francais vers I840. Chymia, I, 55-65, I948.

DAVIS, TENNEY L. The early use of potas- sium chlorate in pyrotechny. Dr. Moritz Meyer's colored flame compositions. Chymia, I, 75-92, I948.

[Davy, Sir Humphryl. Universite de Paris. Le Palais de la Decouverte presente une exposition. Sir Humphry Davy. Michael Faraday. 56 p., i6 pls. Paris, 20 mai-3i juillet, I948.

HOOYKAAS, R. Dalton's atoom- en molecuul- theorie. Chemisch Weekblad, 44, 229-37, 3 figs., I948.

HOOYKAAS, R. De wordingsgeschiedenis van Dalton's theorie. Chemisch Weekblad, 44, 32I-30. Het karakter van Dalton's theorie. Ibid., 339-43. De oorspronkeljkheit van Dalton's theorie. Ibid., 407-II. Amsterdam I948.

Prof. Hooykaas continues his elaborate investigation of Dalton's theory. Parts 2, 3, 4 deal, respectively, with various stages of that theory, including a comparative table of his various series of atomic weights from 1807 to I827; with a char- acterization of that theory; and with a discussion of its originality, as compared not only with ancient atomism but also with the views of Dalton's contemporaries, Bryan Higgins and the latter's nephew, William Higgins (Dalton never referred to these views and he has been accused of plagiarism). The author concludes, "Dalton's . . . atomic theory is not a revival of Democritean atomism but a con- tinuation of an independent tradition of chemical corpuscular theories, adapted to Newtonianism."

KLICKSTEIN, HERBERT S. Thomas Thom- son. Pioneer historian of chemistry. Chymia, I, 37-53, portr., I948.

LEMAY, PIERRE; OESPER, RALPH E. Pierre Louis Dulong, his life and work. Chymia, I, I7I-90, 3 ills., I948.

LILLEY, S. Attitudes to the nature of heat about the beginning of the nineteenth century. Actes du se Congres international d'histoire des sciences, Lausanne I947, I30-39; Paris, Acad6mie Internationale d'Histoire des Sci- ences, I948. Also in Archives Internationales d'Histoire des Sciences, 630-39, I948.

MARTIN, THOMAS. Michael Faraday, 179I- I867. I5 p. Universit6 de Paris, Conference faite au Palais de la D6couverte, le 22 mai I948.

ODGERS, MERLE M. Alexander Dallas Bache; scientist and educator, I806-I867. Vii+223 p. (Pennsylvania Lives). Philadel- phia, University of Pennsylvania Press, I947.

Reviewed by Paul H. Oehser, American His- torical Review, 53, 85I-52, I948, and by H. D. Anthony, Nature, I6I, 909, 1948. PARTINGTON, J. R. John Dalton (I766-

i844). Endeavour, 7, 54-56, I948.

SMART, W. M. John Couch Adams and the discovery of Neptune. 56 p. (Occasional Notes of the Royal Astronomical Society, no. i i). London, Royal Astronomical Society, I947.

Reviewed by F. G. G. C., The Observatory, 68, 72-73, 1948. C. W. A. THOMPSON, ROBERT LUTHER. Wiring a

continent: the history of the telegraph industry in the United States, I832-I866. xviii+ 544 p. Princeton, Princeton University Press, I947. Reviewed by H. H. Goldin, American Historical

Review, 53, 853-54, I948. VAN DE VELDE, A. J. J. De genealogie der

familie Quetelet. Ter gelegenheid van het huldebetoon op 23 Februari I947 te Gent. Jaarboek Kon. VI. Acad. voor Wet. Lett. Sch. Kunsten, I9I-2I2, 5 pls., I947.

VAN DE VELDE, A. J. J. John Dalton en de atoomtheorie. Verhandelingen van de Konink- lijke Vlaamsche Academie voor Wetenschap- pen, Letteren en Schoone Kunsten, van Belgie, 6, 40 p., frontispiece, facs., I944.

C. Natural Sciences BAKELESS, JOHN. Lewis and Clark, part-

ners in discovery. xii+498 p. New York, Morrow, I947. Reviewed by Dan E. Clark, American Historical

Review, 53, 838-39, I948.

BELLINGSHAUSEN, FABIAN GOTTLIEB VON. The voyage of Captain Bellingshausen to the Antarctic Seas, I8I9-I82I. Translated from the Russian. Edited by Frank Deben- ham. xXX+26o p.; 2i6 p. (Hakluyt Society, 2nd series, 9I, 92). London, Hakluyt Society, I945.

Reviewed, with two reproductions of plates, by R. T. Gould, Geographical !ournal, II0, IO-0o2, I948. C. W. A. CHEVALIER, AUGUSTE. Ceremonie du cen-

tenaire de la Societe d'Emulation du Bour- bonnais a Moulins, le samedi I4 septembre I946. Discours. Madame Aglae Adanson et le Parc de Baleine. i8 p. Paris, Palais de l'Institut, I946.

Aglae Adanson (1775-I852) was the daughter of the botanist, Michel Adanson; she founded in 1 8o5 the arboretum, "Parc de Baleine" (in the Bourbonnais). G. S. GEISER, SAMUEL W. Biographical note on

Dr. Ferdinand Rugel, American botanist. Field & Laboratory, i6, II3-I9, fig., I948.

Ferdinand Rugel, I806-i879.

GHOSH, A. K. William Carey (I76I-I834). Science & Culture, I3, 2I8-25, Calcutta, I947.



144 igth Century

MERRILL, ELMER D. C.S. Rafinesque, with notes on his publications in the Harvard Libraries. Harvard Library Bulletin, 2, 5-2I, I948.

D. Medical Sciences ACKERKNECHT, ERWIN H. Hygiene in

France, I8I5-I848. Bulletin of the History of Medicine, 22, I"7-55, I948.

Important article with a discussion of advances in each year under study and a generous bibliography of hygienic literature published between I815 and 1845. I. B. C. ALLEN, PHYLLIS. Etiological theory in

America prior to the Civil War. Journal of the History of Medicine and Allied Sciences, 2, 489-520, I947.

BARBENSI, GUSTAVO. II pensiero scientifico di Filippo Pacini, medico e matematico. Ri- vista di storia deUe scienze, anno 3I, ioi-i8, I39-59, I940 (received, I948).

BOVIN, EMIL. Pehr Gustaf Cederschj6ld [I782-i848] fut-il un pr6curseur de Semmel- weis? Lychnos, I97-2I2 (in Swedish, with summary in French), I946-47.

BUESS, HEINRICH. The contribution of Geneva physicians to the physiology of development in the igth century. Bulletin of the History of Medicine, 2I, 87I-97, I947.

CARMICHAEL, EMMETT B. Josiah Clark Nott. BuUetin of the History of Medicine, 22, 249-62, portr., I948.

CLARKE, T. WOOD. The downs and ups of Anson Jones, M.D. Journal of the History of Medicine and Allied Sciences, 3, 95-I04, I948.

FISCHER, HANS. Zur Fruhgeschichte der In- halationsnarkose I846/47. Gesnerus, 4, I50-

66, I947.

FORMAN, JONATHAN. The Worthington School and Thomsonianism. Bulletin of the History of Medicine, 2I, 772-87, I947.

FRIEDENWALD, HARRY. A medical soldier of fortune. Bulletin of the History of Medi- cine, 22, 4I6-26, I948. Apropos of Dr. George Frick of Baltimore who

practised ophthalmology there from i8i9 to 1835. G. S.

GOLDSCHMID, EDGAR. Contribution des Etats-Unis a l'anatomie pathologique au debut du XIXe siecle. Archives Interna- tionales d'Histoire des Sciences, 479-89, 2 figs., I948. Also in Actes du Ve Congres international d'histoire des sciences, Lausanne I947,

20I-II; Paris, Academie Internationale d'His- toire des Sciences, I948.

HEATON, CLAUDE E. John Wakefield Francis -a doctor of old New York. Victor Robinson Memorial Volume, II7-2I, New York, I948.

John Wakefield Francis (1789-I86I).

HEISCHKEL, EDITH. Rudolf Virchow als Publizist. Zum hundertsten Geburtstage sei- nes "Archivs fur pathologische Anatomie, Physiologie und fur klinische Medizin." Me- dizinische Rundschau, i, H. 7, 4 p., I947.

HORINE, EMMET FIELD. Early medicine in Kentucky and the Mississippi Valley: a tribute to Daniel Drake, M.D. Journal of the History of Medicine and Allied Sciences, 3, 263-78, I948.

KISCH, BRUNO. Gabriel Gustav Valentin. Victor Robinson Memorial Volume, I93-2I2,

2 facs., New York, I948.

NEUBURGER, MAX. Ernst Baron von Feuch- tersleben. Containing an unpublished letter to him from Babington. Victor Robinson Memorial Volume, 265-7I, New York, I948.

PATERSON, ROBERT G. The health of towns association in Great Britain I844-I849. An exposition of the primary voluntary health society in the Anglo-Saxon public health movement. Bulletin of the History of Medi- cine, 22, 373-402, I fig., I948.

ROSEN, GEORGE. Two nineteenth century medical examination papers. Victor Robinson Memorial Volume, 343-52, New York, I948.

SIMPSON, JAMES YOUNG. Anaesthetic and other therapeutic properties of chloroform. (From the monthly Journal of Medical Sci- ence, December I847). Gesnerus, 4, I66-75, I947.

STAINBROOK, EDWARD. The use of electricity in psychiatric treatment during the nineteenth century. Bulletin of the History of Medicine, 22, I56-77, I948.

WAITE, FREDERICK C. The first medical college in Vermont. Bulletin of the History of Medicine, 2I, 788-94, I947.

WICKERSHEIMER, ERNEST. Une these berlinoise de medecine "De morbo democra- tico," echo de la Revolution de I848. Ar- chives Internationales d'Histoire des Sciences, 672-75, I948.

E. Alia

HOWALD, ERNST. Wilhelm von Humboldt. I92 p. Erlenbach-Ziurich, Rentsch, I944.

Bibliotheque nationale. La revolution de I848. Exposition organisee par Le Comite National du Centenaire. 206 p., pls. Paris, Bibliotheque nationale, I948.

This well organized exhibition and the illustrated catalogue summarizing it are of some interest to the historian of science. Two sections deal with economic and social life (inventions, railways, etc.) and with "IC mouvement des idees." G. S.

COHEN, I. BERNARD. Harvard and the scientific spirit. Harvard Alumni Bulletin, 6 p., ills., Feb. 7, I948.



1gth Century (2nd half)

HAGEN, VICTOR WOLFGANG VON. Maya explorer: John Lloyd Stephens and the lost cities of Central America and Yucatan. xviii +324 p. Norman, University of Oklahoma Press, 1947.

Reviewed by A. V. Kidder, American Historical Review, 53, 579-80, 1948.

OLIVER, JOHN W. A magnificent decade in science. Scientific Monthly, 67, 83-85, I948.

The decade in question is 1840- 850.

REYMOND, ARNOLD. Remarques sur A. Cournot et le probleme de la civilisation. Library of the Xth International Congress of Philosophy (Amsterdam, August ii-i8, I948), I, Proceedings of the Congress, 427-3I.

RUDBERG, GUNNAR. Johan Spongberg. Lychnos, 2I3-45 (in Swedish, with summary in German), portr., I946-47.

Apropos of Professor Spongberg (I8oo-i888), professor of Greek literature at Uppsala from i853 to I874.


BELL, E. T. The problem of Liouville's theo- rems on arithmetical quadratic forms. Scripta Mathematica, I3, I77-85, I947.


ARMYTAGE, W. H. G. Lyon Playfair and technical education in Britain. Nature, i6i, 752-53, I948.

BARTHtLEMY, RENA. Comm6moration du soixante-dixi6me anniversaire de l'invention du phonographe, par Charles Cros. Au Con- servatoire National des Arts et M6tiers i Paris, le vendredi ig d6cembre 1947. 6 p. Paris, Palais de l'Institut, 1947.

BATES, L. F. Sir Alfred Ewing. A pioneer in physics and engineering. 38 p., 5 ills. London, Longmans Green, 1946.

[BECQUEREL, JEAN]. Discovery of radio- activity. By Jean Becquerel and J. A. Crowther. Nature, I6i, 6og, 1948.

COHEN, I. BERNARD. Centenary of the Lawrence Scientific School of Harvard Uni- versity. Isis, 39, 59, 1948.

DE MILT, CLARA. Carl Weltzein and the Congress at Karlsruhe. Chymia, I, 153-69, 3 portrs., 1948.

DUFOUR, L. Apersu de l'oeuvre scientifique de Jean Vincent (1851-1932). Institut Royal M6teorologique de Belgique, Miscetlanees, 31, I2 p., 1947.

DUFOUR, LOUIS. L'oeuvre m6t6orologique de Charles-Marie-Valentin Montigny (1819- I890). Ciel et Terre, 64, 126-28, I948.

ERIKSSON, HERMAN. The Nobel prizes. Scientific Monthly, 66, 363-76, 1948.

A short biography of Alfred Nobel (I833-I896) and an account of the establishment of the Nobel prizes.

FOLLETT, D. H. The electron jubilee exhibition. Held at the Science Museum, London, September I947-January I948, to illustrate the discovery of the electron in I897, phenomena in which the electron plays a major part, and the scientific and industrial developments and applications arising from those phenomena. 48 p., frontispiece, 7 figs. Lon- don, The Institute of Physics, 1947.

LEICESTER, HENRY M. Factors which led Mendeleev to the periodic law. Chymia, I, 67-74, I948.

ODGERS, MERLE M. Alexander Dallas Bache, scientist and educator. Foreword by Leo Otis Colbert. vi+223 p. (Pennsylvania Lives Series). Philadelphia, University of Pennsylvania Press. $2.75. This admirable book tells the story of Benjamin

Franklin's grandson, one of the most interesting figures in Igth-century American science. (See note on him in Isis, 33, 336-39, 1941). The author recounts his subject's life and education; summarizes his interesting report on the educational institutions of Europe, which he wrote after being appointed the first president of Girard Col- lege; fully describes and justly appraises Bache's services to the nation in the American Association for the Advancement of Science, the Smithsonian Institution, his reorganization and direction of the Coast Survey, and his research in geomagnetism; and finally delineates his career as a public servant in science against the character of the age. Al- though the nature of the Series precludes footnote references, there is an extended description of the primary and secondary sources. I. B. C.

PAPP, DESIDERIO. Rontgen, descubridor de los rayos X. 204 p., 8 pls., 8 figs. Buenos Aires, Emec6, 1945.

Reviewed by Jose Babini, Archives Internationales d'Histoire des Sciences, 741-43, 1948.

PONCETTON, FRANQOIS. Eiffel, le magicien du fer. 293 p. Paris, Editions de La Tournelle, 1939.

POSIN, DANIEL Q. Mendeleyev. 345 p. New York, Whittlesey House, 1948. $4.50.

RUNES, DAGOBERT D. (editor). The diary and sundry observations of Thomas Alva Edison. X1+247 p. New York, Philosophical Library, 1948. $4.75. This book is a collection of short notes and

articles previously published in newspapers and magazines, dealing with all types of subject, such as the lot of the inventor, economics, education, war and peace, and life after death. One of the most interesting essays deals with Tom Paine; although, like the others in the book, this is a short and not very profound essay, it is, neverthe- less, revealing of the mind of Edison in terms of one of his heroes. Reading these pages on educa-



146 1gth Century (2nd half) tion, economics, and war and peace, one realizes that Edison did most of his work a very long time ago. This collection does not add much to our understanding of the man and inventor, who must be studied in his works and life activities rather than his dicta. I. B. C.

SARTON, GEORGE. John Ferguson (1837- Ixq6). Isis, 39, 6o-6i, portr., 1948.

SARTON, GEORGE. Mendel6yev's mother. Art and Thought, 158-59, 2 figs., February I1948.

Offprint from Art and Thought, a volume in honor of the late Dr. Ananda K. Coomaraswamy, edited by K. Bharatha Iyer (London, Luzac, 1948). It contains facsimiles of the title-page and dedica- tion of Mendeleyev's Investigations on aqueous solu- tions (St. Petersburg I887). It is a pity that the editors printed those facsimiles in their negative form, giving them a very unpleasant and unreal appearance. G. S.

C. Natural Sciences

ELFTMAN, ALICE G. Metchnikoff as a zoologist. Victor Robinson Memorial Volume, 49- 6o, New York, 1948.

HINSDALE, GUY. Memorials to Professor Joseph Leidy. Buletin of the History of Medicine, 22, 28896, 4 figs., I948.

HRABETOWA, DR. Jean Gregor Mendel et son musee. Archives Internationales d'His- toire des Sciences, 652-54, 1948. Also in Actes du Congres international d'histoire des sciences, Lausanne 1947, I82-84; Academie internationale d'histoire des sciences, Paris, 1948.

JANNI, ETTORE. La vita di Antonio Rai- mondi 1i826-i890]. Milano, Mondadori, I940.

Reviewed by G. Mazzini, Rivista di storia delle scienze, anno 31, I67, 1940 (received, 1948).

LINDROTH, STEN. Charles Darwin. I79 p., i portr. Stockholm, Lindfors, I946.

Reviewed by Nils von Hofsten, Lychnos, 465 (in Swedish), 1946-47.

McCOLLEY, GRANT. Historical and contemporary backgrounds of the Chambered Nautilus. Symposium, I, 2, I06-37, 3, 46-83, I947.

Apropos of the Chambered Nautilus essay of 1858 included in Oliver Wendell Holmes: The autocrat of the breakfast table. "The poem was a product of the careful study which international science had given the stone book of nature. Part of its heritage was the combination of fable and research which centered around the chambered and the paper nautili. It was definitely influenced by the immediate scientific milieu in which the author composed his work. Because of these historic elements the decades which tested The chambered nautilus have also removed much of the philosophic significance and emotional appeal that its verses held for educated readers of the mid- century. The poetic, ideological and scientific sug- gestiveness which Holmes and his contemporaries

found in the pearly shell of a mollusk has now been buried under successive strata of other facts and concepts. We have much to gain in understanding if this pregnant background can be par- tially recaptured." G. S. MARGERIE, EMMANUEL DE. L'oeuvre

d'Henri Beraldi, historien du Pyreneisme. BuUetin de la Section de Giographie du Comit6 des Travaux historiques et scientifiques, 58, 71-91, 1943.

PAMPANINI, R. Il Conte G. B. Samaritani (I82I-I894), e le sue raccolte botaniche in Egitto ed in Oriente. Nuovo Giornale bota- nico it., 47, 199-219, Firenze, 1940. Reviewed by L. Castaldi, Rivista di storia delle

scienze, anno 31, 208, 1940 (received, 1948). PAMPANINI, R. Sebastiano Venzo (i8I5-

I876) ed il suo Erbario. Parte I. Atti R. Istituto Veneto di Sc., Lett. ed. Arti, a. 1937-38, T. 97, P. 2, Cl. di Sc. Mat. e Nat., p. 759-8I, 4 pls. Venezia, I938. Parte II. Rendiconti del Seminario della Facoltk di Scienze della R. Universita di Cagliari, vol. 8, 1939, fasc. 3, suppl., p. I-6o, Cagliari, 1939.

Reviewed by L. Castaldi, Rivista di storia dlle scienzc, anno 31, 207, 1940 (received, 1948). ROBINSON, MABEL LOUISE. Louis Agassiz

(I807-I873). Aus dem Englischen uibertr. von H. Klaui. 334 p., 8 pls. Zurich, Rascher, I941.

Reviewed by Sten Lindroth, Lychnos, 463 (in Swedish), 1946-47.

D. Medical Sciences BERNHEIM, H. Suggestive therapeutics, a

treatise on the nature and uses of hypnotism. XVi+420 p. Translated from the second and revised French edition by Christian A. Herter. New York, London Book Co., I947. $5.00. This is a reprinting of the original American

translation of Hippolyte Bernheim's De la sugges- ton et de ses applications a la thArapeutique, first published at Paris in i886, and in a second edition in 1888. The translation was made from the latter edition. This has long been out of print. It is a distinct service to make this classic once more available: still one of the best works on the subject with which it deals. M. F. A. M. BOAS, ERNST P. A refugee doctor of I850.

Journal of the History of Medicine and AUied Sciences, 3, 65-94, portr., I948.

Letters of Dr. Ernst Krackowizer, who emigrated to America in I850.

CORBIERE, EMILIO. El Padre Damiin: ap6s- tol de Molokai. Anales de la Sociedad Peruana de Historia de la Medicina, 9, 7-I6, 1947.

ECKMAN, JAMES. Osler in Minnesota. His interest in medical education and licensure. Minnesota Medicine, 3I, 776-87, 2 figs., I948.

FRIED, BORIS M. The origin of species and macrophages. Victor Robinson Memorial Vol- ume, 6I-70, 2 figs., New York, I948.

About Metchnikoff.



1gth Century (2nd half) 147

GOODMAN, HERMAN. Albert Neisser. Victor Robinson Memorial Volume, II3-I5, New York, 1948.

GUTHREY, NORA H. Notes on the history of medicine in Fillmore County prior to I900.

I79 p. (Reprinted from Minnesota Medicine, March, I946-March, I948). Rochester, Minn., Mayo Clinic, I948.

Fillmore County in Minnesota was still a wilderness in I850. This elaborate history of medicine in that county begins only in I852. It has been compiled with great care and will be a treasure for the physicians who are now practising in that region. It will be of great interest to other physicians as well and will help the eventual writing of a complete history of medicine in the United States. The actual and potential value of local histories of this kind can hardly be exaggerated. G. S.

KAGAN, SOLOMON R. Sigmund Freud (i856- I939). Victor Robinson Memorial Volume, I45-55, portr., New York, I948.

KAPLAN, EMANUEL B. Duchenne of Bou- logne and the Physiologie des mouvements. Victor Robinson Memorial Volume, I77-92,

i fig., New York, I948.

KRAMER, HOWARD D. The germ theory and the early public health program in the United States. Bulletin of the History of Medicine, 22, 233-47, I948.

MAcNALTY, SIR ARTHUR. Osler as a scientist. Nature, I62, 346-47, I948.

MARSHALL, MARY LOUISE. Dr. Holmes and American medical literature. Bulletin of the History of Medicine, 22, 277-87, I948.

MAURIAC, P. Claude Bernard. i6o p. Paris, Grasset, 194I.

Reviewed by Jose Joaquin Izquierdo, Revue Canadienne de Biologie, 6, 808-14, 1947.

MILLET, RAYMOND. Claude Bernard ou l'aventure scientifique. 3I2 p. Paris, Edi- tions de la Nouvelle France, I945.

MORRISON, HYMAN. Reginald Heber Fitz's contribution to the understanding of acute pancreatitis. Bulletin of the History of Medi- cine, 22, 263-72, I948.

NIGHTINGALE, FLORENCE. Notes on nurs- ing. A facsimile of the first edition published in i86o by D. Appleton and Co., New York, with a Foreword by Virginia M. Dun- bar. Xiv+I40 p. New York, Appleton, I946.

OLMSTED, J. M. D. Charles-Edouard Brown- Sequard. A nineteenth century neurologist and endocrinologist. 253 p., I pL Baltimore, The Johns Hopkins Press, I946.

Reviewed by John F. Fulton, Isis, 39, I87-88, I948.

PADILLA, MARIANO (I8I9-I869). Ensayo historico sobre el origen de la enfermedad venera o de las bubas. 2nd ed. 64 p. Uni- versidad de San Carlos, Guatemala, I948.

Originally appearing in I 86I, this interesting little item has been reprinted with an appreciative introduction by the well-known Guatemalan historian of medicine, Dr. Carlos Martinez-Duran. The essay includes important data on the presence of syphilis in Mexico and Central America. Padilla argued in favor of a generalized origin of syphilis.

C. D. L.

PAGEL, WALTER. Julius Leopold Pagel (I85I-I9I2). Victor Robinson Memorial Vol- ume, 273-97, 6 figs., New York, I948.

Pasteur exhibition. Illustrated catalogue. 34 p., 8 pls. Science Museum, South Kensing- ton, gth April-26th May, I947.

[Pasteur, Louis]. Louis Pasteur's credo of science: his address when he was inducted into the French Academy. Translated by Eli Moschowitz. BuUetin of the History of Medi- cine, 22, 45i-66, I948.

RENAULT, M. Un autre "homme de verite": le professeur Antoine Bechamp (i8i6-ig08). La Revue Hommes et Mondes, no. 22, II2-i8, I948.

[Ross, Ronald]. The Ronald Ross jubilee. Nature, I62, 50-5I, I948.

SHASTID, THOMAS HALL. The blue glass craze. Victor Robinson Memorial Volume, 369-74, I facs., New York, I948.

TILTON, ELEANOR M. Amiable autocrat. A biography of Dr. Oliver Wendell Holmes. xi+470 p., ill. New York, Schuman, 1947.

Reviewed by Lloyd G. Stevenson, Bulletin of the History of Medicine, 22, 355-57, 1948.

TUCKER, DAVID A., JR. Alonzo Thrasher Keyt, cardiologist. Bulletin of the History of Medicine, 2I, 753-59, 2 figs., I947.

VAN DE VELDE, A. J. J. Elie Metchnikoff. Verhandelingen van de Koninklijke Vlaamsche Academie voor Wetenschappen, Letteren en Schoone Kunsten, van Belgie, 7, 3I p., frontispiece, I945.

WEBB, GERALD B.; POWELL, DESMOND. Henry Sewall, physiologist and physician. I9I

p. Baltimore, The Johns Hopkins Press, I946.

WOLBARST, A. L. Reminiscences of a visit to Paul Ehrlich. Victor Robinson Memorial Volume, 403-I3, 3 figs., New York, I948.

[Yersin, Alexandre] (I863-I943). Yersin et ls peste. Ouvrage publi6 pour le cinquantenaire de la d6couverte du microbe de la peste. 247

p., pls. (Sciences et medecine, serie medicale). Lausanne, Rouge, I944.

Book published to celebrate the half-century anniversary of Yersin's discovery of the plague microbe on 20 June I894. It includes Yersin's own papers on the subject, a biography by Noel Bernard, accounts of the discovery by Paul Hauduroy, a study of Eugenc Olivier on plagues in the Pays de Vaud, etc. G. S.



148 19th Century (2nd half)

E Alia

CLAPP, MARGARET. Forgotten first citizen, John Bigelow. Viii+390 p., portr. Boston, Little Brown, I947. $4.00.

This biography tells the story of a vigorous liberal journalist and public benefactor who was con- sul in France during the Civil War and an early founder of the Republican Party. Scholars and historians have cherished him more for his part in the founding of the New York Public Library, for his important io-volume edition of the works of Benjamin Franklin, and his establishment of the text of Franklin's autobiography. This well-written book places his political and literary activity against the general scene in America at the time.

I. B. C.

COLE, ALLAN B. (editor). Yankee surveyors in the Shogun's seas: records of the United States surveying expedition to the North Pacific Ocean, I853-I856. i6i p. Princeton, Princeton University Press, I947.

Reviewed by Payson J. Treat, American Histori- cal Review, 53, 542-43, 1948.

HAAR, CHARLES M. E.L. Youmans: a chapter in the diffusion of science in America. Journal of the History of Ideas, 9, I93-2I3,

1948.

[Low, Immanuel (I854-1944)]. Semitic studies in memory of Immanuel Low. Edited by Alexander Scheiber. xii+362 p. (+I96 p. in Hebrew), pls. (Publications of the Alexander Kohut Memorial Foundation). Budapest, I947.

Festschrift dedicated to the memory of the great orientalist, author of the Flora der Juden (i926- 34; Isis, 6, 428; 23, 573). The printing was begun when L6w was still alive but was interrupted by the Nazi invaders and could only be resumed after the liberation. Many of the contributors perished before the publication of their papers. The book includes portrait, biography, bibliography. A third of it is printed in Hebrew, the rest in Hungarian and other western languages. A few of the articles are listed in this Critical Bibliography. G. S.

LORIA, GINO. Paul Tannery, engineer and historian. Scripta Mathematica, I3, I55-62, portr., I947.

[MORROW, JAMES]. A scientist with Perry in Japan: the journal of Dr. James Morrow. Edited by Allan B. Cole. xxvi+307 p. Chapel Hill, University of North Carolina Press, I947.

Reviewed by Payson J. Treat, American Historical Review, 53, 542-43, I948.

THORPE, JAMES. A bibliography of the writings of George Lyman Kittredge. With an introduction by Hyder Edward Rollins. XiV+I25 p. Cambridge, Mass., Harvard Uni- versity Press, I948.

This valuable bibliography of the late Shake- spearean scholar lists all of his writings from holo- graph juvenilia to posthumous editions of Shake- speare's plays. The main part of the book is devoted to a chronological list in which the first item is dated I869 and the last I946. This is followed by

a subject index, divided into such categories as: English literature, English language, ballads and folklore, witchcraft, classics, Americana, etc. No single category is devoted to Professor Kittredge's valuable studies on early American science. Al- though the latter are important enough to have merited a separate listing, they are tucked away in other categories, in much the same way that, in libraries, books on alchemy are catalogued under folklore rather than under chemistry. I. B. C.

20th CENTURY

A. Mathematics BELL, ERIC TEMPLE. Cassius Jackson Key-

ser. Scripta Mathematica, I4, 27-33, I pIL,

I948.

[Courant, Richard]. Studies and essays presented to R. Courant on his 6oth birthday, January 8, I948. viii+470 p. New York, Interscience Publishers, I948. Reviewed in Nature, I62, 39I, 1948.

THAVENOT, JEAN. Ma visite i Inaudi. L'homme qui a des chiffres plein le tete. Radio actualites, I p., ills., Lausanne, i6 July I948.

Whitehead, Alfred North. Obituaries by William W. Hammerschmidt, Scripta Mathematica, I4, I7-23, portr., I948; by F. S. C. Northrop, Science, I07, 262-63, I948; and by Edmund T. Whittaker and F. Ian G. Rawlins, Nature, i6i, 267-68, I948.

B. Physical Sciences and Technology Baekeland, Leo H. [I863-I944]. In memoriam.

By A. J. J. Van de Velde. Biologisch Jaarboek, II, 5 p., portr., Antwerpen I944.

BERKNER, L. V. Electronics comes of age. Electrical Engineering, 6 p., January I947.

Browne, Charles Albert. A memorial tribute to Dr. C. A. Browne by Claude K. Deischer. With a bibliography of his contributions to the history of chemistry. Chymia, I, II-22,

portr., I948.

Charpy, Georges (i865-I945). Obituary by Rene Barthelemy. 6 p., portr. Paris, Institut de France, Academie des Sciences, I947.

CROWTHER, J. G.; WHIDDINGTON, R. Science at war. iv+I85+ix p. New York, Philosophical Library, I948. $6.oo. "First detailed account of science's contribution

to the war effort, based on the official archives and documents assembled by the Scientific Advisory Committee to the British Cabinet." . . . "Although the use of science as an aid to war is a perversion from its proper purposes, we may find re-assurance in recognizing that much of the discovery and invention which came to hand in response to the recent war demands will find immediate and ben- cficient uses in peace. Among the basic topics dealt with in this book are: Radar, the Atomic Bomb, Operational Research, Science and the Sea. There are almost one hundred graphs, drawings and photographs illustrating the subject matter."



20th Century 149

DEMPSTER, ARTHUR J. Thirty years of mass spectroscopy. Scientific Monthly, 67, 145-53, 1948.

DUFOUR, LOUIS. Les debuts de l'aerologie en Belgique. Ciel et Terre, 64, Io8-Io, 1948.

FARBER, EDUARD. Alwin Mittasch. Isis, 39, 65, 1948.

FRANK, PHILIPP. Einstein, his life and times. Trans. from a German manuscript by George Rosen. Edited by Shuichi Kusaka. Xi+298

+xii p. New York, Knopf, 1947.

Reviewed by I. Bernard Cohen, Isis, 38, 252-53, 1948.

KROPP, GERHARD. Das Aussenweltproblem der modernen Atomphysik. 72 p. (Probleme der Wissenschaft in Vergangenheit und Ge- genwart, 7). Berlin, Wissenschaftliche Edi- tionsgesellschaft, 1948.

This is the seventh volume of the collection "Probleme der Wissenschaft," directed by the author. It is divided as follows: I. Der physikalische Tatbestand. 2. Realismus und Positivismus. 3. Der Substanzbegriff. 4. Die Kausalitat. 5. Der "psy- choide" Charakter der Wirklichkeit. 6. Metaphy- sische Konsequenzen. 7. Zur Mathematisierung.

MATTHIS, A. R. Leo-H. Baekeland, I863- I944. Professeur, Docteur en Sciences, chi- miste, inventeur et grand industriel. 73 p. (Collection nationale, 92). Brussels, Office de Publicit6, 1948.

First biography in book form of the chemist, Baekeland, born in Sint-Martens-Laethem, W. Flanders, in I863, inventor of "Velox" paper and bakelite, father of the plastic industry. G. S.

Metzger, Helene. Notice necrologique par Su- zanne Delorme. Archives Internationales d'His- toire des Sciences, 326-27, 1948.

Naval mining and degaussing. An exhibition of representative British and German naval mining and degaussing material used during the war, 1939-1945. The material for this exhibition and its handbook has been provided by the Admiralty. Viii+27 p., frontispiece. (Ministry of Education, Science Museum). London, HMSO, 1946.

Planck, Max (I858-I947). Obituaries by Ilse Rosenthal-Schneider, Australian Journal of Science, 105-o6, 1948; by D. M. Bose, Sci- ence & Culture, 13, 237-42, portr., 1947;

by (abbe) M. Daisomont, 12 p., Bruges, De Tempel, 1948 (Reviewed by H. Dopp, Revue des Questions Scientifiques, 9, 452, 1948); by Louis de Broglie, Revue des Questions Scientifiques, 9, 155-65, 1948; by E. N. da C. Andrade, Nature, I6I, 75I, and p. 284,

1948 (contains information about Planck's recognition of the importance of his own discovery).

POLIAKOV, J. A. Correction to the article on Mikhail Tswett (Isis, 36, 108-09, 1946). Isis, 38, 243, 1948.

Van Aubel, Edmond [I864-I94I]. Obituary by J. E. Verschaffelt. Annuaire de I'Academie royale de Belgique, 114, 48 p., frontispiece, 1948.

WOLF, RALPH E. Eighty-eight years of synthetic rubber. Scientific Monthly, 66, 221-30,

1948.

C. Natural Sciences

CARPENTIER, FRITZ. J. A. Lestage (I879- 1945) et son oeuvre entomologique. Bull. du Musle Royal d'Hist. natureUe de Belgique, 23, no 3, 1947*

Cayeux, Lucien (I864-I944). Obituary by Leon Bertrand. 26 p., portr. Paris, Institut de France, Academie des Sciences, 1947.

[Cornet, Jules]. Jules Cornet, fondateur de la geologie du Congo (I865-1929). Discours prononce k l'occasion de l'inaugumtion du Memorial Cornet au Mus&e du Congo Belge, le 4 mai 1935, par Armand Renier. Bulletin du Cercle Zoologique Congolais, (Revue de Zoologie et de Botanique Africaines, 27), 12 p., I p1., 1935.

Guilliermond, Alexandre (I876-I945). Obituary by Roger Heim. 24 p., portr. Paris, Institut de France, Acad6mie des Sciences, 1947.

Lacroix, Francois Antoine Alfred (I863-I848). Obituary by W. Campbell Smith, Nature, i6i, 962, 1948.

[Lameere, Auguste]. Post-scriptum au precis de zoologie d'Auguste Lameere. Pricis de Zoo- logie, 7, 175-77, Bruxelles, 1942.

Livingston, Burton (I875-I948). Obituary by Warren E. Mack. Scientific Monthly, 67, 34- 38, 1948.

Mackinder, Hlalford John (I86I-I947). Obitu- ary notice by E. W. Gilbert, Geographical Journal, IIo, 94-99, portr., 1948. C. W. A.

Thompson, Sir D'Arcy (I860-948). Obituaries by W. T. Calman and John L. Myres, Na- ture, I62, 93-94, 1948.

D. Medical Sciences

ANDRUS, C., et al. (editors). Advances in military medicine. Vol. I, liv+472 p.; vol. II, Xvii+428 p., ills. (Science in World War II: Office of Scientific Research and Develop- ment). Boston, Little, Brown, 1948.

Reviewed by Morris Leikind, Science, Io8, 342, 1948.

BERNHEIM, BERTRAM M. A surgeon's do- main. 253 p. New York, Norton, 1947.

Reviewed by Henry E. Sigerist, Bulletin of the History of Medicine, 21, 858-6o, 1947.

Flexner, Simon. Obituary by Peyton Rous. Scknce, I07, 6II-13, 1948.



I SO 20th Century PUJNER, HELEN WALKER. Freud: his life

and mind. 360 p. New York, Howell, Sos- kin, 1947. $4.00.

If all the books which are yet to be written on Freud will be as honest and as painstaking as the volume under review, Freud will have been well served. Mrs. Puner has read widely in psycho- analytic literature and done a considerable amount of research in preparation for the writing of this fascinating book. Her facts are almost invariably accurately presented, her interpretations are always intelligcnt even if some of them are open to question, and her analysis of Freud is interesting, stimulating, and bound to arouse much discussion. Whether one agrees or not with Mrs. Puner's views on Freud there can be little doubt that her book will for long remain one of the best on its subject that we are likely to have. Many further details concerning Freud's life will undoubtedly become available during the course of the years, and more profound studics of Freud than this are likcly to appear. None will be more attractively written. This is all the more tribute to the author since she does not appear to be overly enamoured of Freud's personality.

There are a few slips which may be mentioned here. Mrs. Puner puts the rise of 'enthusiasm' for behaviorism a decade late when she places it in the middle thirtics.

The book has a number of excellent illustrations. The reproduction of the photograph facing page 240 according to the legend shows "Sigmund Freud and his daughter Anna." This is incorrect, the lady is not Freud's youngest daughtcr Anna, but his oldest daughter, Mathilda.

In discussing Freud's influence upon D. H. Law- rence, Mrs. Puner strangely omits reference to that author's Psychoanalysis and the Unconscious (1921)

and his Fantasia of the Unconscious (1923). There is a list of references and an index. M. F. A. M.

GOSSELS, CONRAD L. Hermann Strauss - the scientist and the man. Victor Robinson Memorial Volume, 105-12, portr., New York, I1948.

Hermann Strauss (I868-1944).

GREGG, ALAN. On Abraham's Flexner's eightieth birthday. Journal of the History of Medicine and Allied Sciences, 2, 487-88, 1947.

HARRIS, SEALE. Banting's miracle, the story of the discoverer of insulin. With a foreword by Elliot P. Joslin, M.D. 245 p., ill. Philadelphia, Lippincott, 1946.

HELD, I. W. Professor Otto Loewi. Victor Robinson Memorial Volume, 123-28, New York, 1948.

Medicine in the changing order. Report of the New York Academy of Medicine Committee on Medicine and the Changing Order. 240 p. New York, Commonwealth Fund, 1947.

Reviewed by Leslie A. Falk, Bulletin of the His- tory of Medicine, 22, III-I4, 1948.

Moussu, Gustave (I864-I945). Obituary by Albert Demolon. 23 p., portr. Paris, Institut de France, Acad6mie des Sciences, 1946.

[Sherrington, Sir Charles]. Sir Charles Sher- rington and diphtheria antitoxin. Nature, I6I, 266, 1948.

STEVENSON, LLOYD. Sir Frederick Bant- ing. 446 p., ill. Toronto, Ryerson Press, 1946. Reviewed by Morris C. Leikind, Bulletin of the

History of Medicine, 22, IO9-II, 1948. URDANG, GEORGE. Edward Kremers (I865-

1941), reformer of American pharmaceutical education. American Journal of Pharmaceuti- cal Education, II, 63I-58, 1947.

E. Alia

[Amsterdam]. De Vrije Universiteit in oorlogs- tijd. I8I p., ills. Wageningen, Zomer & Keuning (s. d.). Discourses delivered at the Academia Libera

Reformata of Amsterdam during the years of war and German servitude. They illustrate the Dutch spirit of freedom. G. S.

[Barnett, Lionel David]. Oriental and African studies presented to Lionel David Barnett. Buletin of the School of Oriental and Afri- can Studies, University of London, vol. 12,

parts 3 and 4, p. xii+498-864, portr., pls., 1948. 45 s. Vol. XII, parts 3 and 4 of the Bulletin of the

School of Oriental and African Studies, University of London, is a Festschrift dedicated to Barnett. It includes a portrait and the bibliography of his writings. G. S.

CAMPION, SARAH. Father. A portrait of G. G. Coulton at home. With an introduction by Kingsley Martin. 248 p., frontispiece. London, Joseph, 1948. 12 s. 6 d. The readers who enjoyed G. G. C.'s autobiog-

raphy, Fourscore Years (Isis, 35, 242), should read the biography written by his daughter. It is an excellent book which will probably become a classic inviting comparison with Father and Son; it might have been entitled Father and Daughter. G. S.

Capart, Jean (I877-I947). Obituaries by Pierre Gilbert, Revue belge de philologie et d'histoire, 25, IO95-110I, 1947; and by C. Preaux, Alumni, I6, 211-26, portr., 1947.

COHN, ALFRED E. No retreat from reason, and other essays. Xi+279 p. New York, Harcourt, Brace, 1948.

Reviewed by Harold J. Laski, The New Yorker, 95-97, April 24, 1948.

DAVIES, D. R. Reinhold Niebuhr: prophet from America. 102 p. New York, The Mac- millan Co., 1948. $2.00.

This brilliant little book is an account of the life, work, and influence of one of the leading figures in contemporary American intellectual life. Written by an Englishman, it justly appraises the combination of conservative theology and liberal politics which lies at the basis of Niebuhr's position. A true Christian revolutionary, Niebuhr has brought the spotlight of conscience and the clarity of judgment to bear on the great spiritual questions of our age



20th Century 151

as they are reflected in the turmoil of political events and the problems faced by our society. All liberal-minded scientists, historians and thinkers will want to read this concise account of Niebuhr's achievement. I. B. C.

DE COSTER, SYLVAIN. Paul Decoster, l'homme, le philosophe, l'ecrivain. 9I p., 2 pls. (Collection nationale, no 5I). Brussels, Office de Publicit6, 1944.

Biography of the Belgian philosopher, Paul Dc Coster (Louvain x886-Spa 1939), with a discussion of his ideas. The book is dedicated to the Belgian poet, Raymond Limbosch. G. S.

DUNN, L. G., et al. The American-Soviet Sci- ence Society. Science, zo8, 279, 1948.

A non-profit society, whose purpose is to make Russian scientific work available to Americans, had been granted funds by the Rockefeller Foundation, contingent upon a tax-exemption certificate from the U. S. Treasury. An application for such a certificate was filed in June 1946 but has not been acted upon by the Treasury. C. Z.

[Ford, J. D. M.]. Mediaeval studies in honor of Jeremiah Denis Matthias Ford, Smith Pro- fessor of French and Spanish literature, Emeri- tus. Edited by Urban T. Holmes, Jr. and Alex. J. Denomy, C. S. B. xxxii+376 p., frontispiece, 9 ills. Cambridge, Mass., Har- vard University Press, 1948.

In addition to many mediaeval studies, this book includes a portrait of Professor Ford, a brief biography and bibliography. G. S.

[Germany]. Ein Ehrentag der deutschen Wis- senschaft. Die Eroffnung des Reichsforschungs- rats am 25. Mai 1937. 47 p., I9 ills. Presse- stelle des Reichserziehungsministeriums, Ig937.

Splendid collection of photographs of the men who almost destroyed German science and German culture: Hitler, Rust, Becker, etc. A sad document for the history of science in Germany in our time.

G. S.

HAGEDORN, HERMANN. Prophet in the wilderness. The story of Albert Schweitzer. 221 p. New York, Macmillan, 1947.

Reviewed by Edward H. Hume, Bulletin of the History of Medicine, 22, 497-98, 1948.

LAMEERE, WILLIAM. Sur la tombe de Franz Cumont (I868-i947). Alumni, I7, 99-I58, portr., I947-48.

Excellent biography. Let us hope that Cumont's posthumous work, Lux perpetua, edited by Father Festugiere (about whom see Isis, 38, 194 ) will soon appear and complete our remembrance of the great scholar. G. S.

[Lefort, L. Th.]. M6langes Lefort. Le Musion, 59, 693 p., portr., pls., Louvain 1946.

Vol. 59 of Le Muse'on is a book of homage dedicated to Prof. Lefort, who was director of that journal after the first war, from 1921 tO 1946. It includes a beautiful portrait, a bibliography, various articles devoted to his work, and many studies on Egyptology, Coptic and other oriental subjects; some of these are listed in this bibliography. G. S.

LOVEJOY, ARTHUR 0. Essays in the history of ideas. xvii+359 p. Baltimore, The Johns Hopkins Press, 1948. $5.oo. This is a kind of Festschrift to the author in-

cluding the reprinting of many of his writings, plus a bibliography of all of them, published within half a century, 1898-1948, but we miss his portrait. With every good wish for many more years of health and fruitful work. G. S.

PRAAUX, CLAIRE. Brussels University during the German occupation. An address to members of the British forces. 7 p., 2 figs. n. d.

[Saxl, Fritz]. Fritz Saxl, I890-i948. By Edna Purdie and Rudolf Wittkower. 4 p. Uni- versity of London -Warburg Institute, 1948. Addresses by Professor Edna Purdie, Chairman of

the Committee of Management, and Dr. Rudolf Wittkower at the opening of the photographic exhibition in memory of Fritz Saxl in the Warburg Institute on s5th June, 1948.

TIZARD, SIR HENRY. The passing world. Nature, I62, 392-99, 1948. From the Presidential address, British Associa-

tion, delivered at Brighton, on September 8, 1948.

VAUTHIER, MARCEL. 1940-1944. L'Uni- versit6 de Bruxelles sous l'occupation alle- mande. Pr6face de Charles Frerichs. iv+158 p. Bruxelles, Cock, 1944.

Part II

Historical and Ethnographical Classification

1. ANTIQUITY 1. Antiquity- Generalities

BOKER, ROBERT. Berechnungen zur vor- griechischen Astronomie. (Studies on pre- Greek astronomy published by the author, Ferd. Lassalle Str. I7.I, Leipzig CI). Dr.-Ing. Boker explains in a short introduction

the method which he is following in these investigations. By means of a 34-centimeter precession globe he obtains preliminary results correct within half a degree; final results are based on computa- tions. The four studies thus far published deal with: I. Der agyptische Kalender der Epoche -3100 (4 p.). II. Babylonisch-assyrische Tempelorientation (6 p.). Ifl. Die Sterne der thebanischen Sternstun- dentafeln (7 p.). IV. Azimutpendelungen der Fixsterne und die Oberlieferung (7 p.).

FORBES, R. J. Man and matter in the ancient Near East (the background of ancient science). Archives Internationaes d'Histoire des Sciences, 557-73, 1948.

WALTER, EMIL J. Warum gab es im Alter- tum keine Dynamik? Archives Internationales d'Histoire des Sciences, 365-82, 4 figs., 1948.



152 2. Egypt 2. Egypt

ALLEN, EDWIN BROWN. A Coptic solar eclipse record. Journal of the American Orien- tal Society, 67, 267-69, '947.

ASBELL, MILTON B. The dental art of ancient Egypt (c. 3000 B.C.-5oo B.C.). (Vig- nettes in dental history). Outlook and Bule- tin of the Southern Dental Society of New Jersey, 17, 2 p., 2 figs., April 1948.

BALL, JOHN. Egypt in the classical geogra- phers. Vi+203 p., 8 pls., i8 figs. Cairo, Ministry of Finance, Survey of Egypt, 1942.

Reviewed by Claire Preaux, Chronique d'Egypte, 23, 232-34, 1948-

CAPART, JEAN. L'art 6gyptien. Deuxi6me partie. Choix de documents accompagnes d'indications bibliographiques. Tome 4: Les arts mineurs. 49 p., I99 pls. Bruxelles, 1947.

Reviewed by Jean Sainte Fare Garnot, Chronique d'Egypte, 23, 69-71, 1948. DAVIES, NORMAN DE GARIS. The tomb

of Rekh-Mi-Re at Thebes. 2 vols. New York, Metropolitan Museum of Art, 1943.

Reviewed by Jean Capart, Chronique d'Egypte, 23. 82-84, 1948.

DRIOTON, ETIENNE. Parchemin magique copte provenant d'Edfou. Le Musdon, 59, 479-89, 2 pls., 1946. Apropos of a Coptic document found in Edfu,

Musee du Louvre E 14.250. G. S.

EDWARDS, I. E. S. The pyramids of Egypt. 256 p., I5 pls., 34 figs. London, Penguin Books; New York, Pelican Books, 1947.

Reviewed by John A. Wilson, Journal of Near Eastern Studies, 7, 128, 1948. FRANKFORT, HENRI. Ancient Egyptian re-

ligion. An interpretation. x+172 p., frontispiece, 3I ils. New York, Columbia Univer- sity Press, 1948. $3.00.

The latest book on Egyptian religion reviewed in Isis was Breasted's The dawn of conscience (1934; Isis, 21, 305-I6). The purpose of the present book is to prove the unity of that religion, stemming from the conviction that the univcrse is essentially static and that only the changeless is ultimately significant. The author discusses in turn the Gods, the State, the Way of Life, Hope, Change and Permanence in literature and art. The book is beautifully illustrated and is meant for continuous reading; it reads very well. G. S.

GARDINER, ALAN H. Ancient Egyptian onomastica. 2 vols. text, i vol. plates. Preface xxi p., Introduction 68 p., Autotyped text, 494 p., 8 figs., 6 maps, 40 pls. Oxford Uni- versity Press, 1947.

Reviewed by G. A. Wainwright, Antiquity, 22,

I65-68, 1948. GARDINER, ALAN H. The Wilbour Papyrus.

Vol. i. Plates, facsimile and hieroglyphic translation. Vol. 2. Commentary. Vol. 3. Translation. Brooklyn Museum, 194I-48.

Brooklyn 17, N. Y.

Vol. I was published in I94I, $20. Vols. 2 and 3 in 1948, $5 each. Vol. 4. Index, is in preparation. In his introduction to vol. 2, Sir Alan Gardiner says of the Wilbour papyrus: "Here for the first time we have a vast document dealing with the measurement and assessment of fields, one of the major operations of the Egyptian administration, and it was precisely from such documents that were compiled the final land registers on which the nmain finances of the country depended. Records of this kind must have been made yearly. . . . Yet of all such cadastral surveys which, in the course of centuries, must have been made by Egyptian officials, this Late-Ramesside papyrus is the only draft of considerable size that has survived.... In a dozen different directions, it sheds a new light upon Egyptian civilization. . . . The main interest of the documcnt, however, lies in the in- contestable proof it brings of the closely interwoven obligations of temples, Crown, and smallholders, and of the control exercised over all by one fiscal authority."

GILBERT, PIERRE. La composition de l'ode de la Mort dans le Dialogue 6gyptien du Desespere. Le Museon, 59, 201-05, 1946.

GILBERT, PIERRE. La valeur de la dvilisa- tion egyptienne. Revue Internationale "Syn- theses," i6 p., Bruxelles, 1948.

GLANVILLE, STEPHEN R. K. The growth & nature of Egyptology. An inaugural lecture. 37 p. Cambridge, University Press, 1947.

HAYES, WILLIAM C. A much-copied letter of the early Middle Kingdom. Journal of Near Eastern Studies, 7, 1-10, 3 pls., facs., 1948.

School exercises in letter writing.

JANSSEN, JOZEF M. A. Annual Egyptologi- cal bibliography, 1947. 88 p. Leiden, Brill, 1948. Gld. 6.-

JAQUIER, GUSTAVE. Considerations sur les religions 6gyptiennes. Neuchatel, La Bacon- niere, I946.

Reviewed by Jean Capart, Chronique d'Egypte, 23, 51-52, 1948.

JONCKHEERE, FRANS. Le bossu des Mu- sees Royaux d'Art et d'Historie de Bruxelles. Note by Pierre Gilbert. Chronique d'Egypte, 23, 24-35, 3 figs-, 1948.

JONCKHEERE, FRANS. Le papyrus medical Chester Beatty. 79 p. ("La medecine 6gyp- tienne," no. 2). Bruxelles, Fondation Egyp- tologique Reine Elisabeth, 1947.

Reviewed by John A. Wilson, journal of Near Eastern Studies, 7, 128, 1948; and in Chronique d'Egypte, 23, 97-100, 1948.

KEIMER, LOUIS. Interpr6tation d'un passage du papyrus Sallier Ier: une priire au dieu Thot. Bulletin de d'Institut d'Egypte, 29, 275- 9I, 1948.

KEIMER, LOUIS. Quelques repr6sentations rares de poissons 6gyptiens remontant A l'epoque pharaonique. BuUetin de lInstitut d'Egypte, 29, 263-74, I pl., 3 figs., 1948.



2. Egypt -4. Greece 153

LEEUWENBURG, L. G. Echnaton. (Cultuur- historische Monografieen, n? 5). La Haye, Servire, 1946.

Reviewed by B. van de Walle, Chronique d'Egyptc, 23, 85-88, I948.

LUCAS, A. Ancient Egyptian materials and industries. 3rd edition, revised. xi+570 p. London, Arnold, 1948.

Reviewed by M. C. Burkitt, Nature, I62, 429, 1948.

SMITH, WILLIAM STEVENSON. A history of Egyptian sculpture and painting in the Old Kingdom. Boston, Museum of Fine Arts, 1946.

Rcviewed by Jean Capart, Chronique d'Egypte, 23, 74-76, 1948.

SPELEERS, L. Textes des cercueils du Moyen- Empire. Bruxelles, s. d. (I9471.

Reviewed by B. van de Walle, Chronique d'Egyptc, 23, 76-78, I948.

STEUER, ROBERT C. Wbdw. Aetiological principle of Pyaemia in ancient Egyptian medicine. viii+36 p. Supplements to the BuUetin of the History of Medicine, no. io, Baltimore, The Johns Hopkins Press, 1948.

$1.50. "A comprehensive study of the Egyptian word

wbdw as expressing one of the basic concepts of ancient Egyptian medicine is presented in the following paper, in which Egyptological methods of investigation are used in order to analyze the meaning of wbdw not fully recognized thus far."

VERCOUTTER, JEAN. L'Egypte ancienne. (Coll. "Que sais-je?"). Paris, Presses Uni- versitaires de France, 1947.

Reviewed by Pierre Gilbert, Chroniquc d'Egyptc, 23, 52-55, 1948. WADDELL, W. G.; ROBBINS, F. E. Manetho

with an English translation. Ptolemy, Tetra- biblos. (Loeb Classical Library). London, I940.

Reviewed by Baudouin van de Wallc, Chronique d'Egypte, 23, 231-32, I948.

WHITE, LESLIE A. Ikhnaton: the great man vs. the culture process. Journal of the Ameri- can Oriental Society, 68, 9I-II4, I948.

WINTER, J. G.: YOUTIE, H. C. Cotton in Graeco-Roman Egypt. American Journal of Philology, 65, 249-58, I944.

Reviewed by Marcel Hombert, Chronique d'Egyptc, 23, 204-06, I948.

3. Babylonia and Assyria

BODENHEIMER, F. S. A survey on the zoology of the ancient Sumerians and Assyrians. Archives Internationales d'Histoire des Sci- ences, 26I-69, 1948. Also in Actes du se Congres international d'histoire des sciences, Lausanne 1947, 150-58; Paris, Academie In- ternationale d'Histoire des Sciences, 1948.

CONTENAU, G. Manuel d'arch6ologie orientale depuis les origines jusqu'a l'epoque d'Alex- andre. IV. Les d6couvertes archeologiques de 1930 A I939. p. I686-2378, 337 figs., I2 pIS. Paris, Picard, I947.

The first three volumes of this manual were reviewed in Isis, 20, 474-78; this volume is the supplement of which I was then asking the prompt publication. The most important part for our readers is ch. VI on Science which, brief as it is (57 p.), is very welcome. It deals with generalities, mathematics, surveying, cartography, astronomy, botany, zoology, mineralogy, metals, chemistry, divination and magic (26 p.), medicine. The mathematical and astronomical part (6 p.) is rudimentary and far from up-to-date. The bibliography relative to science (3 p.) is insufficient; it would have been easy to enrich it by means of the critical bibliographies periodically published in Isis. In fairness to the author, one should remember that the history of science is really a hors d'oeuvre, and be grateful to him for the immense amount of information which he has brought together concerning every aspect of archaeology in Western Asia. Many illustrations and good collection of maps. G. S.

GRUBER, JACOB W. Irrigation and land use in ancient Mesopotamia. Agricultural His- tory, 22, 69-77, I948.

KRAMER, SAMUEL NOAH. Iraqi excavations during the war years. University Museum Bulletin I&, 29 p., 20 figs., Philadelphia, 1948.

KRAMER, SAMUEL NOAH. The tablet collection of the University Museum [of the University of Pennsylvania]. Journal of the American Oriental Society, 38, 32I-22, I947.

LEWY, HILDEGARD. Marginal notes on a recent volume of Babylonian mathematical texts. Journal of the American Oriental So- ciety, 67, 305-20, 4 figs., 1947.

Apropos of Neugebauer and Sachs (1945; Isis, 37, 96). A. Texts relating to compound interest. B. Igi-gub-ba (constant reciprocals) values and their application. "The few examples which we selected for discussion from the wealth of material presented by Neugebauer and Sachs will convince the reader that the new texts represent a notable contribution not only to our knowledge of Babylonian mathematics but also to the understanding of such branches of Babylonian life in which questions relating to arithmetic and geometry were involved."

NEUGEBAUER, OTTO. Arithmetical methods for the dating of Babylonian astronomical texts. Courant Anniversary Volume, 265-75, I948.

PARROT, ANDRL. Arch6ologie m6sopotami- enne, vol. I: Les etapes. xvi+542 p., pls., I50 figs., 9 maps. ("Collection sciences d'aujourd'hui"). Paris, Michel, I946.

Reviewed by H. Frankfort, journal of Near Eastern Studies, 7, 63-64, 1948. History of Meso- potamian archaeology.

4. Greece

AMAND, DOM D. Fatalisme et libert6 dans l'antiquit6 grecque. Recherches sur la sur-



I54 4. Greece vivance de l'argumentation morale antifataliste de Carn6ade chez les philosophes grecs et les theologiens chretiens des quatre premiers siecles. xxviii+6o8 p. (Universit6 de Louvain, Recueil de travaux d'histoire et de philologie, 1ge fasc.). Louvain, Biblioth6que de l'Uni- versit6, 1945.

Reviewed by Frederick Cramer, Isis, 38, 194-97,

1948.

ASBELL, MILTON B. Dentistry in the Classic Age of Greece (65o B.C.-I5o B.C.). (Vig- nettes in Dental History). Outlook and Bulle- tin of the Southern Dental Society of New Jersey, 17, 2 p., May 1948.

BROWNE, C. A. Rhetorical and religious aspects of Greek alchemy. Ambix, 3, 15-25,

1948.

CODELLAS, PAN. S. Ancient Greek women leaders in science. Actes du Ve Congres international d'histoire des sciences, Lausanne I947, 226-30. Paris, Academie Internationale d'Histoire des Sciences, I948.

CRAMER, FREDERICK. Some recent Euro- pean publications on ancient pseudo-science and its adversaries. Isis, 38, 194-97, 1948.

DELATTE, LOUIS. Les trait6s de la Royaut6 d'Ecphante, Diotogene et Sth6nidas. x+3x8 p. (Biblioth6que de la Facult6 de Philosophie et Lettres de l'Universit6 de Li6ge, fasc. 97). Liege, I942.

The author of this book is already known to many readers because of his Textes latins et vieux francais relatifs aux Cyranides (1942; Isis, 39, 262); he is the son of Armand Delatte, whom our readers know even better. The present volume is devoted to three Greek texts on kingship preserved in the Anthology of Stobaeos (V-2). These texts have been many times edited with the rest of the Anthology, but Delatte found it necessary to revise these editions on the basis of new MSS. They are very short; the longest ascribed to Ecphantos covers 178 lines, the two others, bearing respectively the strange names of Diotogenes and Sthenidas, cover 139 and I6 lines. This Ecphantos is certainly not the Pythagorean Ecphantos of Syracuse (IV-i B. C.). On the basis of a complex and patient analysis Delatte concludes that these texts are not old Pythagorean, nor even early Hellenistic (as Goodenough believed), but Roman (I or II). These texts are dominated by two complementary ideas: (I) kingship is a divine institution, the king is a vicar of God, (2) kingship is an image of divine government, the king imitates God, his subjects imitate him. "Le traite d'Ecphante nous rev8le comment le Cesarisme engagea la lutte contre la soteriologie religieusc en lui empruntant les armes de la theosophie. Le roi ou empereur, represente sous les traits d'un mediateur et d'un sauveur, se dresse en face des fondateurs des religions a mysteres: il promet a la communaute humfaine de rcaliser un ordre de choses qui, en reproduisant l'organisation de l'Univers, reponde e

la volonte de Dieu et assure le salut de l'humanit&." G. S.

DUNBABIN, T. J. The Western Greeks. The history of Sicily and South Italy from the foundation of the Greek colonies to 480 B.C. xiv+5o4 p. Oxford, Clarendon Press, 1948. $I I.oo.

This book is outside the scope of Isis, for it deals primarily with political and economic history, or with "colonial" history, if you look at it from the point of view of Greece proper. Yet, historians of science know the importance of the Magna Graecia and Sicily for their own investigations, and they will do well to consult Dunbabin for any difficulty in the understanding of the political background of, say, the Pythagorean school. The account deals with a critical period of a little less than three centuries, from the middle of the eighth century to the beginning of the fifth, eight generations. The author has taken great pains to establish the difficult chronology of the Western colonies (conclusions, p. 470, 485). He had the original idea of referring to modern experience in Australia and New Zealand in order to explain old colonial diffi- culties. Lists of objects of art coming from Attica and from the Eastern part of the Greek world and found in the Western part help to illustrate the relations between these parts. Greco-Phoencian relations are tabulated on p. 485. G. S.

FARRUKH, OMAR A. Greek philosophy and the story of its translation into Arabic. 114 p. (in Arabic). Beirut, Munaimanah, I947.

Summary of the history of Greek philosophy with special reference to the ideas which influenced Muslim philosophy. The two final chapters (out of six) explain the transmission of Greek philosophy to the Muslim world, with brief biographies of the main Arabic translators. G. S.

FESTUGI1ERE, A. M. J. (O. P.). La r6v6lation d'Hermes Trismegiste. x: L'astrologie et les sciences occultes. Avec un appendice sur l'Hermetisme arabe par Louis Massignon. xii+424 p., frontispiece. (Etudes bibliques). Paris, Gabalda, i944.

Reviewed by Frederick Cramer, Isis, 38, 19497, 1948.

GIGON, OLOF. Der Ursprung der griechischen Philosophie. Von Hesiod bis Parmenides. 291 p. Basel, Schwabe, 1945. Reviewed by Gunnar Rudberg, Lychnos, 366-67

(in Swedish), 1946-47.

HEINIMANN, F. Nomos und Physis. Her- kunft und Bedeutung einer Antithese im griechischen Denken des S. Jahrhunderts. 22!

p. Basel, Reinhardt, I945.

Reviewed by Martin P:n Nilsson, Lychnos, 368- 69 (in Swedish), 1946-47.

HENNIG, RICHARD. Terrae incognitae. Eine Zusammenstellung und kritische Bewertung der wichtigsten vorcolumbischen Entdeckungs- reisen an Hand der daruber vorliegenden Ori- ginalberichte. I. Altertum bis PtolemaLus. 2., verb. Aufil., xii+462 p. Leiden, Brill, 1944.

Rcviewed by Erik Gren, Lychnos, 415 (in Swedish), 1946-47.



4. Greece-6. Middle Ages I55

MILLS, A. RAYMOND. Peasant remedies from the Greek islands. Bulktin of the His- tory of Medicine, 22, 441-50, 1948.

NOCK, A. D.; FESTUGI1RE, A. M. J. (O. P.). Herm&s Trismegiste. Tome i and 2.

liii+197 p.; p. 198-405. (Collection des Uni- versites de France). Paris, Les Belles Lettres. Reviewed by Frederick Cramer, Isis, 38, 194-97,

1948. OSBORNE, CLIFFORD PIERSON. The prob-

lems of change in Greek science. 114 p. (Dissertation, 1931). Chicago, University of Chicago Libraries, 1934.

Reviewed bv Paul Tasch, Isis, 38, 254, 1948.

PEASE, ARTHUR STANLEY. Dictamnus. Melanges de Philologie, de Litteature et d'Histoire anciennes offerts i J. Marouzeau, 469-74, Paris, Les Belles Lettres, 1948.

STEPHANIDES, MICHAEL. Explanation of physical terms. Academy of Athens, Practica, I,5 350-54, 1940; i6, 39-42, 1941 (in Greek).

STEPHANIDES, MICHEL C. Histoire naturelle des mots ou naissance de la langue et pr6histoire de l'empirisme par les mots. 65 p. (Contributions i l'Histoire des Sciences). Athens, Kauffmann, 1940.

The author, who is professor of the history of sciences in thc University of Athens, has collected in this volume a number of studies on the etymol- ogy and various relationships of Greek words. These studies were first published in Greek. G. S. TASCH, PAUL. Quantitative measurements

and the Greek atomists. Isis, 38, I85-89, 1948.

THOMPSON, SIR D'ARCY WENTWORTH. A glossary of Greek fishes. vi+302 p., figs., frontispiece. London, Oxford University Press, 1947.

Reviewed by George Sarton, Isis, 38, 254, 1948; and by J. L. Myres, Nature, I6I, I85-86, 1948.

ZIMMERN, SIR ALFRED. Athens and America. The Charles E. Moore Lecture for the Promotion of Greek Studies, delivered at Trinity College, Hartford, Conn., 22 May 1947. Classical Journal, 43, 3-II, figs., 1947.

5. Rome

FAIDER-FEYTMANS, G. La necropole de Peronnes-lez-Binche. L'Antiquitd classique, i6, 79-104, 1947.

FAIDER-FEYTMANS, MADAME G. Les chefs-d'oeuvre de la Rhinanie romaine. Aotkt- septembre 1948. Mus6e de Mariemont. 55 p., 24 pls. Gembloux, Duculot, 1948.

Excellent catalogue prepared by Mme. Faider, keeper of the Musce de Mariemont. It was my privilege to visit the exhibition on August II, 1948, and I was deeply impressed by it. 206 objects had been carefully selected by Mme. Faider in the museums and churches of Bonn, Cologne, Mayence, Spires, Treves and Xanten and gave a very good idea of the cultural achievements of the Rhine region during the period extending from the first century to the Carolingian age. G. S.

GOOSSENS, ROGER. L'oeuvre de Rome. La contribution du genie romain i la formation et i l'education de l'Europe. 135 p. (Col- lection "Savoir," no 6). Paris-Bruxelles, Les Editions Lumiere, i944.

Excellent little book full of stimulating ideas. The account of Roman decline and fall is particularly good. The author's final words deserve to be quoted; comparing the contributions of Greece and Rome, he concludes: [la collaboration de Rome] "s'est surtout marquee sur le plan materiel, et son originalite culturelle parait bien faible a cote de l'apport des Grecs, qui ont invente la science et la raison. Mais, en depit de la parabole celebre, il n'est pas si simple de savoir qui, de Marthe ou de Marie, a choisi la meilleure part. Dans ce monde oui l'action est la soeur du reve, Rome a ete le bras seculier au service du genie grec." G. S. GORDON, A. E. Supralineate abbreviations in

Latin inscriptions. University of California Publications in Classical Archaeology, 2, Vi

+74 p., 1948.

LAISTNER, MAX L. W. The greater Roman historians. ix+i96 p. (Sather Classical Lec- tures, 21, 1947). Berkeley, University of California Press, 1947. $3.00. Of the eight chapters of this book two are intro-

ductory, one is devoted to Sallust, two to Livy, two to Tacitus, and one to Ammianus Marcellinus, whom the author hclps to rehabilitate - "In the temple of Clio his place is by the side of Livy and Tacitus." The notes are unfortunately hidden away at the end, and the index is restricted to the quotations from ancient authors. G. S. VAN DOOREN, J. J. Pour et contre la poesie.

Extraits choisis du Dialogue des orateurs de Tacite et du Plaidoyer pour Archias de Cic6ron. 7I p., frontispiece. (Collection Le- begue, no. go). Bruxelles, Office de Publi- cite, 1948. 35 frs. belges. It is an interesting idea to edit together extracts

dealing with poetry from Cicero's Pro Archia and from Tacitus' Dialogus de oratoribus. One should remember that more than a century and a half separates the two writers and that the eloquence possible in Republican times had become absolutely impossible during the Empire. The only eloquence which was still permissible then was that of the informers and the denouncers. The American pro- fessors of Latin complain that they cannot find enough texts for their students to read. Here is a very good one, costing hardly more than 8o cents.

G. S.

II. MIDDLE AGES

6. Middle Ages -Generalities

ALMAGIA, ROBERTO. Quelques questions au sujet des cartes nautiques et des portulans d'apres les recherches r&centes. Archives Internationales d'Histoire des Sciences, 237- 45, 1948. With comments by A Cortesao, p. 245-46.

BONSER, WILFRID. Epidemics during the Anglo-Saxon period. With an appendix by Sir William MacArthur. Journal of the



i56 6. Middle Ages -7. Byzantium British Archaeological Association, 9, 48-7I,

' 944. With chronological table of epidemics from c.

526 to Io87. Sir William's appendix deals with famine fevers in England and Ireland. He concludes "I consider it beyond all reasonable doubt that the 'mortalitas magna' of the sixth century, named at the time the Pestis flava and the Buidhe Chonaill was a severe form of relapsing fever with jaundice common enough to dominate the general picture of the disease." G. S.

BOUTEMY, ANDRA. Recueil de textes historiques latins du moyen Age ecrits en Belgique ou s'y rapportant. Textes narratifs (VIIe- milieu du XIIe siecle). 94 p., frontispiece. (Collection Lebbgue, no. 28). Bruxelles, Office de Publicite, i943.

CLAGETT, MARSHALL. Some general aspects of physics in the Middle Ages. Isis, 39, 29-44, 1948.

CROMBIE, A. C. Scholastic logic and the experimental method. Archives Internatio- nales d'Histoire des Sciences, 28o-85, 1948.

DE BRUYNE, EDGAR. Etudes d'esthetique medievale. 2 parts in 3 volumes. xiv+371 p.; X+400 p. (Rijksuniversiteit te Gent, Werken uitgegeven door de Faculteit van de Wijsbegeerte en Letteren, 97, 98, 99). Brugge, De Tempel, 1946. Reviewed by George Sarton, Isis, 39, 188-90,

1948; and by Louis Brehier, Jouirnal des savants, 104-13, 1946.

DE KEYSER, L. La lepre au Moyen-Age en Belgique. Revue de Medecine et de Pharma- cie, 4, 5-27, 1948.

ESPINAS, GEORGES. Les origines du capi- talisme, III. Deux fondations de villes dans l'Artois et la Flandre francaise Xe-XVe siecles -Saint-Omer, Lannoy-du-Nord. xxxviii+ 309 p. (Bibliotheque de la Societe d'Histoire du Droit des Pays Flamands, Picards et Wal- lons, I6). Paris, Picard, 1946.

Reviewed by Raymond dc Roover, Speculum, 23, 303-o6, 1948.

GESSLER, JEAN. Textes diplomatiques latins du moyen age. (VIIe-milieu du XVe si&cle). 78 p., 2 facs. (Collection Lebbgue no. 86). Brussels, Office de Publicite, 1948. 35 frs. belges. Collection of diplomatic mediaeval documents,

most of them of Belgian origin. The notes are brief but excellent. This little book costing less than a dollar would be a very convenient textbook for a seminary dealing with mediaeval history. G. S.

HAUST, JEAN (editor). Medicinaires liegeois du XIIIe siecle et me'dicinaire namurois du XVe (manuscrits 8i5 et 2769 de Darmstadt). 7+2 I6 p. Brussels (Academie Royale de langue et de litterature francaise de Belgique, 4). Reviewed by M. Wilmotte, Le moyen age, 217-

20. 1941.

HELIN, MAURITIUS. Index scriptorum ope- rumque latino-belgicorum medii aevi Buletin Du Cange, 8, 87 p., Paris, 1933.

KROON, SIGURD. Det svenska priistm6tet under medeltiden. Dess uppkomst och stall- ning i samhalle och kyrka. i89 p. (Sam- lingar och Studier till Svenska Kyrkans His- toria, I8). Stockholm, Svenska Kyrkans Diakonistyrelses Bokforlag, 1948.

Study of diocesan synods in Sweden during the Middle Ages; it is written in Swedish, but there is a fairly long summary in French (20 p.). The book concerns church history and administration and the relationship between the church and the Swedish people. G. S. NELSON, BENJAMIN N. The usurer and the

merchant prince: Italian businessmen and the ecclesiastical law of restitution, iioo-i50o. The Tasks of Economic History, supplement 7, 104-22, 1947, to The Journal of Economic History.

[Notre Dame]. The Mediaeval Institute of the University of Notre Dame. Established in 1946 as a center for research in the history of Christian culture. Bulletin number 3, 1948- 1949. 14 p. Notre Dame, Indiana, University Press.

RUNCIMAN, STEVEN. The medieval Mani- chee. A study of the Christian dualist heresy. x+312 p. Cambridge, University Press, 1947.

20 S.

"Mani began his preaching in Mesopotamia in 242, and was martyred there thirty-four years later. His doctrines obviously derive from Zoroastrianism, though he always called himself Apostle of Jesus Christ. In this book Mr. Runciman traces in some detail the history of all the offshoots of the Dualist tradition in Christianity, [East and West,] from Gnostic beginnings to its final florescence in the Middle Ages." STEPHENSON, CARL. In praise of medieval

tinkers. Journal of Economic History, 8, 26-42, 10 figs., 1948.

VETTER, QUIDO. Les origines de la geometrie et de la perspective en Boheme. Actes du Ve Congres International d'Histoire des Sciences, Lausanne (30 septembre-6 octobre 1947),

244-51, 1948.

WOLFSON, H. A. The meaning of ex nihilo in the Church Fathers, Arabic and Hebrew philosophy, and St. Thomas. Mediaeval Studies in honor of Jeremiah Denis Matthias Ford, 353-70, 1948.

WOODFORDE, CHRISTOPHER. Some medieval English glazing quarries painted with birds. Journal of the British Archaeological Association, 9, I-II, I9 pls., I944.

7. Byzantium

AMANTOS, CONSTANTINE I. History of the Byzantine empire. Vol. II: 867-1204 (in Greek). xviii+455 p. Athens, 1947.

Reviewcd by Peter Charanis, Speculum, 23, 288- 89, 1948.



7. Byzantium -9. India I 57 ANASTOS, MILTON V. Hypogeios, a Byzan-

tine term for perigee, and some Byzantine views of the date of perigee and apogee. Orientalia Christiana Periodica, I3, 385-403, I947.

BRAHIER, LOUIS. Vie et mort de Byzance. xxi+602 p., 4 maps, 12 pIs. (Bibliotheque de synthese historique, 1'Evolution de l'humanite, 32). Paris, Michel, I947.

Reviewed by Henri Gregoire, Bulletin de l'Aca- demie royale de Belgique (Classe des Lettres), 2I9- 24, jUin 1947.

VIe congres international d'etudes byzantines. Place sous le haut patronage de Monsieur le Ministre des Affaires etrangeres et de Mon- sieur le Ministre de l'Education nationale. 27 juillet-2 aoat 1948. 62 p. Paris, Institut d'Art et d'Archeologie, I948.

VIIe Congr6s international des etudes byzantines. Bruxelles, 4-I5 aofut, 1948. 23 p.

GRS,GOIRE, HENRI. Pour I'histoire des eglises pauliciennes. Orientarta Christiana Periodica, 13, 509-14, 1947.

GR]DGOIRE, HENRI. Precisions geographiques et chonologiques sur les Pauliciens. Acaddmie royale de Belgique, Bulletin de la Classe des Lettres et des Sciences morales et politiques, 33, 289-324, I947.

II. ORIENTAL SCIENCE AND CIVILIZATION

8. Asia -Generalities

Conference of British Orientalists held at Pem- broke College, Cambridge, August 20-22,

1947. I9 p. London, The Royal India and Pakistan Society.

Oriens. Journal de la Societe internationale d'Etudes orientales. Vol. i, Nr. 1, I46 p., Leiden, Brill, 1948.

No. a of vol. I of this new journal appeared in June 1948. It is the organ of the International Society of Oriental Research founded in Istanbul on Oct. 2, 1946. President: Abdiilhak Adnan Adivar. Editor: H. Ritter. Articles relevant to our purpose will be listed in Isis. Our every good wish to the new society and the new journal. G. S.

Western Asia- including "The ancient East" in general

ALBRIGHT, W. F. The early alphabetic inscriptions from Sinai and their decipherment. Bul- letin of the American Schools of Oriental Re- search, No. I10, 6-22, 2 figs., I948.

FRANKFORT, H.; FRANKFORT, H. A.; WILSON, JOHN A.; JACOBSEN, THOR- KILD; IRWIN, WILLIAM A. The intellectual adventure of ancient man: an essay on speculative thought in the ancient Near East. Vii+40I p. Chicago, Univ. of Chicago Press, I946.

Reviewed by Theophile J. Meek, Journal of Near Eastern Studies, 7, I23-24, 1948.

HARDEN, D. B. The Phoenicians on the West Coast of Africa. Antiquity, 22, 141-50,

map, I948.

OBERMANN, JULIAN. Ugaritic mythology. niv+iio p. New Haven, Yale University Press, I948.

Reviewed by Solomon Gandz, Isis, 39, 190-91,

1948.

Central Asia

BELL, SIR CHARLES. Portrait of the Dalai Lama. 414 p., 2 maps, 49 ills. London, Col- lins, 1946. 2 IS.

Biography of the thirteenth Dalai Lama (i876- 1933) by one who knew him well. This includes much information on Tibet, past and present.

G. S.

Eastern Asia - including works relative to the whole of Buddhist Asia, or to India, Central and Eastern Asia combined. JANSE, OLOV R. T. Archaeological research

in Indo-China. Vol. I. xl+73 p., 69 pls. (Har. vard-Yenching Institute, monograph series, 7). Cambridge, Mass., Harvard University Press, I947.

Reviewed by Cheng Te-k'un, Harvard Journal of Asiatic Studies, ii, 214-20, I948.

SOKOL, A. E. The name of Quelpaert Island. Isis, 38, 23I-35, 1948.

9. India ABEGG, D. Die Anfinge des Yoga, p. 4I22-

28, ills., Der klassische Yoga, p. 4129-38, ills. Ciba Zeitschrift, I0, 1948.

BING, MAXIM; JENNY, J. J. tYber Medi- zinisches und Psychologisches im Yoga. Ciba Zeitschrift, 10, 4148-54, ills., 1948.

FILLIOZAT, J. Le sommeil et les reves selon les medecins indiens et les physiologues grecs. Journal de Psychologie, 326-46 (rec'd March 31948). "Les grands traites de medecine sanskrits con-

tiennent des doctrines qui sont au premier rang de celles que nous a laissees 1'Antiquite. Elles doivent etre considerees comme scientifiques dans la meme mesure que celles des meilleurs traites hippocratiques ou des ecrits de Galien, voire d'ouvrages beaucoup plus modernes. Elles representent, en effet, un effort coherent pour comprendre rationnellement les phenomenes vitaux normaux et pathologiques. Les resultats sont, en general, tels qu'on pouvait les attendre des moyens, encore bien insuffisants, qu'on employait pour les atteindre. Mais l'effort accompli dans la recherche est digne, du plus grand interet. Son existence, son ampleur et sa continuite dans l'Inde sont des caracteres majeurs de la civilisation de ce pays et des faits essentiels dans l'histoire generale de la science." "Reste k apprecier le degre d'originalite des theories rationnelles grecques et indiennes les unes par rapport aux autres. On a soutenu le plus souvent. jusqu'aujourd'hui que l'originalite etait tout enti'ere du c8te de Ia Grece, parce que l'astrologie indienne a fait de larges emprunts a l'astrologie alexandrine. On doit main-



I58 9. India-io. China

tenant renoncer a generaliser cette remarque. Les theories psycho-physiologiques indiennes que nous trouvons dans les manuels classiques posterieurs a l'essor de la science hellenique ont en realit6 leurs antecedents dans les textes brahmaniques qui nous en montrent les elements preformes et qui sont anterieurs a 1'epoque des anciens physiologues dI'onie et d'Italie. II ne s'ensuit pas que ceux-ci aient pu s'inspirer des speculations brahmaniques. Mais l'empire achermenide a longtemps, 'a leur epoque, precisement, etendu sa domination 'a la fois sur les villes grecques d'Ionie et sur le bassin de l'Indus. II a attire 'a la cour de Suse plusieurs medecins grecs dont un au moins, Ctesias, s'est informe des choses de l'Inde. I1 a donc fourni l'occasion historique d'echanges d'idees qui ex- pliqueraient mieux que le hasard la similitude constatee entre les theories psycho-physiologiques des Grecs et celies des Indiens."

[Gode, P. K.]. Thirty years of historical research, or bibliography of the published writings of P. K. Gode, Curator Bhandarkar Oriental Research Institute from I9I6 to I946. xiv+76 p. Poona, I947.

Reviewed by Ludwik Sternbach, Journal of the Ameri7can Oriental Society, 68, i26, I948.

GURJAR, L. V. Ancient Indian mathematics and Vedha. Vi+202 p. Poona, Ideal Book Service, 1947.

Reviewed by E. H. Neville, Nature i6I, 580, 1948.

JENNY, J. J. Der Kundalinl-Yoga. Ciba Zeit- schrift, IO, 4I39-46, ills., I948.

KAMATH, M. A. Hinduism and modern science. Foreword by C. Kunhan Raja. v+ii+ iV+2i6+iii p. Mangalore, Sharada Press, I947. Rs. 4.8. Utterly uncritical. G. S.

MULLER, REINHOLD F. G. Altindische Uro- logie. Zeitschrift fur UrOlOgie, 41, II8-28,

1948.

MULLER, REINHOLD F. G. Der "Kaiser- schnitt"- nach indischen tUberlieferungen. Grenzgebiete der Medizin, i, 60-62, 1948.

RAWLINSON, H. G. Indian influences on Western culture. Journal of the Royal Asiatic Society, I42-50, I947.

RAY, PRIYADA RANJAN. Chemistry and cosmology in ancient India. Science & Cul- ture, I3, 263-7I, Calcutta, I948.

REDDY, D. V. S. Physiology in ancient In- dian thought and practice. Need for further studies and research. Bulletin of the History of Medicine, 22, 476-79, I948.

SARTON, GEORGE. Science and freedom in India. Isis, 38, 243, 1948.

gataka-trayam of Bhartrhari. The southern archetype of the three centuries of epigrams ascribed to Bhartrhari, for the first time critically edited by D. D. Kosambi . . . with an anonymous Sanskrit commentary edited by Pt, K. V. Krishnamoorthi Sharma. I3+iv

p.; I76+vi p. (Bharatlya-vidyi! series, no. g). Bombay, Bharatiya Vidya Bhavan, 1946. Reviewed by L. D. Barnett, Journal of the Royal

Asiatic Society, 228-3I, 1947. On Bhartrihari see also Isis, I , 5I2-13.

SCHNEIDER, B. H. Ahimsa and cattle breeding in India. Scientific Monthly, 67, 87-92, I948.

Ahimsa, a doctrine which forbids the destruction of any animal life, has, in the past, prevented the improvement of Indian cattle by prohibiting the slaughter of low grade animals. It is pointed out that ahimsa does not forbid the castration of scrub bulls and hence improvement is possible under this philosophical concept.

SENGUPTA, PRABODH CHANDRA. Ancient Indian chronology, illustrating some of the most important astronomical methods. 278 p. Calcutta, University of Calcutta, 1947. Rs. I5.

Four sections: Date of the Bharata-Battle (46 p.). Vedic antiquity (io8 p.), Brahmana chronology (41 p.), Indian eras (78 p.). The work is an extension of the author's papers in the journal of the Royal Asiatic Society of Bengal, vols. III and IV. J. S.

10. China

ANDERSON, J. Researches into the prehistory of the Chinese. Stockholm, Museum of Far Eastern Antiquities, Bulletin no. I5, 1-304, 1943.

Reviewed by W. Eberhard, Oriens, I, 121-24, I948.

BLUE, RHEA C. The argumentation of the Shih-huo chih. Chapters of the Han, Wei, and- Sui dynastic histories. Harvard Journal of Asiatic Studies, Ii, i-ii8S 1948.

BODDE, DERK. Chinese ideas in the West. Viii+42 p., 6 figs. (Asiatic Studies in Ameri- can Education, 3). Washington, D. C., Ameri- can Council on Education, 1948.

BOXER, C. R. Some Sino-European xylographic works, I662-17I8. Journal of the Royal Asiatic Society, I99-215, 8 facs., I947.

FUNG YU-LAN. A short history of Chinese philosophy. Edited by Derk Bodde. xx+368 p. New York, The Macmillan Co., I948.

$5.00. Dr. Fung has published in Chinese an elaborate

history of Chinese philosophy (2 vols., Peiping 1934); Derk Bodde has translated the first volume (Peiping, H. Vetch, I937) and is translating the second. Another work of his Hsin li hsiueh has been translated by E. R. Hughes of Oxford (Lon- don I947). Dr. Fung is very fortunate in having such competent and devoted translators as Hughes and Bodde. The latter is not only a translator but also a collaborator who has helped the author to create the present volume, written deliberately for Western use. This collaboration was made possible, because Fung and Bodde are now, teaching together in the same institution (University of Pennsyl- vania). This volume contains much less than the



0o. China I59

large Chinese history, but it also contains new material, not only all the additions which have oc- curred to Dr. Pung since 1934 but also the first two chapters written for the Western readers. I. The spirit of Chinese philosophy; 2. The background of Chinese philosophy. In spite of its learning, this book is very readable, for Dr. Fung is as witty as he is erudite. The history is carried down to our times. Chapter 27 explains the introduction of Western philosophy by Yen Fu (1853-1920) and Wang Kuo-wei (I877-1927) and the impact of John Dewey and Bertrand Russell; it also refers to the work done by Christian missionaries to popu- larize Chinese philosophy. "Thus in the philosophical field they seem to have conducted what might be called a reverse form of missionary work. It is possible to have reverse missionary work, just as it is possible to have reverse lend-lease." The final chapter "Chinese philosophy in the Western world" is also of deep interest; it is partly autobiographical. My only regret is the lack of a Chinese glossary; the Chinese characters might easily have been in- serted in the index. G. S. FUNG YU-LAN. The spirit of Chinese philos-

ophy. Translated by E. R. Hughes. xiv+ 224 p. London, Kegan Paul, I947. I5 S.

"Fung Yu-Lan has evolved a system of thought which he has called The New Li Hsiueh. He has developed this philosophy in four books dealing respectively with its metaphysical, ethical, historical and methodological aspects. The volume here presented in English translation is the third in the series, the historical volume. It has been selected for two reasons-first, it best places the author's thought in the perspective of the development of Chinese philosophy as a whole; secondly, it is a really contemporary work; it is published almost simultaneously in China and in England; the dis- tance barrier between East and West is thus broken down."

GOODRICH, L. CARRINGTON. Fire-arms among the Chinese. A supplementary note. Isis, 39, 63-64, 1948.

GOODRICH, L. CARRINGTON. Measure- ments of the circle in ancient China. Isis, 39, 64, 1948.

HETHERINGTON, A. L. Chinese ceramic glazes. 2nd enlarged edition. I4 pIs. South Pasadena, California, Perkins, I948.

The first edition (x+76 p., 14 pls.) was published by the Courtauld Institute of Art, London. Contents: I. General considerations. II. The iron story. III. The copper story. IV. Other glaze effects. Glossary. Selected bibliography. Index. HOURANI, G. F. Direct sailing between the

Persian Gulf and China in pre-Islamic times. 'Journal of the Royal Asiatic Society, I57-6o, I947.

MARGOULIES, GEORGES. La langue et lecriture chinoises. (Bibliotheque scientifique). 272 p. Paris, Payot, I943.

Very clever and very strong panegyric of the Chinese language and of Chinese culture. It is very well built, but perhaps a little abstract, no person whether Chinese or Western is ever mentioned, few examples are quoted, not a single character is given (except facsimile on the cover). Most of the ob-

jections ever made to the Chinese script and language are explained by the author as positive ad- vantages. E.g., an ideographic script has this superiority upon a phonetic one, in that it is inde- 'pendent of the unavoidable phonetic changes and remains intelligible in various times and places. If I had read Margoulies' book more promptly, my remarks on the Chinese language (Introd. 3, 385-87) as well as those on the examination system (Introd. 3, 1083) would have been qualified; in these matters, however, the author does not speak as he claims like a disinterested vant, but rather like a lawyer who sets forth very well one side of the case. He refers twice to the Arabic script (p. I62, 203) and once to the Devanagari as if these scripts were comparable to the Chinese in their independence from the spoken language, while these two scripts are just as alphabetic as the Latin; while an Anna- mese or a Japanese can read a Chinese text to some extent, a Turk or a Persian cannot read an Arabic one, except that he may be able to recognize a few words. A more serious mistake concerns mathematics (p. 83, 206). The Greek numerals were in- ferior to the Chinese; very original mathematics were developed in China in the thirteenth and fourteenth centuries. In the final chapter discussing international languages, the author concludes that to be truly international a written language should be ideographic. That idea is old but not practicable, bcyond the field of technical symbols and equations where it has long been applied, and it does not solve the most important part of the problem, the spoken language. I read the whole book with genuine interest from cover to cover. G. S.

MICHEL, HENRI. Les jades astronomiques chinois. Une hypothese sur leur usage. Bulle- tin des MusUes Royaux d'Art et d'Histoire, nos. 1-3, 31-38, 9 figs., Bruxelles, 1947.

NEEDHAM, JOSEPH; NEEDHAM, DORO- THY (editors). Science outpost. Papers of the Sino-British Science Co-operation Office (British Council Scientific Office in China), I942-I946. 3I3 p., 6o figs., map, 2 diagrams. London, Pilot Press, I948. 25 5.

The authors of this book (the first married FRS), members of the Sino-British scientific mission in China, travelled all over that immense country, nmeeting every Chinese scientist and thousands of other men and women. Their experience of China is thus considerable, and their report of it of great value. Unfortunately, they have not bothered to in- tegrate it, and they give us not a history but rich materials for one; the book is a fascinating hotch- potch of reports, letters, poems, digressions, well illustrated with 6f figs. The unfortunate lack of a Chinese glossary in Chinese type is aggravated by the fact that Needham has introduced new translit- erations; e.g., he writes san djiao (three d.octrines) instead of the more usual san chiao (see also Introd. 3, i855). That is inexcusable. Of course, no transliteration will satisfy everybody (at best it can represent only one kind of pronunciation), but that does not justify the arbitrariness of single indi- viduals. Let us end this review with a short quota- tion, 'Scientific humanism is at least as old as the pre-Socratic philosophers in Greece and the Chinese philosophers of the time of Warring States in China (48o-222 B.C.). But its universal triumphs were reserved for the last few centuries, and its greatest are yet to come." G. S.



I6o io. China-14. Islam

POPE, JOHN A. Sinology or art history. Notes on method in the study of Chinese art. Har- vard Journal of Asiatic Studies, IO, 388-4T7, 2 pIs., I947.

READ, BERNARD E. Famine foods listed in the Chiu Huang Pen Ts'ao. Giving their identity, nutritional values and notes on their preparation. go p., io pls. Shanghai, Henry Lester Institute of Medical Research, 1946.

SOPER, ALEXANDER C. Some technical terms in the early literature of Chinese painting. Harvard Journal of Asiatic Studies, ii,

I63-73, I948.

SPOONER ROY C.; WANG, C. H. The divine nine turn Tan Sha method, a Chinese alchemical recipe. Isis, 38, 235-42, Ig48.

Translation of a Taoist treatise which is possibly of the Sung period, with introduction and notes.

TUNG TSO-PIN. Ten examples of early tortoise-shell inscriptions. Resume, notes, and oreword by Lien-sheng Yang. Harvard

Journal of A satic Studies, II, lI9-29, plates, I948.

VACCA, GIOVANNI. Sur V'histoire de la science chinoise. Archives Internationales d'His- toire des Sciences, 354-55, I948.

WALEY, A. Note on iron and the plough in early China. Bulletin of the School of Orien- tal and African Studies, 12, 803-04, 1948.

WORCESTER, C. R. C. The junks and sam- pans of the Yangtze. Vol. I, Xxviii+245 p. (Chinese Maritime Customs, miscellaneous series, no. 53). Shanghai, I947.

Reviewed by James Hornell, Journal of the Royal Asiatic Society, 79-80, I948.

11. Japan

KUWAKI-AYAWO. Western sciences in later Tokugawa period. 29 p. Tokyo, Japan, Nip- pon Bunka Chuo Remei (Central Federation of Nippon Culture), 194I.

Kwagakusikenkyu. (Studies in the history of science, in Japanese, published by the Japa- nese History of Science Society). Part I,

I58 p., Dec. I94I; Part 2, I40 p., May 1942;

Part 3, I40-288, Nov. i942; Parts 4-5, 290-

486, Jan. i943; Part 6, 70 p., June I943;

Part 8, II2-90,May 1944.

This journal contains a large number of articles dealing not only with Japanese and Chinese science but also with Western science. I owe them to the kindness of my old friend, Dr. S. Sakanishi,

G. S. SMITH, THOMAS C. The introduction of

western industry to Japan during the last years of the Tokugawa period. Harvard Jour- nal of Asiatic Studies, II, 130-52, map, I948.

VEITH, ILZA. A Japanese picture of leprosy. Bulletin of the History of Medicine, 2I, 905- I7, 2 figs., 1947.

12. Israel

(Including works devoted to Palestine)

BODENHEIMER, F. S. Studies on the history of Hebrew natural history from the Middle Ages to the beginnings of the XIXth century. Archives Internationales d'Ilistoire des Sci- ences, 667-7I, I948.

GOITEIN, S. D. (editor). The land of Sheba, a collection of the folklore and legends of the Jews of Yemen. I22 p. New York, Schocken, I947-

Reviewed by Moses Bailey, Muslim World, 38, 143, 1948.

HIRSCHBERG, HIAYYIM ZEEV. Israel in Arabia, the history of the Jews in Himyar and Vij7z, from the destruction of the second temple to the Crusades. With twelve tablets and three maps. Tel-Aviv, Bialik, I946 (in Hebrew). Reviewed by Pinchas Wechter, Jewish Quarterly

Reviet, 38, 473-80, 1948.

KAGAN, SOLOMON R. The bibliography of ancient Jewish medicine. Bulletin of the His- tory of Medicine, 22, 480-85, 1948.

MACHT, DAVID I. Job's disease. An historical and experimental study. Victor Robinson Memorial Volume, 24i-5o, New York, I948.

MUNTNER, SUSSMANN. The nature and content of Hebrew medicine. Victor Robinson Memorial Volume, 252-64, New York, I948.

PREUSS, JULIUS (I86I-I9I3). The care of the sick in the Bible and the Talmud. Trans- lated by Robert Rosenthal. Victor Robinson Memorial Volume, 353-58, New York, 1948.

SAVITZ, HARRY A. Jewish medical historians. Victor Robinson Memorial Volume, 359-67, New York, I948.

VAJDA, GEORGES; WOLFSON, H. A. 'Unsur and te'lah. Jewish Quarterly Review, 38, 481-82, I948.

Apropos of H. A. Wolfson: Arabic and Hebrew terms for matter and element (I947). Answer by Wolfson.

YAHUDA, A. S. Medical and anatomical terms in the Pentateuch in the light of Egyptian medical papyri. Journal of the History of Medicine and Allied Sciences, 2, 549-74, 5 figs., I947.

14. Islam -also Arabia

BORATAV, PERTEV NAILI. Les rucits popu- laires tures (hikaye) et les "Mille et une nuits." Oriens, i, 63-73, I948.

CHOTTIN, ALEXIS. Tableau de Ia musique marocaine. 226 p., I8 pls. Paris, Geuthner (s. d.). Reviewed by S. R., Hesperis, 27, io8-io, I940.



14. Islam

DARMON, - RAOUL. La Tunisie criminelle. (Etudes criminologiques). Preface de M. H. Donnedieu de Vabres. I73 p. Tunis, Impri- merie La Rapide, 1948.

DAVIS, GEORGE W. Sufism: from its origins to al-Ghazzali. Muslim World, 38, 24i-56, I948.

FACKENHEIM, EMIL L. The possibility of the universe in al-Farabi, ibn Sina and Mai- monides. Proceedings of the American Acad- emy for Jewish Research, I6, I946-1947, 39- 70, I947.

FARMER, HENRY GEORGE. What is Arabian music? Glasgow University Oriental Society, Transactions, I2, 22-28, I948.

FARRUKH, OMAR A. Mysticism in Islam. 224 p. (in Arabic). Beirut, Munaimanah, I947.

Discussion of tasawwuf, its origins and developments in various directions not only in Arabic literature but also in the Persian and Turkish ones. Many extracts are quoted from 'Umar ibn al-Farid (XIII-i) and Muhyi al-dm Ibn 'Arab! (XIII-I).

G. S.

FVCK, JOHANN. Die arabischen Studien in Europa vom I2. bis in den Anfang des i9.

Jahrhunderts (Beitrage zur Arabistik, Semi- tistik und Islamwissenschaft). Pp. 85-253, Leipzig, Harrassowitz, I944.

Reviewed by B. Lewin, Lychnos, 339-4I (in Swedish), I946-47.

GIBB, H. A. R. Modern trends in Islam. i+ xii+I4I p. Chicago, University of Chicago Press, 1947.

Reviewed by R. 0. Winstedt, Journal of the Royal Asiatc Society, 195, I948; and by Walter L. Wright, Jr., journal of Near Eastern Studies, 7, 6i- 6:2, 1948.

LANE, ARTHUR; SERJEANT, R. B. Pottery and glass fragments from the Aden littoral, with historical notes. Part x, Historical notes. Journal of the Royal Asiatic Society, i08-33, I948.

LAPANNE-JOINVILLE, J. Les me'tiers a tisser de Fies. Hesperzis, 27, 2I-65, 66-92, figs., I940.

With glossary of technical terms. G. S.

LUCKEY, P. Die Ausziehung der n-ten Wurzel und der binomische Lehrsatz in der islamischen Mathematik. Mathematische Annalen, 120, 2 I 7-74, 1948.

NAJIB AL-'AQIQI. Al-mustashriquin. Second edition revised. 5+240 p. Dar al-ma'arif, Cairo, I94- (in Arabic). History of orientalism in Western countries dur-

ing the last millennium. The word orientalism should be understood here as referring almost exclusively to Arabic. The account is divided into I4 chapters: I. Islamic conquest. 2. Arabic culture. 3. Beginnings. First orientalists, such as Gerbert, Peter the Venerable, Gerard of Cremona, etc. Asia- tic societies. Libraries. Congresses. Scientific acad-

emy of Damascus. Chapters 4 tO i2 describe the growth of orientalism in various countries (a chapter is devoted to each country): France, England, Germany, Russia, Holland, Italy, Austria, America (meaning United States), and Denmark. Chapter I3 deals with a few other countries of less importance: Sweden, Portugal, Spain, Poland, Finland, Sweden, Czechoslovakia, Hungary. Ch. I4. Con- clusion.-The account is not only brief but very superficial; the one relative to Spain is particularly shocking, considering the immense services which that country has rendered to Arabic scholarship. Spain is polished off in 22 lines! The author went so fast that he dealt with the Swedish orientalists in two separate sections, each bearing one of the two Arabic names of Sweden; Zettersteen is put in one of these sections, Tornberg in the other (the transliteration of Western names into Latin script is often incorrect). In short, the book may be useful to Arabic readers; it will tell Western readers little, if anything, which they don't know already with more detail. There is no date in front of the book; the last -page bears two dates, i895 and 1947, which I assume refer to the first and second editions. G. S. NALLINO, CARLO ALFONSO (0872-I938).

Raccolta di scritti, editi e inediti. Vol. VI. Letteratura-linguistica-filosofia. Varia. (Con bio-bibliografia di C. A. Nallino e indici ana- litici). A cura di Maria Nallino. 472 p. (Pubblicazioni dell' Istituto per l'Oriente). Roma, Istituto per l'Oriente, I948. For vols. I-5 of this publication, see Isis, 38, i20.

Vol. I dealing with Sa'fsdi Arabia (Isis, 34, 177) had its own index; vol. 6 contains an index to vol. 2 to 5. But for that index, vol. 6 is of far less importance to historians of science than vol. 5. It includes a history of Arabic literature and various notes on Arabic literature and philosophy, reviews. Biography of Nallino by Levi della Vida, and bibliography of his writings. G. S. RENAUD, H. P. J. (i88i-i945). Notes critiques

d'histoire des sciences chez les musulmans, III. Astronomie et astrologie marocaines. Ilespris, 29, 4I-63, 2 figs., 1942.

Elaborate notes dealing with late Moroccan Ara- bic writings on the determination of time (tawqit), times of prayers, of fasting, etc., on the calendar, the qibla, surveying, astrology. The notes on qibla complete those published from time to time in Isis (38, 95). Dr. Renaud explains carefully the practice of Moroccan astrology, so well indeed that his study might be recommended as an introduction to the subject. G. S. RENAUD, H. P. J. Sur les lunes du Ramadan.

Hesp6ris, 32, 5I-68, I945.

ROBSON, JAMES. A Hunterian museum manuscript on magic. Glasgow University Oriental Society, Transactions, 12, 9-i8, I948.

AL-SAYED AL-BAZ AL-'ARINI (editor). Book of al-Muhtassib (Nihayat al-rutba fi talab al-hisba). I48 p. Cairo, Association of Authorship, Translation, and Publication, I946.

Reviewed by A. S. Tritton, Bulletin of the School of Oriental and African Studies, University of Lon- don, 12, 434, 1948. For muhtasib and hisba, see my Introd. (2 and 3, by index). G. S.



I62 I4. Islam- IV. A. America

SAYILI, AYDIN; RUBEN, WALTER. Pre- liminary report on the results of the excavation, made under the auspices of the Turkish Historical Society, in the Caca bey Madrasa of Kir?ehir, Turkey. 44 sayih Belleten'den ayri basim, 673-9I, i6 figs., Ankara, Turk tarih kurumu basimevi, I947 (in Turkish and Eng- lish). "The aim of the excavation was to establish the

factual value of the local tradition claiming that this inistitution was a madrasa for teaching astronomy. The Madrasa was built in 1272 (H. 671) by Nural Din Jibril ibn Jaja (Caca), governor of Kir?ehir during the reign of the Saljuq emperor Giyath al Din Kaykhusraw ibn Qilij Arslan. At the present time this building is used as a mosque. The upper- most inscription over the entrance on the fa ade of the building, as well as its architectural features and plan of construction, leaves no doubt that it was originally built as a madrasa. It served as a madrasa for several centuries and began to be used as a mosque only a few generations ago. The problem to be investigated is, therefore, not whether it was a madrasa, but whether it was a madrasa for teaching astronomy. In such a case, most likely, the Madrasa would not be devoted exclusively to the teaching of astronomy, but along with other subjects, instruction in astronomy would also be available in it. According to local tradition there was an 'observation well' inside the building and di- rectly under the opening of the dome." The excavation had to be stopped, because the well was fill- ing with water. It would seem that the well was not built to be used for astronomical observations.

G. S.

TRITTON, ARTHUR STANLEY. Muslim theology. 2I8 p. (Royal Asiatic Society, James G. Forlong Fund, 23). London, Luzac, I947. 12/6. This account is brief but well documented and

well indexed (except that it does not refer at all to Western' writers). It is followed by a bibliography of primary and secondary sources, and by appendices. One of these enumerates the 6I Shlia sects, another the sects of the Khawarij. The book will be more convenient for use as a dictionary than for continuous study. G. S.

UENVER, A. SUEHEYL. Quelques nouveaux exemples du service rendu par les Artoukides de l'empire Seldjuk 'a l'histoire des sciences. Actes du Ve Congres international d'histoire des sciences, Lausanne 1947, 262-65, 4 figs.; Paris, Academie Internationale d'Histoire des Sciences, I948. Also in Archives Internatio- nales dHistoire des Sciences, 585-88, 4 figs., 1948.

VAN DER MEULEN, D. Aden to the Hadhra- maut. A journey in South Arabia. With foreword by Sir Bernard Reilly. xvi+254 p., frontispiece, gi ills., map. London, Murray, 1947. i8 s. This account of S. Arabia is written in the best

manner, following the noble tradition of Doughty, Lawrence, Freya Stark and Philby. The gi illustrations are splendid but the map insufficient. The author's notes on Malay-Arabian influences and Himyaritic remains are especially interesting. A

tremendous amount of work remains to be done for the understanding of Himyaritic epigraphy and archaeology. G. S.

WORRELL, W. H. Notes on the Arabic names of certain musical instruments. Journal of the American Oriental Society, 68, 66-68, I948.

WORTHINGTON, E. B. Middle East science. A survey of subjects other than agriculture. A report to the Director General, Middle East Supply Centre, August i945. 239 p., I6 pls., 5 maps. London, His Majesty's Stationery Office, I946.

Preface by Keith A. H. Murray. Introduction. I. Basic problems. 2. Surveys and the land. 3. Geology. 4. Meteorology. 5. Rivers. 6. Under- ground water. 7. Domestic supply, water rights, and lessons from the past. 8. Plants and animals. 9. Forestry. Io. Marine fisheries. ii. Inland fisheries. I2. Human diseases. 13. Nutrition. I4. Health and medical services. I5. Population and social studies. I6. Review. References to literature: arranged under subject headings. Appendix. Index.

ZETTERST]iEN, K. V. Arabiska studier i Sverige. 55 p. Uppsala, Almqvist & Wiksell, 1946. Reviewed by B. Lewin, Lychnos, 341-42 (in

Swedish), I946-47.

IV. NEW WORLD AND AFRICA

A. America

ACKERKNECHT, ERWIN H. Cinchona and malaria in pre-Columbian South America. Victor Robinson Memorial Volume, 23-26,

New York, 1948.

ACKERKNECHT, ERWIN H. The Eskimo's fight against hunger and cold, p. 894-902, ills.;

The social and religious life of the Eskimo, p. 903-I0, ills.; Eskimo history, p. 9II-I5,

ills.; Medicine and disease among Eskimos, p. 9I6-2I, ills. Ciba Symposia, I0, I948.

FETTWEIS, EWALD. Amerikanistik und Geschichte der Mathematik. Anthropos, vol. 37-40, 896-900, 1942-45.

O'NEALE, LILA M.; WHITAKER, THOMAS W. Embroideries of the early Nazca Period and the crop plants depicted on them. South- western Journal of Anthropology, 3, 294-321,

I947.

On pre-Inca embroidery of wool on cotton from the Pacific coast of Peru, ten species of crop plants have been identified. They consist of three fruits, Capsicuirm fruescens (pepper), Lucuma obovata (egg-fruit), and Psidium Guaiava (guava); three root crops, Manihot utilissima (cassava), Pachyrrhi- zas tuberosus (yam bean) and Polymnia sonchifolia (yacon); and four seed crops, Arachis hypogacea (peanut), Phaaslas lanatus (lima bean), Phasealus valgaris (kidney bean), and Zea mays (Indian corn). C. Z.

WHITAKER, THOMAS W. Lagenaria: a pre- Columbian cultivated plant in the Americas.



IV. A. America - i6. History of Science I63

Southwestern Journal of Anthropology, 4, 49- 68, 1S948. A single species of gourd, Lagenaria siceraria had

a world wide distribution prior to 1492. Sub- specific differences separate those cultivated in Africa from those in Asia. The American forms differ from those of the Old World, but the species is very variable and botanical proof of endemism is difficult. C. Z.

C. Africa -outside Egypt and Islam KAIGH, FREDERICK. Witchcraft and magic

of Africa. With a foreword by Montague Summers. xxv+I59 p., I4 ills. London, Les- ley, 1947. I2/6.

"Frederick Kaigh is a doctor, now practising in London. He was for seven years Government Med- ical Officer and Deputy Sheriff in the African Serv- ice, with unlimited opportunity for studying witchcraft in all its forms. He has since lectured on the subject to the Psychical Research Society, and was described in the late Bishop of London's biography as 'a lecturer whose bona fides are unassailable.' We know, however, that many people will have difficulty in believing that these things do happen. And to ignore or deny the active presence of witchcraft in Africa today is folly. The native problem is a difficult one." . . . "The doctor advocates as a first step towards the -solution of this problem that witchcraft be acknowledged for the evil and living thing it is and a real attempt made to emancipate the native so that in time he can take his place with his white brothers in the British Commonwealth. This method succeeded in New Zealand; why should it not succeed in Africa?"

PERHAM, MARGERY; SIMMONS, J. Afri- can discovery. An anthology of exploration. 280 p., ills., ii maps. London, Faber and Faber, I946. I2/6.

Copy of the fifth impression; the first was published in 1942. Anthology from the works of ten British explorers, from 1769 to 1873: James Bruce, Mungo Park, Hugh Clapperton, Richard Lemon Lander, William Balfour Baikie, Sir Richard Fran- cis Burton, John Hanning Speke, Sir Samuel White Baker, David Livingstone and Sir Henry Morton Stanley.

Part III Systematic Classification

L. SCIENCE IN GENERAL 16. History of Science

[Acadetmie Internationale d'Histoire des Sci- ences]. Actes du Ve Congres International d'Histoire des Sciences. Lausanne (30 Sep- tembre-6 Octobre I947). 288 p. (Collection de Travaux de l'Acadetmie Internationale d'Histoire des Sciences, n? 2). Paris i948. The third congress had taken place in Portugal

1934 (Isis, 28, 135-38), the fourth in Prague 1937 (Isis, 28, 577). After a long interruption caused by the War, the fifth congress took place with great success in Lausanne under the presidency of Pro-

fessor Arnold Reymond. The present volume contains all the administrative documents concerning the congress and a number of papers which are classified in this bibliography each in the section which it concerns. G. S.

ANTHONY, H. D. Science and its background. ixs304 p. London, Macmillan, I948.

Reviewed by W. L. Sumner, Nature, I6I, 354, 1948. BOYNTON, HOLMES (editor). The begin-

nings of modern science. Scientific writings of the i6th, i7th and i8th centuries. xxi+ 634 p. New York, Walter J. Black, I948. This new anthology is divided into nine parts, and

the best way of describing it is to indicate the authors selected for each part. I. Matter and motion: Copernicus, Brahe, Kepler, Galileo, Horrox, Newton, Hooke, Maskelyne, Cavendish, Herschel, Laplace. II. Light, heat and fire: Hooke, Huygens, Newton, Fahrenheit, Franklin, Scheele, Black, Rumford, Herschel. III. Study of air and of chemistry: Paracelsus, Descartes, Galileo, Rey, Torricelli, Pascal, Boyle, Cavendish, Lavoisier, Nicholson and Carlisle, Dalton. IV. Electricity: Gilbert, Gray, Du Fay, Nollet, Franklin, Galvani, Volta. V. The earth and its waters: Leonardo da Vinci, Agricola, Per- rault, Leibniz, Franklin, Buffon, Hutton. VI. How plants grow: Helmont, Grew, Hales, Linnaeus, Priestley, Ingenhousz. VII. Structure of the human body: Vesalius, Servetus, Fabricius, Harvey, Leeu- wenhoek, Spallanzani. VIII. Science of healing: Fracastorius, Pare, Sydenham, Lady Montagu, Auenbrugger, James Cook, Jenner. IX. Scientists think about science: Agric-ola, Bacon, Descartes, Newton, Lavoisier, Laplace. These names are quite suicient to give a clear idea of the scope of the book. All the extracts are quoted in English, each is preceded by a brief introduction explaining its context and meaning. The book is beautifully printed and is indexed. G. S.

BUSCHBECK, ERNST H. Wissenschaft der letzten hundertfiunfzig Jahre in Osterreich. 26 p. Ziurich, Europa Verlag, I947. Collection of very brief biographies of the many

men of science of the last 150 years to whom Austria owes her main glory. The biographies are grouped in chapters dealing with medicine, botany, etc. Almost every field of science or learning is represented. We need much more, of course, but this is a good beginning. G. S.

CROMBIE, A. C. Scholastic logic and the experimental method. Actes du Ve Congr6s international d'histoire des sciences, Lausanne 1947, 45-50. Paris, Academie Internationale d'Histoire des Sciences, 1948.

DELORME, SUZANNE. Souvenirs du Congries de Lausanne (I947). Archives Internationales d'Histoire des Sciences, 323-25, 1948.

DENNY, MARGARET. The Royal Society and American scholars. Scientific Monthly, 65, 4I5-27, I947.

"In colonial times the Royal Society had fur- nished Americans the encouragement and supervi- sion they sorely needed. The Society's plan of organization and membership and its promotional tactics had made it possible for a direct influence to



164 i6. History of Science

be exerted upon the men of this country. My notes upon the work and attitude of fourteen of the Society's American Fellows may have suggested how profound and how formative that influence was."

GIUA, MICHELE. Storia delle scienze ed epistemologia: Galileo, Boyle, Planck. viii+ 298 p. Torino, Chiantore, 1945. Reviewed by Aldo Mieli, Archiyes Internationales

d'Histoire des Sciences, 7268, 1948.

HALDANE, J. B. S. Science advances. 253 p. New York, The Macmillan Co., I947. Reviewed by I. B. Cohen, Isis, 38, 255-56, 1948.

History of science in general education. Isis, 38, 244, 1948.

HUMBERT, PIERRE. Histoire des sciences. Pau, Editions de la Revue des Jeunes, I943.

Reviewed by Pierre Brunet, Revue dh istoire des sciences, I, 93, I947-

MIELI, ALDO. I928-I7 aoUt-x948. Archives Internationales d'Iistoire des Sciences, 553- 56, I948.

Early history of the Academie Internationale d'Histoire des Sciences.

MIELI, ALDO. Digressions autobiographiques sous forme de preface 'a un panorama general d'histoire des sciences. Archives Internatio- nales d'Histoire des Sciences, 494-505, I948.

MOULTON, FOREST RAY. The American Association for the Advancement of Science: a brief historical sketch. Science, io8, 2,7-i8,

1948.

Apropos the Centennial Celebration.

MOULTON, FOREST RAY; SCHIFFERES, JUSTUS J. Autobiografia de la ciencia. Ver- sion espaniola de Francisco A. Delpiane. xvi +642 P. Mexico, Fondo de Cultura Econo- mica, I947.

Reviewed by Aldo Mieli, Archives Internationales d'Histoire de Sciences, 724-26, 1948.

PEL$ENEER, JEAN. Comite belge d'Histoire des Sciences. Isis, 38, 244, I948.

PELSENEER, JEAN. Les influences dans l'histoire des sciences. Archives Internationales d'Histoire des Sciences, 347-53, 1948.

PELSENEER, JEAN. L'origine protestante de la science moderne. Lychnos, I946-i947, 246-

48, I947.

RAY, J. CHRISTIAN. Some vital books in science, I848-i947. Science, 107, 485-91, I948.

REYMOND, ARNOLD. L'volution de la pensee scientifique et l'histoire des sciences. Revue dHistoire des Sciences et de leurs Application, 97-II3, 1947.

SARTON, GEORGE. The life of scence. Essays in the history of civilization. Foreword by Max H. Fisch. vii+I97 p. New York, Schuman, 1948. $3.00.

Collection of essays divided into four parts: I. The spread of understanding. II. Secret history. HII. East and West. IV. Casting bread upon the face of the waters. Reviewed by E. B. Garside, New York Times, Nov. i4, 1948; and by Henry A. Perkins, Hartford Courant Magazine, Nov. 7, 1948.

SARTON, GEORGE. Preface to Volume 39. The tower of Babel. Isis, 39, 3-1-5, 2 facs., I948.

SARTON, GEORGE. Second preface to Vol- ume 38. The study of early scientific text- books. Iss, 38, I37-50, 6 figs., 1948.

With comments by I. Bernard Cohen.

SARTON, GEORGE. Seventy-first Critical Bibliography of the history and philosophy of science and of the history of civilization (to October I947). Jsi, 39, 70-139, 1948.

[Sarton, George]. Studies and essays in the -history of science and learning. Offered in homage to George Sarton on the occasion of his sixtieth birthday, 3I August 1944. Edited by Ashley Montague. xiv+597 p., ill. New York, Schuman, I947.

Reviewed by Sten Lindroth, Lychnos, 404-06, (in Swedish), 1946-47; and by George Rosen, Bulletin of the Hitory of Medicine, 2I, 977-79, I947.

SEVENSMA, T. P. Nederlandsche helden der wetenschap. Levensschetsen van negen Nobel- prijswinnaars. Hoogtepunten van wetenschap- pelijken arbeid in Nederland. 35I p., pls., figs. Amsterdam, Kosmos, 1946. The title reads "Netherlandish heroes of science.

Biographies of nine Nobel prize men. Culminating points of scientific work in the Netherlands." The book contains biographies by various authors of J. H. Van't Hoff, H. A. Lorentz, P. Zeeman, J. D. Van der Waals, T. M. C. Asser, H. Kamerlingh Onnes, W. Einthoven, Chr. Eykman, P. J. W. Debye. A country as small as Holland which can boast so many great men of science may well be proud of itself, the more so because in addition to the Nobel laureates, there are many other Dutch scientists of great distinction. Holland is a great nation! G. S.

SINGER, CHARLES. Les progres de 1'esprit scientifique au cours de l'histoire. Actes du Ve Congres international d'histoire des sciences, Lausanne I947, 36-44; Paris, Acad6mie Internationale d'Histoire des Sciences, I948. Also in Archives Internationales d'Histoire des Sciences, 222-30, I948.

SINNOTT, EDMUND W. The Amercan Jour- nal of Science, i8i8-i848. Science, Io8, 227-

29, 1948.

VAN DE VELDE, A. J. J. Herinneringen aan de ontdekkingen van Claude Bernard (i846), Victor Regnault (i846), en Walth6re Spring (I896). Verhandelingen van de Koninklijke Vlaamsche Academie voor Wetenschappen, Letteren en Schoone Kunsten van Belgie, 8, 26 p., 1946.



i6. History of Science - 17. Organization of Science I65

VAN DE VELDE, A. J. J. Het vlaamsch natuur- en geneeskundig congres van zijn oorsprong in I897 tot in 1944. Historische schets. Verhandelingen van de Koninklijke Vlaamsche Academie voor Wetenschappen, Letteren en Schoone Kunsten van Belgie, 131 p., pIS., I944.

History of the Flemish scientific congress (the Flemish equivalent of our AAAS) from its beginning in I 897 to 1944. G. S. VAN DE VELDE, A. J. J. Voor een ruimere

belangstelling van de intellectueelen in de geschiedenis der wetenschappen. Beroep op hun medewerking. Jaarboek Kon. Vla. Acad. Wetensch. Belgie, I4I-47, I945.

A plea for the study of the history of science by the leading historian of science of Belgium. G. S.

VAN DE VELDE, ALB. J. J. Zuid- en Noord- Nederlandsche bibliographie over natuur- en geneeskunde tot i800. Koninklijke vlaamsche academie voor taal- en letterkunde, Verslagen en mededeelingen, part I, 255-30I, April, I937; part 2, 425-87, June I937; part 3, 659-700, August I937; part 4, I99-265, Feb- ruary I938; part 5, 439-505, April I938; part 6, 47-III, January I939; part 7, I73-26I, February I939; part 8, 525-603, June I939;

part 9, 827-87, October I939; part IO, 53-133,

Feb. I940; part II, 365-443, October I940; part I2, I95-30I, February I94I. Ledeberg- Gent, Drukkerij Erasmus. It is not too late perhaps to list in Isis this very

important bibliography of natural history and medicine in the Netherlands (North and South) up to ic8oo. This elaborate bibliography was published by the Flemish Literary Academy of Gent in twelve parts between I937 and I94I. The same academy had published previously other bibliographies by the same author: history of the microscope (I927,

I928, I929), herbals and garden books of the Netherlands to i8oo (I93I), Bromatologicon or books on foodstuffs to i8oo (I933, 1934, I935, 1936). G. S.

WALTER, EMIL J. The history of science in Switzerland, I946-47. Isis, 38, 244, I948.

WIFSTRAND, ALBERT. Bildung. Die Ge- schichte eines Begriffs. Lychnos, i-io (in Swedish, with summary in German), 1946-47.

WINTER, H. J. J. Remarks on the teaching of the history and philosophy of science. Archives Internationales d'Histoire des Sci- ences, 574-84, I948.

17. Organization of Science

Internal organization is meant, see Isi, 1, 195. For external organization, national or international, see section 55.

COOK, R. C. Unamericana. Jour. Heredity, 39, 22, I948.

The Congressional Committee on Un-American Activities has questioned the loyalty of Dr. E. U. Condon, Director of the National Bureau of Stand-

ards. Thus far, Dr. Condon has not been given an opportunity to meet the charges. This action by the Congressional Committee is condemned by the American Society of Pharmacology and Experi- mental Therapeutics and by the Executive Board of the Washington Association of Scientists. The right of the Committee to examine the Government file on Dr. Condon is now being contested in the courts. C. Z.

CORTESAO, ARMANDO. L'UNESCO. Sa tache et son but concernant les sciences et leur developpement historique. Actes du Ve Congres international d'histoire des sciences, Lausanne I947, 25-35. Paris, Academie In- ternationale d'Histoire des Sciences, I948.

CROWTHER, J. G.; WHIDDINGTON, R. Science at war. vi+i85 P., 5I pls. London, H. M. Stationery Office, I947. Reviewed by S. Weintroub, Nature, i6i, 907,

1948.

GOUDSMIT, SAMUEL A. Alsos. The failure in German science. XiV+26o p. London, Sigma Books, 1947.

Reviewed by N. F. Mott, Nature, I62, 3-4, 1948.

GREGORY, SIR RICHARD. Civilisation and the pursuit of knowledge. I2 P. Presidential address, British Association for the Advance- ment of Science, annual meeting, July 20, I946.

LOEB, LEONARD B. The maintenance of scientific proficiency in nonacademic research laboratories. Science, io8, 267-73, I948. It is interesting to record that good scientific re-

search cannot be produced on demand even with a sufficiency of financial support, energetic direction and highly selected personnel. More is required.

C. Z.

MORGENTHAU, HANS J. Scientific man vs. power politics. 245 P. Chicago, University of Chicago Press, I947.

Reviewed by Mark Graubard, Isis, 38, 267-68, I948.

NEWMARK, MAXIM. Dictionary of science and technology in English-French-German- Spanish. viii+386 p. New York, Philosophical Library, 1933.

This extrcmely useful dictionary is a welcome addition to the fold. It lists the major scientific technical terms in such a convenient way that it is really three separate bilingual dictionaries in one. Made chiefly for those who use English, the major part of the dictionary is a list of English words, each of which is followed by equivalents in French, in German, and in Spanish. Each term is numbered, so that it may be listed in the three indices. Each of these indices is devoted to one of the lan- guagcs: French, German, and Spanish; and contains a list in alphabetical order of the terms in that language to be found in the main part of the dictionary. Each such word is followed by its number, so that one can readily find its equivalent in the other three dictionaries.



i66 17. Organization of Science- 20. Mathematics PELSENEER, J. Science pure et science ap-

pliquee, a la lumiere de l'histoire des sciences. Society for Freedom in Science, occasional pamphlet no. 7, I948.

Indicates the fallacy of planning original discoveries.

Science and life in the world. The George Westinghouse Centennial Forum, May I6, I7, and I8, I946, sponsored by the Westinghouse Educational Foundation, Pittsburgh, Pennsyl- vania. Vol I: Science and civilization; The future of atomic energy. ix+I25 p., II pls. Vol. II: Transportation -a measure of civilization; Light, life, and man. iX+236 p., I2

pls. Vol. III: A challenge to the world. ix+ I98 p., 28 pls. New York, McGraw Hill, 1946. This lush publication contains the addresses at

the Forum, the commentaries on them, and a tran- script of a radio program. The topics covered in- clude various aspects of science and society, planning in science, recent developments in science both pure and appliecd, general surveys, and a brief biography of Gcorge Westinghouse (I846-i94). The rich contents of these three hand3some volumes defy simple description; suffice it to say that they are provocativc an(l authoritative, and written by our lcading scientists. It is to be regretted that these less than 6oo pages have been printed as three separate and expensive volumes, that a tipped- in portrait of each contributor (even if he only gave a one-page commentary) is included, and that we were not given an inexpensive one-volume reason- ably priced book which could be distributed as widely as the contents descrve. I. B. C.

THOMPSON, G. P.; BAKER, JOHN R. Pro- posed central publications of scientific papers. Nature, i6i, 771, 1948.

Indicates some of the dangers of centralized authority in control of scientific publication.

UREY, HAROLD C. "I greatly fear.. Jour. Heredity, 39, 150-52, I948.

In regard to the Condon case, Prof. Urey points out how damaging to first-rate scientific work under government auspices is the persecution of scientists by a publicity-hungry Congressional Com- mittee. He shows how both the German and the Soviet purge of scientists weakened research in those totalitarian countries. C. Z.

VERDOORN, FRANS. The development of scientific publications and their importance in the promotion of international scientific relations. Science, I07, 492-97, 1948.

WEAVER, WARREN (editor). The scientists speak. Xiii+369 p. New York, Boni & Gaer, 1947.


ZWEMER, R. L. The National Academy of Science and the National Research Council. Science, io8, 234-38, 1948.

18. Philosophy of Science Archives de l'Institut International des Sciences

Thioriques. Serie A. Bulletin de l'Acadimie Internationale de Philosophie des Sciences. i. Problemes de Philosophie des Sciences (premier symposium-Bruxelles 1947). I. Les methodes de la connaissance. 7I p. Paris, Hermann, I948.

"Les Archives de l'Institut International des Sci- ences The'oriques sont publiees par le sccretariat general de l'Institut etabli a Bruxelles, avenue de Tcrvucrcn, 22I. [Elles] n'ont pas de periodicite regulicrc et sc presentent sous forme de fascicules separes formant collection. [Elles] publieront annucllemcnt un ou plusicurs fascicules contcnant les rcccnsions des ouvragcs de sciences theoriques adresses a la redaction. Pour ce qui concerne l'administration s'a(resscr a la maison Hermann & Cie, 6, rue de la Sorbonne, Paris." The first number of the Builletin begins with an article by S. I. Dockx, director of the new Institute, explaining its nature and purpose. Then follow H. J. Pos (Amsterdam): Le symbolisme de la connaissance et l'idee de l'uniti' (lu savoir; E. W. Beth (Amsterdam): La cosmologie (lite naturelle, et les sciences mathematiques (lC la nature; H. D. Dubarle (Paris): La synthese inductive.

MAYER, CHARLES. Materialisme progressiste. Preface de Andre Maurois. i8i p. Paris, Societe fransaise de Presse, I947.

Defense of science and of the belief in progress. G. S.

NORTHROP, F. S. C. The logic of the sciences and the humanities. Xi+402 p. New York, Macmillan, 1947.

Reviewed by P. W. Bridgman, Isis, 39, 192-94, 1948.

I. FORMAL SCIENCES

Knowledge of Forms

19. Logic and Theory of Knowledge MAC LEOD, ANDRIES H. D. What is a true

assertion? Theoria, a Swedish Journal of Philosophy and Psychology, I3, I83-214, 1947.

POPPER, K. R. Functional logic without axioms or primitive rules of inference. Koninklijke Nederlandsche Akademie van Wetenschappen, Proceedings, 5o, 12 p., Amsterdam, 1947.

20. Mathematics ARCHIBALD, RAYMOND CLARE. Mathe-

matical table makers. Portraits, paintings, busts, monuments, bio-bibliographical notes. 82 p., portrs. (Scripta Mathematica Studies, 3). New York, Scripta Mathematica, 1948.

Biographic, bibliographic, and iconographic notes concerning some 53 mathematicians who compiled tables; twenty portraits. The value of this collection, prepared by a master bibliographer, requires no emphasis. G. S.



20. Mathematics I67

BOCKSTAELE, P. De geschiedschrijving der wiskunde in Vlaanderen. Euclides, 23, 204-08, 1948.

BOULIGAND, GEORGES; DESBATS, JEAN. La mathematique et son unite. 3I2 p. Paris, Payot, 1947.

Reviewed by F. Russo, Revue des Questions Sci- entifiques, 119, 109-10, 1948.

BOYER, CARL B. Cartesian geometry from Fermat to Lacroix. Scripta Mathematica, 13,

133-53, 5 figs., I947.

CARNOY, A. Symbolisme des mains et noms de nombres en indo-europeen. Le Musdon, 59, 557-70, 1946.

[Courant, Richard]. Studies and essays presented to R. Courant on his 6oth birthday, January 8, 1948. With Preface by K. 0. Fried- richs, 0. E. Neugebauer and J. J. Stoker. 470 p. New York, Interscience Publishers, 1948. This collection of papers presented to the well-

known mathematician, Richard Courant, now at New York University, contains a series of papers on mathematics and physics written in English, Ger- man, and French. For the general reader and historian the most interesting contributions are James Franck, "Remarks about the role of Pure Science in General Education"; 0. Neugebauer, "Arith- metical Methods for the Dating of Babylonian As- tronomical Texts"; and F. Zwicky, "The Morpho- logical Method of Analysis and Construction." It is greatly to be regretted that this volume does not contain a portrait of Courant, nor a biographical account of him, nor even a bibliography of his major publications. I. B. C.

DEFRIESE, PIERRE. Visages de la mathematique. Essai de semi-vulgarisation de quelques aspects fondamentaux de la pensee mathematique. 126 p. Brussels, Office de Publicit&. "Le premier chapitre est consacre a la methode

axiomatique, dont les qualites essentielles sont l'economie de pensee et une analyse toujours plus fine des notions mathematiques, entra;nant une extraordinaire floraison de notions nouvelles. La naissance de la methode axiomatique, au XIXe siecle, a ete liee a la creation des geometries non euclidiennes et a une revolution dans la conception de la geometrie et de ses rapports avec le reel. Le deuxieme chapitre degage, k partir de la gcometrie elementaire, trois notions fondamentales intimement unies- equivalence, invariance et groupe (ou groupoide) de transformations -, qui prennent une importance chaque jour plus grande dans tous les domaines de la Mathematique et de la Physique, et qui relevent d'ailleurs de demarches generales de la pensee. Le troisieme chapitre a surtout comme but de montrer, sur l'exemple des notions de nombre et d'espace, la mise en oeuvre des processus d'extension et de gen&alisation, qui constitue l'un des principaux aspects du developpement incessant de la Mathematique."

DEVRIES, H. How analytic geometry became a science. Scripta Mathematica, 14, 5-15, 1948.

GLODEN, A.; PALAMA, G. Bibliographie des multigrades avec quelques notices biogra- phiques. 64 p. Luxembourg, 1948.

Reviewed by P. Sergescu, Archives Internationales d'Histoire des Sciences, 732, 1948.

KEYSER, CASSIUS JACKSON. Mathematics as a culture clue, and other essays. Vii+277 p. New York, Scripta Mathematica, I947.

Reviewed by Carl B. Boyer, Isis, 38, 256-57, 1948.

LORIA, GINO. La volgarizzazione delle scienze di ragionamento. Scientia, 42, 33-38, 1948.

LORIA, GINO. Projet d'une histoire universelle des mathematiques. Actes du se Congr6s international d'histoire des sciences, Lausanne 1947, 51-52; Paris, Academie Internationale d'Histoire des Sciences, 1948. Also in Archives Internationaies d'Histoire des Sciences, 230- 31, 1948.

ROSSIER, PAUL. L'histoire des axiomes g6o- metriques et l'evolution psychologique de l'en- fant. Archives Internationales d'Histoire des Sciences, 363-64, 1948. Also in Actes du 5e Congr6s international d'histoire des sciences, Lausanne 1947, 93-94; Paris, Academie In- ternationale d'Histoire des Sciences, 1948.

SCHAAF, WILLIAM L. (editor). Mathematics: our great heritage. Essays on the nature and cultural significance of mathematics. Selected and edited. Xi+29I p. New York, Harper, I948.

Collection of essays about mathematics, each of which is precede(d by editorial reflections. The best way to analyze it is to enumerate its five sections, giving the names of the authors represented in each of them. I. The creative spirit. J. W. N. Sullivan, G. H. Hardy, James Byrnie Shaw. II. Wellsprings. Eric Temple Bell, George Sarton, D. J. Struik. III. The queen. C. V. Newsom, Carl G. Hempel, Tobias Dantzig. IV. The handmaiden. Tomlinson Fort, John W. Laslcy, Jr., Robert B. Lindsay, Thornton C. Fry. V. Humanistic bearings. Archi- bald Henderson, Arnold Dresden, Robert D. Carmichael. G. S. TATON, REN&. Histoire du calcul. 127 p.

("Que sais-je?" Le point des connaissances actuelles). Paris, Presses Universitaires de France, I948.

To write the history of reckoning in I25 p. iS somewhat of a wager. The author has taken it up and won. His book is well built and well written. A historical sketch serves as introduction. Then follow four chapters dealing respectively with numbers and various extensions of them, the technique of reckoning, algebras (arithmetic, algebra, trigonometry, theory of probabilities), analysis. A good initiation. G. S. VETTER, QUIDO. Co vime o aisle (What do

we know about numbers?). Veda a 2ivot, 5 p., brezen I94I.

VETTER, QUIDO. Nov6 smery v matema- tickem vyucovafni v cizine (New trends in mathematical education abroad). St&edni Skola, I6, 258-70.



I68 20. Mathematics- 23. Astronomy VETTER, QUIDO. 0 pocitani (On reckoning).

Ve'da a Aivot, 4 p., cervenec I942.

21. Statistics

History and methods. Tables and generalities. For the applications, refer to the sciences to which they are applied. VETTER, QUIDO. L'evolution de la statistique

en Boheme. Archives Internationales d'Histoire des Sciences, 684-96, I948. Also in Actes du Ve Congres International d'histoire des sciences, Lausanne I947, 23I-43; Paris, Acad6mie Internationale d'Histoire des Sciences, I948.

m. PHYSICAL SCIENCES

Knowledge of Inorganic Nature

22. Mechanics Including Celestial and Atomical Mechanics ABELA, JEAN. Introduction a la notion d'ac-

tion et au principe de l'action stationnaire. Revue des Questions Scientifiques, II9, 25-42,

1948.

"Pour conduire progressivement l'esprit d 1'ela- boration de la notion d'action et d la formulation du principe de l'action stationnaire, il nous para;t interessant de prendre comme point de depart un episode celebre de l'Histoire des sciences, connu sous le nom de 'querelle des forces vives.' Nous voudrions montrer que, si l'on oppose comme une thAse et une antithese les deux expressions mv et mv' successivement proposees par Descartes et par Leibniz pour mesurer ce que ces philosophes appe- laient 'force des corps en mouvement' ou 'force vive', l'expression fmvds, qui definit l'action maupertuisienne, apparait comme une synthAse des deux expressions rivales. Mais l'action maupertuisienne peut aussi s'exprimer par l'integrale lfmv2dt. Nous verrons comment et a quelles conditions une nouvelle synthAse, celle des deux formes possibles de l'action maupertuisienne, conduit b la notion plus generale d'action hamiltonienne."

GIRVIN, HARVEY F. A historical appraisal of mechanics. With a foreword by A. A. Potter. iX+275 p. Scranton, Pa., Inter- national Textbook Co., I948.

This history of mechanics is divided into three parts, the first of which deals with early man, the Greeks and the mediaeval period; and the second with science from the Rcnaissance to Newton. Most critical rcaders will be annoyed at the many errors of simple historical fact as well as judgment in the first two parts and will wonder why the author used such antiquated secondary sources. By contrast, the third part, dealing with the modern mechanics of materials, the author's own subject, is a pioncering study of great value. Especially interesting is a supplementary chapter on the dcvelopment of mechanics and engineering education in the United States. It is to be regretted that the author, who has devoted so much time and expended so much love on the history of his subject, did not consult recent works in the history of science and engineering which would have enabled him to make better-informed, more reliable and more mature judgments. I. B. C.

PELSENEER, JEAN. Query no. ii5 and answer. Phoronomie. Isis, 38, 96, I947.

VAN DEN DUNGEN, F. H. Sur la notion de masse. Acadimie royale de Belgique, Bulletin de la Classe des Sciences, 3i, 666-68, I947.

WALTER, EMIL J. Warum gab es im Alter- tum keine Dynamik? Actes du se Congr6s international d'histoire des sciences, Lausanne I947, 53-70, 4 figs. Paris, Academie Inter- nationale d'Histoire des Sciences, I948.

23. Astronomy DAISOMONT, M. Oiu en est l'astrologie? 5I p.,

ii figs. Bruges, De Tempel, I947.

GARCfA FRANCO, SALVADOR. Catilogo critico de astrolabios existentes en Espania. vii+446 p., 84 figs. Madrid, Instituto His- torico de Marina, I945.

We are late in reviewing this book, because it failed to reach us and we could see it only because of the courtesy of the Library of Congress. The author is "colonel astronomer of the fleet." The book contains a description of 24 astrolabes available in Spain, a history, description, and theory of the astrolabe, and a Spanish glossary. For the theory of the instrument and its use the book of Henri Michel: Traite de l'astrolabe (Paris 1947; Isis, 39, 194) seems much clearer to me but that may be due to the fact that I read French with greater ease than Spanish. The bibliography quoted at the end is very far from complete. No index. For Spanish astrolabes see also H. P. P. Renaud: Les MSS arabes de l'Escurial (vol. 2, 3, 1941; Isis, 39, 266); Quelques constructeurs d'astrolabes en occi- dent Musulman (Isis, 34, 20-23, I942), and Millis Vallicrosa (Madrid I947; Isis, 39, 266). G. S. JONES, SIR HOWARD SPENCER. The Royal

Observatory, Greenwich. Endeavour, 7, 9-14, I 948. A short history of the Royal Observatory apropos

of its moving to new quarters. LEMAITRE, G. L'hypothese de l'atome primi-

tif. Revue des Questions Scientifiques, 9, 321-

39, I948. MICHEL, HENRI. Traite de l'astrolabe. viii+

202 p., 24 pls. Paris, Gauthier-Villars, 1947.

Rcviewed by G. Van Biesbroeck, Isis, 39, 194, 1948. NIKOLITCH, GEORGES. Histoire de l'astro-

nomie yougoslave. Montpellier, I946.

Reviewed by P. Humbert, Archives Internationales d'Histoire des Sciences, 529-3 I, 1948. SCHOVE, D. JUSTIN. Sunspot epochs I88

A.D. to I6io A.D. Popular Astronomy, 56, 247-52, 2 figs., I948.

SCHOVE, D. JUSTIN. Sunspots and aurorae. (Historical section). Journal of the British As-

tronomical Association, 58, I78-90, I fig., I948.

[Societe belge de l'Astronomiel. I895-I945. Cinquantenaire de la Societ6 belge d'Astrono- mie, de Meteorologie et de Physique du Globe. 27 octobre I945. Memorial. 32 p., 6 pls.



23. Astronomy- 24. Physics I69

WARD, F. A. B. Handbook of the collections illustrating time measurement. Part I. His- torical review. 3rd edition. 56 p., ii pIs., 2

figs. (Handbooks of the Science Museum). London, His Majesty's Stationery Office, I947.

24. Physics BRIDGMAN, PERCY W. The compression of

39 substances to ioo,ooo kg/cm'. P. 55-70, 5 figs. Rough compressions of I77 substances to 40,ooo kg/cm'. P. 7I-87, I fig. Proceedings of the American Academy of Arts and Sciences, 76, I948.

BURGER, D.; VOLLGRAFF, J. A. De uit- vinding van de natuurkundige formule. Faraday, I7, 93-97, I948.

Invention of equations expressing physical phenomena. CHASE, CARL TRUEBLOOD. The evolution

of modern physics. iX+203 p. New York, Van Nostrand, I947. $2.50.

This is a popular history of physics, conveniently divided by subject. After the introductory chapters surveying briefly ancient and medieval science, Chase gives straightforward historical and explanatory essays on such subjects as light waves, heat and energy, electrons, photons, electron waves, the atomic nucleus, etc. This book is a good example of the recent trend in popularizing science for the average man and woman by writng historical accounts of the growth of ideas. One excellent feature of this one is that the relations between theory and experiment are kept constantly in the foreground. I. B. C.

DARROW, KARL K. Atomic energy. 8o p. (The Norman Wait Harris Lectures delivered at Northwestern University). New York, Wiley, I948.

This splendid little book is an outstanding example of the possibility of explaining difficult scientific subjects to the layman without compromise and vulgarity. Dr. Darrow of the Bell Telephone Lab- oratories, and Secretary of the American Physical Society, has long been known as one of the most successful expositors of modern physics to three separate classes of audience: practising engineers, his brother scientists, and the layman at large. In the light of his previous publications, then, it is no surprise that his newest book is by all odds the best introduction to the difficult and important subject of atomic energy that we have in print. While not covering every possible aspect of his subject (Dr. Darrow has wisely restricted himself to fundamen- tals!), the author touches on every major concept and in each case relates the theoretical concepts to the experimental data. The units are made clear, the name and nature of the major particles are discussed, and the chief scientists who have pioneered atomic physics are presented and given their just measure of praise. Dr. Darrow's acerb wit gives his discussions the humane touch necessary to reach large audiences. Be it noted that Dr. Darrow re- stricts his discussion to "physics" and does not touch on the bomb, applied atomic energy, nor (exccpt in a brief but admirably succinct concluding sentence) the applications of atomic physics to biology and medicine. I. B. C.

LAUE, MAX V. Geschichte der Physik. Ge- schichte der Wissenschaften, hrsg. von Erich Rothacker, II. Naturwissenschaften. I76 p. Bonn, Universitats-Verlag, I946 (out of print, second edition printing summer I947).

Reviewed by Ilse Rosenthal-Schneider, with note by I. B. Cohen, Isis, 38, 258-60, 1948.

LAUE, MAX V. Geschichte der Physik. 2. Auf- lage. I48 p. (Geschichte der Wissenschaften. II. Naturwissenschaften). Bonn, Universi- tats-Verlag, I947.

The first edition (1946) of this work was reviewed in Isis, 38, 258-60. This second revised edition bears a short preface dated Gottingen, March 1947, and is dedicated to the memory of Dr. Arnold Berliner, founder and for many years editor of Die Naturwissenschaften. Dr. Berliner committed suicide in 1942 because of the Nazi Jewish persecutions. This history of physics forms vol. 2 of the history of the sciences edited by Erich Rothacker. The size is small and therefore the author devotecl most of his attention to the history of the last hundred years so rich in fundamental discoveries. G. S.

METZGER, HgLUNE. Projet d'article pour un vocabulaire historique. Atome. Revue d'histoire des sciences, I, 5I-52, 1947.

PELSENEER, JEAN. L'evolution de la notion de phenomene physique des primitifs a Bohr et Louis de Broglie. Lesons sur l'histoire de la pensee scientifique professees a l'Universite libre de Bruxelles. I77 p. Bruxelles, I947.

Reviewed by Gino Loria, Archives Internationales d'Histoire des Sciences, 623-29, 1948; by P. Sergescu, Archives Internationales d'Histoire des Sciences, 531-35, 1948; and by V. F. Lenzen, Isis, 3-0. 194-96, 1948.

PLA, CORT9S. Velocidad de la luz y relativi- dad. Con un apendice conteniendo las me- morias originales de Arago, Fizeau y Foucault. 295 p. Buenos Aires, Espasa-Calpe, 1947.

Reviewed by Aldo Mieli, Archives Internationales d'Histoire des Sciences, 740-4 I, 1948. RICHTMYER, FLOYD KARKER; KEN-

NARD, E. H. Introduction to modern physics. 4th edition. xvii+759 p. (Interna- tional Series in Pure and Applied Physics). New York, McGraw-Hill Book Co., I947.

This is the second impression of the 4th edition of an important classic to be edited since the death of Professor Richtmyer, by E. H. Kcnnard. Al- though a survey of modern physics, the volume still has thc merit of beginning with a generous historical introduction, tracing the evolution of the main physical ideas from the Greeks to the com- pletion of the electromagnetic theory. Each section of the book begins with a brief historical introduction before taking the reader into a detailed account of the most modern work. Touching every aspect of contemporary physics and describing in detail the major theoretical and experimental results of the last half century or more, this excellent book may be thought of at once as a reference book, a textbook and a history of physics during the last half century. The most extensive revision has taken



I70 24. PhySiCS - 25. Chemistry place in the chaptcr on the nucleus and on cosmic rays, and so rapid is the progress of physics in our day that this chapter was out-of-date at printing time. I. B. C.

SCHLEGEL, RICHARD. Quantum mechanics and the paradoxes of Zeno. Amer. Scientist, 36, 396-402, I948.

SUITS, C. G.; HARRISON, GEORGE R.; JORDAN, LOUIS (editors). Applied physics: electronics, optics, metallurgy. xiii+456 p. (Science in World War II Series). Boston, Little, Brown. $6.oo. This volume, like others in the Series, is devoted

to an account of the wartime scientific developments. It describes radar countermeasures, microwave com- munications, direction finders, meteorology, including storm detection by radar, new optical instruments, camouflage, land mine countermeasures and metallurgy. Largely an administrative history, it recounts in detail the organization of the research projects with some description of the kind of work done. I. B. C.

25. Chemistry. Physical Chemistry. Industrial Chemistry

CHEVALIER, PAUL. La table d'emeraude, secret de la preparation de l'acide sulfurique. lix p. Biologie medicale, avril I948.

DAUMAS, MAURICE. L'acte chimique. Essai sur l'histoire de la philosophie chimique. 208

p. Bruxelles, Editions du Sablon, I946.

Reviewed by Pierre Brunet, Revue d'histoire des sciences, I, 94-95, 1947.

DETHIER, VINCENT G. Chemical insect at- tractants and repellents. XV+289 p., 69 figs. Philadelphia, Blakiston, 1947.

"This book represents an attempt to bridge the borderline between chemoreception and the broader aspects of behavior based upon it. It is an attempt at a comprehensive insight into specific chemoreception as a unit of behavior from which might be derived practical procedures, methods, and ideas for future investigation. On this account the chemical viewpoint is stressed throughout." "The material presented in this volume is an excellent example of a number of varied but related biological phenomena all of which touch (lirectly on a single physiological theme. This is, in brief, the relation of the sense of smell and to a lesser extent, of taste, to the behavior of insects. Like other animals, the insects live in a world of odors, but they are particularly susceptible to them and frequently uncanny in their delicate sensitivity." Chapter I is a historical introduction tracing the subject back to ethnological beginnings of great interest. G. S.

DUVEEN, DENIS I. Le Livre de la Tr6s Sainte Trinite. Ambix, 3, 26-32, I4 pls., I948.

DUVEEN, DENIS I. Some symbols used by the alchemists. Endeavour, 7, 4 p., figs., July I948.

FINDLAY, ALEXANDER; MILLS, WILLIAM HOBSON (editors). British chemists. vii+ 43I p., i6 pls. London, Chemical Society, I947.

This volume is published by the Chemical Society on the occasion of its centenary and is made up of biographies of "some of the more distinguished British chemists who have died since the outbreak of the First World War." While some of the biographies have been written specially for this occasion, others are reprinted from other sources. The biog- raphees are William Crookes, James Dewar, Henry E. Armstrong, Raphael Mendola, Harold B. Dixon, William Ramsay, William Henry Perkin, Jun., Arthur George Perkin, Arthur G. Green, Arthur Harden, William J. Pope, Gilbert T. Morgan, Arthur Lapworth, Jocelyn Field Thorpe, Thomas M. Lowry, and George Barger. It is greatly to be regrettcd that no bibliographies of the subjects have bcen included nor, in the case of the biographies that have been previously published elsewhere, is there a reference to the original place of publication where such bibliographies may (or may not) be available. I. B. C.

GIUA, MICHELE. Storia della chimica dall' alchimia alle dottrine moderne. iv+392 p. Torino, Chiantore, I946.

Reviewed by Aldo Mieli, Archives Internationales d'Histoire des Sciences, 726-28, 1948.

HOOYKAAS, R. The discrimination between "natural" and "artificial" substances and the development of corpuscular theory. Archives Internationales d'Histoire des Sciences, no 4, 640-5I, I948. Also in Actes du 5e Congr6s international d'histoire des sciences, Lausanne I947, II3-24; Paris, Academie Internationale d'Histoire des Sciences, I948.

JAFFE, BERNARD. Crisoles. Antonio Za- mora, Buenos Aires, I948.

Spanish translation by Leon Mirias of Jaffe's Crucibles.

JUNG, C. J. Psychologie und Alchemie. 696 p., 270 ills. Zurich, Rascher, I944.

Essay review by Walter Pagel, Isis, 39, 44-48, 1948.

LEICESTER, HENRY M. The history of chemistry in Russia prior to I900. Journal of Chemical Education, 24, 438-43, I947.

NOYES, W. A., JR. (editor). Chemistry. A history of the chemistry components of the National Defense Research Committee, 1940-

I946. With a foreword by James Bryant Conant and Roger Adams. Xviii+524 p. Boston, Little, Brown, I948. $6.oo. This book is a description, writen by a number

of authors, of the organization of the war-time research on such topics as incendiary bombs, flame- throwers, tropical deterioration, chemical warfare agents, etc. Each chapter is written by a different author, officially designated as historian to that division of N.D.R.C. (or a committee). While in- valuable as an account of the work of chemists during the late war, whose important work has been oversha(lowed by that of the physicists, it will not prove of interest to the general reader. I. B. C.

PARTINGTON, J. R. The concepts of substance and chemical element. Chymia, I, I0921, I 948.



25. Chemistry- 26. Technology I 7'

RAGHALLAIGH, DEASMUMHAN 6. (Des- mond O'Reilly) (editor). Three centuries of Irish chemists. ii+30 p. (Historical and Archaeological Papers, no. 2). Cork Univer- sity Press, 1941.

Reviewed by T. L. Davis, Isis, 38, 260, I948.

READ, JOHN. The alchemist in life, literature and art. xii+IOO p., 30 pls. London, Nelson, 1947.

Reviewed by T. I. W., Nature, I6I, 787, 1948.

READ, JOHN. Humour and humanism in chemistry. xxiii+388 p., go ills. London, Bell, 1947. 21 S.

One fifth of the book deals with alchemy, one fifth with chymistry and three fifths with chemistry. The book is anecdotal and the author's purpose, to entertain the reader, has been well kept. There are a large number of unusual illustrations. G. S.

SCHAEFER, G. Historical facts concerning the production and use of soap, p. 2014-23, ills.; Development of soap boiling, p. 2025-32, ills.; Some old-fashioned ways of cleaning textiles, p. 2034-37, ills. Ciba Review, 56, 1947.

TAYLOR, F. SHERWOOD. The argument of Morien and Merlin. An English alchemical poem. Chymia, I, 23-35, 1948.

TIMMERMANS, JEAN. Histoire de la chimie. 121 p., 26 pls. Presses Universitaires de Brux- elles, 1948.

Reviewed by Paul Erculisse, Archives Interna- tionales d'Histoire des Sciences, 743, 1948.

VAN DE VELDE, A. J. J. Het aandeel der la- boratoriumonderzoekers in de geschiedenis der chemie. Mededeelingen der Vlaamsche Che- mische Vereeniging, 8, 66-73, 1946.

Short biographical notes concerning the practical chemists who spent most of their time in their laboratories yet found it possible to carry on historical investigations and to write books or papers on the history of chemistry. G. S.

VAN DE VELDE, A. J. J. Uit de geschiedenis der alchemie. Koninklijke Vlaamsche Academie voor Taal- en Letterkunde, Verslagen en Me- dedeelingen, I65-2I6, March 1942.

Various notes on the history of alchemy, with bibliography. G. S.

VAN DE VELDE, A. J. J. Het atoom in de geschiedenis tot John Dalton. 70 p. (Mede- deelingen van de Koninklijke Vlaamsche Aca- demie voor Wetenschappen, Letteren en Schone Kunsten van Belgie, I9). Antwerp, 1948. History of atomism from antiquity to Dalton

excluded. Elaborate study including many textual quotations and bibliographical references. The main subdivisions are: I. Antiquity: Democritos, Plato, Aristotle, Epicuros, Lucretius, Galen. II. Middle Ages: Bacon, Palissy, J. B. Van Helmont, Vondel (the Dutch poet, anti-Epicurean), Pascal, Digby, Leeuwenhoek, Berend Coenders van Helpen (Dutch alchemist, b. Groningen I6oi, d. Copenhagen I678), Bruno, A. Boetius de Boodt (c. 1550-I632,

Flemish lapidarist), Daniel Sennert, David van Goorlc (Utrecht 159I-I612), Gassendi, Dcscartes, Boyle, Salmon, Malebranche, Lemery, Beccher, Stahl, Emmanuel Konig, Bernard Nicuwentijt, Leib- niz, Voltaire, Macquer, Buffon, Camper, Diderot, Rome de Lisle, Grimaud, Jan van Dongen, Scheele, Bergman. G. S.

WINDERLICH, RUDOLPH. Lehrbuch der Chemie fur hohere Lehranstalten. Sechste, verbesserte Auflage, Unterstufe, mit 72 Ab- bildungen und 4 Bildnissen. 154 p. Braun- schweig, Vieweg, I948.

This elenmentary textbook is remarkable because of the attention it pays to the history of chemistry, illustrating Goethe's saying "Die Geschichte der Wissenschaft ist eine grosse Fuge, in der die Stim- men der V6lker nach und nach zum Vorschein kommen." It includes portraits of Liebig, W6hler, Carl Bosch (I874-1940), and Aug. Wilh. Hof- mann (1818-92). Hofmann discovered benzol in I845 and is called (in Germany) the spiritual father of the dyes industry (Faraday isolated benzol in I825). Bosch completed the technical development of the Fritz Haber method for the synthesis of ammonia. G. S.

26. Technology

For Mining, see 32. Geology; for Industrid chemistry, 25. Chemistry. See alo Arts

and Crafts under 45.

CLOWES, G. S. LAIRD. Sailing ships. Their history & development. As illustrated by the collection of ship-models in the Science Mu- seum. Part I. Historical notes. 3rd edition.

I5 p., figs., 38 pls. London, H.M.S.O., 1932

(Reprinted 1947).

DEYRUP, FELICIA JOHNSON. Arms makers of the Connecticut Valley: a regional study of the economic development of the small arms industry, 1798-I870. Vii+290 p. (Smith College Studies in History, 33). Northamp- ton, Smith College, 1948.

Reviewed by Elizabeth Donnan, American His- torical Review, 53, 900, 1948.

FORETAY, E. Les c&bles 6lectriques, leur d6veloppement et leurs perspectives d'avenir. Actes du Ve Congr6s international d'histoire des sciences, Lausanne 1947, 266-78. Paris, Academie Internationale d'Histoire des Sci- ences, 1948.

FORTI, UMBERTO. Storia della tecnica italiana. 336 p., ii8 figs., 22 pls. Firenze, Sansoni, 1940.

Reviewed by Mario Gliozzi, Archives Internatio- nales d'Histoire des Sciences, 54I-43, 1948. HILL, R. NOEL. Huguenot clocks and watch

makers. Additions and amendments to Brit- ten. The Connoisseur, 26-30, 12 ins., March 1948.

Historique de la construction navale et de la navigation. Catalogue. 72 p., ills. Exposition Internationale de la Technique de l'Eau, Li6ge, 1939.



I72 26. Technology - 27. Biology

JENNY, JEAN. Brevets d'inventions, l'id'e cr6atrice et le tour de main. 149 p., ills. Lausanne, Payot, 1946. The author is an engineer and patent attorney;

he discusses the legal aspects of technical inventions. His book contains many interesting remarks on the various forms of inventions, e.g., on the differences between creative ideas and "tours de main" (der handwerkmassige Griff, die Handfertigkeit, die Handwerkmassigkeit). G. S. KLEMM, FRIEDRICH (editor). Die Technik

der Neuzeit. Lieferung i, Band I, Heft I. Erster Band: Von der mittelalterlichen Tech- nik zum Maschinenzeitalter. 48 p., I pS., ils. Potsdam, Athenaion, 1941.

This is the only part of Klemm's work which I have seen. It includes abundant bibliographical references and many illustrations, some of them in colors. Chapter I, on Technology during the Renaissance, was contributed by Carl von Klinckow- sroem (one of the leaders of the history of technology in Germany, and well known to our readers, Isis, 8, 728, etc.); Ch. 2, Baroque period, by Hans Schimank; Ch. 3, Age of rationalism, by Klemm.

G. S. PRAUS, ALEXIS A. Mechanical principles in-

volved in primitive tools and those of the machine age. Isis, 38, I57-60, 1948.

SAGUI, C. L. La meunerie de Barbegal (France) et les roues hydrauliques chez les anciens et au moyen Age. Isis, 38, 225-31, 5 figs., 1948.

SYMONDS, R. W. A history of English clocks. London, King Penguin, 1947.

Reviewed by A. Thompson-Allen, Antiquity, 22, I63, 1948.

ZBINDEN, CHRISTIAN. Considerations sur l'origine, le developpement et l'orientation de l'industrie alimentaire. Actes du Ve Congres international d'histoire des sciences, Lausanne 1947, 279-86. Paris, Acad6mie Internationale d'Histoire des Sciences, 1948.

IV. BIOLOGICAL SCIENCES

Knowledge of Organic Nature

27. Biology -Generalitie8, "Natural Hiatorgf'

BAKER, J. R. The cell theory: a restatement, history and critique. Part I. Quart. Jour. Micros. Sci., 89, 103-75, 1948.

BAKER, JOHN R. The discovery of the uses of colouring agents in biological micro- technique. 2 2 p. (Monograph of Quekett Microscopical Club. Originally published in its Journal, ser. 4, vol. i, no. 6, 1943). Lon- don, Williams and Norgate, 1945.

Reviewed by H. J. Conn, Journal of the History of Medicine and Allied Sciences, 3, 179-80, 1948. CHAGAS, CARLOS (FILHO). Aspects et

figures de la biologie au Br6sil. Archives In- ternationales d'Histoire des Sciences, 655-66, 1948.

CLARK, ROBERT E. D. Darwin: before and after. The story of evolution. London, Pater- noster Press, 1948. 6 s. This confused and muddled little book contains

nothing for the biologist or the historian. It is not the story of evolution and the author gives the impression that he is not particularly interested in evolution. Except for a few personal names and side references to such modern terms as Mendelism, there is nothing in the book that could not have been written fifty years ago. The historical background, the evolutionary thought which preceded the publication of Darwin's Origin of Species, is presented in such an incomplete and erratic fashion that it does not make a coherent story. Darwin's own ideas are never presented as an integrated whole, while the post-Darwin contributions, the really spectacular advances made in evolution theory during the last fifteen years, are simply ignored. Instead of evolution per se the author discusses the personalities and psychological states of the leading advocates of evolution who flourished two generations ago. Darwin, it seems, suffered ill health and mental distress because, in some vague way, he had sinned.

It appears that Darwin had a golden opportunity to remain faithful to teleology, for as a youth he had practically been a candidate for Holy Orders and had been greatly impressed by the works of Paley. Through some perversity, however, he clung to the theory of natural selection so he could persist in his apostasy. ". . . we have examined Darwin's motives and have seen that he was seeking for a way of escape from his religious convictions; we have seen that he sets an example for others tc make use of science as a way of escape from theology; etc." (p. i68).

Needless to say, Darwin: before and after makes no contribution to our knowledge of Darwin or of evolution, but it does tell us a great deal about the scientific standards of the author. It is the sort of work we would expect from some of the more illiterate sects in the more backward communitics. It is worth recording that it was published in Lon- don in 1948 by the Paternoster Press. C. Z.

DARLINGTON, C. D. The retreat from science in Soviet Russia. Nineteenth Century, 142,

158-62, r947.

A brief history of genetics in Russia from the October Revolution to the present day. When Lysenko defeated Vavilov the great Russian geneticists were crushed and broken.

"In Vavilov's place Lysenko was appointed Presi- dent of the Lenin Academy of Agricultural Sciences and Director of the Laboratory of Genetics (the name still stuck to it) of the Academy of Sciences. He also became a Vice-President of the Supreme Soviet. At the same time the industrious Prezent was rewarded with the chair of 'Darwinism' in the University of Leningrad.

"This controversy differs in two respects from any other that has been known in modern times. When Roosevelt made the mistake over Burbank [Roosevelt honored Burbank with a purple postage stamp] the United States Department of Agriculture, the National Research Council and the Carnegie Institution of Washington did not dismiss their very able staffs of geneticists. In Russia, however, Stalin's mistake was part of a plan which included the dismissal of the geneticists and a great deal more besides.



27. Biology I 73

'The first victims were in I932 when G. A. Levitzky the cytologist and his pupil, N. P. Av- doulov, were sent to labour camps. Vavilov asked Stalin for their release, a request which was tempo- rarily and grudgingly granted. At the same time B. S. Chetverikov the pioneer of population genetics and W. P. Efroimson were sent to Siberia and nothing was heard of them for fifteen years. In I935, the first two geneticists, I. J. Agol and L. P. Ferry, were put to death. In 1937, the head of the great institute for medical genetic research in Moscow, S. G. Levit, was put to death and at the same time probably Avdoulov. In I939, N. A. lljin, an outstanding animal breeder, disappeared, leaving a posthumous paper to appear in the lournal of Genetics. In 1942, not only Vavilov, but also his closest cytological colleague G. D. Karpechenko died ('in the fighting' so it was said). At about this time, J. J. Kerkis the Drosophila gencticist disappeared following a party cell intrigue and Levitzky was finally sent back to a labour camp where he died. At about this time also N. K. Koltzov, the cytologist and doyen of Russian biology, died and his widow committed suicide." C. Z.

DAVIES, E. G. Genetics in the USSR. Modern Quarterly, 2, 336-46, 1947.

More about the ideological attack on genetics by the Communists. C. Z.

HAGEN, VICTOR WOLFGANG VON. The green world of the naturalists. 392 p. New York, Greenberg, 1948. $5.oo. Anthology summarizing five centuries of natural

history in South America in the words of the explorers: Humboldt, Bates, Darwin, Hudson, Chap- man, Beebe, etc. G. S.

HOLMES, S. J. Micromerism in biological theory. Isis, 39, 145-58, 1948.

HOLMES, S. J. What is natural selection? Scientific Monthly, 67, 324-30, 1948.

LAPTEV, I. "The Truth" about genetics. Jour. Heredity, 39, Ix8-21, 31948. A literal translation of a front-page article which

appeared in Pravda on Sept. 2, 1947. It is reprinted by the journal of Heredity because of its great interest to geneticists and its news value to all scientists. The background of the article can be given very simply. Prof. L. C. Dunn published an article in Science (99, 65-6) which lauded Soviet biology. Prof. Karl Sax attacked some of Prof. Dunn's statements and called attention to some of the facts which had been omitted (Science, 99, 298- 99). Dr. Anton B. Zhebrak (Science, 102, 357-58) came to Prof. Dunn's assistance and published a very able defensc of Russian science and scientists, but made the mistake of criticizing Academician Lysenko (see Isis, 37, io6-o8, 1947). For two years nothing happened, but he was finally attacked by Pravda in the article here translated. No description can do justice to the polemics in this attack, to its half-truths and total misrepresentations.

The effectiveness of this exposure of the intellectual and scientific standard in a totalitarian state is enhanced by the publication of the translation without editorial comment. American geneticists can no longer remain in ignorance of what has happened to their Russian colleagues. The value of the exposure would have been greater, of course, if the translation could have becn published in Science

where it would have also reached scientists in other fields.

The paper (Jour. Heredity, 39, 21-22) following the Pravda translation is entitled New Soviet Ouster Caused by Article. It consists of a somewhat condensed news item of The New York Times (Feb. 10, 1948). We learn from this that Dr. Zhebrak has been dismissed from his post as President of the White Russian Academy of Science and seems to be headed down the long road travelled by Vavilov. It is really becoming more and more difficult for even the more expert evaders to remain in ignorance of what is happening to science and scientists in Russia. Dr. Zhebrak's contention that Soviet science is free and objective and Soviet scientists are allowed to be honest is refuted in a way that must really convince him. C. Z.

MAGROU, J. La symbiose, facteur d'evolution dans le Rfgne v6g6tal. Revue des Questions Scientifiques, 9, 340-71, 1948.

MEGAW, SIR JOHN. Over-population as a world problem. Foreword by A. V. Hill. 12 p. (Occasional Papers, no. I). London, British Social Hygiene Council (no date, received in 1948).

PERRY, RICHARD. A naturalist on Lindis- farne. 248 p., ills., map. London, Drummond, 1946. i5 s.

Notes on the Holy Island of Lindisfarne, off the coast of Northumberland. Historical introduction, and history of the biological exploration of the island (p. 6o-67) with special reference to birds. Bibliography of the island from Bede's time to now. Beautiful illustrations. G. S.

RAVEN, CHARLES E. English naturalists from Neckam to Ray. A study in the making of the modem world. X+379 p. Cambridge, Cambridge University Press, 1947.

Reviewed by Conway Zirkle, Isis, 39, I96-97, 1948. ROBERTY, GUY. Des rbgles de la logique i

celles de l'6volution. Gesnerus, 4, 146-50, 1947.

SINGER, CHARLES. Historia de la biologia. Tmaducido del ingles por Maximo Valentinuzzi. 550 p., 194 figs. Buenos Aires, Espasa-Calpe- Argentina, 1947.

Singer's excellent history of biology (1931; Isis, 22, 298-300, 1934) had been translated long ago into French (Paris, Payot, 1934) but this is the first Spanish edition; it will be welcome to the relatively large number of readers in Spain and America who are beginning to realize the importance of the history of science. G. S.

STILES, WALTER. Trace elements in plants and animals. Xi+I89 p., I2 figs. Cambridge, University Press; New York, The Macmillan Co., I946. $2.75.

"Trace elements, micro-nutrients and minor elements are terms applied to a number of chemical elements which are essential for the lives of plants and animals, but which are required in extremely small quantity. The development of our knowledge of the part played by the trace elemcnts in the life of plants and animals is very recent, nearly all our present information on the subject having been



174 27. Biology- 28. Botany

acquired during little more than the last twenty years." Chapter I (20 p.) is a historical introduction. II. Methods of investigation. III. Trace-element deficiency diseases of plants (manganese, zinc, boron, copper, molybdenum). IV. The functions of trace elements in plants. V. Trace elements in animals. VI. Conclusion. Literature. VAN DE VELDE, A. J. J. Het leven en de

dood. Documentation midicale-Geneeskun- dige Documentatie, x5 p., Brussels, 1947.

Without attempting to define life the author analyzes a few processes which characterize it: production or absorption of heat, chemical synthesis or decomposition. G. S. WREDDEN, J. H. The microscope: its theory

and applications. With an historical introduction by W. E. Watson-Baker. XXiv+296 p. London, Churchill, I947. 21 S.

This notable book contains but one chapter devoted to the history of the microscope, yet that chapter is an admirable summary of the main stages leading to the development of the mo(lern instrument. The author is led to the amazing conclusion "that practically every modern development" in the science and art of optical microscopy "has been adumbrated at an earlier date." The careful way in which he documents this thesis is a stimulating contribution to the history of the subject. All the history is not confined to the introductory chapter, howcver, and interspersed throughout the book are historical asides of the greatest interest. The book bcgins with a sound discussion of fundamental optical principles, and then goes on to apply the principles to the instruments. Included are "a number of more unorthodox applications" which the author has "developed as a result of constant use of the instrument"; he is chief chemist of the Igranic Electric Co., Ltd. I. B. C.

28. Botany

Agronomy, Phytopathology, Palaeobotany ANDREWS, ALFRED C. Orach as the spinach

of the classical period. Isis, 39, I69-72, I948.

ASMOUS, VLADIMIR C. Fontes historiae botanicae rossicae. Chronica Botanica, Vol- ume ii, no. 2, pp. 87-118, 4 pls., ills. Wal- tham, Mass., the Chronica Botanica Co.; New York City, Stechert-Hafner, 1947. $1.25.

Bibliography of publications dealing with the history of botany in Russia. Russian titles are translated into English, but for items including a title or summary in French or German, these languages are used. Many illustrations from original documents are reproduced with legends by F. Verdoorn. Says Dr. Asmous: "When I graduated from the Military Engineering College at St. Petersburg in I9I2 I hardly dreamed that, some day, I would be a bibliographer. The world of books and letters, in which I now live helps, as Jeremy Collier said: Sto forgct the crossness of men and things, it com- poscs our cares and lays our disappointments asleep.'" The titles are arranged in alphabetical order of authors followcd by a subject index. G. S. BAEHNI, CHARLES. II. Naissance et d6-

veloppement de la systematique moderne de Linne aux temps actuels. Gesnerus, 4, I27-45,

'947.

CAPEK, A. Tabak v techich (Tabac en Bo- hfeme). 420 p. Prague, Librairie technique, 1947. Histoire de la cultivation, de la manipulation et

du commerce du tabac en Boheme depuis le XVIieme siecle. Q. V. COLLINS, J. L. Pineapples in ancient America.

Scientific Monthly, 67, 372-77, 1948.

The first description of the pineapple (Ananas sativtus) is by Petcr Martyr. The fruit was found on Guadeloupe by Columbus in 1493. Its cultivation by the Indians has been recorded by various Spanish explorers as occurring in the West Indies, in Panama, along the northern coast of South America, and in Northern Brazil. The author believes that the cultivated form originated in the region now occupied by Southeastern Brazil, Para- guay and Northern Argentina. C. Z. CURWEN, E. CECIL. Plough and pasture.

I22 p., I4 pls., 2I figs. London, Cobbett Press, I946. 7 s. 6 d. A very clearly written, interesting and informa-

tive account of the origin of an agriculture. Begin- ning with the never ending search of our earliest human ancestors for food, the author proceeds to a reconstruction of the primitive agricultural practices of the people who lived around the eastern end of the Mediterranean Sea. He attempts to discover the exact point of origin of agriculture by combin- ing the results of a number of lines of investigation. First, he maps the distribution of the wild ancestors of the domestic plants, for agriculture must originate where there are plants which can be cultivated. Next he records the locale of the earliest agricultural artifacts and finally he locates, as accurately as possible, the original center of the fertility-religion and worship of the corn-god Adonis. Each of these methods, of course, is subject to a large interpretive error but together they seem to indicate that an agriculture came into being in Syria-Palestine perhaps not too far from Carmel.

The subsequent development of agriculture in Egypt and Mesopotamia is described and, after a brief account of the origin of stock-breeding, the spread of agriculture is traccd to Britain. The greater part of the book is concerned with the earliest agricultural practices in the British Isles. There are many illustrations of primitive farm tools, hand mills, flint, bronze, iron sickles, etc.

There is little to criticize in this book if we re- mcmber that it is written for the inhabitants of Great Britain and sets out to tell them where their own agriculture came from. It is in no way a story of the origin of world agriculture. Practically nothing is recorded about the great agriculture which originated in Southeast Asia, while the agriculture of the Americas is dismissed in a sentence or two. The impression is given that the earliest crops were harvested somewhere in Southwest Asia. Actually there is good botanical evidence that agriculture is much older in the Americas than it is of the Old World. Also the present acreage allotted to plants of New World origin shows how important they are in modern agriculture, an importance nowhere in- dicated in Plough and pasture. The work is thus somewhat parochial but, within its limits, it is excellent. C. Z. FINAN, JOHN J. Maize in the great herbals.

Annals of the Missouri Botanical Garden, 35, I49-9I, 25 figs., I948.



28. Botany - 29. Zoology 175

"Two general types of maize are discussed in the herbals. The first type, which was first illustrated fifty years after the discovery of America (Fuchs, 1542), is similar to the typical flints of eastern North America and was believed by most of the herbalists who discussed it to have been brought into Europe from Asia. Where such a type of corn actually came from can only be speculated upon. It may be some as-yet-unknown tropical variety closely related to our flints, but the final answer will have to await further study. The second type of maize, recognized by herbalists in the latter half of the sixteenth century as different from the first and reported by them to have been brought in from America, is much like the persent-day corn of the Caribbean area and was very likely introduced into Europe by the early Hispanic explorers." Elaborate bibliography.

HARDING, T. SWANN. Two blades of grass. A history of scientific developments in the U. S. Department of Agriculture. 352 p. University of Oklahoma Press, 1947.

Reviewed by Mark Graubard, Isis, 38, 26I-62, 1948.

KLINKOWSKI, M. Die Wanderung des Kaf- feebaumes. Der Zilchter, 17, 247-55, 1947.

LUETKENS, CH. Schafzucht und Wollerzeu- gung in Australien. Ciba-Rundschau, 77, 2844-74, ills., I948.

MURNEEK, A. E.; WHYTE, R. 0. Vernaliza- tion and photoperiodism. A symposium. With H. A. Allard, H. A. Borthwick, Erwin Bun- ning, G. L. Funke, Karl C. Hamner, S. B. Hendricks, A. Lang, M. Y. Nuttonson, M. W. Parker, R. H. Roberts, S. M. Sircar, B. Esther Struckmeyer and F. W. Went. Foreword by Kenneth V. Thimann. xv+x96 p., 12 pls., ills. (Lotsya -A Biological Miscellany, I).

Waltham, Mass., The Chronica Botanica Co.; New York City, Stechert-Hafner, I948. $4.50.

This first volume of the new series Lotsya (thus named after Johannes Paulus Lotsy I867-I937) is devoted to the physiology of flowering, a subject based on two fundamental discoveries: (i) effects of the chilling of germinating seeds, (2) effects of the varying of the length of day in plants ready to flower. Curiously enough, these two experimental approaches have created not one field of research but two, vernalization and photoperiodism, which are not yet completcly amalgamated. The history of both fields is told. Vernalization was created by the Russian Lysenko, and his first paper ad hoc was published in the Trudy of the Azerbaidzan Experi- ment Station (no. 3, 1928; title-page in Russian and Arabic scripts). The early investigators in photoperiodism were Georg Klebs in Germany (1903-x8) and Lysenko. There were precursors in both cases. The book written by many botanists is well printed and illustrated. G. S.

[RICHEY, F. D.; MANGELSDORF, P. C.; RICHEY, F. D.]. Frederick D. Richey. The lay of the corn-huckster. Jour. Heredity, 39, 11-17, 1948.- Paul C. Mangelsdorf. The history of hybrid corn: critical comments on Richey's review of Crabb's book. Jour. Heredity, 39, 177-80, 1948.-Frederick D.

Richey. Mr. Richey replies. Jour. Heredity, 39, I80, 185, 1948. The reviewer recently wrote for Isis a short

evaluation of The hybrid-corn makers by A. Rich- ard Crabb. The basic genetics of heterosis or hybrid vigor, which makes hybrid corn such a valuable agricultural asset, were developed by Prof. E. M. East and Prof. G. H. Shull independently. Their work was supplementary, and together and with Dr. D. F. Jones, they developed the basic science for the commercial exploitation of the product. The reviewer thought that he was exceptionally competent to evaluate Crabb's work; he had worked with Piof. East for three years, was intimately acquainted with him for the last ten years of his life and has been a friend of Prof. Schull and Dr. Jones for twenty years. He has read the original technical contribution on the subject. He stated in the review, "This history of a major agricultural advance is definitive. There is now no excuse for a controversy as to who did what."

This note is to acknowledge the reviewer's error. Imponderables are flying around. Over-emphases have become "indefensible." Prof. Mangelsdorf even states, "I doubt that a completely accurate and authentic history of hybrid corn will be written during the lifetime of those who have played an important role in it." He, however, acknowledges the value of Crabb's book, in fact, has much good to say of it. Dr. Richey damns the book as the product of the seed and advertising trade and questions the author's motives, "Whose bread I eat, his song I sing." The reviewer still believes the book to be excellent and fair and has found no errors of fact in it which seem to be very important. C. Z.

RYTZ, W. Beitrage zur Geschichte der botani- schen Systematik. I. Wege zum Artbegriff. Von den Kr1uterbUchern bis zu C. von Linn6. Gesnerus, 4, 121-27, 1947.

SCHOPFER, W. H. Les d6buts de l'anatomie v6g6tale moderne. L'histoire du cambium. Actes du Se Congris international d'histoire des sciences, Lausanne 1947, I59-68; Paris, Acad6mie Internationale d'Histoire des Sci- ences, 1948. Also in Archives Internationaeks d'Histoire des Sciences, 270-79, I948.

29. Zoology

American correspondent. A review of bird prints with particular reference to Catesby and Audubon. The Connoisseur, 47-52, many ills., March I948.

COLE, FRANCIS J. History of comparative anatomy. From Aristotle to the eighteenth century. viii+524 p. London, The Macmil- lan Co., 1944.

Notes by F. J. Cole, Herbert Friedmann, and M. F. Ashley Montagu, Isis, 38, 264-66, 1948.

GUDGER, E. W. Pomacenrid fishes symbiotic with giant sea anemones in Indo-Pacific waters. Journal of the Royal Asiatic Society of Bengal, 12, 53-76, 2 pls., 1946 (published in 1947).



I76 29. Zoology -32. Geology HANDSCHIN, E. The silkworm or Bombyx

mori Linn6, p. 1902-07, ills.; The breeding of silkworms and their diseases, p. 1909-14,

ills.; Wild silk moths, p. 1915-22, ills.; Spiders and insects as producers of silk, p.I925-30,

ills. Ciba Review, 53, I946.

PIERCE, GEORGE W. The songs of insects. With related material on the production, propagation, detection, and measurement of sonic and supersonic vibrations. V1i+329 p.,

242 figs. Cambridge, Mass., Harvard Univer- sity Press, 1948.

Those who have been acquainted with Professor Pierce, former Director of the Cruft Laboratory of Harvard University, have long been awaiting the publication of this book devoted to the topic of interest in his mature years. A happy combination of training and teaching experience over many years in the problems of sound and of electronics prepared him for a detailed study of insect songs. This book, the result of many years of research, affords yet another example of the fructifying influence of one science upon another and will be of the greatest interest to both physicists and biologists as a pioneering work. It extends the knowledge of insect songs to higher frequencies in the supersonic range than had ever been done systematically in the past. Professor Pierce has wisely included a considerable amount of information on the design, construction, and operation of instruments for use in such work; many of them invented by himself. The result is a manual for future workers. The semi-autobiographical style makes this an interesting book to read for anyone. One chapter records Professor Pierce's connection with the experiments of Griffin and Galambos on the flight of bats.

I. B. C.

V. SCIENCES OF THE EARTH

Implying Knowledge of both Organic and Inorganic Nature

31. Geography and Oceanography

ALMAGIA, ROBERTO. Quelques questions au sujet des cartes nautiques et des portulans d'apres les recherches recentes. Actes du Se Congres international d'histoire des sciences, Lausanne I947, I40-49. Paris, Academie In- ternationale d'Histoire des Sciences, I948.

ANDREEV, A. I. (ed.). Russian discoveries in the Pacific Ocean and North America in the eighteenth and nineteenth centuries (in Rus- sian). 224 p. Moscow, Academy of Sciences, 1944.

Reviewed by S. I. T., Geographical journal, xio, 124-26, 1948. From the arrival of Cossack fur traders at the Pacific in 1638 to the trading posts at Sitka and in California in 1818. The review also summarizes other documents from the Russian archives edited by A. I. Andreev for the Russian All-Union Geographical Society, including a vivid account of the first Russian circumnavigation under I. F. Kruzenstern and Y. F. Lisiansky in I803-I8o6.

C. W. A.

DESTOMBES, MARCEL. Catalogue des cartes nautiques manuscrites sur parchemin, 1300-

I7oo. Cartes hollandaises. La cartographie de la Compagnie des Indes Orientales, 1593-1743.

99 p., frontispiece, 4 pls. Saigon, I94I.

Reviewed by G. Sarton, Isis, 38, 262, 1948.

32. Geology, Mineralogy, Palaeontology, Mining.

For Palaeobotany, Palaeozoology and Palaeoanthropology, see respectively, 28. Botany, 29. Zoology, and 39. Pre-

history.

BROMEHEAD, C. E. N. Aetites or the eagle- stone. Antiquity, 2I, I6-22, 2 pls., I947.

"An Aetites may be defined as any hollow stone containing loose matter, a smaller stone or sand, which rattles whcn shaken. Such objects are of little interest to the modern geologist, who usually breaks them open in order to examine the interior for crystals or impressions of fossils. Their importance to the archaeologist and student of folk-lore may be gauged by the fact that they are mentioned by Dioscorides about A.D. 69 and in the fourteenth edition of Quincey's Pharmacopoeia, published in 1769. A series of at least a hundred references between these dates could be compiled; only those necessary to elucidate the history of the Eagle-stone need be given." BROMEHEAD, C. E. N. Flavus or blavus: a

difficulty in understanding early descriptions of minerals. Mineralogical Magazine, 28, I04-

07, London, I947.

BROMEHEAD, C. E. N. The forgotten uses of selenite. Mineralogical Magazine, 26, 325-33, I943.

MARGERIE, EMMANUEL DE. Critique et geologie. Contribution & l'histoire des sciences de la terre (I882-I942). Tome 2, p. XXV-

xxxix+p. 66I-iI56, figs. 25I-385; T. 3, p. xlv- lviii+p. II57-I7I4, figs. 386-553. Paris, Colin, 1946. Reviewed by George Sarton, Isis, 38, 263-64,

1948. MARGERIE, EMM. DE. Le Service de la Carte

G6ologique de la France dans les Pyrenees. Extrait de l'ouvrage, en cours de publication, Critique et Geologie, 3, chapitre VII: Etudes pyr6neennes, I38I-I904. Paris, L'Auteur. Extract from the monumental work reviewed in

Isis, 36, 74-75; 38, 263-64. Let us hope that vol. 4 and following may soon be published. G. S. MARGERIE, EMMANUEL DE. Trois mo-

ments dans l'histoire de l'6tude des Alpes suisses: De Saussure, Studer, Alb. Heim. Bulletin de la Section de Gdographie du Comite des Travaux historiques et scientifiques, 58, 39 p-, 3I figs., 1947.

MARGERIE, EMM. DE. Three stages in the evolution of Alpine geology: De Saussure- Studer-Heim. Quarterly Journal of the Geo- logical Society of London, I02, XCVii-cxiv, I946.



32. Geology -36. Physiology I77

SAMPAIO, JOAQUIM. A cultura mineral6gica dos classicos portugueses. Petrus Nonius, 6, 172-87, I943 (received Sept. I947).

University of London. Institute of Archaeology. The exhibition of stone age and Pleistocene geology from the Cape to Britain. Held on the occasion of the XVIIIth International Geological Congress, 26th August to 3rd Sep- tember, I948. 63 p. (Occasional Paper no. 9). London, I948.

33. Meteorology. Climatology. Terrestrial Physics

DUFOUR, L. Notes pour servir a l'histoire de la meteorologie en Belgique (2e s6rie). 20 p. Institut royal meteorologique de Belgique, Miscellanees, fasc. 31, Bruxelles, I947.

DUFOUR, LOUIS. Quelques considerations sur le developpement de la meteorologie. Actes du se Congres international d'histoire des sciences, Lausanne I947, io8-I2; Paris, Aca- demie Internationale d'Histoire des Sciences, 1948. Also in Archives Internationales d'His- toire des Sciences, 286-9o, I948.

HOBBS, WM. H. The climate of the Arctic as viewed by the explorer and the meteorologist. Science, io8, I93-201, I948.

A very condensed history of Arctic meteorology.

VI. ANTIROPOLOGICAL AND HIS- TORICAL SCIENCES

Knowledge of Man, Past and Present

34. Anatomy BEINS, JAN F. A. Misvorming en verbeelding.

23I p., ills. Amsterdam, Van Oorschot, I948, (in Dutch). Historico-medical doctoral thesis of the University

of Groningen entitled "Malformation and imagination." As many of the malformations dealt with concern men, this may be classified under patholog- ical anatomy, teratology. Five chapters treat malformation (i) as omen, (2) as godlike or demonic figures, (3) as mythology, (4) as diabolic, (5) as composite beings. There are 52 illustrations and the bibliography lists I33 items. No index. G. S. HINTZSCHE, E. Anatomia animata. Zeittafel

zur Geschichte der Anatomie von Harvey bis Haller. Das I7. Jahrhundert, eine Bliltezeit anatomischer Experimentalforschung. Die An- fange der mikroskopischen Anatomie. Bedeu- tende Anatomen aus der ersten H-alfte des i8. Jahrhunderts. Albrecht von Haller als Ana- tom und seine Schule. Ciba Zeitschrift, I0,

4042-76, ils., I948.

VAN DE WELDE, A. J. J. Het aandeel der Nederlandse wetenschappelijke literatuur tot de leer der anatomie tot i8oo. Koninklijke Vlaamse Academie voor Geneeskunde, Gent, II7-228, I948.

Elaborate study of the Netherlandish contributions to anatomy until i8oo. G. S.

35. Physical Anthropology

Anthropometry and Races of Man

COON, CARLETON S. A reader in general anthropology. x+624 p. New York, Holt, I 948. $3.90. This reader is successfully calculated to meet the

student's frequently frustrated efforts to obtain from the college library the volume in anthropology which his instructor has recommended he read. Professor Coon in the present volume provides a good sample of readings relating to cultures at different 'levels' of development. Some of the materials included here make their appearance for the first time, and thus lend an unusual value to the book. There is, for example, Thomas Bridges' account of the Indians of Tierra del Fuego, and Professor Morris Opler and Rudra Datt Singh's "The Division of Labor in an Indian Village," a most important contribution to our understanding of caste and caste relationships in India. Professor Coon's introductions, explanations, and commentaries all serve to increase the value of this most valuable book. There is an index. M. F. A. M.

GILLIN, JOHN. The ways of men. xv+469 p. New York, Appleton- Century-Crofts, I948. $4.50. A valuable introduction to general anthropology.

There is a good historical introduction, and a final chapter on modern trends in cultural anthropology. The treatment of physical anthropology is very clear, and the discussion of the various aspects of cultural anthropology most able. There is a good bibliography and an index. M. F. A. M.

KROEBER, ALFRED L. Anthropology. xii+ 895 p. New York, Harcourt, Brace, 1948. $7.50. This is a book about man's physical and cultural

development. It is a very good book, and it is an exciting book. The original edition appeared in 1923. The present volume is really a new book, and thoroughly up-to-date. Every aspect of anthropology is covered in Kroeber's usually careful and stimulating manner. The student and reader (of whatsoever intellectual persuasion) is indeed fortunate to have such an anthropological guide as Kroeber. There is an excellent index.

M. F. A. M.

36. Physiology human and comparative

BUESS, HEINRICH. Zur Entwicklung der Irritabilititslehre. Festschrift fur Jacques Brodbeck-Sandreuter, 299-333, Basel, I942.

MERKELBACH, OTTO. Zur Entwicklung der Beobachtung der aktiven elektrischen Er- scheinungen im tierischen und menschlichen KErper. Festschrift fur Jacques Brodbeck- Sandreuter, 27I-97, IO figs., Basel, I942.

PIRENNE, M. H. Vision and the eye. xx+ I87 p., 4 pls., 99 figs. (Frontiers of Science Series). London, Pilot Press, I948. I2s. 6d. This is not (and could not be in a book of this

size) a complete account of vision. The author has paid special attention to quantum phenomena, which open new perspectives. It is not generally



I78 36. Physiology - 43. Sociology

realized that the sensitiveness of the eye is so high that it comes very close to the absolute limit set by the quantum properties of light. This introduces an unexpected cause of experimental weakness: it is not possible to stimulate the retina by light in an exactly reproclucible manner, on account of fluctua- tions. Pirenne's study is strictly physiological (not psychological); he deals mainly with the human eye, but comparisons are sometimes made with other eyes, such as those of insects. The author's interest in the history of science appears many times in the text and the illustrations. Since the publication of this book, he has been appointed Lecturer in physiology at the University of Aberdeen. If all the books in the Frontiers of Science Series (edited ny Bernar(d Lovell) are as good as this one, the Series wvill be a great success. G. S.

SELYE, HANS. Textbook of endocrinology. XXxii+9I4 p. Montreal, Acta Endocrinologica, I947. $I4.00.

By far and awvay the best and most original textbook on endocrinology, copiously illustrated with photographs, photomicrographs, and drawings, with very full references to the literature, and a superb index. The references are fully annotated, and what makes the work of particular interest to readers of this journal are the excellent historic introductions to every chapter for each endocrine gland considered. This is an extraordinarily good book.

M. F. A. M.

STEFANSSON, VILHJALMUR. Not by bread alone. xvi+339 p. With introductions by Eugene F. Du Bois and Earnest A. Hooton. New York, The Macmillan Co., I946.

Reviewed by M. F. Ashley Montagu, Isis, 38, 27I-72, I948.

37. Psychology human and comparative

MARTf IBA1EZ, FALIX. Psicopatologia de los mitos y leyendas, y de los cuentos in- fantiles. Revista Cli nica de Sdo Paulo, 22,

4I-59, I947.

SALTER, W. H. The Society for Psychical Re- search, an outline of its history. 54 p. Lon- don, The Society, I948.

39. Prehistory BERSU, G. A cemetery of the Ronaldsway

culture at Ballateare, Jurby, Isle of Man. Proceedings of the Prehistoric Society, I3,

i6i-69, 2 pIS., 4 figs., I947.

BRUCE, J. R., MEGAW, E. M.; MEGAW, B. R. S. A neolithic site at Ronaldsway, Isle of Man. Proceedings of the Prehistoric So- ciety, I3, I39-60, II figs., I947.

CLARK, GRAHAME. Fowling in prehistoric Europe. Antiquity, 22, II6-30, 7 figs., I948.

CLARK, JOHN GRAHAME. Sheep and swine in the husbandry of prehistoric Europe. Antiquity, 2I, I22-36, I947.

SCOTT, SIR LINDSAY. The problem of the brochs. Proceedings of the Prehistoric So- ciety, I3, I-36, IO figs., I947.

WRIGHT, E. V.; WRIGHT, C. W. Prehistoric boats from North Ferriby, East Yorkshire. Proceedings of the Prehistoric Society, I3, II4-38, i8 figs., I947.

40. Ethnology Primitive and Popular Science.

Cultural Anthropology BtVHLER, ALFRED. Farberei der Naturvol-

ker. Ciba-Rundschau, 75, 2764-94, ills., I948. BtTHLER, KRISTIN. The harmony of work

and medium in the handicrafts of primitive peoples, p. 2290-94, ills.; Classification of basic textile techniques, p. 2295-2305, ills.; Plait- ing with stretched thread, a first step towards weaving, p. 2306-I4, ills. Ciba Re- view, 63, I948.

VARAGNAC, ANDRA. Archeocivilisation (ar- chaeo-culture). iere conference internationale de folklore, Paris, I2-I3 juillet I947. Fasci- cule I, 20 p., Paris, Maisonneuve.

VARAGNAC, ANDRA. Folklore, ethnographie et archeocivilisation. Communication pre- sentee a la Section de Geographie du 74e Congres des Societes Savantes, Paris, 2 avril 1 948. 9 p.

41. Superstition and Occultism SELIGMANN, KURT. The mirror of magic.

504 p., 255 ills. New York, Pantheon Books, I948. $8.oo. This book, written by the well-known artist,

originated in a conccrn with "the aesthetic value of magic and its influence upon man's creative imagination." Written for laymen and artists rather than scholars, the book is embellished with a large number of unusual illustrations drawn largely from thc author's personal library. Tracing the development of magic in all of its varied forms from the Babylonians to the i8th century, this book should drawv attention to a potent force in Western civilization. Happily, the author has given a good bibliography so that the student may be led on to more scrious and dctailcd treatmcnts of the many topics discussed. It is grcatly to be regretted, however, that at the outset the author does not point out that the notion of astrology being the origin of astronomy is totally without foundation. (See Neuge- bauer, Journ. Near East. Stud., 4, 14-I6, 45). Neugcbauer's view that "calendarial problems di- recte(d the first steps of astronomy" should be emphasized in popular accounts especially, so that astrology's claims in founding that science may be denied. Also, as Ncugebauer points out, we must always make a distinction between "genethlialog- ical" an(d "judicial" astrology, which our author fails to do. I. B. C.

43. Sociology, Jurisprudence and Positive Polity

BARNES, HARRY ELMER (editor). An introduction to the history of sociology. xvi+ 96o p. Chicago, University of Chicago Press, I948. $io.oo.

"This collaborative work on the history of sociology is presented as a comprehensive summary and



43. Sociology - 44. History of Civilization

critical appraisal of the growth of sociological thought from the ancient Near East to our own day, with the main emphasis on the systematic sociologists from Comte to Sorokin." The contributing authors are all recognized experts in their field and in the six parts into which the book is divided we are given (I) Historical introduction: Sociology before Comte, (II) The pioneers of sociology, (III) Lead- ing sociologists in Germanic countries, (IV) Con- tinental European sociology in non-Germanic countries, (V) English sociologists since Herbert Spencer, and (VI) Sociological thcory in Amcrica.

M. F. A. M.

BRYSON, LYMAN; FINKELSTEIN, LOUIS; MACIVER, R. M. (editors). Learning and world peace. Eighth symposium. xiz+694 p. Published by the Conference on Science, Philosophy and Religion in their Relation to the Democratic Way of Life, Inc. New York, Harper, 1948. $6.So. The previous symposia have been reviewed in

Isis (36, 89; etc.). The subject discussed in the eighth symposium (Philadelphia, Sept. 1947) was: "How can scholarship contribute to the relief of international tensions?" This volume includes 49 reports, each of them followed by a discussion, and three appendices: I. Contemporary art and the churches; II. UNESCO (p. 577-636); III. How can scholars meet the current challenge? G. S.

GOLDSTEIN, MARCUS S. A museum of the social sciences. Science, 107, 269, 1948.

GROSS, FELIKS (editor). European ideologies. A survey of 20th century political ideas. With an introduction by Robert M. MacIver. xv+io75 p. New York, Philo- sophical Library, 1948. $I2.00.

"Europe is the fatherland of great political ideas, just as Asia and the eastern Mediterrancan are the fatherlands of religion. Ideologies born in Europe soon spread throughout the world. The scope of this book is the prescntation, in a synthetic-survey manner, of these European political idcologics; it is not intendedl to servc as an introductory textbook, but rather as a synthesis for those who are interested in, and familiar with, the rudimentary principles. This explains, therefore, why some of the well- known elements of thcse idcologies are sometimes either merely mentioned or completely omitted." Twenty-three chapters deal with as many ideologies -- communism, socialism, trade unionism, cooperation, liberalism, anarchism, agrarianism, Catholi- cism, Zionism, etc. Then follow chapters of comparison and synthesis. It is impossible to summa- rize a book like this which is itself a collcction of summarics written by experts. Its importance is underlined in Maclver's introduction: "No area of knowledge has greatcr significance today than that which explorcs the idea-systems of our age. What we shall do with this whole apparatus we call civilization, what goals it shall serve, whcther it shall be a means of liberation or of tyranny, even whether this civilization shall survive at all, de- pcndls on our changing responses to the appeals these idea-systems have for us. Yet there is no area of available knowledge so little explorcd, so little subjected to scientific analysis." And we may conclu(le with him: "No one can read this book without a widcned understanding of the forces that are stirring and changing this distracted age. Not

only will he gain a new perspective of the move- mcnts that impinge on us from without, he will also be in a better position to face the issues that con- front us at home-in short, if he reads attentively he will be a better citizen." G. S.

SOROKIN, PITIRIM A. Society, culture, and personality. xiv+742 p. New York, Harper & Brothers, 1947. $5.00. In this great work Professor Sorokin has pro-

duced a system of general sociology in which society, culture, and personality are shown to be integral functions of one another. In the author's wor(ls, the work "attempts to present a system of sociology as a generalizing science of sociocultural phenomena possessing its own set of referential principles, its own meaningful-causal metho(ds, and its own special task among the other social and humanistic disciplines." Essentially this is a "personality" book, for therc is the impress of the author's strong personality upon every page of it. Professor Sorokin's originality of mind has been a constant source of stimulation to social scientists, even when they could least agree with his views. As always Sorokin is very much worth reading.

M. F. A. M.

STEVENSON, BURTON. The home book of proverbs. Maxims and familiar phrases. 2957

p. New York, Macmillan, I948. $20.00.

In this truly monumental work the author attempts "to trace back to their sources the proverbs, maxims, and familiar phrases in ordinary English and American use; to show their development from the first crude expression of the idea to its stream- lined mo(dern form, and to notc the variations and perversions which, year after year, have been built around the central theme." Since Mr. Stevenson has proceeded upon the assumption that a maxim is the sententious expression of some general truth or rule of con(duct, a great deal which is sententious finds its way into these pages. However, this fact in no way detracts from the usefulness of the work, but rather adds to it. Looking under "Science" I find an entry which reads, "Science: a beautiful theory killed by an ugly fact." This is quoted from Connington's Twenty-One Clues, p. 239, as Hux- ley's "definition." Mr. Connington was wrong. Huxley never so defined science; what he was de- fining was Herbert Spencer's conception of a trag- c(lyl A very diffcrent thing. There is a three- column in(lex of 288 pages. M. F. A. M.

WALTER, EMIL J. Psychologische Grundlagen der geschichtlichen und sozialen Entwicklung. 172 p. (Internationale Bibliothek f. Psycho- logie und Soziologie, 2). Zurich, Pan-Verlag, I947.

Reviewed by Robert Ulich, Isis, 38, 266-67, I948.

WILLIAMS, R. R. Science and social problems. American Scientist, 36, II6-26, I948.

A discussion of the lag in the development of social sciences behind the natural sciences.

44. History of Civilization General History, Historical Methods,

Biography, Chronology

[Greenwich]. National Maritime Museum. Guide. 230 p., pls. Greenwich, 1947.



i8o 45. History of Art - 48. History of Philosophy MORISON, SAMUEL ELIOT. History as a

literary art: an appeal to young historians. I3 p. (Old South Leaflets, series 2, no. I). Boston, Old South Association, I947.

Reviewed by I. Bernard Cohen, Isis, 39, 97-98, I948.

NEFF, EMERY. The poetry of history, viii+ 258 p. New York, Columbia University Press, I947.

Reviewed by Solomon Gandz, Isis, 39, I98-99, 1948.

[Public Record Office]. Catalogue of manuscripts and other objects in the Museum of the Public Record Office. With brief descriptive and historical notes. xi+gi p. Lon- don, His Majesty's Stationery Office, I948.

SLOTKIN, J. S. Reflections on Collingwood's Idea of History. Antiquity, 22, 98-I02, I948.

45. History of Art

Art and Science, Iconography, Arts and Crafts

KALLEN, HORACE M. Art and freedom. 2

vols. Ioo6 p. New York, Duell, Sloan and Pearce, 1943.

Reviewed by M. F. Ashley Montagu, Isis, 38, 268, 1948.

46. History of Language, Writing, and Literature

JOHNSON, ALEXANDER BRYAN. A treatise on language. Edited with a critical essay on his philosophy of language, by David Rynin. ix+443 p. Berkeley, University of California Press, I947. Reviewed by I. A. Richards, Isis, 38, 251-52,

1948.

47. History of Morals Moral Organization of Society

HOLMES, S. J. Life and morals. Xi+232 p. New York, Macmillan, I948. $3.00. Professor Holmes tells us in his Preface he had

thought of entitling the present volume The biological outlook on morals. Since the work is a study in naturalistic ethics directed towards the realization of an ethical system based upon the biological, psychological, and social sciences, the present title is more fitting.

The author believes that there is no way out of the present chaos and confusion except through the adoption of a scientifically grounded ethics. In this book he traces the biological basis of morality, and finds its functional significance much the same as the cooperative behavior of the parts of the body in maintaining the life of the whole. At all levels, morality, according to the author's viewpoint, is an integral part of the life-preserving and life-perpetuating activities. Professor Holmes describes for us, at first from the standpoint of the behaviorist, the moral behavior of cells, and then fr om the standpoint of an ethical naturalist, the gradual dcvelopment of morality from activities at

so primitive a level to those of the more complex, qualitatively more developed, human kind. In the unfolding of this most important of themes the author shows that altruistic behavior in some form goes back to the very beginning of life. "The fission of the simplest organism is an altruistic process in that it has to do with the promotion of more than individual life." The reproductive process is, in short, the fons et origo of the social, and to be social is to live in interdependence and in interaction with other organisms. Altruism and social life are coeval with life itself. As the author writes: "Man's altruism represents the last stage of a long eventful history. From the fission of the simplest conceivable form of life to the unselfish devotion of a Florence Nightingale or a John Howard, life processes subservient to the welfare of others have gradually evolved through hundreds of millions of years. After all, altruism is just a part of life, and is as old as life itself. Though it may lead to self-sacrifice, it is always loyal to the group. True to its method of origin, individual altruism is primarily group egoism. Were it not for this fact, it never could have come into existence at all."

In recent years Patten, Sherrington, Allee, Emer- son, and others, have arrived at very similar conclusions. Modern biologists have, in fact, provided the biological proof of the truth of the Sermon on the Mount. Scicnce is today in a position to tcach men how to livc with cach other, to provide all men with a natural religion which is based on science, not on theology, a religion which such leaders as Confucius, Buddha, Christ, and Gandhi would have given their wholehearted support. Towards this end Professor Holmes' book is a most welcome contribution. M. F. A. M.

HUXLEY, T. H.; HUXLEY, JULIAN. Touch- stone for ethics (I893-I943). Viii+257 p. New York, Harper, 1947. $3.00.

Interesting comparison of the Romanes Lectures O I893 and 1943 on "Evolution and Ethics" delivered by T. H. Huxley and his grandson. Julian Huxley's historical and critical introduction considers intuitional ethics in contrast to naturalistic ethics and offers a discussion of the rise of an evolutionary theory of ethics. In conclusion Julian Huxley considers individual and social ethical mechanisms and the dialect of evolution in relation to ethics. Bril- liantly written but lacking an index. The paucity of documentation may be due to disdain or ignorance of the contributions of others in the field.

C. D. L.

48. History of Philosophy See also above, 18. Philosophy of Science BAKER, HERSCHEL. The dignity of man.

Studies in the persistence of an idea. xii+ 365 p. Cambridge, Mass., Harvard Univer- sity Press, I947.

Reviewed by Crane Brinton, Isis, 39, 199-200,

1948.

CASSIRER, ERNST; KRISTELLER, PAUL OSKAR; RANDALL, JOHN HERMAN, JR. (editors). Petrarca, Valla, Ficino, Pico, Pomponazzi, Vives. The Renaissance philosophy of man. viii+405 p. Chicago, Univer- sity of Chicago Press, I948. $5.oo.



48. History of Philosophy - 50. Medicine i8i

The late Cassirer was not able to provide the introduction which he had promised to write for this book, and the work was done under the direction of the two surviving editors, both profcssors of philosophy in Columbia University. Their idea (a very good one) was to provide translations of texts written by five leading Italian authors of the Re- naissance plus one Spaniard; each translation is prece(led by a biographical introduction and pro- vidcd with an abundance of notes. The six authors chosen covcr two centuries, Petrarca (XIV-i), Lorenzo Valla (XV-i), Marsilio Ficino and Pico della Miran(lola (XV-2), Pietro Pomponazzi and Juan Luis Vives (XVI-i). That is a good selection, at least the first five. The introduction of the Spaniard Vives spoils the unity of the book; if six men were needed, it would have been easy to find a sixth Italian, say, Leon Battista Alberti, Pietro Paulo Vergerio il Vecchio, Vittorino da Feltre or Leonardo Bruni. The cosmopolitan Vives should have been left out, or if his presence was deemed necessary, he should have been (lealt with in a better way (he is given less than 9 p.!). The biography of so great a personality is entirely inade- quate, and the text chosen to represent him does it very ba(dly. Overlooking this poor Spanish appendix, the book is a good preparation for the study of the Italian Renaissance. G. S.

COOMARASWAMY, ANANDA K. (I877- I947). Time and eternity. I40 p. (Artibus Asiae, Supplementum VIII). Ascona, Artibus Asiae, I947. Swiss fr. 20; $4.80.

Posthumous book of the great Sinhalese scholar, curator of the Boston Museum of Fine Arts (Isis, 38, 246), to whom a Festschrift was recently dedicated by K. Bharatha Iyer: Art and thought (Luzac). "Time and Eternity is a documented exposition of perennial doctrine as it has been enun- ciated with fundamnlital agrcement in Hindu, Bud- dhist, Greek, Christian and Islamic contexts. Tem- poral experience is of past and future, the so-called 'present' always including parts of the past and future. All this Time is absolutely continuous; only logically but not really divisible into parts. Eternity is the timeless, atomic, and self-same Now that at any and every time divides the past from the future, and connects them. Time endures, but Eternity is without duration or extent and cannot be described as 'lasting'; the whole of Time, without beginning or end, is always present to Eternity." Beautiful portrait taken by Dofia Luisa, the author's wife. G. S.

FARBER, MARTIN. The foundation of phe- nomenology. xi+585 p. Cambridge, Har- vard University Press, 1943.

Reviewed by Leo Roberts, Isis, 39, 200-01, 1948.

REYMOND, ARNOLD. Breves remarques sur l'histoire de la philosophie. Melanges d'His- toire et de Litterature offerts i Monsieur Charles Gilliard, 6 p., Lausanne, 1944.

RUSSELL, BERTRAND. A history of Western philosophy. Xxiii+895 p. New York, Simon & Shuster, 1945.

Reviewed by Leo Roberts, Isis, 38, 268-70, 1948; by Lindsay of Birker, Nature, 159, 723-24, 1947; and by George Boas, Journal of the History of Ideas, 8, 117-23, 1947.

SCHNEIDER, HERBERT W. A history of American philosophy. xiv+646 p. New York, Columbia University Press, I946. Reviewed by A. D. Ritchie, Nattre, i6o, 37, 1947.

VIRIEUX-REYMOND, ANTOINETTE. La pensee philosophique en Suisse romande. Revue de synthese, 2I, 65-84, I947.

49. History of Religion Science and Religion

MOREAU, E. DE (S. J.). Histoire de l'iglise en Belgique. I. La formation de la Belgique chretienne. II. La formation de l'eglise medievale. 2nd ed. xviii+388 p., 9 pls.; 50I p., 25 pls. Brussels, Edition Universelle, I945.

Reviewed by Allen Gilmore, Speculum, 23, 321- 24, 1947.

Science and religion. A review of current literature and thought. Edited by Robert E. D. Clark. Published on the Isth of January, April, July and October by the Paternoster Press, Ludgate House, Fleet Street, London, E. C. 4. Annual subscription, 6/6d. ($I.50), post free.

New journal devoted to the study of interrelation- ships of science with religion and philosophy.

I have seen no. 4 of vol. i, Auttuimn 1948. The purpose of the journal is to defend religion against scientific materialism. G. S.

WALZ, P. ANGELUS (O. P.). Compendium historiae ordinis praedicatorum. Edito altera recognita et aucta. Xxiv+733 p. Rome, Pontificium Athenaeum "Angelicum," I948.

The preface to the first edition of this history of the Dominicans is dated Sept. i929. That edition has long been out of print and we greet with special pleasure this improved edition, for the work is ex- cee(lingly useful. It is divided into three periods: I. I206 to 1507, 2. 1507 to I804, 3. I804 to 1947, and for each period the sub(livision is the same: general history, constitutional history, history of the separate provinces and statistics, life and deeds of the Order. The last section is always divided into three subsections: religious, scientific, apostolic. The scientific subsection of the first period is divided as follows: Rationes studiorum; Studia conventualia et sollemnia (generalia); Res libraria; Problemata scholastica; Thomismus; Fratres doctrina et litteris insignes; Rerum ordinis scriptores. The work is concluded with brief histories of the Dominican sisters and of the Third Order, and finally with lists of the general masters, of the general chapters, of the Dominican cardinals, and of the Dominican saints and blessed. Elaborate index. G. S.

VII. MEDICINE

50. History, Organization, and Philosophy of Medicine

ACKERNECHT, ERWIN H. Not famous men, but great teachers. Bulletin of the History of Medicine, 2I, 861-70, 1947.



i82 50. Medicine

ALLEN, PHYLLIS. Early American animalcu- lar hypotheses. Bulletin of the History of Medicine, 21, 734-43, 1947.

BECHET, PAUL E. A meditative excursion in the by-paths of the history of medicine. Vic- tor Robinson Memorial Volume, 27-33, portr., New York, 1948.

BISHOP, W. J. Some medical bibliophiles and their libraries. Journal of the History of Medicine and AUied Sciences, 3, 229-62, 2

PIS., 1I948.

BISHOP, WILLIAM J. Transport and the doctor in Great Britain. Bulletin of the History of Medicine, 22, 427-40, 6 figs., 1948.

BRUNN, W. V. Geschichtliche EinfUhrung in die Chirurgie. II. Auflage. In "Kirschner und Nordmann: Die Chirurgie." Berlin, Urban u. Schwarzenberg, 1939.

Reviewed by L. Castaldi, Rivista di storia delle scienze, anno 31, 127, 1940 (received, 1948). CHAVEZ, IGNACIO. Mexico en la cultura

m6dica. I87 p., 63 ills. Mexico, D. F., Edi- ci6n de el Colegio Nacional, I947.

Reviewed by Henry E. Sigerist, Bulletin of the History of Medicine, 21, 847-52, 1947. DUMESNIL, RENA; BONNET-ROY, FLA-

VIEN (editors). Les m6decins celebres. 371 p., pls. Geneva, Mazenod, I947.

Collection of medical biographies each of which was contributed by a different author. The purpose is popular rather than scholarly. Many portraits, some of which are beautiful and splendidly reproduced. G. S. FISHBEIN, MORRIS. A century of American

medicine. Bulletin of the Medical Library Association, 35, I46-57, I947.

FLOSDORF, EARL W.; HULL, LEWIS W.; MUDD, STUART. Drying by sublimation. Journ. Immunology, 50I, 2I-54, I945.

Desiccation from the frozen state, as technologi- cally developed since I935, was a great factor in the success of medical effort in World War II. It made possible stable, safe and reliable preparations of blood plasma, penicillin and various vaccines and immune sera. The subject is well received historically and technically by Flosdorf, Hull, and Mudd. For a tcchnical discussion of the matter from the British viewpoint, see R. I. N. Greaves: "The preservation of proteins by drying with special reference to the production of dried human serum and plasma for transfusion," Medical Research Council, Special Report Series no. 258, London, His Majesty's Stationery Office, 1946, 6o p., 20 plates. C. D. L. FRANKEL, WALTER K. Physicians as musi-

cians and composers. The Merck Report, 26- 31, ills., October I948.

FULTON, JOHN. Eighth annual report of the Historical Library, 30 June I948. Yale Uni- versity School of Medicine. 4I p. New Haven, Sterling Hall of Medicine, I948.

Report on the progress made in the Historical Library for the history of medicine and the history

of science in New Haven (see Isis, 39, 129). Ap- pended to it is Dr. Sigerist's first Pura report. G. S.

GALDSTON, IAGO. On the psychology of medical ethics. Victor Robinson Memorial Volume, 93-98, New York, 1948.

GOMOIU, V. Contribution de quelques m6de- cins roumains au progres des sciences. Actes du Ve Congr6s international d'histoire des sciences, Lausanne 1947, 220-25; Paris, Aca- demie Internationale d'Histoire des Sciences, 1948. Also in Archives Internationale d'His- toire des Sciences, 29I-96, 1948.

HAEFLIGER, JOSEF ANTON. Heilgefasse. Festschrift fur Jacques Brodbeck-Sandreuter, 123-36, I6 figs., Basel, 1942.

HAYMAKER, WEBB. Guide to the exhibit on the history of neuropathology. Presented at the Annual Meetings of the American Psy- chiatric Association, Washington, D. C., May 17-20, 1948. Xi+121 p. Washington, D. C., Army Institute of Pathology, 1948.

Valuable for succinct biobliographical accounts of fifty leading neuro-pathologists arranged by countries. Pictures of each are included. C. D. L.

HOLT, ANNA C. The library of the Harvard Medical School I847 and I947. Harvard Li- brary Bulletin, 2, 32-43, 1948.

IVY, A. C. The history and ethics of the use of human subjects in medical experiments. Science, io8, 1-5, 1948.

KANNER, LEO. Outline of the history of child psychiatry. Victor Robinson Memorial Volume, I63-76, I fig., New York, 1948.

KARCHER, HANS. Zur Entwicklung der medizin-historischen Forschung in der Schweiz. Festschrift fur Jacques Brodbeck-Sandreuter, I3-I9, Basel, I942.

KtJRY, HANS; JOLLER, HANSJtJRG. Die Medizin in Russland bis zum Tode Peters des Grossen. Ciba Zeitschrift, I0, 4202-36, ills., I948.

LAIGNEL-LAVASTINE. Histoire de la m6de- cine et histoire des sciences. Actes du Ve Congres international d'histoire des sciences, Lausanne I947, i85-88; Paris, Academie internationale d'Histoire des Sciences, I948. Also in Archives Internationales d'Histoire des Sciences, 490-93, 1948.

LANGDON-BROWN, WALTER. Some chapters in Cambridge medical history. viii+-II9 p. Cambridge, University Press, 1946.

Reviewed by Phyllis Allen, journal of the History of Medicine and Allied Sciences, 3, 177-78, 1948.

LASTRES, JUAN B. Cfatedra de la Historia de la Medicina de la Facultad de Medicina de la Universidad de Lima. Conferencia inaugural. Anales de la Sociedad Peruana de Historia de la Medicina, 9, 39-5I, I947.



5o. Medicine I83

LEVINSON, ABRAHAM. Notes on the history of pediatric neurology. Victor Robinson Memorial Volume, 225-40, 5 figs., New York, 1948.

METTLER, CECILIA C. History of medicine: a correlative text arranged according to subjects. Edited by Fred A. Mettler. xxix+ 1215 P., ills. Philadelphia, Blakiston, 1947. Reviewed by Chauncey D. Leake, Science, 107,

126, 1948; and by Douglas Guthrie, Bulletin of the History of Medicine, 22, 337-39, 1948.

MOORMAN, LEWIS J. Pioneer medicine in the Southwest. Bulletin of the History of Medicine, 21, 795-810, 1947.

NIXON, PAT IRELAND. The medical history of early Texas, 1528-i853. With a foreword by Chauncey D. Leake. xv+507 p., 28 ils. Mollie Bennett Lupe Memorial Fund, 1946.

Reviewed by J. B. deC. M. Saunders, Isis, 38, 270, 1948.

OOSTERHUIS, R. A. B. (and others). Ho- moeopathie, natuurgeneeskunde, synthese. Een pleidooi voor Universitaire Leerstoelen; in de Natuurgeneeswijze. Door, in Neder- land: Dr. Gerard Bakker, Dr. 0. Leeser, Prof. Ir. J. N. van der Ley, Dr. R. A. B. Oosterhuis, Ir. Felix Ortt, Arts J. van Veen, Arts J. L. C. Wortman; in Belgie: Dr. J. A. Dewandel, Dr. J. Magnus; in Luxemburg: Dr. E. Welter. 127 p. Amsterdam, Bom & Zoon, 1948. A plea for the establishment of chairs of "natural

medicine" in the universities. The epigraphs strik- ing the keynote are taken from St. Augustine (De Trinitate), Plato (Theaetetos) and Laignel-Lavas- tine! G. S.

[Oxford]. Catalogue of an exhibition of books on medicine, surgery and physiology. Bod- leian Library, Oxford. 31 p., 2 pls. Oxford University Press, 1947.

PAZZINI, ADALBERTO. Storia della medicina. Vol. I. Dalle origini al XVI secolo. viii+796 p., figs. Vol. II. Dal XVII secolo ai nostri giorni. vi+708 p., figs. Milan, Societa Editrice Libraria, 1947.

A new history of medicine in two volumes with many illustrations but no footnotes. There is a bibliography at the end and an index. G. S.

PELLEGRINI, FRANCESCO. La clinica medica padovana attraverso i secoli. Vill+212 p.

Verona, La tipografica Veronese, 1939.

Reviewed by L. Castaldi, Rivista di storia delle scienze, anno 31, I68, 1940 (received, 1948).

POYNTER, F. N. L.; BISHOP, W. J. British historians of medicine. II. The Medical Book- man and Historian, 2, 103-10, 4 portrs., 1948.

RENAUX, ERNEST; DALCQ, ALBERT; GOVAERTS, JEAN. Apercu de l'histoire de la medecine en Belgique. 85 p., pls. (Collec- tion Nationale, no. 84). Bruxelles, Office de Publicit6, 1947.

History of medicinc in Belgium divided as follows: I. Anatomy, histology, embryology. II. Surg- ery. III. Medicine and experimental sciences. In- dexes of people and subjects. 20 portraits. G. S.

RIEPPEL, F. W. Die Medizinschule von Edin- burgh. Ciba Zeitschrift, 10, 4I62-96, ills., 1948.

[Robinson, Victor, I886-I9471. Victor Robin- son memorial volume. Essays on history of medicine. In honor of Victor Robinson on his sixtieth birthday, August I6, 1946. Solo- mon R. Kagan, editor. Editorial Board: Reuben Friedman, Abraham Levinson, Ellen H. Ringer. 447 p., frontispiece, figs. New York, Froben Press, 1948. Festschrift prepared by friends and admirers to

celebrate Robinson's sixtieth birthday, but not ready in time, it must now serve as a memorial to him. Dr. Robinson died 8 January, 1947. The book is analyzed in this Critical Bibliography, in the usual manner. Each separate note will thus be a tribute to the memory of a man who did so much to pro- mote medico-historical studies in the United States. Excellent portrait in frontispiece. Introductory articles by S. R. Kagan, Ellen H. Ringer (Robin- son's sister), Max Neuburger, H. E. Sigerist, A. Castiglioni, and various obituaries at the end. Abbreviated bibliography. No index. A beautiful volume well printed and richly illustrated, a fine memorial. G. S.

ROEMER, MILTON I. Historic development of the current crisis of rural medicine in the United States. Victor Robinson Memorial Volume, 333-42, New York, 1942.

ROSSISKI, D. M. The study of the history of medicine in Russia. An historical outline. Translated by Henry E. Sigerist from an original manuscript. BuUetin of the History of Medicine, 21, 959-65, 1947.

RUSSELL, K. F. A check list of medical books published in English before I6oo. Bulletin of the History of Medicine, 21, 922-58, facs., 1947.

ST. LOUP B., ENRIQUE. Palabras de in- auguracion del curso de la Historia de la Medicina en la Universidad Mayor de San Andr6s de la Paz, Escuela de medicina y cirugia, afio escolar de 1947. Anales de la Sockdad Peruana de Historia de la Medi- cina, 9, 59-65, I947.

SCHMID, ALFRED. Zur Geschichte der Elekt- rotherapie vom Altertum bis zum Beginn des ig. Jahrhunderts. Festschrift fur Jacques Brodbeck-Sandreuter, 73-121, 24 figs., Basel, 1942.

SCHONBAUER, LEOPOLD. Das medizinische Wien. Geschichte - Werden - Wilrdigung. Zweite, umgearbeitete und erweiterte Auflage. xx+484 p., 214 ills. Wien, Urban & Schwar- zenberg, 1947.

The first edition published in 1944 was rapidly sold out; this second edition includes various addi-



184 50. Medicine - 5i. Epidemiology

tions and corrections. The book explaining the medical glory of Vienna is richly illustrated and well indexed. G. S.

SCHULLIAN, DOROTHY M.; SCHOEN, MAX. Music and medicine. xi+499 p., i8 ills. New York, Schuman, 1948.

Reviewed by Sidney Licht, Bulletin of the His- tory of MIedicine, 22, 340-42, 1948.

SCHWETZ, JACQUES. L'evolution de Ia medecine au Congo belge. I32 p. (Universit6 Libre de Bruxelles. Institut de Sociologie Solvay. Actualites Sociales, nouvelle seie). Bruxelles, Office de Publicite, 1946. Rcviewcd by Henry E. Sigerist, Bulletin of the

History of iledicine, 22, 358-60, 1948.

SELLERS, THOMAS BENTON. Louisiana's contributions to obstetrics and gynecology. Bulletin of the History of Medicine, 22, I96- 207, 1948.

SHRYOCK, RICHARD H. American medical research, past and present. xiv+35o p. New York, Commonwealth Fund, 1947.

Reviewed by John B. deC. M. Saunders, Isis, 39, 21T-02, 1948; also by George W. Gray, Ameri- can Histori.cal Review, 53, 849, 1948.

[Sigerist, Henry E.]. Henry E. Sigerist vale- dictory number. Bulletin of the History of Medicine, 22, 1-93, portr., 1948.

This is a Festschrift to our friend Sigerist gather- ing all the speeches which were delivered at the magnificent banquet givcn in his honor at the Plaza Hotel, New York City, 9 May 1947, to celebrate his twenty years of service as the leader of medico-historical studies in America and to wish him and his family Godspeed before his return to his native couintry and his settlement in Pura, Ticino. Excellent portrait, and bibliography of the Johns Hopkins Institute of the History of Medicine, 1929 to 1947. G. S.

SIGERIST, HENRY E. Medicine and health in the Soviet Union. With the cooperation of Julia Older. xix+364 p. (Special autographed edition for the members of the American- Soviet Medical Society.) New York, Citadel Press, 1947.


UNDERWOOD, E. ASHWORTH. Apollo and Terpsichore: music and the healing art (with special reference to B. M. Berenclow, F. N. Marquet and F. K. Harford. Bulletin of the History of Medicine, 2I, 639-73, 8 figs., portr., I947.

VIETS, HENRY R. A roving commission. The doctor calls on some of his friends. Buletin of the History of Medicine, 22, 363-72, 1948.

Notes concerning his visits to Osler in Oxford and to Klebs in Nyon. G. S.

ZILBOORG, GREGORY. Medical history as a force in medical functioning. Victor Robinson Memorial Volume, 4I5-20, New York, I948.

51. Epidemiology. History of Special Diseases. Medical Geography. Public Health. Balneology. Social Medicine

BtIHLER, ALFRED. Schutzzettel gegen die Pest. Festschrift fur Jacques Brodbeck-Sand- reuter, 365-70, 4 figs., Basel, 1942.

COLIN, GEORGES S. "Passion iliaque," "Kyrie eleison !" et "colique de miser6r6." Hesp&ris, 32, 77-80, I945.

Apropos of obsolete terms for colic and ilcus. G. S.

DUJARDIN, B. L'histoire de la gale et le roman de l'acare. i58 p., figs. Extrait des Archives belges de dermatologie et de syphili- graphie (num&ros de juin I946, novembre 1946 et fevrier I947). Bruxelles, Imprimerie medicale et scientffique, 1947.

Vcry elaborate stu(dy of scabies from the most ancient times to our own days all over the world. Some of the early texts are translated in extenso. I. China. Various Chinese texts are translated. II. Egypt. Israel. India. Greece. Rome. Spain. Congo. Spanish America. III. Islam. Arabic texts given in facsimile and translated. IV. European treatment of scabies without knowledge of the parasite causing it. From the thirteenth century to I 668. V. Bonomo and Cestoni prove the pathogenic action of the itch mite, Osserv. intorno a pellicelli del corpo uimano fatte dal Dottor Giovanni Cosimo Bonomo e da lui scritte in una littera a Francesco Rcdi (Firenze i687). VI. Scabies in the eighteenth century. The disease continues to be considered humoral ancl physicians even doubt the existence of the itch mite. VII. The role of the mite is definitely establishedl at the beginning of the nineteenth century and scabies is the first example of a parasitic non-humoral disease. VIII. Digression on spontane- otis generation. IX. History of the etiology of con- tagious diseases. X. Influence of the discovery of the itch mite on other discoveries concerning parasitic and microbian diseases. The work is well documented hut the presentation of the results is not always satisfactory. The absence of an index is deplorable. The author probably lacked the time and energy to improve his work from the literary and bibliographical point of view because of his many duties in the hospitals of Brussels and of the large number of his patients. G. S.

(Fishbein, Morris, editor). A bibliography of infantile paralysis, 1789-1944. With selected abstracts and annotations. Prepared under direction of the National Foundation for In- fantile Paralysis. Compiled by Ludvig Hek- toen and Ella M. Salmonsen. 672 p. Phila- delphia, Lippincott, I946.

Reviewed by Henry E. Sigerist, Bulletin of thc History of Medicine, 21, 855-57, 1947.

FRIEDMAN, REUBEN. Scabies in antiquity. Victor Robinson Memorial Volume, 7I-9I, 2 figs., New York, 1948.

GOLDSTEIN, HYMAN I. The history of regional enteritis (Saunders-Abercrombie- Crohn's Ileitis). Victor Robinson Memorial Volume, 99-104, New York, I948.



5I. Epidemiology - 52. Hospitals

JORDAN, PHILIP D. Beginnings of Minne- sota public health. Bulletin of the History of Medicine, 21, 744-52, I947.

KAHN, REUBEN L. Historical notes on the serology of syphilis. Victor Robinson Me- morial Volume, i57-6i, New York, I948.

LIGHT, RICHARD UPJOHN; WRIGHT, J. K. The progress of medical geography, by R. U. Light. A proposed atlas of diseases with a note on the terminology of certain map symbols, by J. K. Wright. Geographical Review, 34, 636-54, I944.

Reviewed by George Rosen, Journal of the His- tory of Medicine and Allied Sciences, 2, 595-96, 1947.

MEDRANO, JOSA MIGUEL (editor). Onco- cercosis (Enfermedad de Robles). 257 p. Universidad de San Carlos, Facultad de Cien- cias Medicas, Asociaci6n Oftalmologica de Guatemala, Guatemala, C. A., 1947.

Collected reprints of articles describing the clinical manifestations of eye lesions due to a filarial parasite. The disease was first clearly defined by Rodolfo Robles (I878-I939) in 19I5. C. D. L.

NALIS, PAUL. Essai sur le chol6ra asiatique. Revue des Questions Scientifiques, 9, 372-402,

1948.

PAGEL, WALTER. Historical notes on hae- moptysis due to vicarious menstruation. Victor Robinson Memorial Volume, 299-312, New York, 1948.

ROSEN, GEORGE. What is social medicine? A genetic analysis of the concept. Bulletin of the History of Medicine, 21, 674-733, 1947.

SERGENT, EDMOND; SERGENT, ETI- ENNE. Histoire d'un marais alg6rien. 293 p., 4 maps, i8 pls., ills. Institut Pasteur d'Alg6rie, 1947.

It is not often that one finds as delightful, as exciting, and as comprehensive a discussion of a significant biological area, as this. It is reminiscent of the reports by E. A. Birge and C. Guday on Lake Mendota in Wisconsin.

This well printed and profusely illustrated little volume gives the important historical and scientific data regarding the swamp of Mendil, some twenty km. southwest of Algiers, at the base of the Atlas Mountains. The volume includes detailed data on topography, character of soils, analyses of waters, detailed descriptions of the flora and fauna, an historical survey, and a thorough discussion of malaria.

The authors have organized their material in an exceptionally clear and comprehensive manner. The historical survey is particularly well done. The volume is an excellent example of reporting the significant scientific history of an area which has contributed much. The successful public health measures which have resulted from a careful analysis of the situation, should be a clear example of what can be done anywhere in the world to pro- mote good health and welfare. C. D. L.

THOREK, MAX; THOREK, PHILIP. His- torical notes on perforation, ulcer of the stomach, and gastric fistula. Victor Robinson Memorial Volume, 385-95, 2 figs., New York, I948.

tUNVER, A. SVHEYL. An outlook on the history of smallpox vaccination during the last century in Turkey and in the whole world. iV+298 p., 33 pls. (Tib Tarihi Enstitiusiu, no. 38). Istanbul, I948.

Elaborate monograph in Turkish with English summary and 33 plates. The author tells the story of smallpox from prehistoric beginnings to our own days, but the main period considered is the nineteenth century in Turkey. The information derived from Turkish sources, printed and manuscript, is largely new to historians of medicine.

G. S.

YOUNG, J. H. Caesarean section. The history and development of the operation from earliest times. 254 p. London, Lewis, I944.

Reviewed by Emil Bovin, Lychnos, 473-79 (in Swedish), 1946-47.

52. History of Hospitals, of Medical Teaching, and of the Medical

Profession

BACHMAN, GEORGE W.; MERIAM, LEWIS. The issue of compulsory health insurance. iX+271 p. Washington, D. C. The Brook- ings Institution, 1948. This is a careful summary of the situation with

respect to the physical health of the nation. It is concluded that no nation in the world has among its white population better health than prevails in the United States. It is further concluded that greater progress in the application of medical and sanitary science has been made under the voluntary system of medical care in the United States than has been made in any other country. No defects are suggested in the current American system. Compulsory health insurance is condemned on a number of grounds involving bureaucratic administration, greatly increased costs, and no evidence that it would improve medical service. C. D. L.

COHN, ALFRED E. Research. An experiment in municipal organization. Goldwater Me- morial Hospital. III. History. p. 12-46, figs. The City of New York, Department of Hospitals, 1945.

DITTRICK, HOWARD. Some old hospitals in Spain. Victor Robinson Memorial Vol- ume, 35-48, 3 figs., New York, 1948.

JACOBS, MAURICE S. The centennial of the Northern Medical Association: ioo years of medicine in Philadelphia. Victor Robinson Memorial Volume, 137-43, New York, 1948.

McMENEMEY, WILLIAM HENRY. A history of the Worcester Royal Infirmary. xvi +356 p. London, Press Alliances, 1947.

Reviewed by Leona Baumgartner, Journal of the History of Medicine and Allied Sciences, 3, 175-77,

1948.



i86 52. Hospitals - 58. Catalogues

NORWOOD, WM. FREDERICK. The beginnings of medical education in California. Bulletin of the History of Medicine, 2I, 760-

7I, I947.

WITTOP KONING, D. A. De voorgeschiedenis van het Collegium Medicum te Amsterdam. i6 p. (no place or date, received Nov. I948).

Prehistory of the Collegium Medicum, Amster- dam.

53. Pharmacy. Pharmacology. Toxicology

EPSTEIN, SAMUEL; WILLIAMS, BERYL. Miracles from microbes; the road to strep- tomycin. With an introduction by Norman T. Kirk. xi+I55 p. New Brunswick, Rutgers University Press, I946.

Reviewed by Morris C. Leikind, Isis, 38, 270, 1948.

GUTIERREZ-NORIEGA, CARLOS; ORTIZ, VICENTE CAPATA. Estudios sobre la coca y la cocaina en el Peru. I44 p. Lima, Minis- terio de Educacion PuTblica, I947.

Historically it appears that coca-chewing was forbidden at the time of the Incas, probably through religious inhibition. After the Spanish Conquest coca-chewing spread rapidly and now raises social problcms. C. D. L.

LEAKE, CHAUNCEY D. The classic problems of pharmacology. Victor Robinson Me- morial Volume, 2I3-24, New York, I948.

URDANG, GEORGE. The early chemical and pharmaceutical history of calomel. Chymia, I, 93-I08, 2 facs., I948.

URDANG, GEORGE. History of pharmacy as an academic discipline. Journal of the Ilistory of Medicine and Allied Sciences, 3, 5-I0, I948.

"Introductory lecture to the first course in pharmaceutical history for the senior class of the School of Pharmacy of the University of Wisconsin (Sep- tember 29, 1947)."

URDANG, GEORGE. One hundred and twenty- five years of the United States Pharmacopoeia. Victor Robinson Memorial Volume, 397-402,

New York, I948.

VII. EDUCATION

Methods of Accumulating, Imparting, and Diffusing Knowledge

54. Education -Generalities, Methods, Colleges, Universiites

DES MAREZ, G. L'Universite libre de Bru- xelles. Son origine, son developpement et son activite. L'Universite de Bruxelles I834-

I930. 29 p., pls. Bruxelles, Bulens.

DUGGAN, STEPHEN; DRURY, BETTY. The rescue of science and learning. The story of the Emergency Committee in Aid of Displaced Foreign Scholars. Xii+2I4 p. New York, Macmillan, I948.

History of the "displaced scholars" of our time and of the efforts made in the United States to help them. "The Displaced Scholar was not an ordinary immigrant who came to America to better himself, but a distinguished person in his field in the Old World. That he underwent his share of unhappiness and humiliation, and had trouble adjusting himself to unfamiliar educational, social, and economic conditions goes without saying. This book tells you how the scholars were distributed geographically in the U. S., what their fields of study were, what they contributed to the war effort. An interesting chapter gives the result of a survey asking the scholar what he thought of American universities and schools, whether he was happy and felt he was able to do real service in his American post. An equally interesting chapter tells what the various college presidents thought, in turn, about him." Lists of American institutions which helped and of the 288 displaced scholars who received help. A beautiful story told by two authors who know it from the inside. G. S.

ULICH, ROBERT (editor). Three thousand years of educational wisdom: selections from great documents. x+6I4 p. Cambridge, Har- vard University Press, I947.

Reviewed by Richard Boyd Ballou, Isis, 38, 272, 1948.

55. Academies, Societies, Congresses. National and International Organization

of Science

Societies and congresses devoted to particular sciences are elassilied under those sciences. For the internal organization of science -188, 1, 195- see section 17.

GEISER, SAMUEL W. Biological publications in the second Texas Academy of Science Pro- ceedings, I892-I9I2. Field & Laboratory, i6, 8-i8, I948.

STRICH, FRITZ (editor). Schweizerische Aka- demiereden. Im Auftrag der Erziehungsdi- rektion des Kantons Bern gesammelt und hrsg. 50i p. Bern, Haupt, I945.

Reviewed by Bror Olsson, Lychnos, 297-98 (in Swedish), 1946-47.

58. Catalogues of second-hand books on the History and Philosophy of Science

Many catalogues of second-hand books are so intcresting and so full of valuable information that we register them in this section, together with other lists of a similar nature, such as catalogues of scientific medals and prints. When applying to the publishers of these catalogues for a copy, please mention Isis.

[Argosy Book Stores]. Medical botany. 63 items. New York 22, II4 E. 59 St. (received Oct. I948).

[Argosy Book Stores]. Medical education & ethics. Forensic medicine & toxicology. 282

items. New York 22, II4 E. 59 St. (received Oct. I948).



58. Catalogues - 59. Memoria Technica I87

[Argosy Book Stores]. Medical sets, serials & periodicals. 29I items. New York 22, II4 E. 59th St. (received Nov. I948).

(Argosy Bookstores]. A special list. Thera- peutics. Materia Medica, homeopathy, hydro- pathy, pharmacology, heterodoxy & quackery. 463 items. New York 22, II4 E. 59th St. (received Oct. I948).

[L'art Ancien; Haus der Biucher]. Buch-Auk- tion Nr. XII. Die Bibliotheken Baron Horace de Landau (III), Ludwig Darleth, Dr. R. . . und Dr. T.. . Versteigerung in Zurich vom I4. bis i6. Oktober I948. 224 p., I959 items. Zurich, L'Art ancien, Bleicherweg 20; Basel, Haus der Bucher, Baumleingasse i8, I948.

[L'art ancien]. Liste 142. Alte Chemie und Verwandtes (II) (Alchemie, Bergbau, Metal- lurgie, Pharmakologie, Photographie, Che- mische Technologie, etc.). I32 items. Zurich 2, Bleicherweg 20 (received Fall 1948).

[Davis & Orioli]. Catalogue 132. i. Rare books & manuscripts. 2. Early books on science and medicine. 72 p., 243 items, ills. London, 56, Maddox St. (received Oct. 1948).

[Fiedler, Henry George]. Catalogue no. xo6. Catalogue of books on birds; bird magazines, monographs, bird lists. 40 p., 1013 items. New York, 31-33 E. ioth St., 1948.

[Grant, John]. History, including calendars: records: charters: chronicles: Scottish: Mili- tary and naval: Napoleon and French Revo- lution: Jacobite pamphlets: Sets and Journals. 98 p. Edinburgh x, 31 George IV Bridge, 1948.

[Hoosier Bookshop]. List no. 121. Medical history and natural science. 366 items. Indian- apolis 2, 2135 North Alabama St., (received Oct. 1948).

[Johnson, Walter J.]. Catalogue 33. German periodicals offered by the volume. 36 p., 449 items. New York io, 125 E. 23rd St., 1948.

[Johnson, Walter J.]. Catalogue 35. Subscrip- tions to post-war German periodicals in the fields of science and medicine. 294 items. New York io, 125 E. 23rd St., Fall 1948.

[Johnson, Walter J.]. Catalogue 36. Books and periodicals on astronomy, meteorology and related subjects. 6o p., 883 items. New York io, 125 E. 23rd St., 1948.

[Kraus, H. P.]. Catalogue no. 50. Periodicals 1949. A catalogue of periodical sets and publications of learned societies. Chemistry, Mathematics, Physics, Biology, Botany, Geol- ogy, Geography, Zoology, Medicine, Astron- omy, Aeronautics, Meteorology, Technology, etc. 48 p., 360 items. New York I7, i6 E. 46th St. (received Nov. 1948).

[Kraus, H. F.]. New arrivals no. 3. Periodicals in the fields of exact sciences -natural sciences -medicine. 5 p., 55 items. New York x7, I6 E. 46th St. (received Sept. 1948).

[Offenbacher, Emil]. List no. 4. Rare books on medicine and science. 35 items. Kew Gardens I5, N. Y., II8-09 83rd Ave., I948.

[Old Hickory Bookshopl. A choice selection of medico-historical books. I7 items. New York 3, 65 Fifth Ave. (received Dec. I948).

[Old Hickory Bookshopl. List no. 97. Rare books for the Medical collector. 22 p., 129 items. New York 3, 65 Fifth Ave., I948.

[Rosenthal, A.]. Catalogue XI and XII. Anglo- Judaica with Americana. Judaica & Hebraica before i8i5. From the libraries of the late Chief Rabbi Dr. J. H. Hertz, E. N. Adler and other great collectors. With a foreword by Cecil Roth. 68 p., I055 items, 48 p., I727 items. Oxford, England, 5 Turl St., I948.

[Salloch, William]. Catalogue 77. The ancient world. 28 p., 328 items. New York I4, I42

Seventh Avenue South (received, summer 1948).

[Salloch, William]. Catalogue 78. Byzantine civilization. 27 p., 232 items. New York 14,

142 Seventh Avenue South (received, autumn 1948).

[Sotheran, Henry]. No. 88o. Annotated catalogue of books on medicine, surgery, and pharmacology, systematically arranged. 120

p., i556 items. London 2, Sackville St., Pic- cadilly, 1948.

[Wormser, Richard S.]. List no. 226. Uncom- mon and rare books on a great variety of subjects. 89 items. New York I9, 22 W. 48th St. (received Oct. 1948).

[Wreden, William P.]. Catalogue 23. A short- title catalogue of folk-lore & fable, with collections of Aesop, archaeology and anthropology, American Indians, emblem books. 27

p., 632 items. Burlingame, California, x8 California Drive (received Dec. 1948).

[Wreden, William P.]. Catalogue 24. A catalogue of early books on science and technology, with sections of aeronautics and herbals, and a preface by Herbert M. Evans. 47 p., 212 items. Burlingame, California, P. 0. Box 84 (received Dec. 1948).

59. Memoria Technica

Critical Bibliography no. 73 -Isis, vol. 40, 1949.

This note is published at the end of our bibliography solely for the convenience of the scholars who cut out the whole or part of it, attach extracts to catalogue cards and classify them. By adding this note to the others they will be able to find out rapidly whether this particular bibliography has been analyzed or not. Isis, nos. 113 to 117 (vol. 38, parts 3-4; vol. 39, parts 1-3, 1948).

These numbers are analyzed in the 73rd Critical Bibliography. Every previous number has been analyzcd in previous bibliographies.



i88 Index to 73rd Critical Bibliography 60. Errata

(For previous errata, see Isis, 39, 280)

Si quis Argi oculos habere posset cosqte omnes diligentissime ac accuratissime intenderet in singulos versuts multa tamnen eurn inter corigendum ebfuge- rent.

The following errata have been kindly communicated by C. W. Adams (London): Isis, 9, 700: Smith, Ed. F. IX, 479f, not 497f.

29, 295: Insert Farrington, B., i.

30, 593: Farrington XXIX, 240, not 204.

A few other misprints are not mentioned in these errata, because they are too obvious to cause any error or confusion. I wish to express my thankful- ness to the readers who take the trouble to make the above-mentioned corrections in their set of Isis and the Introduction. I would advise them after having accomplished that little task, to write their initials near mine at the bottom of this note to indicate that these and the previous errata have been taken into account. G. S.

These and the previous errata have been cor- rected by ......................................................................

Index of Names in the

Seventy-third Critical Bibliography

The Roman figures followed by (i) or (2) refer to the centurial classification (Part I); thus, Abdul Hamid, K., X(2), means that a paper by Abdul Hamid is listed under tenth century, second half.

The Arabic figures refer to the historical and to the systematic classifications (Parts II and III) which are subdivided into sections numbered consecutively from i to 6o. For instance, Abegg, D., 9, indicates that a paper by Abegg is listed in Section 9 (India); Andrews, A. C., 28, indicates that a paper by Andrews is listed in Section 28 (Botany).

The symbols IV(a), IV(b), and IV(c) refer to he new sections on America, Australasia and Oceania, and Africa at the end of Part II. For instance, Ackerknecht, E. H., IV(a), indicates that a paper by Ackerknecht is listed in section IV(a) (America). December I6, 1948 FRANCES SIEGEL

Abdul Hamid, K., X(2) Abegg, D., 9 Abele, J., 22 Acad. intern. d'Hist. des scien.,

I 6

Ackerknecht, E. H., XIX(i)D, IV(a), 50

Afnan, S., XI(i) Agus, I. A., XIII(2) Alberti, G., XVII(2)D Albright, W. F., 8 Alfonso el Sabio, XIII(2) Allen, E. B., VII(I), 2 Allen, P., XIX(i)D, 50 Allouche, I. S., XIV(2) AlmagiA, R., XV(2), 6, 3I

Alonso, M. (S. J.), XII(i) Amand, Dom D., 4 Amantos, C. I., 7 Amerbach, J., XV(2) Am. correspondent, 29

Amsterdam, XX E Anastos, M. V., 7 Andersen, J., IO Andrade, E. N. da C., XVII(2)A Andreev, A. I., 3I

Andrews, A. C., 28 Andrus, C. XX D Anthony, H. D., i6

Archibald, R. C., 20 Archives de l'Institut Intern.

des Sci. Theoriques, i8 Aristotle, IV(2)B. C. Armitage, A., XVI(i)B Armytage, W. H. G., XIX(2)3 Arnoux, A., XIX(i)A Asbell, M. B., XII(2), 2, 4 Asmous, V. C., 28 Ates, A., XI(i) Austin, H. D., XII(2)

Bachman, G. W., 52 Baehni, C., 28 Baekeland, L. H., XX B Bakeless, J., XIX(i)C Baker, H., 48 Baker, J. R., I7, 27 Bako's, J,XIII(2) Ball, J., 2

Barbensi, G., XIX(i)D Barnes, H. E., 43 Barnett, L. D., XX E Barthelemy, R., XIX(2)B Bates, L. F., XIX(2)B Baum, H. W., XVII(i)E Beaurecueil, S. de, XI(2) Bechet, P. E., 50 Becquerel, J., XIX(2)B

Beer, R. R., XVIII(i)D Beins, J. F. A., 34 Belfroid, J., III(i)B. C. Bell, A. E., XVII(2)B Bell, Sir C., 8 Bell, E. T., XIX(2)A, XX A Bellini, A., XVI(i)A Bellingshausen, F. G. v.,

XIX(I) C Belloni, L., XVIII(2)D Berkner, L. V., XX B Berman, E. D., XVIII(2)E Bernheim, B. M., XX D Bernheim, H., XIX(2)D Bersu, G., 39 Bibliotheque nationale, XIX(i) E Bing, M., 9 Birkenmajer, A., XIII(i) Bishop, W. J., 48, 50 Blue, R. C., IO Boas, E. P., XIX(2)D Bockstaele, P., 20 Bodde, D., IO Bodenheimer, F. S., 3, I2 Boker, R., I

Bonnet-Roy, F., 50 Bonser, W., 6 Boratav, P. N., I4 Boulet, M., XIV(2)



Index to Seventy-third Critical Bibliography I89

Bouligand, G., 20

Boutemy, A., 6 Bovin, E., XIX(i)D Boxer, C. R., I0 Boyer, C. B., 20 Boynton, H., I6 Brahe, T., XVI(2)B Br6hier, L., 7 Bridgman, P. W., 24 Brodrick, J. (S. J.), XVI(2)E Bromehead, C. E. N., XVII(i)C.

32 Brown, C. C., XVI(i)E Brown, H., XVII(2)D Browne, C. A., XIX(i)B,

XX B, 4 Bruce, J. R., 39 Brunet, P., XVIII(i)B Brunn, W. v., 50 Bryson, L., 43 Biuhler, A., 40, 5I

BUhler, C. F., XV(2) BUhler, K., 40 Buess, H., XVI(2)C,

XVII(W)D, XIX(i)D, 36 Burger, D., 24 Busacchi, V., XVI(W)C Buschbeck, E. H., I6

Caley, E. R., I(2) Callmer, C., XVIII(2)E Campion, S., XX E Capart, J., XX E, 2 Capek, A., 28 Caramella, S., HII(2) Carmichael, E. B., XIX(i)D Carnoy, A., 20

Caron, P., XVIII(2)E Carpentier, F., XX C Carra de Vaux, XIII(I) Carre, B., XVII(2)C Cassirer, E., 48 Castaldi, L., XV(2) Catoire, P., XVI(O)D Cayeux, L., XX C Cazelles, R., XIV(I) Cerny, K., XVIII(I)B Chagas, C., 27 Charpy, G., XX B Chase, C. T., 24 Chatterjee, D., XVIII(2)C Chavez, I., 50 Chevalier, A., XIX(i)C Chevalier, P., 25 Chottin, A., I4 Ciselet, P., XV(2) Clagett, M., 6 Clapp, M., XIX(2)E Clark, G., 39 Clark, J. G., 39 Clark, R. E. D., 27 Clarke, T. W., XIX(I)D Clowes, G. S. L., 26 Codellas, P. S., 4

Cohen, I. B., XVII(2) B, XVIII(2)B, XIX(i)E, XIX(2) B

Cohn, A. E., XX E, 52 Cole, A. B., XIX(2)E Cole, F. J., 29 Colin, G. S., 5I Collins, J. L., 28 Commynes, P. de, XV(2) Conference of Brit. Oriental-

ists, 8 VIe Cong. intern. d'etudes

byzantines, 7 VIIe Cong. intern. des etudes

byzantines, 7 Conte, L., XVIII(i)A Contenau, G., 3 Cook, E., XVII(W)E Cook, R. C., I6 Coomaraswamy, A. K., 48 Coon, C. S., 35 Copernicus, N., XVI(i)B Cope, V. Z., XVIIM(2)D Corbiere, E., XIX(2)D Cornet, J., XX C Cortesao, A., I7 Coster, C. H., VI(i) Courant, R., XX A, 20 Cramer, F., 4 Crombie, A. C., 6, I6 Crowther, J. G., XX B, I7 Crum, R. H., XIV(2) Curwen, E. C., 28

Daisomont, M., 23 Dalcq, A., 50 Danjon, A., XIX(i)B Darlington, C. D., 27 Darmon, R., I4 Darrow, K. K., 24 Daumas, M., XIX(I)B, 25 Davies, D. R., XX E Davies, E. G., 27 Davies, N. de G., 2

Davis, G. W., I4 Davis, T. L., XIX(i)B Davy, Sir H., XIX(i)B De Bruyne, E., 6 De Coster, S., XX E Defriese, P., 20 De Keyser, L., 6 Delatte, L., 4 Delcourt, M., XV(2) Delen, A. J. J., XVI(2)E Delhaye, P., XIII(2) Delorme, S., XVII(2)C, I6 De Milt, C., XIX(2)B Dempster, A. J., XX B Dennett, D. C., Jr., VII(i) Denny, M., XVIII(2)C, I6 Desbats, J., 20

Des Marez, G., 54 De Smet, A., XVI(2)E Destombes, M., XVI(2)C, 31 Dethier, V. G., 25

De Vocht, H., XVII(i)E De Vries, H., 20

De Waard, C., XVII(i)B De Waele, H., XVII(i)B Deyrup, F. J., 26 Dickinson, H. W., XVIII(2)B Dijksterhuis, E. J., XVI(2)A Dittrick, H., 52

Dooren, L., XVI(2)D Douglas, E. H., XIII(i) Downey, G., III(2) Drioton, E., 2

Drury, B., 54 Dufour, L., XIX(2)B, XX B, 32 Dufrenoy, J., XVIII(i)E Dufrenoy, M. L., XVIII(i)E Duggan, S., 54 Dujardin, B., Si Dumbauld, E., XVIII(2)E Dumesnil, R., 50 Dumon, D., XVI(2)B Dumont, M., IX(i) Dunbabin, T. J., 4 Dunn, L. G., XX E Duveen, D. I., 25

Eckman, J., XIX(2)D Edelstein, S. M., XVIII(2)B Edwards, I. E. S., 2 Edwards, L. F., XVIII(2)D Eisler, R., XV(2), XVI(I)B Elftman, A. G., XIX(2)C Emery, C., XVII(2)E Engelhardt, W. U., XVII(2)A Entralgo, P. L., XVIII(2)D Epstein, S., 53 Erasmus, XVI(i)E Eriksson, H., XIX(2)B Espinas, G., 6

Fackenheim, E. L., I4

Faider-Feytmans, G., 5 Farber, E., XX B Farber, M., 48 Farmer, H. G., I4 Farrukh, 0. A., 4, I4 Fauchard, P., XVIII(i)D Fay, B., XVIII(2)E Festugiere, A. M. J. (0. P.), 4 Fettweis, E., IV(a) Filiozat, J., 9 Finan, J. J., 28 Findlay, A., 25

Finkelstein, L., 43 Fishbein, M., 50, Si Flexner, S., XX D Flosdorf, E. W., 50

Follett, D. H., XIX(2)B Forbes, R. J., I Ford, J. D. M., XX E Foretay, E., 26 Forti, U., 26 Frank, P., XX B Frankel, W. K., XV(2),

XVI( )D, 50



Index to Seventy-third Critical Bibliography Frankfort, H., 2, 8 Frankfort, H. A., 8 Fried, B. M., XIX(2)D Friedman, R., 5I Fiuck, J., 14 Fulton, J., So Fung Yu-lan, IO

Gade, J. A., XVI(2)B Galdston, I., So Galen, II(2) Galileo, XVII(i)B Garcia de ZuTniga, E., XVII(2)A Garcia Franco, S., 23 Gardiner, A. H., 2 Garreau, A., XII(2) Geiser, S. W., XIX(x)C, 55 Geisser, F., V B. C. Germany, XX E Gessler, J., 6 Gewirth, A., XIV(i) Ghosh, A. K., XIX(i)C Gibb, H. A. R., 14 Gigon, 0., 4 Gilbert, A. H., XVII(2)E Gilbert, P., 2 Gillin, J., 35 Girvin, H. F., 22 Giua, M., i6, 25 Glanville, S. R. K., 2 Gliozzi, M., XVI(2)E Gloden, A., 20 Gode, F. K., 9 Goitein, S. D., 12 Goldstein, H. I., 5I Goldstein, M. S., 43 Gomoiu, V., So Goodman, H., XIX(2)D Goodrich, L. C., IO Goossens, R., 5 Gordis, R., IX B. C. Gordon, A. E., 5 Gordon, D. H., XVIII(2)E G6rnicki, B., XVIII(x)D Gossels, C. L., XX D Goudsmit, S. A., I7 Gould, R. T., XVIII(x)B Govaerts, J., 50 Greenwich, 44, Gregg, A., XX D Gregoire, F., XVII(2)E Gr6goire, H., 7 Gregory, Sir R., I7 Gross, F., 43 Gruber, J. W., 3 Guelluy, R., XIV(I) Gudger, E. W., 29 Guicciardini, F., XVI(z)E Guichonnet, R., XVIII(2)A Guilliermond, A., XX C Gumpert, M., XVI(O)D Gurjar, L. V., 9 Guthrey, N. H., XIX(2)D Gutierrez-Noriega, C., 53

Haar, C. M., XIX(2)E Hafliger, J. A., So Hagedorn, H., XX E Hagen, V. W. v., XVIII(2)C,

XIX(i)E, 27 Haldane, J. B. S., i6 Halkin, F., XIV(I) Hamilton, Sir W. R., XIX(i)A Handschin, E., 29 Harden, D. B., 8 Harding, T. S., 28 Harris, S., XX D Harrison, G. R., 24 Haust, J., XIII(2), 6 Hayes, W. C., 2 Haymaker, W., 50 Heinimann, F., 4 Held, I. W., XX D Helin, M., 6 Hellman, C. D., XVI(2)B,

XVII(2) B Henning, R., 4 Hetherington, A. L., Io Hill, R. N., 26 Hinsdale, G., XIX(2)C Hintzsche, E., 34 Hirschberg, R. Z., 12 Historique de la construction

navale, 26 Hist. of Sci., I6 Hobbs, W. H., 32 Hobhouse, S., XVII(2)B Hofmann, J. E., XVIII(i)A Holmes, S. J., 27, 47 Holt, A. C., so Hooykaas, R., XVII(2)B,

XVIII(i)B, XIX(I)B, 25 Horine, E. F., XIX(i)D Hourani, G. F., io Howald, E., XIX(I)E Hrabetowa, Dr., XIX(2)C Hull, L. W., 50 Humbert, P., VII B. C.,

XVII(I) B, i6 Huxley, J., 47 Huxley, T. H., 47

Irwin, W. A., 8 Isaac Israeli the Younger,

XIV(I) Isaacs, R., XVII(2)D Itard, J., XVII(i)A Ivins, W. M., Jr., XV(2),

XVII(i)A Ivy, A. C., So Izquierdo, J. J., XVII(W)D

Jacobs, M. S., 52 Jacobsen, T., 8 Jaffe, B., 25 Janni, E., XIX(2)C Janse, 0. R. T., 8 Janssen, J. M. A., 2

Janssens, H. F., XIV(2) Jenny, J. J., 9, 26

Jiquier, G., 2 Johnson, A. B., 46 Jonckheere, F., 2 Joller, H., 50 Jones, Sir H. S., 23 Jordan, L., 24 Jordan, P. D., 5I Jung, C. J., XVI(i)D, 25 Jurgani, XIV(2)

Kagan, S. R., XIV(2)D, XIX(2)D, 12

Kahn, R. L., 5I Kaigh, F., IV(c) Kallen, H. M., 45 Kamath, M. A., 9 Kanner, L., 50 Kaplan, E. B., XIX(2)D Karcher, H., 50 Keimer, L., 2 Kennard, E. H., 24 Kennard, J. S., Jr., 1(2) Keyser, C. J., 20 Kisch, B., XIX(i)D Klemm, F., 26 Klickstein, H. S., XIX(r)B Klinkowski, M., 28 Kocher, P. H., XVI(2)D Koyre, A., XVIII(2)E Kramer, H. D., XIX(2)D Kramer, S. N., 3 Kricka z Bitysky, V., XVI(2)B Kristeller, P. 0., 48 Kroeber, A. L., 35 Kroon, S., 6 Kropp, G., XX B Kury, H., 50 Kuwaki-Ayawo, i i Kwagakusikenkyu, ii

Lacroix, F. A. A., XX C Laignel-Lavastine, 50 Laistner, M. L. W., 5 Lambert, J. H., XVIII(2)A Lameere, A., XX C Lameere, W., XX E Lamers, A. J. M., XVIII(i)D Lane, A., 14 Langdon-Brown, W., 50 Lapanne-Joinville, J., 14 La Piana, A., XIV(I) Laptev, I., 27 Larrafiaga, V. (S. J.), XVI(I)E Larsen, E. L., XVIII(2)C Lastres, J. B., 50 Lattin, H. P., V(I), XI(I) Laue, M. V., 24 Leake, C. D., 53 Lebbgue, R., XVII(I)E Leeuwenburg, L. G., 2 Lefort, L. T., XX E Leicester, H. M., XIX(2)B, 25 Lemaitre, G., 23 Lemay, P., XIX(i)B Leopold of Austria, XIII(2)



Index to Seventy-third Critical Bibliography I9I

Levinson, A., 5o Lewy, H., 3 Light, R. U., 5I Lilley, S., XIX(I)B Lindqvist, S., VII(2) Lindroth, S., XVII(2)B,

XIX(2)C Linnaeus, XVIII(i) C Lippmann, E. 0. v., I(2) Livingston, B., XX C Loeb, L. B., I7 Low, I., XIX(2)E Loria, G., XIX(2)E, 20

Lovejoy, A. O., XX E Lucas, A., 2 Luckey, P., 14 Luetkens, C., 28

Macht, D. I., I2 MacIver, R. M., 43 Mackinder, H. J., XX C MacLeod, A. H. D., I9 MacNalty, Sir A. S., XVIII(2)D

XIX(2)D Magrou, J., 27 Mangelsdorf, P. C., 28 Margerie, E. de, XIX(2)C, 32 Margoulies, G., io Marinescu, C., XII(2) Marshall, J., XVI(I)C Marshall, M. L., XIX(2)D Marti Ibaiiez, F., 37 Martin, T., XIX(I)B Matthis, A. R., XX B Mauriac, P., XIX(2)D Mayer, C., i8 McCawley, E. L., XVI(O)D McColley, G., XIX(2)C McKeehan, L. W., XVIII(r)E McKie, D., XVII(2)B McMenemey, W. H., 52 Med. in the changing order

XX D Medrano, J. M., 5i Megaw, B. R. S., 39 Megaw, E. M., 39 Megaw, Sir J., 27 Mercati, A., XVI(2)E Meriam, L., 52 Merkelbach, O., 36 Merrill, E. D., XVIII(2)C,

XIX(r) C Mersenne, M., XVII(i)E Merton, E. S., XVII(i)E Mettler, C. C., go Metzger, H., XX B, 24 Michel, H., XH(i), XIV(i), Ic

23

Mieli, A., i6 (Mildenhall treasure), IV(x) Millet, R., XIX(2)D Mills, A. R., 4 Mills, W. H., 25 Minorsky, V., IX(i) Moraux, P., IV(2) B. C.

Mohammed el Fasi, XVII(2)E Monteiro, A. C., XVI(r) C,

XVI(2)C, XVI(2)E Moorman, L. J., So Moreau, E. de (S. J.), 49 Morgenthau, H. J., 17 Morison, S. E., 44 Morrison, H., XIX(2)D Morrow, J., XIX(2)E Mosse, G. L., XVI(2)E Moulton, F. R., i6 Mourin, L., XV(i) Moussu, G., XX D Muller, R. F. G., 9 Mudd, S., 5o Mullally, J. P., XIII(2) Mullett, C. F., XV(I), XIX(W)A Muntnler, S., IX( 2), XIII( I), I , Murneek, A. E., 28

Naef, H., XVI(2)B Najib al-'AqiqI, 14 'Nallino, C. A., 14 Nardi, G. M., XVIII(i)D Naval mining and degaussing

XX B Needham, D., IO Needham, J., IO Neff, E., 44 Neill, T. P., XVIII(2)E Nelis, P., 5i Nelson, B. N., 6 Nemoy, L., VIII(2) Neuburger, M., XVII(i)D,

XIX(i)D Neugebauer, O., IV(2) B. C., 3 Newmark, M., I7 Nightingale, F., XIX(2)D Nikolitch, G., 23 Nixon, P. I., go Nock, A. D., 4 'Northrop, F. S. C., i8 Norwood, W., 52 Notre Dame, 6 Noyes, W. A., Jr., 25

Obermann, J., 8 O'Connor, Sister M. C., XV(i) Odgers, M. M., XIX(i)B,

XIX(2) B Odo of Deuil, XIH(i) Oesper, R. E., XIX(i)B Oliver, J. W., XIX(i)E Olmstead, J. M. D., XIX(2)D O'Malley, C. D., XVI(I)D ,O'Neale, L. M., IV(a) Oosterhuis, R. A. B., go Oppenheimer, J. M., XVIII(2)] O'Reilly, D., 25 Oriens, 8 Ortiz, V. C., 53 Osborne, C. P., 4 Oshlag, J. A., XVII(i)D Oxford, go

Padilla, M., XIX(2)D Pagel, W., XIX(2)D, 5i Palama, G., 20 Palmer, J. A. B., II(I) Pampanini, R., XIX(2)C Papp, D., XIX(2)B Paracelsus, XVI(I) D Parrot, A., 3 Partington, J. R., XIX(I)B, 25 Pasteur, L., XIX(2)D Patch, H. R., VI(I) Paterson, R. G., XIX(Ir)D Patterson, L. D., XVII(2)B Pazzini, A., 5o Pease, A. S., 4 Pegis, A. C., XIV(r) Pellegrini, F., 5o Pelseneer, J., XVIII(2)B, I6, I7,

22, 24

Perham, M., IV(c) Perry, R., 27 Pfister, A., XV(2) Pierce, G. W., 29 Piganiol, A., IV(I) Pirenne, M. H., 36 Pli, C., 24 Planck, M., XX B Poliakov, J. A., XX B Poncetton, F., XIX(2)B Pope, J. A., IO Popper, K. R., I9 Posin, D. Q., XIX(2)B Powell, D., XIX(2)D Poynter, F. N. L., So Praus, A. A., 26 Pr6aux, C., XX E Preuss, J., 12 Proskauer, C., XIV(x) Public Record Office, 44 Pujatti, D., XVIII(x)C Puner, H. W., XX D Putti, V., XVII(I)D

Qunfudh, ibn al, XIV(2)

Rabin, C., XVI(I)D Radbill, S. X., XVIII(2)B Raghallaigh, D. O., 25 Randall, J. H., 48 Raven, C. E., 27 Rawlinson, H. G., 9 Ray, J. C., I6 Rfy, P. R., 9 Read, B. E., IO Read, J., XVII(I)B, 25 Reddy, D. V. S., 9 Remington, C. L., XVIl(2)C Renaud, H. P. J., XIII(2),

XIV(I), 14 Renaux, E., 50 Renier, A., XVIII(2)C Reparaz, G. de, XIV(I) Reymond, A., XIX(I)E Renault, M., XIX(2)D Reymond, A., I6, 48



192 Index to Seventy-third Critical Bibliography Reynolds, W. M., XVIII(2)D Richey, F. D., 28 Richtmyer, F. K., 24

Rideout, J. K., IX(I) Rieppel, P. W., 50 Ritter, H., XIV(2) Rivkin, E., XVII(i)E Robbins, F. E., 2

Robertson, W. E., XVI(2)D Roberty, G., 27 Robinson, C. A. Jr., IV(2) B. I Robinson, M. L., XIX(2)C Robinson, V., 50 Robson, J., 14 Roemer, M. I., 50 Roersch, A., XVI(i)E Rogier, C. R., XVIII(2)E Rosen, G., XVI(i)D, XVIXI(2)I

XIX(i)D, 5x Ross, R., XIX(2)D. Rossier, P., XVIII(2) A, 20

Rossiski, D. M., 50 Rossman, F., XVI(O)B Roth, C., XIV(2) Ruben, W., 14 Rudbeck, 0., XVII(2)D Rudberg, G., XIX(i)E Rufus, W. C., XVIII(2)B Runciman, S., 6 Runes, D. D., XVIII(2)D,

XIX(2) B Russell, B., 48 Russell, K. F., go Ruysbroeck, J. van, XIV(i) Rytz, W., 28

Sagui, C. L., 26 Saint-Denis, E. de, 1(2) Saint Loup B., E., go Sakanishi, S., VIII(i) Salter, W. H., 37 Sampaio, J., 32 Sanford, E. M., XII(i) Sarton, G., VII(i), XIV(i)

XIX(2)B, 9, i6 Sataka-trayam of Bhartrhari, 9 Saunders, J. B. deC. M., XVI(i)I Saxl, F., XX E Savage, S., XVIII(I)C Savitz, H. A., 12

Sayed al 'Baz al-Arini, I4 Sayili, A., XIV(i), 14 Schaaf, W. L., 20

Schaefer. G., 25

Schierbeek, A., XVII(2)C Schifferes, J. J., I6 Schlegel, R., 24

Schmid, A., 50 Schneider, B. H., 9 Schneider, H., XVIII(2)E Schneider, H. W., 48 Schoen, M., 50 Schonbauer, L., 50 Schopfer, W. H., 28 Schove, D. J., 23

Schutte, J. (S. J.), XVI(2)E Schullian, D. M., go Schurhammer, G., XVI(i) E Schwerz, F., XVII(2)D Schwetz, J., 50 Sci. and life in the world, 17 Science and religion, 49 Scott, Sir L., 39 Seligman, K., 41 Sellers, C. C., XVIII(2)E .Sellers, T. B., 50 Selye, H., 36 Sengupta, P. C., 9 Sergent, E., 51 Sergescu, P., XVII(2)B Serjeant, R. B., 14 Serrus, C., XVII(2)B

),Setton, K. M., XIV(i) Sevensma, T. P., i6 Shastid, T. H., XIX(2)D Sherlock, T. P., XVI(x)B Sherrington, Sir C., XX D Shryock, R. M., go Sigerist, H. E., 50 Simmons, J., IV(c) Simpson, J. Y., XIX(i)D Singer, C., XVI(i)D, i6, 27 Sinnott, E. W., i6 Slotkin, J. S., 44 Smart, W. M., XIX(O)B Smith, T. C., ii Smith, W. S., 2 Soc. belge de l'astro., 23 Sokol, A. E., 8 Somogyi, J. de, XVIII(2)E Soper, A. C., IO Sorokin, P. A., 43 Speleers, L., 2 Spiess, 0., XVII(2)A, XVIII(i) Spooner, R. C., IO Stainbrook, E., XIX(I)D Stark, W., XVIII(2)E Stefansson, V., 36 ,Stephanides, M., IV(2) B. C., Stephenson, C., 6 Steuer, R. 0., 2 OStevenson, B., 43 Stevenson, L., XX D Stevenson, L. G., XVIII(2)D Stiles, W., 27 Strebel, J., XVI(i)D Streeter, J. W., XVII(2)B Strich, F., 55 Strong, L. C., XVI(x)D Stuldreher-Nienhuis, J.,

XVII(2) C Suits, C. G., 24 Switalski, B. W., III(2) Symonds, R. W., 26

Tasch, P., 4 Taton, R., XVIII(2)A, 20 Taviana, S., XV(2) Taylor, F. S., 25 Temkin, 0., XVIII(2)D

Thevenot, J., XX A Thomas Aquinas, XIII(2) Thompson, Sir D'A., XX C, 4 Thompson, E. A., IV(2) Thompson, G. P., 17 Thompson, R. L., XIX(i)B Thorndike, L., XIV(x), XIV(2) Thorek, M., 51 Thorek, P., 51 Thorpe, J., XIX(2)E Tilton, E. M., XIX(2)D Timmermans, J., 25 Tisserant, E., XIII(2) Tizard, Sir H., XX E Toksvig, S., XVIII(2)E Torrey, C. C., II(0)B. C. Torrey, N. L., XVIII(2)E Tortonese, E., XVIII(2)C Tritton, A. S., 14 Tung Tso-pin, IO Tucker, D. A., Jr., XIX(2)D Turnbull, G. H., XVII(i)E

Unver, A. S., XV(2), 14, 51 Ulich, R., 54 Underwood, E. A., So Univ. of London, Instit. of

Archaeology, 32 Urdang, G., XX D, 53 Urey, H. C., I7

Vacca, G., IO Vajda, G., XII(i), 12

Van Aubel, E., XX B Van den Besselaar, J. J., VI(i) Van den Dungen, F. H., 22

Van den Meulen, D., 14 Van de Velde, A. J. J., IX(2),

v XIII (2), XVI (I)D, XVI (2) D, XVII(i) B, XVII(i) C, XVII (2) B, XVIII(2) B, XVIII(2) D, XIX(i)B, XIX(2)D, I6, 25, 27, 34

4Van de Woestijne, P., III(I) Van Dooren, J. J., 5 Van Driessche, A., XVI(i)D Van Leeuwen, A. T., XI(2) Van Schoor, G., XVII(i)C,

XVIII(I) C Varagnac, A., 40 VTauthier, M., XX E Veith, I., ii Venturi, F., XVIII(I)E Verbeke, G., IV(2) B. C. Vercoutter, J., 2 Verdoorn, F., I7 NTergil, I(2) B. C. Vetter, Q., 6, 20, 21

Viets, H. R., 50 Vincent, J., XVI(2)B Virieux-Reymond, A., III(2)

B. C., 48 Vollgraff, J. A., XVII(I)B, 24

Waddell, W. G., 2



Index to Seventy-third Critical Bibliography 193

Waite, F. C., XIX(i) D Waley, A., IO Walter, E. J., I. 22, 43 Walter, W. J., i6 Walz, P. A. (0. P.), 49 Wang, C. H., IO Ward, F. A. B., 23

Wearmouth, R. F., XVIII(2)E Weaver, W., 17 Webb, G. B., XIX(2)D Webster, N., XVIII(2) D Wehrli, G. A., XVIII(i)D Wescher, H., XVI(I)B Whiddington, R., XX B, 17 Whitaker, T. W., IV(a) White, L. A., 2

Whitehead, A. N., XX A Whyte, R. O., 28

Wickersheimer, E., XVI(2) D, XVII(i)D, XIX(i)D

Wifstrand, A., i6 Williams, B., 53 Williams, J. R., XI(2) Williams, R. R., 43 Wilson, J. A., 8 Winderlich, R., 25

Winter, H. J. J., i6 Winter, J. G., 2

Wittop Koning, D. A., 52

Wolbarst, A. L., XIX(2)D Wolf, R. E., XX B Wolfson, H. A., IV(2) B.

I(i), 6, 12

Woodforde, C., 6 Worcester, C. R. C., IO Worrell, W. H., 14

Worthington, E. B., 14 Wredden, J. H., 27

Wright, C. W., 39 Wright, E. V., 39 Wright, J. K., 5i

Yahuda, A. S., I2 Yersin, A., XIX(2)D Young, J. H., 51

Youtie, H. C., 2

Zarnuji, XIII(i) Zbinden, C., 26

X,Zeitlin, S., 1(2)

Zettersteen, K. V., 14 Zilboorg, G., 50 Zimmern, Sir A., 4 Zwemer, R. L., 17

Administrative Documents

REPORT OF THE SECRETARY-TREASURER FOR 1948 This report covers the budget year of the Society, Dec. I, 1947, to Nov. 30, 1948.

SECRETARY Councilors. - At the annual meeting of the Society, held in Cleveland, Ohio, on Dec. 27,

I947, the following members of the HSS were elected Councilors for 1948-i950: Erwin H. Ackerknecht, Eduardo Garcia de ZuVniga, Henry E. Guerlac, Theodore Hornberger, Pearl Kibre. Isis. - During the budget year of the Society, the following issues of Isis have been published: Nos. 113/114 (February 1948), Nos. ii5/ii6 (May 1948), No. II7 (August I948), and No. ii8 (November 1948).

Meetings.- The annual meeting of the Society was held on Dec. 27, 1947, in Cleveland: the meeting of the Council, at the Hotel Cleveland; the symposium and the annual business meeting, at the Western Reserve Historical Society Mu- seum. Members of the Program Committee: Henry E. Guerlac, Raymond P. Stearns, Robert M. Stecher. The program included a symposium on Historical Scholarship and the History of Science (joint session with the American His- torical Association), with papers by Carl Ste- phenson, Theodore Hornberger, John W. Olm- sted; Bruno Gebhard was chairman of the symposium, Francis R. Johnson led the discussion.

American Council of Learned Societies. -At the annual meeting of the ACLS, held on Jan. 28 to 30, 1947, at Rye, N. Y., the HSS was represented by Richard H. Shryock (alternate for W. B. McDaniel 2nd) and by A. Pogo; at the Conference of Secretaries, the HSS was represented by the Secretary-Treasurer.

Conferences on UNESCO.-At the Pacific Re- gional Conference on UNESCO, held in San Francisco on May 13 to I5, 1948, the HSS was represented by Walter C. Blasdale, J. B. de C. M. Saunders, Lynn White, Jr. At a Confer- ence on the UNESCO Program in the Social Sciences and Humanities, held at the American Academy of Arts and Sciences, in Boston, on Sept. 30, 1948, the HSS was represented by the Secretary-Treasurer.

Membership.-The death of the following six members has been reported: Juan Ramon Bel- tran, A. A. Brill, Frederick W. Ellis, T. Henshaw Kelly, William M. Malisoff, Albert 0. Singleton. Eleven members have resigned. New members and subscribers number 7I. The following tabu- lation is a summary of the changes in the mail- ing list of Isis since the end of I947.

Members and subscribers, end of 1947 ............ ........................ 8o7 New members and subscribers ............. ................... 71 Losses (died; resigned; address unknown) .............................. 36

Increase .................................. 35

