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Page 1: Seventy-Eighth Critical Bibliography of the History and Philosophy of Science and of the History of Civilization (To December 1951)

Seventy-Eighth Critical Bibliography of the History and Philosophy of Science and of theHistory of Civilization (To December 1951)Author(s): George Sarton and Frances SiegelSource: Isis, Vol. 43, No. 2 (Jul., 1952), pp. 128-208Published by: The University of Chicago Press on behalf of The History of Science SocietyStable URL: http://www.jstor.org/stable/227180 .

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Page 2: Seventy-Eighth Critical Bibliography of the History and Philosophy of Science and of the History of Civilization (To December 1951)

Seventy-eighth Critical Bibliography of the

History and Philosophy of Science and of the History of Civilization

(to December 195 I)

The lastest Critical Bibliography to appear was the Seventy-seventh which was published in Isis 42, p. 309-95 (Febr. I952).

This seventy-eighth bibliography contains about I300 items. They have been kindly con- tributed by the I2 following scholars:

C. W. Adams (London) I. B. Cohen (Cambridge, Mass.) E. Farber (Washington, D. C.) Frans Jonckheere (Brussels) C. D. Leake (Galveston, Texas) W. D. Miles (Cambridge, Mass.) M. F. A. Montagu (Princeton, N. J.) J. Pelseneer (Brussels) E. Rosen (New York City) G. Sarton (Cambridge, Mass.) S. S. Wohl (New York City) C. Zirkle (Philadelphia)

The purpose, method and classification of this bibliography were explained in volume 41, p. 29I-98, i950. The classification was devised to satisfy the needs of historians of science in gen- eral, rather than those of historians of particular sciences. For example, a student of the history of physiology will find only a few of the physio- logical items under the heading 36. Physiology. Studies devoted to definite physiologists would be found in the corresponding chronological sec- tions of Part I, and those devoted to, say, Hindu physiology in section 9. India, of Part II. It would not take him very long, however, to glance through the whole bibliography and mark with a pencil the items pertinent to his own investiga- tions. No method of classification can satisfy immediately every need, but we believe that ours is sufficiently clear to be of use to every scholar willing to take the few necessary pains.

Warning- Offprints of articles are often re- ceived in this office which contain no indication of source (journal or volume) from which they were extracted, or date of publication. Such articles will no longer be listed in Isis, for it is better not to publish bibliographic notes than to publish incomplete ones.

I entreat the authors of relevant books and papers to send me copies of them as promptly as possible in order that their studies may be

registered in this bibliography and eventually reviewed and discussed. By so doing they will not simply help me and every other historian of science, but they will help themselves in the best manner.

Most of the notes were selected by me. They were typed by Miss Frances Siegel.

GEORGE SARTON

28 January I952 Widener Library I85 Cambridge 38, Mass.

Part I

Fundamental Classification Centurial

6th CENTURY B.C.

KRAMERS, R. P. K'ung Tzui Chia Yii, the school sayings of Confucius. Translation of sections i-iO with critical notes. 406 p. (Sinica Leidensia, 7). Leiden: Brill, 1950.

Reviewed by W. Eberhard, Oriens 4, 142-45, '95I. OSWIECIMSKI, STEFAN. Thales, the ancient

ideal of a scientist. Charisteria Thaddaeo Sinko quinquaginta abhinc annos amplissimis in philosophia honoribus ornato ab amicis collegis discipulis oblata, 229-53, Varsaviae '95I.

5th CENTURY B.C.

GRUBE, G. M. A. Antisthenes was no logician. Transactions and Proceedings of the American Philological Association 8i, I6-27, 1950.

KEIL, HARRY. The louse in Greek antiquity, with comments on the diagnosis of the Athe- nian plague as recorded by Thucydides. Bulletin of the History of Medicine 25, 305-23,

'95I.

KRANZ, WALTHER. Empedokles, antike Ge- stalt und romantische Neuschoepfung. 392 P., 5 pls. Zurich: Artemis-Verlag, 1949.

128

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Page 3: Seventy-Eighth Critical Bibliography of the History and Philosophy of Science and of the History of Civilization (To December 1951)

5th Century B.C. - ist Century B.C. I29

LESKY, ERNA. Zur Lithiasis-Beschreibung in De aere aquis locis. Wiener Studien 63, 69-83, I948.

SANTILLANA, GEORGE DE; PITTS, WAL- TER. Philolaos in Limbo, or: What happened to the Pythagoreans? Isis 42, I12-20, 1951.

4th CENTURY B.C. - whole and first half

CHERNISS, HAROLD. Plato as mathematician. Review of Metaphysics 4, 395-425, 195I.

DE STRYCKER, EMILE. Trois points obscurs de terminologie mathematique chez Platon. Revue des itudes grecques 63, 43-57, 3 figs., 1950.

MUGLER, CHARLES. Platon et la recherche mathematique de son epoque. xxviii?427 p. Strasbourg: Heitz, 1948.

Introduction. I. Les fondements. 2. La similitude. 3. L'economie. 4. L'infini. 5. La methode. 6. L'in- terrogation du Menon. Conclusion. Index.

SINCLAIR, T. A. Class distinction in medical practice: a piece of ancient evidence. Bulletin of the History of Medicine 25, 386-87, I951.

Apropos of Plato's Laws (IV, 720, IX 857).

XENOPHON. De l'art equestre. Texte et tra- duction avec une introduction et des notes par Edouard Delebecque. 195 p. (Annales de l'Universitt de Lyon, fac. x8.) Paris: SociUt6 d'Edition Les Belles Lettres, 1950.

This new edition (with French translation) of De re equestri is largely deriv'ed from that of F. Ruehl (opera minora 2, 1912), but the editor had added many annotations concerning hippical facts. Xenophon was deeply interested in horses and re- ferred to them in most of his books, not only in the two chiefly devoted to cavalry (Hipparchos and Hippiche). Both books were written late in life. Delebecque has added an edition and translation of the only remaining chapter of a somewhat earlier Greek text on the same subject by Simon of Athens. The Greek horsemen used spurs, bits, bridles and a kind of saddle but no stirrups; their horses were not shod. The book ends with a bibliography of Greek hippology and a glossary. G. S.

4th CENTURY B.C. - second halt

[ARISTOTLE]. Aristotle's De anima in the version of William of Moerbeke and the com- mentary of St Thomas Aquinas. Translated by Kenelm Foster and Silvester Humphries. With an introduction by Ivo Thomas. 504 p. New Haven: Yale University Press, 1951.

$6.50. The idea of publishing a new translation of De

anima together with St Thomas' commentary is excellent. This has been done very well by a group of Dominican scholars, the Fathers Foster, Hum- phries, and Thomas. The text of De anima is trans- lated into English for the first time from the Latin version of the Flemish Dominican, Willem of Moerbeke (XIII-2), who made it from the Greet (revising an earlier translation from the Arabic) St Thomas completed his anti-Averroistic commen tary in I27I. It is curious to compare this version of the De anima with the one included in the Oxford

English Aristotle by J. A. Smith (I931). Reference to the Greek text is facilitated by the Bekker pagina- tion. Elaborate index. G. S.

BROWN, TRUESDELL S. Onesicritus: a study in Hellenistic historiography. viii+I96 p. (University of California Publications in His- tory, 39.) Berkeley: University of California Press, 1949.

HAMBURGER, MAX. Morals and law. The growth of Aristotle's legal theory. xxii+i9i p. New Haven, Yale University Press, i95i.

$3.75- Elaborate study the conclusion of which reads:

"There is a perfect harmony between Aristotle's ethical, legal, and political theory-the theory of the right mean is the basis; philia, social sympathy, is the life force; equity, fairness, reasonableness, and humaneness the leitmotiv; and well-being, i.e., hu- man happiness and perfection, the supreme end."

MOGENET, JOSEPH. Autolycus de Pitane. Histoire du texte suivie de l'&lition critique des trait6s de la sph6re en mouvement et des levers et couchers. 336 p. (Universit# de Louvain, Recueil de Travaux d'Histoire et de Philologie, fasc. 37.) Louvain: Biblioth6que de l'Universite, 1950.

Reviewed by George Sarton, Isis 42, 147, 1951.

STERNBACH, LUDWIK. Legal position of prostitutes according to Kautilya's Arthasastra. Journal of the American Orientai Society 7I,

25-60, I951.

3rd CENTURY B.C. - whole and first half

FRAJESE, ATTILIO. Sur la signification des postulats euclidiens. Archives internationales d'histoire des sciences 30, 383-92, I951.

MEI, Y. P. (translator). Hsisn-tzu on terminol- ogy. Philosophy East and West z, 5I-66, I95I.

Chinese text and English translation of Book 22

on the correct use of terminology. G. S.

2nd CENTURY B.C. -whole and first half

MAUNY, RAYMOND. Autour d'un texte bien controverse: le "p6riple" de Polybe (146 Av. J.-C.). Hesp&ris, tome 36, 47-67, 1949.

Apropos of the fragments very badly preserved by Pliny in his Natural History (V, lo).

1st CENTURY B.C. whole and first half

CICERO, MARCUS TULLIUS. Brutus: On the nature of the gods; on divination; on duties. Translated by Hubert M. Poteat. With an introduction by Richard McKeon. 66i p. Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1950.

Reviewed by Mark Graubard, Isis 42, 5I, 1951.

SINGER, CHARLES. An early parallel to the Hippocratic Oath. Gesnerus 8, I77-80, 1951. Apropos of the inscription to the goddess Agdistis

in the temple dedicated to her in Philadelphia, Lydia, c. I00 B.C.

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Page 4: Seventy-Eighth Critical Bibliography of the History and Philosophy of Science and of the History of Civilization (To December 1951)

I O ist Century B.C. - sth Century

1st CENTURY B.C. - second half

PARIS, PIERRE. Note sur deux passages de Strabon et de Pline dont l'interet n'est pas seulement nautique. Journal Asiatique 239, I3-27, I95I.

1st CENTURY - second half

BALL, SYDNEY H. (I877-I949). Roman book on precious stones. Including an English mod- ernization of the 37th Booke of the Historie of the World by Plinius Secundus. xii+338 p. Los Angeles: Qemological Institute of America, I950.

Reviewed by George Sarton, Isis 42, 52, 195I.

BRANDON, S. G. F. The fall of Jerusalem and the Christian church. A study of the effects of the Jewish overthrow of A.D. 7o on Chris- tianity. 284 p. London, S.P.C.K., I95I.

2nd CENTURY - whole and first half

THOUVENOT, R. Le g6ographe Ptol6m6e et la route du Sous. Hesp6ris 33, 373-84, 2 figs.,

I946.

2nd CENTURY second half

BARON, HANS. Aulius Gellius in the Renais- sance and a manuscript from the School of Guarino. Studies in Philology 48, 107-25, 1951.

CASSON, LIONEL. The Isis and her voyage. Transactions and Proceedings of the American Philological Association 8, 43-56, 3 figs., 1950.

"'Lucian in his Navigium has described one of the great Roman grain ships and given an account of one of its voyages. His remarks are to be found in all the classical handbooks for, along with the record of St Paul's famous voyage, they form the only in- timate glimpse preserved for us of that mainstay of Rome's economic life, the fleet that transported Egyptian grain from Alexandria to Rome. Yet no one has ever taken up compass and chart and studied the vessel's journey." The author discusses the route followed by the grain ships and the reasons why this route was taken. The Isis was a ship of I200 to 1300 tons. G. S.

FARQUHARSON, ARTHUR SPENCER LOAT. Marcus Aurelius, his life and his world. Edited by D. A. Rees: i6o p. New York: Salloch, 1951. A study of the Roman emperor whose philosophy

of stoicism was embodied in his "Meditations." This edition is a posthumously published and somewhat revised version of a life of Marcus Aurelius written in I928, but never put into final form by the author.

S. S. W.

LANTSCHOOT, ARN. vAN. A propos du Physi- ologus. Coptic studies in honor of Walter Ewing Crum, 339-63, 1950.

PEQUIGNOT, H.; GU]tNIOT, Y. Apulee et 1'euthanasie. Medecine de France no. 20, II-

i6, Paris, 1951. F. J.

TEMKIN, OWSEI. On Galen's pneumatology. Gesnerses 8, I80-89, I95I.

WOLFSON, HARRY A. Clement of Alexandria on the generation of the logos. Church History 20, 3-I2, I95I.

3rd CENTURY - second half MOGENET, JOSEPH. La division selon Pappus

d'Alexandrie. Bulletin de la Cl. des Lettres, Acade'mie royale de Belgique, 37, I6-23, I95I.

NOBEL, JOHANNES. Ein alter medizinischer Sanskrit-Text und seine Deutung. Supplement to the Journal of the American Oriental So- ciety no. II, 35 p., July-Sept., I95I. Apropos of chapter i 6 Vyadhiprasamana (healing

of diseases) of the Suvarnaprabhasasiitra, which diverges on many points from the classical Hindu medicine. It dates from c. 300 A.D. The two Chinese translators have tried to harmonize it with Buddhist medical ideas (Introd. 3, 262). G. S.

4th CENTURY - whole and first half

BOAS, GEORGE. The hieroglyphics of Hora- pollo, translated. 134 p., 1o ills. (Bollingen series, 23.) New York: Pantheon Books, I950.

5th CENTURY - whole and first half

BIELER, LUDWIG. The life and legend of St Patrick: problems of modem scholarship. 144 p. Dublin: Clonmore and Reynolds, 1949. Reviewed by Massey H. Shepherd, Jr., Speculum

26, 489-go, I95I.

DRABKIN, ISRAEL E. (editor and translator). Caelius Aurelianus. On acute diseases and on chronic diseases. xxvi+vii+ioi9 p. Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1950.

Review by George Sarton and note by I. E. Drabkin, Isis 42, I 95 I.

GREEN, WILLIAM M. Augustine's use of Punic. Semitic and Oriental Studies Presented to William Popper, 179-90, Berkeley, Calif., 1951.

LAIGNEL-LAVASTINE, DR. Le role de 1'hre'sie de Nestorius dans les relations m&di- cales entre l'Orient et l'Occident. Archives- internationales d'histoire des sciences 30, 63-72s

195'.

LEVI DELLA VIDA, G. La traduzione araba delle storie di Orosio. Miscellanea G. Galbiati 3, I85-203 (Fontes Ambrosiani, 27), Milano: Biblioteca Ambrosiana, I95I. It has often been told that the emperor Constan-

tinos VII gave to 'Abd al-Rahman III of Cordova in 948/9 a MS of Dioscorides (Introd. I, 68o); it is not so well known that he gave him also at the same time the book of Horiisyiis, that is, Orosius' history, suggesting that the caliph could easily find around him people knowing the Latin language who, would translate that book for him into Arabic. It is said that the translation was actually made by Qasim ibn Asbagh al-Bayyanl, with the help of a Christian; yet, if Qasim died insane in 948/9, he could not possibly be the translator. At any rate, the transla- tion was made (Orosius was the only ancient Latin writer translated into Arabic). The only Arab his-

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Page 5: Seventy-Eighth Critical Bibliography of the History and Philosophy of Science and of the History of Civilization (To December 1951)

sth Century - iotli Century

torian to use that text was Ibn Khaldiin, who ob- tained his information on Roman matters from Orosius, from the Arabic Yosippon (Introd. 3, 1451,

I864) and from al-Makin (XIII-2). A very inter- esting story richly documented and full of implica- tions. G. S.

UPADHYAYA, B. S. India in Kalidasa with a foreword by E. J. Thomas. xvi + 385 p. Alla- habad, Kitabistan, I947.

Reviewed by Daniel H. H. Ingalls, Harvard journal of Asiatic Studies I3, 58I-83, 1950.

WARREN, HENRY CLARKE (I854-99). Visuddhimagga of Buddhaghosachariya. Re- vised by Dharmananda Kosambi. (Harvard Oriental Series, 41). Cambridge, Harvard Uni- versity Press, 1951. $I0.00.

Edition of the Visuddhimagga based on the Sanskrit manuscripts. The late Mr Warren was the founder of the Harvard Oriental Series.

5th CENTURY - second half

DIJKSTERHUIS, E. J. Deux traductions de Proclus. Archives internationales d'histoire des sciences 30, 602-I9, 1951.

Comparing the translations of Proclos' commen- tary on Euclid I by Sch6nberger and Ver Eecke (Isis 40, 256-57).

6th CENTURY - whole and first half

OLIVIERI, ALEXANDER. Aetii Amideni libri Medicinales V-VIII. iii+554 p. (Corpus Medicorum Graecorum, VIII, 2). 1950.

Reviewed by George Sarton, Isis 42, 150-52, 1951.

RICCI, JAMES V. Aetios of Amida: the gynae- cology and obstetrics of the VIth century A.D. Translated from the Latin edition of Cornarius, 1542 and fully annotated. xiii+215

p., frontispiece. Philadelphia: Blakiston, 1950.

Reviewed by George Sarton, Isis 42, 150-52, 1951.

7th CENTURY second half

CROSLEY, A. S. Survey of the 6th century Saxon burial ship. Transactions of the New- comnen Society 23, I09-I6, figs., 1942-43.

Apropos of the Sutton Hoo ship burial (Isis 39, 74); I prefer the dating VII(2). G. S.

RICHMOND, I. A.; CRAWFORD, 0. G. S. The British section of the Ravenna cosmogra- phy. Archaeologia 93, I-50, I5 maps, io pl., London: 1949. Paper read in jan. 1937,

printed in 1949.

8th CENTURY - whole and first half

GERNET, JACQUES. Biographie du maitre Chen-Houei du Ho-Tso (668-760). Contri- bution ia l'histoire de l'Ecole du Dhyana. Journal asiatique 239, 29-68, 195I.

MERRILL, JOHN ERNEST. Of the tractate of John of Damascus on Islam. Muslim World 41, 88-97, 195I.

WATERHOUSE, MARY E. Beowulf in modern English. XiX+129 p. Cambridge, England: Bowes & Bowes, I949.

Reviewed by Stanley Rypins, Speculum 26, 420, '95'.

8th CENTURY - second half

BRUNSCHVIG, ROBERT. Polemiques medi- evales autour du rite de Malik. Al-Andalus IS,

377-435, 1950.

DUCKETT, ELEANOR SHIPLEY. Alcuin, friend of Charlemagne; his world and his work. 349 p. New York: Macmillan, i95i.

A biography of the English scholar Alcuin (c. 735-804), describing the important secular and ecclesiastical role he played in eighth century Anglo- Saxon England and the Frankish realm.

S. S. W.

WALLACH, LUITPOLD. Charlemagne's De litteris colendis and Alcuin. A diplomatic- historical study. Speculum 26, 288-305, I95I.

9th CENTURY - second half

ARBERRY, A. J. Ibn abi'l-Dunya on penitence. Journal of the Royal Asiatic Society 48-63, 1951.

MUNTNER, SUSSMANN. The antiquity of Asaph the physician and the editorship of the earliest Hebrew book of medicine. Bulletin of the History of Medicine 25, 101-3I, 195I,

The author would place Asaph in an earlier period, as early perhaps as the seventh century (as did Venetianer). The correctness of that assumption cannot be proved. It must be admitted, however, that there is no trace of Arabic influence. G. S.

ROSENTHAL, FRANZ. From -Arabic books and manuscripts IV: new fragments of as- Sarakhsi. Journal of the American Oriental Society 71, 135-42, 1951.

10th CENTURY - whole and first half

CORBIN, HENRY. Abui Ya'quib Sijistani, Kashf al-Mahjulb (Le devoilement des choses cachees). Traitle ismaelien du IVe siecle de l'Hegire. Texte persan publie avec une intro- duction. 25+1I5 p. (Bibliothe'que Iranienne, Serie A: Textes I). Paris. Reviewed by H. Ritter, Oriens 4, 191, 1951.

FARABI. Alfarabi, la statistique des sciences: texte etabli, annote et presente par Osman Amine. Y41 p. Le Caire: Dar el-Fikr el-Arabi, 1949.

Reviewed by- Arthur Jeffery, Muslim World 41, 297-99, I951.

LUGAL, NECATI; SAYILI, AYDIN (editors and translators). Farabi's article on vacuum. 36 p. (in Turkish) + i6 p. (in Arabic), fac- simile. (Turk Tarih Kurumu Yayinlarindan XV. seri --- no. I). Ankara: Turk Tarih Kurumu Basimevi, 1951.

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Page 6: Seventy-Eighth Critical Bibliography of the History and Philosophy of Science and of the History of Civilization (To December 1951)

I 2 ioth Century - iitk Century

Edition of an unpublished text of al-Farabi on emptiness (fi-l-khald') of which a thirteenth century MS was discovered in the University of Ankara. The text is discussed in a separate paper by Sayili (see below). This volume includes the Arabic text, an English translation, English and Turkish commen- taries, and a photographic copy of the Ankara MS.

G. S.

SAYILI, AYDIN. Al Farabi's article on al- chemy. Belleten I5, 65-79, I95I (in Turkish, with Arabic text and summary in English). Arabic text of the treatise fi wujiub sina'at al-

kimiya edited on the basis of the two MSS (Berlin and Leiden). No English translation is given, be- cause the reader can avail himself of the German translation by Wiedemann (journal fur praktische Chemie 76, I, 15-122, 1907) and of the partial Latin translation in HIjji Khallfa: Kashf al-zunuin (5, 272-73). As the title suggests: the necessity of the art of alchemy, this treatise is a defense of that art. G. S.

SAYILI, AYDIN. al FarTbi's article on vacuum. Belleten Z5, 123-74, 1951. (in Turkish with summary in English). According to the new text of al-Farabi edited by

Sayili and translated into English (see my note above) his main idea was that vacuum was made impossible because of the natural expansiveness of air and water (that was another way of expressing the horror vacui). Reading such a text makes one understand more keenly how difficult it was to dis- cuss that question before some kind of vacuum had been realized artificially and consciously. It was not simply the reality of vacuum which was involved but also the reality of absolute space. According to al-Farabi, beyond the celestial spheres there was nothing, neither emptiness nor fullness (la khala wa la mala); vacuum was inconceivable, absurd (muhal). Yet, he was inclined to make a distinction between the interpenetration of two bodies and that of a body and space! The author failed to refer to de Waard (1936; Isis 26, 212-15) and Sarton (Introd. 3, 148-50, 1127, passim). G. S.

SAYILI, AYDIN. Farabi ve tefekkiir tarihindeki yeri. BeUeten z5, 64 p., I951 (in Turkish with summary in English). General study of al-Farabi's thought written to

celebrate the Christian millennium of his death. For Muslims, however, that millennium is long passed. Al-Farabi died in 340 H. and the thousand anni- versary of his death occurred in 1340 H = 1921-22.

Of course, the same kind of criticism may be sug- gested by other festivals celebrating Muslim men of science (Introd. 3, 1776). One may celebrate al-Fr5bli, however, at any time, in any year, and Prof. Sayili cannot be blamed for celebrating so well the 103 Ist anniversary of the "Second Teacher's" death. G. S.

STEINEN, WOLFRAM vON DEN. Notker der Dichter und seine geistige Welt. I. Darstel- lungsband, II. Editionsband. 2 vols. Bern: Francke, 1948.

Notker Balbulus, the liturgical poet, died in 9I2

(Introd. 1, 703). He should not be confused with Notker Piperis granum (Peppercorn) the physician, who died in 975, nor with Notker of Liege (X-2), who died in Ioo8, nor with Notker Labeo or Teutonicus (XI-X), who died in io22. All these men were connected with St Gall. G. S.

10th CENTURY - second half

FtYCK, J. W. The Arabic literature on alchemy according to an-Nadim (A.D. 987). A transla- tion of the tenth discourse of The Book of the Catalogue (al-Fihrist) with introduction and commentary. Ambix 4, 8I-I44, I95I.

Translation with commentary of the part of the Fihrist dealing with chemistry. The importance of that text written in 987 by Muhammad ibn Ishaq al-Nadim need not be emphasized here (Isis 41, 123). For general orientation, see E. G. Browne: Literary history of Persia (I, 383-87) and my Introd. (I, 662). G. S.

SILVESTRE, HUBERT. Une copie de la scolie de Gerbert 'a 'arithmetique de Boece. Scrip- torium 3, I33-34, I949-

WILLIAMS, GEORGE HUNTSTON. The Nor- man anonymous of iioo A.D. Toward the identification and evaluation of the so-called anonymous of York. Xiii+236 p. (Harvard Theological Studies, z8). Cambridge, Harvard University Press, 195I.

The Norman anonymous is the quondam "anony- mous of York" and the text ascribed to him or "York tractates" deals with theological questions and with the relationship of Church and State. G. S.

11th CENTURY - whole and first half DUMAITRE, PAULE. Avicenne et ses oeuvres

A la Biblioth6que de la Facult6 de Medecine de Paris. Histoire de la Midecine no. 5, 36-41, ills., I95I.

GOICHON, A. M. La personnalit6 d'Avicenne. Histoire de la Mtdecine no. 5, 43-46, I95I.

GOICHON, AMALIE MARIE. Ibn Sinm (Avicenne). Livre des directives et remarques (Kitaib al- i9drdt wa-l-tanbihat). Traduction avec introduction et notes. 552 p. (Collection d'Oeuvres Arabes de l'UNESCO). Beyrouth: Commission Internationale Pour la Traduction des Chefs d'Oeuvre; Paris: Vrin, I95I.

The importance of Mlle Goichon's studies on Ibn Sina has been explained in Isis (33, 326-29, 1941); the present work increases our debt to her consider- ably. It is a French translation of the book of Indications and warnings based on the Arabic text as edited by Jacques Forget (Leiben I892). That translation which we may be sure has been made with the utmost care will be of great value to stu- dents of Arabic philosophy, because Mlle G. has referred in the footnotes to every corresponding text in Aristotle and Plotinos; there are also many refer- ences to other books of Ibn Sini, such as, the Najat and the Shifa', and the technical terms are always properly defined. The Isharat is a very elaborate treatise divided into two parts: I. Logic, II. Philoso- phy. The second part is subdivided as follows: i. Substance of bodies, 2. Directions of bodies. The four elements. 3. Terrestrial and celestial souls, 4. Being and its causes, 5. Creation, 6. Ends and principles, organization, 7. Abstraction, epistemology, 8. Pleasure and pain, rewards and punishments, 9. Spiritual stages, Io. Secrets and prodigies (signs of sanctity). Arabic and Greek glossaries, index of proper names. Mlle G. has added an introduction which is relatively short (74) but very substantial;

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i i th Century -12th Century I33

she has tried to explain Ibn Sind's philosophical development and concludes that, in spite of Plotinian and other mystical influences, his thought was and remained essentially rationalistic and scientific, but he was a rationalist who understood and loved sainthood. It is not possible to speak at greater length of Mlle G.'s book, for to explain its contents more adequately would require considerable space. My note is simply an ishara and the wisest readers of Isis will not need an additional tanbih. G. S.

GRUNEBAUM, GUSTAVE E. voN. A tenth- century document of Arabic literary theory and criticism. The sections on poetry of al- Baqillani's I'jaz al-Qur'an. Translated and annotated. XXii+I28 p. University of Chicago Press, I950. $5.00.

Al-Bdqillani (for whom see my Introd. I, 706) wrote a famous book called l'jdz al-Qur'dn wherein he discussed the miraculous persuasive strength of the Qur'dn, its matchless literary value. He did in a sense for his sacred book what was done in the abbey of St Victor in Paris by Hugh of St Victor (XII-I) and others for our Bible, which they recognized "as one supreme work of art, as a universal allegory whose linguistic and stylistic uniqueness is owed to its being the sole repository of highest Being, Truth and Beauty. The plastic work of art of the Universe is paralleled on the literary plane by the Bible- both God's masterpieces expressing in hieroglyphs and allegories the secret of the divine essence. So the Bible emerges as the only fully significant work of literature and strictly speaking the only literary creation. No human writer can go beyond medi- tating and interpreting Scripture." Al-Baqillini did not go as far as that, however, but he explained the literary beauty of the Qur'an in his I'jdz some parts of which are translated and fully annotated. He compared the Qur'dn with examples of secular poetry, the mu'allaqdt of Imr'ulqais and the cele- brated poem of al-Buhturi. The author has added a glossary of Arabic rhetorical terms and full indices.

G. S.

HAHN, ANDRE. Apropos du millenaire d'Avicenne. Quelques mots sur la medecine arabe. Histoire de la mldecine no. 5, 32-34, ills., I95I.

HUSAIN IBN 'AL! AL-WAZIR AL-MAGH- RIB! (98I-1027). Sami Dahan, De l'Ethique (K. fl s-siyasa). I. Texte arabe. 140 p. Damas: Institut Frantais de Damas, 1948. Reviewed by H. Ritter, Oriens 4, I76, '95I.

LlVI-PROVEN(AL, E. En relisant le "Collier de la colombe." Al-Andalus Ig, 335-75, 1950.

LlRVI-PROVENCAL, E. Jamharat ansab al- 'Arab li Abi Muhammad 'All b. Saild b. Hazm al-AndalusL. Tahqlq wa ta'llq. Dar al-ma'arif. II, 524, II p. Misr I948.

Reviewed by W. Caskel, Oriens 4, i68-71, 1951.

MINORSKY, V. On some of BTrflnT's inform- ants. al-Biruni Commemoration Volume, 233- 36, Calcutta I95I.

11th CENTURY - second half

ARBERRY, A. J. (editor). The Rub'Tlyat of 'Omar Khayyam, edited from a newly dis- covered manuscript dated 658 (I259-60) in the

possession of A. Chester Beatty, Esq . . . with comparative English versions by Edward Fitz- Gerald, E. H. Winfield and the editor. vii+ I73+7 p., I pl. London: Walker, I949.

Reviewed by C. Rempis, Oriens 4, 127-30, 1951.

KNOWLES, DAVID. The monastic constitu- tions of Lanfranc. I58 p. London: Nelson, I95I.

MILLAS VALLICROSA, JOSlt MARIA. Estu- dios sobre Azarquiel. xii+53I p. (Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Cientificas, Insti- tuto Miguel Asin, Escuelas de Estudios Arabes de Madrid y Granada). Madrid I943-1950.

Reviewed by George Sarton, Isis 42, 152-53, I951.

PLOOIJ, EDWARD BERNARD. Euclid's con- ception of ratio and his definition of propor- tional magnitudes as criticized by Arabian commentators. Including the text in facsimile with translation of the commentary on ratio of Abul 'Abd Allah Muhammad ibn MuTtdh al-Djajj-an. Proefschrift. 7I p., ills. Rotter- dam, van Hengel, I950.

This doctoral thesis of the Leiden University con- tains the Arabic text with English translation of the commentary on Euclid V, first seven definitions, by the qadi Muhammad ibn Mu'idh al-Jayyani of Seville, who wrote a treatise on the solar eclipse of July 1079 (Introd. 2, 342; 3, 434). G. S.

WINTER, H. J. J.; 'ARAFAT, W. The algebra of 'Umar Khayyam. Journal of the Royal Asiatic Society of Bengal, Science, I6, 27-78, I950.

12th CENTURY - whole and first half

HORA, S. L. A Sanskrit work on angling of the early twelfth century. Nature I67, 778, 195I.

Apropos of the Manas5llasa composed in A.D. 1127.

ZETTERSTEEN, K. V. Nashwan ibn Sa'ld al- Himyarl. Shams al-'uluim wa-dawa' kalam al-Iarab min al-kulium. Teil I - Heft I. xvii+ 54+275 (Arabic text) p. Leiden: Brill, 1951.

12th CENTURY - second half

BODENHEIMER, F. S. The biology of Abra- ham ben David Halevi of Toledo. Archives internationales d'histoire des sciences 30, 39- 62, 195I.

CARMODY, FRANCIS J. Regiomontanus' Notes on al-Bitrfiji's astronomy. Isis 42, I2I-

30, I95I1

GATEAU, ALBERT (t). Quelques observations sur l'interet du voyage d'Ibn Jubayr pour l'histoire de la navigation en Mediterranee au XIIe xiecle. Hespiris 36, 289-3 I2, I949.

HEMACANDRA, ACARYA SRI. TrisaFtisald- kapurusacaritra. Vol. III. Books IV and V. Translated into English by Helen M. Johnson. xxviii+394 p. (Gaekwad's Oriental Series, Io8.) Baroda: Oriental Institute, I949.

Reviewed by M. B. Emeneau, Journal of the

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Page 8: Seventy-Eighth Critical Bibliography of the History and Philosophy of Science and of the History of Civilization (To December 1951)

I34 12th Century - I4th Century

American Oriental Society 71, I57, 1951. See Introd. (2, 473).

JONES, THOMAS. Gerald the Welshman's "Itinerary through Wales" and "Description of Wales." Aberystwyth: National Library of Wales Journal 6, nos. 2 and 3, I950.

[MAIMONIDES]. The code of Maimonides. Book twelve. The book of acquisition. Trans- lated from the Hebrew by Isaac Klein. ix+ 335 p. (Yale Judaica Series, 5.) New Haven: Yale University Press, 195I. $5.00. Previous parts of this English translation of the

Code have already been reviewed. XIII. The book of civil laws (I949; Isis 41, 6i), XIV. The book of judges (1949; Isis 41, 337), IX. The book of offer- ings (1950; Isis 42, 315). The present volume, XII. The book of acquisition, deals with sales, original acquisition and gifts, neighbors, agents and partners, slaves. This last part (slavery) covers 38 pages. We are given in this Code, written by one of the wisest men of the Middle Ages, a large amount of information concerning the manners and customs, the social and economic life of his time. G. S.

SAtROUYA, HENRI. Maimonide. I52 p. Paris: Presses Universitaires, 195I.

13th CENTURY - whole and first half

MARTIN, H. DESMOND. The rise of Chingis Khan and his conquest of North China. Intro- duction by Owen Lattimore. Edited by Eleanor Lattimore. xvii+36o p. Baltimore: Johns Hopkins Press, I950.

Reviewed by Woodbridge Bingham, American Historical Review 56, 895-97, 1951.

PELLIOT, PAUL; HAMBIS, LOUIS. Histoire des campagnes de Gengis Khan. Cheng-wou ts'in-tscheng lou. Traduit et annote. xxviii- 485 p., ill. Leiden: Brill, I95I.

WALSH, M. N. Roland of Parma. Proceedings of the Staff Meetings of the Mayo Clinic 13, 476-69, I938.

13th CENTURY - second half

CROWLEY, THEODORE. Roger Bacon: the problem of the soul in his philosophical com- mentaries. 223 p. Louvain: Nauwelaerts, I950.

FITZNEAL, RICHARD. Richard son of Nigel: Dialogus de scaccario (The course of the exchequer). Translated from the Latin with introduction and notes by Charles Johnson. I44 p. London: Nelson's Medieval Classics, I95I.

LOFGREN, OSCAR. Ibn al-Mujawir. De- scriptio Arabiae meridionalis Ta'rikh al- mustabair. Part I., xii+i6o (Arabic text). (Publications of the Stichting De Goeje, 13, r.) Leiden: Brill, 195I.

NICHOLSON, REYNOLD A. Rumi, poet and mystic (I207-I273). I90 p. (Ethical and Religious Classics of East and West, no. I.)

New York: Macmillan, 1950.

Biography of Jalal al-din Muhammad al-Ruim;, the greatest Siifi poet of Persia.

POLO, MARCO. Itinerarium. Antverpiae, I485.

Facsimile reproduction edited by Shinobu Iwamura. I48 p. With appendix: Manuscripts and printed editions of Marco Polo's travels. By Shinobu Iwamura. 24 p. Tokyo: National Diet Library, I949.

Reviewed by Leonardo Olschki, journal of the American Oriental Society 71, 158-59, 1951.

WINTER, H. J.; 'ARAFAT, W. A statement on optical reflection and "refraction" attributed to N4ir ud-Din at-Tflsi. Isis 42, I38-42, 3 figs., I95I.

14th CENTURY - whole and first half

BELLONI, LUIGI. Gli schemi anatomici tre- centeschi (serie dei cinque sistemi e occhio) del codice trivulziano 836. Rivista di storia delle scienze, anno 4I, I93-207, figs., I950.

CLEAVES, FRANCIS WOODMAN. The Sino- Mongolian inscription of I338 in memory of Jiguntei. Harvard Journal of Asiatic Studies 14, I-I04, 32 plS., I95I.

FRANKE, HERBERT. Some sinological re- marks on Rashid ad-din's History of China. Oriens 4, 2I-26, 195I.

On Rashid al-din, see Introd. (3, 969-76).

JAHN, K. Histoire universelle de Rashid al-din Fadl Allah abull-Khair. I. Histoire des Francs. Texte persan avec traduction et annotations. Viii+75+75 p. (Orientalia Rheno-Traiectina, 5.) Leiden: Brill, I951.

MAIER, ANNELIESE. Die Vorliiufer Galileis im I4. Jahrhundert. Studien zur Naturphi- losophie der Spadtscholastik. 307 p. Rome: Storia e Letteratura, 1949.

Reviewed by Alexandre Koyre, Archives inter- nationales d'histoire des sciences 30, 769-83, I95I.

MONNERET DE VILLARD, UGO. Liber peregrinationis di Jacopo da Verona. xxxi+ 240 p. (II nuovo Ramusio, Raccolta di Viaggi, Testi e Documenti relativi ai rapporti fra l'Europa et l'Oriente a cura dell' Istituto Italiano per il Medio ed Estremo Oriente, I.) Rome: Libreria dello Stato, 1950.

SARTON, GEORGE. Introduction to the His- tory of Science. Volume III. Science and learning in the fourteenth century. xxxvi+ ioi8 p.; xiv+1138 p. (Carnegie Institution, publication no. 376.) Baltimore: Williams & Wilkins, I948.

Reviewed by Ilse Rosenthal-Schneider, Australian journal of Science 13, I25-30, I95I; by Quido Vetter, Chemicky obzor 25, I89-90, Prague, Dec. I950; by Aloysius K. Ziegler, Catholic Historical Re- view, 50-52, I951; by Eduard Fueter, Hesperia, no. 5, I08-09, Zurich I95I; by Michael Stephanides in Hellenike Demiourgia 76, 537-38, Athens I95I;

by P. Huard, Sud Est Asiatique, 52-6I, Saigon, Janv. Ig5I; by J. Filliozat, journal asiatique 238, 442-43,

1950.

SARTON, GEORGE. Query no. I3I. Artificial

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I4th Century - I5th Century I35 insemination at the beginning of the fourteenth century? Isis 42, 47, I95I.

WEISS, ROBERT. I1 primo secolo dell'umane- simo. Roma: Studi e Testi, I949.

Reviewed by Myron P. Gilmore, Speculum 26, 454-56, 195I.

WHITTING, C. E. J. al-Fakhri: on the systems of government and the Moslem dynasties, com- posed by Muhammed son of Ali son of Taba- taba . .. Translated by C. E. J. Whitting. viii+326 p. London: Luzac, I947.

Reviewed by Walter J. Fischel, Journal of the American Oriental Society 71, 154. For the Fakhri written by Ibn al-Tiqtaqa, see Introd. (3, 967).

ZINNER, ERNST. Magister Alard von Diest und die Pariser Beobachtungen von I3I2-I5.

Isis 42, 38-40, I95I.

14th CENTURY - second half BENNETT, H. S. Chaucer and the fifteenth

century. viii+326 p. (Oxford History of Lit- erature, II, i). Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1947.

CAPPELLINI, ICILIO. Date importanti per la biografia di Maestro Tommaso del Garbo e per gli inizi dell'insegnamento medico nello Studio Fiorentino desunte da codici del Fondo Vati- cano latino. Rivista di storia delle scienze, anno. 4I, 2I2-I8, 1950.

FARRUKH, OMAR A. Ibn Khalduin and his Prolegomena. 2nd ed. (in Arabic). Beiruit: Mutaibi u-1-istiqlal, I 95I .

FIORENTINO, GIULIANA. The general prob- lems of the Judeo-Romance in the light of the Maqre dardeqe. Jewish Quarterly Review 42,

57-77, '95I. Apropos of the Maqre dardeqe, see Introd. (3,

I 825). G. S.

FISCHEL, WALTER J. Ibn Khalduin's activities in Mamlfik Egypt (I382-I406). On the basis of a newly found manuscript of his complete "autobiography." Semitic and Oriental Studies presented to William Popper, I03-24, Berkeley, Calif., I95I.

GRATTAN, J. H. G. The critical edition of Piers Plowman: its present status. Speculum. 26, 582-83, I95I.

LEWICKI, MARIAN. La langue mongole des transcriptions chinoises du XIVe siecle. Le Houa-yi yi-yu de I389. Edition critique pre- cedee des observations philologiques et accom- pagnee de la reproduction phototypique du texte. 228 p. (Travaux de la Socie'te' des Sci- ences et des Lettres de Wroclaw, ser. A., nr. 29). Wroclaw, 1949.

Reviewed by N. Poppe, Journal of the Amenican Oriental Society 71, I87-92, I95I.

McPEEK, JAMES A. S. Chaucer and the Gol- iards. SpeculUm 26, 332-36, I95I.

MOLTKE, ERIK. The Kensington Stone. An- tiquity 25, 87-93, I p1., I95I.

The Kensington inscription of I362 is a forgery. I much regret having spoken of it with too much indulgence in Introd. (3, I6Io, II55). The author concludes: "How these remarkable coincidences are to be explained is naturally difficult to say. But it must be admitted that the consensus of opinion among Scandinavian scientists is that if there was in America at the end of the last century a Scandi- navian with no training in philology but who had dabbled a little in books on popular science, and if he had had the idea of making a runic inscription, then that inscription would take on the same appear- ance as the one on the Kensington Stone."

RENAUD, H. P. J. Deux ouvrages perdus d'Ibn al-Khatib identifies dans des manuscrits de Fes. Hespe'ris 33, 2I3-25, I946.

Apropos of the great Hispano Muslim scholar, Ibn al-Khatib (Introd. 3, I762-64).

RENAUD, H. P. J. Un medecin du royaume de Grenade, Muhammad as-Saquri. Hesperis 33, 3I-64, I946.

Very elaborate information concerning the physi- cian, Muhammad ibn 'All al-Shaqiiri, too briefly dealt with in my Introd. (3, I72I). G. S.

THALBITZER, WILLIAM. Two runic stones, from Greenland and Minnesota. 7I p., 7 figs. (Smithsonian Miscellaneous Collections, ii6, 3). Washington, D. C., Smithsonian Institu- tion, 195I.

The Kensington stone dated I362 was discussed in my Introd. (3, I609-I3), and I concluded hesi- tatingly that it might be genuine. Thalbitzer has approached that moot question in a new and original way, comparing the Kensington inscription with an earlier one, the Kingigtorssuaq dated c. I300, found near Upernavit, NW Greenland. He is inclined to believe that the Kensington inscription is as genuine as the Greenland one with which it has many points in common. "Both stones are connected with a dangerous expedition of discovery via South Green- land to Ultima Thule, or to Vinland, with the ex- plorers in a fateful situation. Both are among the most dramatic runic inscriptions ever known." Elaborate bibliography. For a different appreciation of the Kensington inscription, see S. N. Hagen in Speculum (25, 32I-56; Isis 42, 319); Hagen is convinced that it is a late forgery. G. S.

15th CENTURY whole and first half

HOFFMANN, ERNST. Nicolaus von Cues. Zwei Vortrage. 8o p., i pl. Heidelberg: Kerle, I 940.

KENNEDY, E. S. A fifteenth century lunar eclipse computer. Scripta Mathematica 17,

9I-97, 4 figs., I95I.

"This note describes the approximate solution of an astronomical problem by means of an instrument called the Plate of Zones (Tabaq al-manateq) and invented by the Iranian mathematician and astrono- mer Jamshid Ghiath ed-din al-Kashl." (Died, not in I449, but on 22 June I429.)

KENNEDY, E. S. An Islamic computer for planetary latitudes. Journal of the American Oriental Society 7I, I3-2I, 4 figs., I95I.

"The paper describes an elegant mechanical metkod of computing latitudes based on the Ptolemaic theory and parameters. The device used

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i36 Isth Century - i6th Century

is called the 'Plate of Zones' (Tabaq al-manatiq), and is an invention of the Iranian astronomer and mathematician Jamshid GhTith ed-Din al-Kashi. Applications of the same instrument to the solution of other astronomical problems are discussed else- where. The material here presented can be read without reference to these papers, but it is assumed that the reader is familiar with the main concepts of the Ptolemaic planetary system."

15th CENTURY second half

BAGROW, LEO. Essay of a catalogue of map- incunabula. Imago Mundi 7, I06-09, pls., I95I.

BAGROW, LEO. Rust's and Sporer's world maps. Imago Mundi 7, 32-36, map, '95I.

BENIVIENI, ANTONIO (I443-I502). De re- gimine sanitatis ad Laurentium Medicem. Edito da Luigi Belloni. 53 p., 8 pls. Torino, Societ'a Italiana di Patologia, I95I.

First edition of the Regimen which Benivieni wrote for his patron, Lorenzo the Magnificent, in or before 1487. The editor, Dr Luigi Belloni of Milano, has used chiefly the MS of San Marco (Cod. Marc. Lat VII 29), adding a few corrections taken from a Vatican MS; 6 pages of the Marcianus are reproduced in facsimile. Benivieni was an illustrious physician of Florence well acquainted not only with the Medici family but also with such men as Angiolo Poliziano, Marsilio Ficino, Guicciardini. He was one of the leaders of the medical revival, one of the founders of pathological anatomy. The Regimen is divided into two books and 14 chapters as follows: Book I I. Principles, 2. Digestion, 3. Troubles, 4. Childhood, 5. Boyhood. Book II. I. Air, 2. Food, 3. Drink, 4. Exercise, 5. Sleep and awakeness, 6. Hunger and surfeit, 7. Mental troubles (accidentia animi), 8 Sexual intercourse, 9. Old age. Lorenzo for whom this Regimen was written died in I492 at the age of 43. G. S.

BORCHARDT, D. H. Some aspects of the his- tory of early printing and the advancement of learning. New Zealand Libraries 14, II p., I95I.

CARACI, GIUSEPPE. An unknown nautical chart of Grazioso Benincasa, I468. Imago Mundi 7, I8-3I, map, 5 figs., I95I.

CLEAVES, FRANCIS WOODMAN. The Sino- Mongolian edict of I453 in the Topkapi Sarayi Miizesi. Harvard Journal of Asiatic Studies I3,

43 I-46, 8 pls., I950.

CODAZZI, A. Two Italian copies of Ptolemy's Cosmography, Bologna, I477. Imago Mundi 7, I7, I951.

KEELE, K. D. Leonardo da Vinci, and the movement of the heart. Proceedings of the Royal Society of Medicine, Sec. History 44, 209-I3, ills., I95I.

LEHMANN-HAUPT, HELLMUT. Peter Schoef- fer of Gernsheim and Mainz, with a list of his surviving books and broadsides. Xvi+146 p. (The Printers' Valhalla, 4). Rochester, N. Y., Leo H. Hart, I950.

Reviewed by Henry M. Silver, Speculum 26, 5i8- I9, 1951.

LEONARDO DA VINCI. An exhibition of his

scientific achievements. Arranged by Panold Masters. Introduction by L. H. Heydenreich. 39 p. Los Angeles: Ward Ritchie Press, I949.

In connection with the 5ooth anniversary of the birth of Leonardo da Vinci (I452-1519), the Inter- national Business Machines Corporation has reprinted this interesting catalog in order to accompany ex- hibits of models of Leonardo's inventions. These models were built by Roberto A. Guatelli for "An exhibition of the scientific achievements of Leonardo da Vinci," arranged by the New York Museum of Science and Industry in I940. The models were destroyed in Japan during World War I, and have recently been rebuilt by Mr Guatelli. The catalog was first prepared for an exhibit at the Los Angeles County Museum in I949. Doctor Heydenreich's introduction includes a general discussion of Leo- nardo as a scientist, and a brief account of Leonardo's life and work. The catalog is arranged in ten sections dealing with mathematics, mechanics, archi- tecture, warfare, botany, anatomy, geology, hy- draulics, aerology, and cosmologic visions. The il- lustrations include reproductions of the drawings of Leonardo, together with photographs of Guatelli models. Much of the data was obtained from the Elmer Belt Library of Vinciana in Los Angeles.

C. D. L.

MIELI, ALDO. Panorama general de historia de la ciencia. IV. Lionardo da Vinci, sabio. xv+ 223 p., 79 figs. Buenos Aires, Espasa-Calpe, I95o. Arg. $I3.00.

Though the third volume of Mieli's Panorama included a chapter on Leonardo (p. 182-89), he considered rightly that this greatest of all heroes of the Italian Renaissance deserved to be treated sepa- rately in a book devoted exclusively to his gigantic personality. The book is well illustrated and covers every aspect of Leonardo's genius in I8 chapters.

G. S.

MtONSTER, LADISLAO. Studi e ricerche su Gabriele Zerbi. Nota I. Nuovi contributi biografici, la sua figura morale. Rivista di storia delle scienze anno 4I, 64-83, I ill., I950.

NIKITINE, A. Voyage au del'a des Trois Mers, I466-I472. 227 p., II pls., 5 maps. Leningrad: I948 (in Russian). Reviewed by B. Nikitine, journal asiatique 239,

8I-82, I95I.

SCHULLIAN, DOROTHY M. Addenda on Pe- trus de Montagnana. Journal of the History of Medicine 6, 408-09, I95I.

THIIS, JENS. Leonardo da Vinci. Ny utgave med tillegg av senere studier ved Ragna Thiis og Nic. Stang. Folio, xxviii+322 p., ill. Oslo: Gyldendal Norsk Forleg, I949.

THORNDIKE, LYNN. Sexagenarium. Isis 42,

130-33, I95I.

16th CENTURY - whole and first half

B. Physical Sciences and Technology

FRANQON, MARCEL. Note sur Rabelais et le nombre d'or. Isis 42, 242, I951.

PEUCKERT, WILL-ERICH. Nikolaus Koperni- kus, der die Erde kreisen liess. 352 p. Leipzig: List, I943.

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16th Century '37

A lively account of the externals of Copernicus' career, this book is not particularly distinguished for its grasp of his scientific thought. It was evi- dently intended for laymen who had already suc- cumbed to the official German philosophy of 1943. But readers less responsive to its strenuous insistence on purity of blood, and to its strident paeans of praise for Germans who attempted to conquer the East, will perforce contemplate the present con- sequences of that philosophy, ruinous no less for Germany than for her neighbors. The author pro- fesses to see in Copernicus such a would-be con- queror, despite the astronomer's staunch military resistance to the aggressions of the Teutonic Knights.

E. R.

SISCO, ANNELIESE GRUNHALDT; SMITH, CYRIL STANLEY (translators). Bergwerk- und Probierbiichlein. A translation from the German of the Bergbiichlein, a sixteenth-cen- tury book on mining geology, by Anneliese Grunhaldt Sisco, and of the Probierbikhlein, a sixteenth-century book on assaying, by Anne- liese Griinhaldt Sisco and Cyril Stanley Smith, with technical annotations and historical notes. I96 p., 43 ills. New York: American Institute of Mining and Metallurgical Engineers, I949.

Reviewed by I. Bernard Cohen, Isis 42, 54-56, 195I.

C. Natural Sciences

AITON, ARTHUR S. The impact of the flora and fauna of the New World upon the Old World during the sixteenth century. Biologia 2, 121-25, I95I1

ALMAGIA, ROBERTO. The atlas of Pietro Coppo, 1520. Imago Mundi 7, 48-50, pl., I95I.

BEANS, GEORGE H. A map contract of the year 1534. Imago Mundi 7, 89-92, I pl., figs., 1951.

KEUNING, JOHANNES. Cornelis Anthonisz. Imago Mundi 7, 5i-65, pI., 1951.

LANG, WILHELM. The Augsburg travel guide of I563 and the Erlinger road map of I524.

Imago Mundi 7, 85-88, 2 pls., 195I.

POHL, FREDERICK J. The Pesaro map, I505 Imago Mundi 7, 82-83, pL, I95I.

REPARAZ, G. DE. Les pr6curseurs de la car- tographie terrestre. Archives internationales d'histoire des sciences 30, 73-84, I fig., 1951.

D. Medical Sciences BAINTON, ROLAND H. Michael Servetus and

the pulmonary transit of the blood. (The Field- ing H. Garrison Lecture). Bulletin of the His- tory of Medicine 25, I-7, 195I.

CASTIGLIONI, ARTURO. Gerolamo Fracastoro e la dottrina del contagium vivum. Gesnerus 8, 52-65, 195I.

DUMAITRE, PAULE. Un chevalier- de Marig- nan. Histoire de la Mddecine x, no. 3, 7-14,

I95I.

Apropos of Symphorien Champier.

MARIOTTI, MAURIZIO. Identita terapeutiche di oggi e di ieri nel pensiero e negli scritti di Pietro Andrea Matthioli. (A proposito dell'- azione astrigente della farina di Caruba). Ri- vista di storia delle scienze anno 40, 143-45,

1949.

MAUER, EDGAR F.; STEINITZ, KATE; ARCHER, MARGOT. Vesaliana in Los An- geles. Check list and introduction to the Bar- low Society Annual Dock Lecture. Annals of Western Medicine and Surgery i88-io, March I95'.

MILT, BERNHARD. Prognostikation auf 24

zukiinftige Jahre von Theophrastus Paracelsus und ein zeitgen6ssischer Deutungsversuch. Gesnerus 8, I38-53, I95I.

O'MALLEY, CHARLES D. The life and time of Andreas Vesalius. Annals of Western Medi- cine and Surgery I9I-98, ills., March I19I.

PACHTER, HENRY M. Paracelsus. Magic into science. xii+360 p., ii iUs. New York: Schu- man, 1951.

Reviewed by Walter Pagel, Isis 42, 244-46, 1951.

PARACELSUS. Selected writings. Edited with introduction by Jolande Jacobi. Translated by Norbert Guterman. 348 p. London: Routledge I951. 25 S.

PELLEGRINI, FRANCESCO. Due lettere ine- dite di Fracastoro intorno alle cause dei giorni critici. (dal Codice CCLXXV-I della Biblio- teca capitolare di Verona). Rivista di Storia deUe scienze, anno 40, 4-I8, I949.

PELLEGRINI, FRANCESCO. Fracastoro. I87 p. (CoUana di Vite di Medici e Naturalisti celebri, 3). Trieste, Zigiotti, I948.

General study of Fracastoro divided into six parts: biography, the physician, the naturalist, the philoso- pher, the poet, bibliography. No index. This is the third volume in the elegant collection of biographies of physicians and naturalists directed by our friend, Andrea Corsini. Other volumes deal with Borelli, Assalini, Ramazzini, Malpighi, and Asclepiades.

G. S.

PELLEGRINI, FRANCESCO. La dottrina fracastoriana del "contagium vivum." Origini e primi sviluppi tratti da autografi inediti con- servati nella biblioteca capitolare di Verona. go p. Verona I940.

Reviewed by A. Corsini, Rivista di storia delle scienze annO 41, 229, 1950.

SALZMANN, CHARLES. Francesco Camuzios consilium uber das Steinleiden. Gesnerus 8, I68-76, I95I.

SAUNDERS, J. B. DEC. M.; O'MALLEY, CHARLES D. The illustrations from the works of Andreas Vesalius of Brussels. 252 p. Cleve- land: World Publishing Co., I9g50.

Reviewed by M. F. Ashley Montagu, Isis 42, 53, I951.

VESALIUS, ANDREAS. Das epitome ofte Cort Begriip der anatomien. Vit het latijn in

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Page 12: Seventy-Eighth Critical Bibliography of the History and Philosophy of Science and of the History of Civilization (To December 1951)

i6th Century nederduudsch naer den oprechten zinne ouer- ghestelt, door Jan Wouters. Facsimile edition. xvi+io7 p. (Kon. Vlaamse Academie voor Geneeskunde van Belgie). Brussels, 1947.

WICKERSHEIMER, ERNEST. Les Honoraires d'un chirurgien de la Haute-Alsace en I536. Gesnerus 8, I90-94, 1951.

E. Alia

DE VOCHT, HENRY. Acta Thomae Mori. History of the reports of his trial and death. With an unedited contemporary narrative. 228 p. Louvain: Publications of the Institute for Economics of the University, I947.

"The present volume introduces to the knowledge of the historians of Thomas More's life, a narrative of his trial and death which was translated from an English report into Latin a few weeks after the sad event occurred." St Thomas More was beheaded on Tower Hill on 6 July I535. It is astonishing how quickly the news of his execution was spread all over Catholic Europe. Accounts written in English and Latin were promptly translated into many lan- guages; some accounts were censored and corrected by servants of Henry VIII. The author suggests that the Expositio fidelis was probably edited by Erasmus, Thomas' alter ego yet friendly with the English rulers. G. S.

DE VOCHT, HENRY. Jerome de Busleyden, founder of the Louvain Collegium trilingue. His life and writings. Edited for the first time in their entirety from the original manuscript. ix+512 p. (Hvmanistica Lovaniensia, 9). Tumhout, Brepols Press, I950.

Trilingual colleges were established in the six- teenth century in many places (Introd. 3, 1325) to teach the three sacred languages, Latin, Greek and Hebrew. The Collegium trilingue of Louvain was inaugurated in 1520, thanks to the generosity of Jerome de Busleyden who bequeathed the necessary endowment. Jerome derived his family name from the place1 Busleyden, within the Bastogne provostry; he was born in Arlon c. 1470, studied in Louvain, Orleans, Padova, died in Bordeaux in I517. The present volume contains a very elaborate biography of him and an account of his writings. These in- clude carmina, orationes, epistolae. He was a friend of Erasmus and Thomas More, and was himself a very distinguished humanist. The author is planning to write a History of the Trilingue lovaniense 15I7-50- G. S. ERASMUS. Een betoog over de lof van de

geneeskunde, door Desiderius Erasmus van Rotterdam. Vertaald door L. Elaut, naar de oorspronkelijke uitgave Encomium artis me- dicae. Basel: Joannes Froben, anno MDXVIII. Antwerp: Standaard-Boekhandel, i950.

GORDON, HIRSCH LOEB. The Maggid of Caro. The mystic life of the eminent codifier Joseph Caro as revealed in his secret diary. Based on unpublished manuscripts. 396 p., i82 ills. New York: Pardes Pub. House, 1949.

Reviewed by Jacob Shatzky, journal of the History of Medicine 6, 130-32, 195I.

HANKE, LEWIS. Bartolom6 de La Casas: an

interpretation of his life and writings. I02 p.

The Hague: Nijhoff, I95I.

Reviewed by Arthur S. Aiton, American Historical Review 56, 1009, I951.

KUKENHEIM, LOUIS. Contributions a l'his- toire de la grammaire grecque, latine et he- bra;que a 1e'poque de la Renaissance. x+143

p. Leiden: Brill, 1951.

SALOMON, RICHARD. A trace of Duirer in Rabelais. Modern Language Notes 58, 498-501, 1943-

Apropos of Diurer's rhinoceros.

VALLESE, GIULIO (editor). LIapoteosi di Reuchlin (apotheosis Capnionis) di Erasmo da Rotterdam. Saggio introduttivo ai Colloqui, testo e traduzione. 143 p. Naples: Pironti, I949.

Reviewed by Elio Gianturco, American Historical Review 56, 867-68, i95I.

WALSH, M. N. Medical printers of the Renais- sance. Proceedings of the Staff Meetings of the Mayo Clinic I4, 582-87, 2 figs., I939.

16th CENTURY - second half

A. Mathematics

PATTERSON, LOUISE DIEHL. Leonard and Thomas Digges. Biographical notes. Isis 42,

I20-2I, I95I.

PATTERSON, LOUISE DIEHL. Recorde's cos- mography, I556. Isis 42, 208-I8, 2 figs., I951.

B. Physical Sciences and Technology HOOVER, HERBERT CLARK; HOOVER,

LOU HENRY (translators). Georgius Agri- cola, De re metallica, translated from the first Latin edition of 1556, with biographical intro- duction, annotations and appendices upon the development of mining methods, metallurgical processes, geology, mineralogy & mining law from the earliest times to the i6th century. xxxi + 693 p., 289 ills. New York: Dover Publications, i950.

Reviewed by I. Bernard Cohen, Isi 42, 54-56, 1951.

MORGAN, F. C. Prices of iron and steel in I578. Transactions of the Newcomen Society 23, I3I-32, I942-43.

PISEK, MONT. FR. Un manuscrit en langue tchieque provenant de la seconde moitie du XVIe siecle sur Part de la fonderie. Techniques et Civilisations 2, II-20, 2I figs., I95I.

C. Natural Science

GALLO, RODOLFO. Gioan Francesco Camocio and his large map of Europe. Imago Mundi 7, 93-I02, I951.

[Hill, Thomas]. Violet Trovillon and W. Hale: First garden book, being a faithfull reprint of "A most briefe and pleasant treatise, teaching

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Page 13: Seventy-Eighth Critical Bibliography of the History and Philosophy of Science and of the History of Civilization (To December 1951)

i6th Century - 7th Century I39

howe to dress, sowe and set a garden, by Thomas Hill, Londyner, 1563." i00 p., port., figs. Herrin, Ill.: Trovillon Private Press, I946.

HORN, WERNER. Sebastian Miinster's map of Prussia and the variants of it. Imago Mundi 7, 67-73, I95I.

REPARAZ RUIZ, GONZALO DE. The topo- graphical maps of Portugal and Spain in the i6th century. Imago Mundi 7, 75-82, 2 pIS., I95I.

SKELTON, R. A. Bishop Leslie's maps of Scot- land, I578. Imago Mundi 7, I03-o6, pl., I95I.

WINTER, HEINRICH. A late portolan chart at Madrid and late portolan charts in general. Imago Mundi 7, 37-46, I95I.

WRIGHT, IRENE A. Further English voyages to Spanish America, I583-94. Documents from the Archives of the Indies at Seville illustrating English voyages to the Caribbean, the Spanish Main, Florida and Virginia. xciv+3I4 p. (Sec- ond series no. 99). London: Hakluyt Society, 195I.

D. Medical Sciences

CRUTTWELL, PATRICK. Physiology and psy- chology in Shakespeare's age. Journal of the History of Ideas 12, 75-89,- I95I.

GNUDI,: MARTHA TEACH; WEBSTER, JE- ROME PIERCE. The life and times of Gas- pare Tagliacozzi, surgeon of Bologna, I545-

I599, with a documented study of the scientific and cultural life of Bologna in the sixteenth century. xxii+538 p., 77 figs. New York: Reichern, I950.

Reviewed by J. B. deC. M. Saunders, Isis 42, 246- 47, 1951.

OLIVIER, EUGfNE. Sur Guillaume Fabri de Hilden, sa famille et sa femme, quelques ren- seignements nouveaux. Gesnerus 8, 154-63, I95I.

SCHULLIAN, DOROTHY M. New documents on Volcher Coiter. Journal of the History of Medicine 6, I76-94, 8 pls., I95I.

E. Alia

BANCROFT, RICHARD. The opinions and dealings of the precisians and the heresies of the Brownists. (I584). Edited from the MS in St John's College, Cambridge, by the late Al- bert Peel. I88 p. Cambridge University Press, I95I.

LAPP, JOHN C. The universe of Pontus de Tyard. A critical edition of PUnivers, with in- troduction and notes. Ixa20I p. Ithaca, N.Y.: Cornell University Press, I950.

Reviewed by Harcourt Brown, Isis 42, 53-54, '951. MONTAIGNE. Trois essais de Montaigne (i, 39;

ii, I; iii, 2) expliques par Georges Gougenheim et Pierre-Maxime Schuhl. xvi+ I47 p. (Biblio-

theque des Textes Philosophiques). Paris: Vrin, I95I.

"Nous donnons dans ce livre un echantillon d'un commentaire general de Montaigne. Ce commentaire veut surtout aider le lecteur a saisir le sens exact et la structure du texte.". . . "Nous avons choisi d'expliquer, non des fragments mais des chapitres entiers, ce qui permet de mieux suivre la demarche de Montaigne et le jeu de sa pensee. Chaque livre des Essais est represente ici par un chapitre. Le lien de l'ensemble reside dans la preoccupation d'ex- aminer le probleme de l'unite de l'homme considere surtout dans ses rapports avec celui de la retraite, que Charles Quint avait pose a son siecle par son abdication, et que Montaigne resolut pour son compte en s'enfermant dans sa 'librairie.'"

PAGEL, WALTER. Giordano Bruno: the phi- losophy of circles and the circular movement of the blood. Journal of the History of Medi- cine 6, II6-24, 5 figs., I95I.

(RICCI, MATTEO). Fonti Ricciane. Docu- menti originali concernenti Matteo Ricci e la storia delle prime relazioni tra l'Europa e la Cina (1579-i615). Editi e commentati da Pasquale M. D'Elia, S.J. 3 vols., ill. Rome: Libreria dello Stato, I942-9.

Reviewed by C. R. Boxer, Journal of the Royal Asiatic Society 110-II, 195I.

SARPI, FRA PAOLO (I552-I623). Scritti filo- sofici e teologici editi e inediti, a cura di Ro- mano Amerio. I83 p. Bari: Laterza, i9g5i.

The main part of the book is entitled Pensieri naturali, metafisici e matematici (p. I-I20), 595 items, all in Italian. It would be worthwhile to determine their scientific contents and to assess their scientific value. G. S.

SINGER, DOROTHEA WALEY. Giordano Bruno, his life and thought. On the infinite universe and worlds. 384 p. New York: Schu- man, I950.

Reviewed by Mark Graubard, Isis 42, 247-48, 1951.

tNVER, A. SUHEIL. Miizehhib Karamemi. His life and works. 27 p. (in Turkish with summary in English). T. C. Istanbul tUniver- sitesi Yayinlari, 490, I95I. I45 kuru~. Elegant publication beautifully illustrated, devoted

to Karamemi (Kara Mehmed), who was the out- standing Turkish decorator during the rule of Suleyman the Magnificent (ruled I520-66). Kara- memi's masterpiece, completed in I565, was the decoration of a copy of the Divan, a collection of poems written by the Sultan himself. He was then appointed chief decorator for the Sultan's palace.

G. S.

17th CENTURY - whole and first half

A. Mathematics

ALQUIt, FERDINAND. La decouverte meta- physique de rhomme chez Descartes. 384 p. Paris: Presses Universitaires de France, I9g0.

SAUVENIER-GOFFIN, ELISABETH. Les ma- nuscrits de Gr6goire de Saint-Vincent, I et II.

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Page 14: Seventy-Eighth Critical Bibliography of the History and Philosophy of Science and of the History of Civilization (To December 1951)

I40 I7tk Century Bull. de la Soc. r. des Sci. de Liege 20, 4I3-26;

427-36, 2 figs., I95I.

TATON, REN19. Decouverte d'un exemplaire original du "Brouillon project" sur les coniques de Desargues. Revue d'Histoire des Sciences 4, I76-8I, I95I.

TATON, RENt. Documents nouveaux concer- nant Desargues. Archives internationales d'histoire des sciences 30, 620-30, 9 figs., I95I.

B. Physical Sciences and Technology

GASSENDI, PIERRE (,592-i655). Tycho Brahe. Mannen och verket. Efter Gassendi oversatt med kommentar av Wilhelm Norlind. xxxi+364 p., ills. Lund: C. W. K. Gleerup, I95I.

Swedish translation with abundant notes of the Latin biography of Brahe which Gassendi published in the last year of his life together with his biogra- phies of Copernicus, Peurbach and Regiomontanus, Tychonis Brahei. . . vita (Paris I654; reprinted in The Hague I655). It is regrettable by the way that the Latin text was not reprinted in the Opera omnia of Brahe to which J. L. E. Dreyer devoted the end of his life (I5 vols., Copenhagen I913-29). The last two volumes which appeared after Dreyer's death, contained Epistolae et acta ad vitam Tychonis Brahe pertinentia (vol. I4, I928) and the index (vol. I5, i926). Vol. 14 might have included Gassendi's biography. A new edition of the Latin text would have been of greater service to historians of science than the Swedish translation, for it must be admitted that more historians are able to read Latin than Swedish; Brahe's fame belongs to the whole world and the great majority of his friends live outside Sweden. Nevertheless, we should be grateful to Dr Norlind for his book which was prepared with considerable care and is beautifully printed. It reminded me of the fact that when an elaborate biography of Gassendi himself is finally published, it ought to include a chapter on Gassendi as a historian of science; he was one of our pioneers. In his preface to the Opera omnia, Dreyer sum- marized Gassendi's position as follows (vol. i, p. xlii, 1913) "Recepit [systema Tychonicum] inter alios Petrus Gassendus philosophus ille Epicureus qui Tychonis vitam descripsit; qui tamen aperte confessus est, Copernicanum systema praelaturum fuisse nisi Scripturae Sacrae repugnare judicatum esset." G. S.

HALL, A. R. Ballistics in the seventeenth cen- tury: a study in the relations of science and war, with reference principally to England. I92 p., ills. Cambridge University Press, i95i.

HUMBERT, PIERRE. Les etudes de Peiresc sur la vision. Archives internationales d'his- toire des sciences 30, 654-59, 1951.

KEPLER, JOHANNES. Gesammelte Werke. Hrsg. im Auftrag der Bayerischen Akademie der Wissenscheften mitl Unterstiutzung des Bayerischen Staates; unter der Leitung von Walther von Dyck und Max Caspar. Munich: Beck; vol. I, I938, vol. 2, I939, vol. 3, I937,

vol. 4, I941, vol. 6, I940, vol. I3, I945, vol. I4,

I949.

Reviewed by C. Doris Hellman, Isis 42, 252-55,

'95'. KOYRIR, ALEXANDRE. La gravitation univer-

selle de Kepler a Newton. Archives interna- tionales d'histoire des sciences 3o, 638-53, I951.

PAPANASTASSIOU, CHR. La lutte de la sci- ence contre les superstitions. Galilee (en grec). 82 p. Athens: Papazissis, ig50. Reviewed by Alk. Mazis, Archives internationales

d'histoire des sciences 30, 215-17, 195I.

READ, JOHN. William Davidson, first professor of chemistry at the Jardin du Roi (i648). Ar- chives internationales d'histoire des sciences 30, 66o-66, I95I.

SUTER, RUFUS. Some relics of Galileo in Flor- ence. Scientific Monthly 33, 229-33, I95I.

C. Natural Sciences

DANKMEIJER, PROF. Les travaux biologiques de Ren6 Descartes (I596-i650). Archives in- ternationales d'histoire des sciences 30, 675-80, I fig., 195I.

HUMBERT, PIERRE. Peiresc et le microscope. Revue d'Histoire des Sciences 4, I54-58, 1951.

KITAGAWA, KAY. The map of Hokkaido of G. de Angelis, ca. I621. Imago Mundi 7, 110-14, 4 figs., 1951.

PARKS, GEORGE B. Travel as education. Richard Foster Jones: The seventeenth cen- tury, 264-90, I951.

D. Medical Sciences

BAYON, H. P. The lifework of William Harvey and modern medical progress. Proceedings of the Royal Society of Medicine, Sec. History, 44, 2I3-I8, 1951.

HARVEY, WILLIAM. Etude anatomique du mouvement du coeur et du sang chez les ani- maux. Aper~u historique et traduction fran- saise par Charles Laubry. 224 p., 4 pls. Paris: Doin, I950.

Including facsimile reprint of the first Latin edition.

HUNTLEY, FRANK LIVINGSTONE. Sir Thomas Browne, M.D., William Harvey, and the metaphor of the circle. Bulletin of the His- tory of Medicine 25, 236-47, I fig., 1951.

PAGEL, WALTER. William Harvey and the purpose of circulation. Isis 42, 22-38, 5 figs., 1951.

POYNTER, F. N. L.; BISHOP, W. J. A seven- teenth century doctor and his patients: John Symcotts, I592 ?-I662. XXXiV+I26 p., frontis- piece, i map. (The Publications of the Bed- fordshire Historical Record Society, 3I.) Streat- ley, near Luton, Beds.: Bedfordshire Historical Record Society, I95I.

"The Symcotts manuscripts comprise a case-book, a receipt book, medical notes, letters, wills and other documents relating to John Symcotts and his family,

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Page 15: Seventy-Eighth Critical Bibliography of the History and Philosophy of Science and of the History of Civilization (To December 1951)

I7th Century I4I

and now housed in three repositories. Dr Symcotts enjoyed an extensive practice in Huntingdon and Bedfordshire, and was for years the medical attend- ant of Oliver Cromwell and of members of his family. The Symcotts papers provide material for reconstructing the life of a seventeenth century physician, and throw light on the state of medical practice in the provinces. Few similar records have survived, and so far as is known no comparable collection has been published.".. . "The medical case-books of Symcotts' contemporary, Sir Theodore Mayerne, M.D. (1573-5I655) fill twenty-three vol- umes of the Sloane MSS. in the British Museum, but only a few extracts from these have been published. The diary of Dr Claver Morris of Wells, covering the period I674-1726, was edited by Dr Edmund Hobhouse as The diary of a Westcountry physician (1934). Fragmentary diaries and autobiographical memoranda relating to Sir John Hinton, M.D. (i6o3?-i682), Dr Edward Browne (I644-1708), Sir Robert Sibbald, M.D. (I64I-1723) and Dr Wil- liam Stukeley (I687-1765) have also been printed, but these contain few particulars of patients."

The editing of these MSS and their interpretation have been carried through with considerable care by the authors, the first of whom is in the service of the Wellcome Historical Medical Library. Their work is an important contribution to the study of medical thought, practice and education in England in the first half of the seventeenth century.

G. S. REDDY, D. V. S. Seventeenth century Dutch

writers on tropical medicine and tropical herbs. Journal of the History of Medicine 6, 258-6o, I95I.

E. Alia

BREDVOLD, LOUIS I. The invention of the ethical calculus. Richard Foster Jones: The seventeenth century, i65-80, 195I.

DAHL, FOLKE; PETIBON, FANNY; BOU- LET, MARGUERITE. Les debuts de la presse fransaise. Nouveaux apersus. viii+75 p. (Acta Bibliothecae Gotoburgensis, 4). Goteborg, Wettergren & Kerber, i95i.

Les auteurs demontrent que le premier journal fransais ne fut pas la Gazette de Theophraste Renaudot, Paris 30 mai I63I, mais le Courant d'Italie & d'Almaigne de Caspar van Hilten, Amster- dam iz Sept. i620. 11 s'tait publie avant cela I Amsterdam des journaux politiques hollandais (I6I8) et Anglais (I620). Des journaux allemands furent imprimes dans plusieurs villes d'Allemagne a partir de I609; vers I630 il y en avait deji 30 a 40. Renaudot n'est meme pas le pere du journal- isme en France car un autre journal politique fut publie 'a Paris des le I6 janvier I631 par deux libraires Louys Vendosme et Jean Martin. Ouvrage tres bien documente et bien illustre. G. S.

DUCASSE, C. J. Francis Bacon's philosophy of science. Structure, Method and Meaning, Es- says in Honor of Henry M. Sheffer, 115-44,

New York 1951.

DUFRENOY, MARIE-LOUISE. Oiu Gassendi Pemporte sur Descartes: l'histoire veritable de Montesquieu. Revue Trimestrielle Canadienne, 403-08, 1950-51.

DUNN, WILLIAM F. Sir Thomas Browne. viii

+182 p. Minneapolis: University of Minne- sota Press, 1950.

Reviewed by Sydney W. Jackman, Isis 42, 248, '95'. FINCH, JEREMIAH S. The humanity of Sir

Thomas Browne. Bulletin of the New York Academy of Medicine 27, 521-30, I951.

FINCH, JEREMIAH S. Sir Thomas Browne, a doctor's life of science and faith. viii+3I9 p. New York: Schuman, 1950.

Reviewed by Gordon Keith Chalmers, Isis 42, 249, 1951-

JONES, RICHARD FOSTER (and others writ- ing in his honor). The seventeenth century. Studies in the history of English thought and literature from Bacon to Pope. viii+392 p., portr. Stanford, California, Stanford Univer- sity Press, I95I. $7.00.

Admirable Festschrift dedicated to one of the leaders in the study of English literature. The first half of the book reprints Jones' uncollected essays, starting with the famous one of I920, "The back- ground of the Battle of the Books." Miss Marjorie Nicolson has provided an excellent introduction ex- plaining the originality of Jones' work; there is also a bibliography of his writings and a portrait. The second half contains 14 essays, four of which are listed separately in the present Critical Bibliography. Warm congratulations to Professor Jones; ad multos annosl G. S.

KOMENSKY, JOHN AMOS. The labyrinth of the world and the paradise of the heart. Trans- lated by Count Lutzlow. Illustrations by Dorothea Braby. 271 p. London: Golden Cockerel Press, I95I. ?7.IOS.

NICOLSON, MARJORIE HOPE. The breaking of the circle. Studies in the effect of the "new science" upon seventeenth century poetry. Xxii+I93 p. Evanston, Illinois: Northwestern University Press, I950.

Reviewed by Harcourt Brown, Isis 42, 252-52, 195I-

THORNDIKE, LYNN. The cursus philosophicus before Descartes. Archives internationales d'his- toire des sciences 30, I6-24, I95I.

"The views of Burgersdyck - except with regard to comets and the Copernican theory - are markedly more antiquated than those of Arriaga, and in his hospitable attitude toward pseudo-scientific supersti- tions he even exceeds Boucher and Isambert. Yet the fact that his work not only was published posthu- mously, but also was reprinted in Holland and England in I650 shows that there was still a con- siderable audience for such a work at those dates. All four authors are alike in still accepting the occult influence of the stars, and in leaving the truth and validity of the art of astrology somewhat of an open question."

17th CENTURY - second half A. Mathematics

AGOSTINI, AMEDEO. Rileggendo la Geome- tria speciosa di Pietro Mengoli. Periodico di Matematiche 20, 313-27, 1940.

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Page 16: Seventy-Eighth Critical Bibliography of the History and Philosophy of Science and of the History of Civilization (To December 1951)

I42 I 7th Century

AGOSTINI, AMEDEO. Le serie sommate da Pietro Mengoli. Bollettino dell' Unione Mate- matica Italiana, serie 2, anno 3, 23I-51, 194I.

HUSSAIN, ZAHUR. About an argument of Newton. American Journal of Physics 19, I97- 202, I95I.

MACOMBER, HENRY P. A comparison of the variations and errors in copies of the first edi- tion of Newton's Principia, I687. Isis 42, 230-

32, I95I.

STRONG, E. W. Newton's "Mathematical way." Journal of the History of Ideas 12, 90I-I0,

I95I.

TURNBULL, H. W. The discovery of the infini- tesimal calculus. Nature I67, I048-50, I95I.

B. Physical Sciences and Technology

ANDRADE, E. N. DA C. Robert Hooke. Proc. Roy. Soc. 20I A, 439-73, I5 figs., 3 pls., 1950.

The Wilkins Lecture, delivered I5 Dec. 1949.

COHEN, I. BERNARD. Guericke and Dufay. Annals of Science 7, 207-09, I951.

DONALD, M. B. A further note on Burchard Kranich. Annals of Science 7, 107-o8, I95I.

HALL, A. R. Robert Hooke and horology. Notes and Records of the Royal Society 8, i67-77, I fig., 195I.

HALL, A. R. Two unpublished lectures of Rob- ert Hooke. Isis 42, 2I9-30, I951.

HOTTINGER, JOHANN HEINRICH (i68o- I756). Die Krystallologia von Johann Hein- rich Hottinger (I698). Herausgegeben und kurz erlautert von Paul Niggli (nach einer Vbersetzung von H. Niggli und unter Mit- wirkung von J. Schroeter und W. Riuegg). II0 p. (Ver5ffentlichungen der Schweizerischen Gesellschaft fiur Geschichte der Medizin und der Naturwissenschaften, 14). Aarau, Sauliin- der, 1946.

This is an important addition to the history of early crystallography. The thesis which Hottinger defended at the age of I8 in the Collegium Carol- inum in Zurich is one of the early classics, but hitherto almost unknown. The editor adds a brief account of the history of crystallography in the six- teenth, seventeenth centuries and later. The main dates are I665 Hooke and Kircher, I669 Erasmus Bartholin and Nic. Steno (Isis 3, xI2), I 688 Domenico Guglielmini, 1698 Hottinger. It is a pity that the original Latin text was not printed opposite the German translation and that the work is not indexed, but we are nevertheless very grateful for what is given to us. The book was kindly given to me by Dr W. G. Schlecht of Washington, D. C.

G. S.

HUYGENS, CHRISTIAAN (i629-95). Oeuvres completes de Christiaan Huygens. Publiees par la Societe hollandaise des sciences. Tome vingt- deuxieme. Quarto, ii+923 p., pls., figs.- La Haye: Nijhoff, I950.

Reviewed by George Sarton, Isis 42, 56-7, I951.

JANSEN, P. Les carrosses a cinq sols et Chris- tian Huygens. Revue d'Histoire des Sciences 4, 171-72, 1951.

JANSEN, P. Une tractation commerciale au XVIIe siecle. Revue d'Histoire des Sciences 4, 173-76, 195I. Concerning Huygens and others.

JENKINS, RHYS. Copper smelting in England: revival at the end of the seventeenth century. Transactions of the Newcomen Society 24, 73- 8o,1I943-45.

LEE, CHARLES E. The world's oldest railway, Three hundred years of coal conveyance to the Tyne Staiths. Transactions of the Newcomen Society 25, 141-62, 1950.

MICHEL, HENRI. Sur trois objectifs de Huy- gens. Ciel et Terre 67, 3 p., I fig., 1951.

REILLY, DESMOND. Robert Boyle and his background. J. Chem. Education 28, 178-83, '95I.

WHIPPLE, ROBERT S. John Yarwell [I648- 1712] or the story of a trade card. Annals of Science 7, 62-69, 5 pIs., 1951.

C. Natural Sciences

ALMAGIA, ROBERTO. Vincenzo Coronelli. Archives internationales dkhistoire des sciences 30, 667-74,1 951.

GALLASSI, A. Studi e ricerche su Marcello Malpighi. Nota I, Malpighi e la funzione pubblica dell'anatomia a Bologna. Nota II, Malpighi, i suoi rapporti e la sua corrispon- denza con la Societ'a Reale di Londra. Rivista di storia delle scienze anno 41, 7-63, 1950.

SCHIERBEEK, A. Antoni Van Leeuwenhoek. Zijn leven en zijn werken. Vol. 2. p. 285-526, frontispiece, 33 figs. Lochem, De Tijdstroom, 1951. (guilders 12).

The first volume of Schierbeek's great work was reviewed in Isis 42, 326. The author is the chief editor of the monumental edition of Leeuwenhoek's letters three volumes of which have already appeared (I939-48; Isis 4I, ii6), his competence is thus of the very first order. This second volume deals with VII. Zoology, VIII. Spermatozoids. Generation, IX. Histology, X. Medicine, XI. Botany, XII. Ecol- ogy, XIII. Summary. Bibliography (very elaborate). The two volumes contain 78 illustrations and are well indexed. An English translation is much to be~ desired. G. S.

D. Medical Sciences

BENARD, RENk. Anobli . . . avec obligation. de d6rogeance! Julien Clment, chirurgien ac- coucheur de Madame la Dauphine, I650-I729- Histoire de la Midecine no. 4, 9-19, 1951.

BUESS, HEINRICH. Theophil Bonet (I620- I689) und die grundsatzliche Bedeutung seines "Sepulchretum" in der Geschichte der pathol- ogischen Anatomie. Gesnerus 8, 32-52, 1951.

CARRI9, HENRI. Vallot m6decin du roi et les

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premieres armes de Louis XIV. Histoire de la Medecine no. 2, 3-II, 195I.

FULTON, JOHN F. Some aspects of medicine reflected in seventeenth-century literature with special reference to the plague of I665. Richard Foster Jones: The seventeenth cen- tury, I98-208, 1951.

GALLASSI, A. Studi e ricerche sui medici italiani all'estero. Nota I. Luca Antonio Porzio (I639-I723) con una lettera di Marcello Malpighi. Rivista di storia delle scienze anno 41, I01-2I, 2 figs., I950.

GALLASSI, A. Carteggio inedito precedente una concessione di Innocenzo XII (I69I-I700) in materia di anatomia a Bologna Rivista di storia delle scienze anno 4I, 135-52, 3 figs., 1950.

LAIGNEL-LAVASTINE, M.; GUYOTJEAN- NIN, CH. Consultation medicale digne du Malade imaginaire. Histoire de la Medecine no. 4, 4x-48, I95I.

Consultation written by Charles de Lafont, who flourished in Avignon c. I655-94 and was professor of anatomy I697-98.

LINDSAY, LILLIAN. Sir John Floyer (I649- I734). Proceedings of the Royal Society of Medicine, Section of the History of Medicine, 44, 43-48, I95I.

MANI, NIKOLAUS. Das "Buch fiber die Wiederkiiuer" (merycologia) von Johann Con- rad Peyer, eine der geschichtlichen Grundlagen der heutigen Haustierphysiologie. Gesnerus 8, I23-38, I95I.

Merycologia, sive de ruminantibus et ruminatione commentarius (Basel I685).

PALFIJN, JAN. Kon. Vlaamse Acad. voor Geneesk. van Belgie, Verhandelingen I2, nr. 6, 1950.

Fascicule entierement consacre a Palfijn (i 650- I730). Articles par A. Van Driessche, A. Lacquet, J. A. Schockaert et A. J. J. Van de Velde. En outre, reproduction facsimile de Palfijn: Anatomycke of ontleedkundige Beschrijving. (Ghendt, x703). 96 p.

J. P.

STENO, NICOLAUS. Anatomical observations of the glands of the eye and their new vessels thereby revealing the true source of tears. With a preface and notes by Edv. Gotfredsen. 27 p., frontispiece. Copenhagen, Nyt Nordisk Forlag Arnold Busck, i9I.

Very elegant facsimile reproduction of the De glandulis oculorum which Steno published in Leiden I662 at the age of 24. According to Thomas Whar- ton (Adenographia I656), the tears emanated from the brain; according to Conrad Victor Schneider (De catarrhis vol. 3, i66i), they were given off by the mucosae. The young Niels Steensen gave the correct explanation in the following year. This was the first but not the last of his discoveries. He ex- plained the structure of the muscles and showed that the heart is nothing but a muscle. He rediscovered the vitelline duct in I664, and three years later the follicles of the ovary (named after De Graaf who

was first to publish them in I675). In I671, he published the first case of 'Fallot's tetrade,' a con- genital heart disease (rediscovered by Louis Arthur Fallot in I888). He entered the priesthood in I675, and in I677 was appointed bishop and apostolic vicar of N. Europe. "In I685, he went to Schwerin as a simple priest and died there in extreme poverty and wretchedness on 25th November, I686. In compli- ance with the wishes of Grand Duke Cosimo III his body was taken to Florence and interred in San Lorenzo, the sepulchral chapel of the Medici. Steno's scientific works, Opera philosophica I-II, were pub- lished in I9I0 by Vilhelm Maar with an excellent introduction in English. His Opera theologica, like- wise in two volumes, were published by Knud Lar- sen and Gustav Scherz (1941-47)." G. S.

VOLLGRAFF, J. A. Deux lettres de Christiaan Huygens. Archives internationales d'histoire des sciences 30, 634-37, I951.

E. Alia

COMFORT, WILLIAM WISTAR. William Penn and our liberties. I46 p., pls. Philadel- phia, Penn Mutual Life Insurance Co., I947.

This book written by the President Emeritus of Haverford College and President of the Friends His- torical Association tells how the Liberty Bell of In- dependence Hall was intended to symbolize William Penn's lifelong insistence on civil and religious liber- ties. These fundamental rights of the people were bequeathed to the citizens of his Province of Penn- sylvania through charters and privileges, and were later included in the Constitution of the United States. "What we need to recall now and retain is the freedom of conscience and the civil rights which are our heritage and which the Liberty Bell was first cast to commemorate. This national privilege comes to us Americans preeminently through William Penn."

HONE, CAMPBELL R. The life of Dr John Radcliffe I652-I7I4. Benefactor of the Uni- versity of Oxford. viii+149 p., frontispiece, 8 pls. London: Faber and Faber, I950.

Reviewed by Albert Rosenberg, Isis 42, 250-51,

195 I.

KAYE, I. Unrecorded early meetings of the Royal Society. Notes and Records of the Royal Society 8, I49-66, I95I.

KING, JAMES E. Science and rationalism in the government of Louis XIV, I66I-I683. 337 p. (The Johns Hopkins University Studies in Historical and Political Science, series 66, no. 2). Baltimore: The Johns Hopkins Press, I949.

Reviewed by Harcourt Brown, Isis 42, 57, 1951.

LINDSEY, JOHN. Wren, his work and times. London: Rich & Cowan, 195I. i6s. A poor book well illustrated.

MERZ, JOHN THEODORE. Leibniz. 2I6 p. New York: Hacker, I948.

"Photostatic reproduction of a book first published in London in I884 in the Blackwood philosophical series, minus the author's preface and the portrait of Leibniz contained in the original edition. There is no indication anywhere in the present version of the

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I44 r7th Century -r8th Century

age of the book, and the chance reader could easily get the impression, in the absence of Merz's preface, that it had been recently written." Reviewed by Ernest Nagel, Script Mathematica 17, I2, I1951.

PASSMORE, J. A. Ralph Cudworth (i6f7-88). I32 p. Cambridge University Press, i95i.

RUDBECK, OLAF (I630-I702). Atlantica IV. Lychnos-Bibliothek 2: 4. 297 p. Uppsala, Almqvist & Wiksell, I950.

Vols. I-3 of this publication were reviewed in Isis, as they appeared. The first review in vol. 30, II4-I9, described the Atlantica (I679-I702) and indicated the curious characteristics of that astounding work. Vol. 3, I948, was briefly reviewed in Isis 40, I37. Vol. 4 includes the end of the original Swedish text, plus an appendix De viri clarissimi D1. Olavi Rudbeckii Atlantica diversorum testimonia, and an epilogue by the editor, Axel Nelson. There is an index of proper names to the Testimonia but not to the work itself. G. S.

SCHRECKER, PAUL. Leibniz and the Timaeus. Review of Metaphysics 4, 495-505, I95I.

WILHELM, HELLMUT. The Po-Hsiieh Hung- Ju examination of i679. Journal of the American Oriental Society 7I, 6o-66, I95I.

WOLFSON, HARRY A. Spinoza and religion. The Horace M. Kallen Lecture. Menorah Journal 146-67, I950.

YOST, R. M., JR. Locke's rejection of hy- potheses about sub-microscopic events. Jour- nal of the History of Ideas 12, III-30, 195I.

18th CENTURY - whole and first half

A. Mathematics

AGOSTINI, AMEDEO. Padre Guido Grandi, matematico, i67I-I742. 27 p., portr. (Magis- tri Athenaei Pisani, x). Pisa, Arti Grafiche Pacini Mariotti, I943.

DAINVILLE, FRANQOIS )E. Une querelle de regent autour de 17enseignement franqais des mathematiques en I737. Le franfais moderne 19, 193-96, I95I.

PELSENEER, JEAN. Une lettre in&dite d'Euler i Rameau. Acadimie royale de Belgique, Bul- letin de la Classe des Sciences 37, 480-82, I95I.

B. Physical Sciences and Technology

BAKER, H. G. Blast furnace construction and costs in I740. Transactions of the Newcomen Society 24, II3-20, I fig., I943-45.

BEER, G. R. DE. Voltaire, F.R.S. Notes and Records of the Royal Society 8, 247-52, I pI.,

'95I.

HAMILTON, S. B. The French cvil engineers of the eighteenth century. Transactions of the Newcomen Society 22, I49-59, I94I-42.

H1LIN, ETIENNE. Les m6moires du physicien L6opold Gennete sur les industries l16geoises, I744-45. Rev. universelle des mines 5, 302-I3, I fig., I949.

HUGHES, EDWARD. The early journal of Thomas Wright of Durham. Annals of Science 7, I-24, I95I.

HULME, E. WYNDHAM. The pedigree and career of Benjamin Huntsman (I704-76), in- ventor in Europe of crucible steel. Trans- actions of the Newcomen Society 24, 37-48, I943-45.

PANETH, F. A. Thomas Wright and Immanuel Kant, pioneers in stellar astronomy. Nature I67, IOI4-I6, I95I.

C. Natural Sciences

BODENHEIMER, F. S. La vie et l'oeuvre de Fred6ric Hasselquist (I722-I752). Revue d'histoire des sciences 4, 60-77, I95I.

GUERLAC, HENRY E. The continental repu- tation of Stephen Hales. Archives interna- tionales dhistoire des sciences 30, 393-404, 195I.

PETIVER, JAMES. Brief directions for the easie making, and preserving collections of all natural curiosities. For James Petiver Fellow of the Royall Society London. Broadside issued (circa i700) by James Petiver which went to several of his American correspondents (reprinted in an x8th century Flemish paper). A keepsake issued by the Editors of Chronica Botanica for the Members of the New England Botanical Club attending the Club's 5ooth Meeting, February 2, I95I.

WHITE, GEORGE W. Lewis Evans' early American notice of isostacy. Science 1Z4, 302- 03, I95I-

His remarks on isostacy were recorded in a journal he kept while on an expedition in I743 from Phila- delphia to Onondago and Lake Ontario with John Bartram. G. S.

ZIRKLE, CONWAY. A possible early eight- eenth century record of introgression in oaks. Journal of Heredity 41, 3I5-I7, 1950.

"The word 'possible' in the title is due to an am- biguity in the record which lies in the use of the word 'bastard' . . . when a plant or animal is labeled a 'bastard' it is obviously necessary for us to know whether it was considered to be a hybrid or whether it was merely unpopular."

D. Medical Sciences

CORTI, ALFREDO. Note storiche e biografiche su Bologna e il suo studio. Rivista di storia delle scienze, anno 40, I9-5I, I4 ills., 1949.

Apropos of D. M. G. Galeazzi (I686-1775), pro- fessor in Bologna, anatomist, and of the anatomical theatre of Bologna which was destroyed in 1944 by enemy action.

DULIEU, LOUIS. Trois chaires de la Faculte de Medecine d'Aix mises au concours 'a Mont- pellier. Revue d'histoire des sciences 4, 84-9o, I95I.

DULIEU, LOUIS. Un chirurgien peu connu:

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r8th Century

Thomas Goulard (I697-I784). Le Scalpel 8o9-o9, 2 figs., 195I.

FRANCESCHINI, PIETRO. Morgagni pre- cursore di Broca. Rivista di storia delle scienze, anno 41, 208-II, 1950.

GALLASSI, A. Precisazioni sulla vita e sulle opere di D. A. Sancassani (I659-1738). Rivista di storia delle scienze anno 4I, I73-93, I fig., I950.

HINTZSCHE, ERICH. Sieben Briefe Albrecht von Hallers an Johannes Gessner. Gesnerus 8, 98-I I3, 1951.

HOWARD-JONES, N. John Quincy, M.D. (d. 1722), apothecary and iatrophysical writer: a study of his works, including his commentary on Santorio, his Compleat English Dispensa- tory, and his Lexicon Physico-medicum. Jour- nal of the History of Medicine 6, I49-75, 3 figs., I95I.

OLIVIER, E. Les carte-adresses medicales il- lustrees du XVIIIe siecle. Histoire de la Medecine no. 5, 14-15, I951.

PALFYN, J. Anatomycke of ontleedkundige beschryving van twee kinderen, te welcke monstreuselijck aen malkander vereenigt zijn, geboren binnen de stadt van Ghendt op den 28 April, 1703. Te Ghendt I703. Facsimile edition. 95 p., 4 pls. (Kon. Vlaamse Acad. voor geneesk. van Belgie). Brussels, 1950.

Dutch account of Siamese twins, 1703.

E. Alia MAZZITELLI, M. L. A. Muratori e la scienza

medica del suo tempo. Rivista di storia delle scienze, anno 41, 219-26, 1950.

MILLER, PERRY. Jonathan Edwards. xvi+ 348 p., port. (American Men of Letters Series). New York: Sloane, 1949.

Reviewed by Leo Marx, Isis 42, 153-56, 1951.

PIGGOTT, STUART. William Stukeley. An eighteenth-century antiquary. Xv+228 p., frontispiece, 6 pls. Oxford: Clarendon Press, I950.

Reviewed by George Sarton, Isis 42, 58-60, 2 figs., 1951.

RYDBERG, SVEN. Swedish students in Eng- land during the Swedish area of liberty, I7i8- 72. 460 p. (Lychnos Bibliotek 12). Uppsala, Almqvist & Wiksell, I95I (in Swedish with summary in English). An introduction describes the Continental concep-

tion of the Englishman in the eighteenth century. Another introductory chapter describes the Swedish- English contacts in the previous century. The Swedes dealt with are divided into the following groups. Permanent residents. Economists. Mining experts. Mathematicians and astronomers. Physicians and naturalists. Theologians and humanists (the main figure of that group and perhaps of all groups is Swedenborg). A final chapter is devoted to the singular personality of Johan Henrik Liden, who visited England in I769, met fellows of the RS and

the Society of Antiquaries, admired John Wilkes and Junius and was very anglophile. The more intellec- tual Swedes discovered England in the seventeenth century, but the relationship between both countries was more intense in the following century. "In cer- tain fields, natural science and medicine, this asso- ciation reached a degree of intimacy probably not exceeded before the beginning of the era of periodic international congresses." This study is largely de- rived from MS documents in Swedish and English libraries. G. S.

SHERBURN, GEORGE. Pope and "the great shew of nature." Richard Foster Jones: The seventeenth century, 306-I5, I95I.

18th CENTURY - second half

A. Mathematics

AGOSTINI, AMEDEO. La geometria degli infinitesimi di Gerolamo Saladini. Atti del secondo Congresso dell'Unione Matematica Italiana 9 p., Bologna 1940.

STECK, MAX. Bibliographia Lambertiana. Ein Fiihrer durch das gedruckte und ungedruckte Schrifttum von Johann Heinrich Lambert, 1728-1777. Bearbeitet und mit einem Vorwort versehen. Folio X+74 p., frontispiece. Berlin, Liittke, I943.

Elaborate bibliography of the illustrious Swiss mathematician and philosopher. We recall that the first two volumes of his Opera mathematica were published in Zurich 1946-48 (Isis 40, 139). G. S.

B. Physical Sciences and Technology

BLAGDEN, SIR CHARLES, Some letters of. Notes and Records of the Royal Society 8, 253-6o, 195I.

CLUSKEY, JAMES E. Goethe and chemistry. Journal of Chemical Education 28, 536-38, I95I.

CONANT, JAMES BRYANT. Robert Boyle's experiments in pneumatics. 70 p. (Harvard Case Histories in Experimental Science, z). Cambridge: Harvard University Press, 1950.

Reviewed by V. F. Lenzen, Isis 42, 64, 1951.

DALBANNE, JACQUES. Jouffroy d'Abbans et la navigation 'a vapeur. Larousse mensuel no. 445, 715, Sept. 195I.

DICKINSON, H. W. Joseph Bramah (1749- I814) and his inventions. Transactions of the Newcomen Society 22, I69-86, 194I-42.

DORFMAN, J. G. Lavoisier. 436 p., ports., ills. Acad. des Sciences de l'U.R.S.S., 1948 (in Russian). Reviewed by R. Portal, Archives i nternationales

d'histoire des sciences 30, 523, 1951.

DUVAL, CLEMENT. Fran~ois Descroizilles, the inventor of volumetric analysis. Journal of Chemical Education 28, 508-I9, 9 ill., 1951.

Biography and resume of the work of Descroizilles (175I-I 825), French chemist, pharmacist, and in- ventor. W. D. M.

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18th Century

DUVEEN, DENIS. Antoine Laurent Lavoisier (1743-I794): a note regarding his domicile during the French Revolution. Isis 42, 233-34,

'95'. DVOICHENKO-MARKOFF, EUFROSINA.

Benjamin Franklin, the American Philosophical Society, and the Russian Academy of Science. Proceedings of the American Philosophical So- ciety 9I, 250-57, 1947.

[FRANKLIN, BENJAMIN]. Benjamin Frank- lin, Winston Churchill. An exhibition celebrat- ing the bicentennial of the University of Penn- sylvania Library. 55 p. May 8 -June I5, 1951.

HAMILTON, S. B. Pon-y-ty-prydd: notes on the technical significance of a remarkable bridge. Transactions of the Newcomen So- ciety 24, 131-39, 1943-45.

"Pont-y-ty-Prydd, completed by William Edwards (1719-1789) in 1755, is from many points of view a notable structure." HARRIS, T. R. John Edwards (1731-1807),

Cornish industrialist. Transactions of the Newcomen Society 23, 13-22, 1942-43.

KENT, ANDREW. An eighteenth century lec- tureship in chemistry. XV+233 p., 20 ills.

Glasgow: Jackson, 1950.

Reviewed by R. J. Forbes, Archives internationales d'histoire des sciences 30, 522, i95i. Apropos of the physician, William Cullen (1710-90) who was ap- pointed Lecturer in Chemistry in Glasgow in 1747.

G. S. LLOYD, H. ALAN. A link with Captain Cook

and H.M.S. Endeavour. Endeavour IO, 200-

04, 1951. Treats of the mid-eighteenth century pendulum

clocks and their use in connection with the transit of Venus of 3 June 1769. A single clock, made by John Shelton, travelled from London to St Helena, to Barbados, to Pennsylvania, to the Arctic. In spite of once being shipwrecked it is still an excellent time- keeper. This grandfather's clock now belongs to the Royal Society of London. McKIE, DOUGLAS. The eighteenth-century

revolution in chemistry. Nature I67, 460-62, 1951.

McKIE, DOUGLAS. "Mr Warltire, a good chymist." Endeavor IO, 46-49, 1951.

John Warltire (1739-18IO) aided Joseph Priestley in the isolation of oxygen in 1774, and described in 1777 the formation of water from burning hydrogen in air. He wrote a short account of the Solar System (I766), Concise Essays on Various Philosophical and Chemical Subjects (1775). He also published Analy- sis of a Cource of Lectures in Experimental Philoso- phy (1767), and Tables of the Various Combinations and Specific Attraction of the Substances Employed in Chemistry (London, 1769). An honorary mem- ber of the Manchester Literary and Philosophical Society, Warltire was popular as a lecturer in the Birmingham area. C. D. L. NEAVE, E. W. J. Chemistry in Rozier's journal.

II. The phlogiston theory. III. Pierre Bayen. Annals of Science 7, ioI-io6, i pl.; 144-48, I pI., 1951.

PARTINGTON, J. R. The early history of strontium, part 2. Annals of Science 7, 95-100,

'95'. RUSSELL-WOOD, J. The scientific work of

William Brownrigg, M.D., F.R.S. (I7II-I800). Annals of Science 7, 77-94, 3 figs., 1951.

SWAN, E. W. A Durham collieries' stocktaking of 1784. Transactions of the Newcomen So- ciety 24, 109-12, 1943-45.

SWAN, E. W. Sinking a Northumberland col- liery in I76I-62. Transactions of the New- comen Society 25, 37-40, I fig., 1950.

WARING, MARY GRACE. Men of the Priest- ley centennial; William K. Kedzie from Kan- sas. J. Chem. Education 28, 2I6-28, 1951.

WILLIAMS, E. I. Pont-y-ty-pridd: a critical examination of its history. Transactions of the Newcomen Society 24, 121-30, 1943-45.

C. Natural Sciences

ANKER, JEAN. Georg Christian Oeders bot- anische Reise in Europa um die Mitte des achtzehnten Jahrhunderts. Centaurus I, 242-

65, 1951.

BAKER, H. G. A palynological treasure-house. Nature I67, 457-60, 7 figs., 1951.

Apropos of Franz Andreas Bauer (1758-I840).

BRUNET, PIERRE. Gueneau de Montbeliard. (172o-85). La Revue de Bourgogne I6, 5I6-32, 1926.

DAUBENTON. Un inedit de Daubenton. La Revue de Bourgogne 3, p. 349, 1913.

FRISCH, K. VON. Christian Konrad Sprengel und die heutige Blumentheorie. Die Naturwis- senschaften 31, 226-29, 1943.

Reprinted in Biologia 2, 242-49, 1951.

KISCH, BRUNO. Ideas directivas de las ciencias naturales durante la vida de Goethe (1749- I832). Revista de la Sociedad Mexicana de Historia Natural xI, 295-303, 1950.

MEYER-ABICH, ADOLF. Biologie der Goethe- zeit. 302 p., 7 ports. Stuttgart: Hippokrates Verlag, 1949.

Reviewed by Willy Hartner, Isis 42, 157-60, 1951.

ROSTAND, JEAN. Les experiences de l'Abbe Spallanzani sur la generation animale (1765- 1780). Archives internationales d'histoire des sciences 30, 412-47, I951.

ROSTAND, JEAN. Les origines de la biologie experimentale et l'Abb6 Spallanzani. 284 p. Paris: Fasquelle, 1951.

Excellent biography of Lazzaro Spallanzani (1729-99), who was "the best observer of Europe" (Voltaire), one of the founders of biology, a master experimentalist. He attacked the most fundamental problems of biology. The book does not concern only Spallanzani but many others, the oldest being Reaumur (d. 1757), the Swiss Haller, Bonnet, Trembley (Isis 37, 87-89), the Englishman Need- ham, the French Buffon and Voltaire. Spallanzani

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i8th Century IA7

was very open minded, except in one respect; he remained to the end of his life an "ovist" and re- fused to acknowledge the special function of sper- matozoids. He obtained considerable fame in his own tine. Haller dedicated to him one of the volujmes of his Elementa physiologiae and Galvani his memoir on animal electricity. G. S.

THORNTON, ROBERT JOHN (I768?-i837).

Robert Thornton and the Temple of Flora (I797-I807). Times Literary Supplement, London, i June I95I, p. 348.

D. Medical Sciences

BAER, KARL A. Goethe and the physicians. Bulletin of the History of Medicine 25, I59-68, 2 figs., I95I.

BURCHELL, HOWARD B.; KEYS, THOMAS E. The heart of George II of England. Bul- letin of the Medical Library Association 30, I98-202, I942.

CHEVASSU, MAURICE. A propos de la bles- sure de Robespierre. Histoire de la Medecine I, no. 3, 3-5, ill., I95I.

CORNER, BETSY COPPING. Dr Ibis and the artists: a sidelight upon Hunter's Atlas, The gravid uterus. Journal of the History of Medicine 6, I-2I, 2 figs., I95I.

CORNER, BETSY COPPING. William Shippen, Jr, pioneer in American medical education; a biographical essay. I74 p. (Memoirs, 28). Philadelphia: American Philosophical Society, I95I.

The life and work of an i8th century American doctor who studied under leading physicians in London and Edinburgh and returned home to play an active part in the first American medical school established at the College of Philadelphia in 1765. His recently discovered diary of his student years in London is included, together with a translation of his Edinburgh dissertation. S. S. W.

FISCHER, MATHIEU G. Un medecin ver- vietois au i8e siecle: Guillaume Godart (c. I720-I794), membre de l'Academie imperiale et royale de Bruxelles. 47 p. Verviers: Gason, I949.

GALLASSI, A. La malattia e morte di Clemente XIV (ob. 1774). Rivista di storia delle scienze anno 4I, I53-65, I950.

GALLASSI, A. Studi e ricerche sui medici italiani all'estero. Nota i. Michelangelo Ber- gonzoni (I749-I8I9). Rivista di storia delle scienze anno 41, 84-I00, I fig., I950.

GLOYNE, S. ROODHOUSE. John Hunter. I04 p. Baltimore: Williams & Wilkins, I95I.

KRUTA, VLADISLAV. Georgius Prochaska (I749-I820). i6 p., i portr., 9 fig. Brno: Rovnost Press, I949.

Reviewed by J. Guiart, Archives internationales d'histoir-e des sciences 30, 546-47, I951.

LAIGNEL-LAVASTINE. Memoires de Tenon sur les hopitaux de Paris. Histoire de la Mede- cine no. 7, 38-44, 195I.

LE FANU, W. R. A bibliography of Edward Jenner, I749-I823. I76 p., ill. London: Harvey & Blythe, I95I. 84 S.

LOPEZ SANCHEZ, J. Tomas Romay and the Yellow Fever. Journal of the History of Medi- cine 6, I95-208, 2 pls., I95I.

PULLICINO, G. CASSAR. Michel Angelo Grima (I73I-98), chirurgo maltese del sette- cento. Rivista di storia delle scienze anno 40, 65-I03, I949.

RUSH, BENJAMIN. Letters of Benjamin Rush. Edited by L. H. Butterfield. V. I, I76I-I792;

V. 2, I793-I8I3. I382 p. (Memoirs of the American Philosophical Society 30). Prince- ton: Princeton University Press, 1951.

Approximately 650 letters, many of them hitherto unpublished, in which the distinguished i8th century American physician revealed his thoughts on medi- cine, politics and personal matters. S. S. W.

VINCHON, JEAN. Les ducs de Levis et de Nivernais et leurs medecins. Histoire de la Medecine no. 5, 8-I3, I95I.

WICKERSHEIMER, ERNEST. Un projet de transfert a Nancy de l'Ecole de sante de Strasbourg (I797-I798). Strasbourg MMdical, II p., Janvier I95I.

E. Alia

[DIDEROT]. Diderot et l'Encyclope'die. Ex- position commemorative du deuxieme cen- tenaire de 1'Encyclop6die. ix+I48 p. Paris: Bibliotheque Nationale, I95I.

DVOICHENKO-MARKOV, EUFROSINA. Jef- ferson and the Russian Decembrists. American Slavic and East European Review 9, i62-68, I950.

[GOETHE]. The Goethe Centuries, I749-I949.

An exhibition commemorating the bicentennial of the birth of Johann Wolfgang von Goethe. Library of Congress. July I, I949 -Septem- ber i, I949. xi+6o p., 27 pIs. Washington, D. C.: Government Printing Office, 1950.

[GOETHE]. Goethe -wisdom and experience. Selections by Ludwig Curtius. Translated and edited with an introduction by Hermann J. Weigand. 300 p. London: Routledge, I949.

GROSCLAUDE, PIERRE. Un audacieux mes- sage, l'Encyclopedie. I23 p. Paris: Nouvelles Editions Latines, I95I.

LEVEY, MARTIN. The first American museum of natural history. Isis 42, I0-I2, I95I.

MAGNUS, RUDOLF. Goethe as a scientist. Foreword by Gunther Schmid. Translated by Heinz Norden. 259 p. New York: Schuman, I949.

Reviewed by George Urdang, Isis 42, i6o, I95I.

MEYER, HEINRICH. Goethe. Das Leben im Werk. 707 p. Hamburg: Stromverlag, 1951. There is no end to the Goethe literature and a

scholar must be very bold who adds a new book

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TA8 i8th Century - ioth Century

to the legion of others. Prof. Meyer has not feared to write an enormous book representing the reac- tions of a German-American. He is primarily in- terested in philosophy and poetry; yet, three chapters deal with natural science, anatomy, morphology. The main theme is indicated by the sub-title: The life in work. Goethe's life as illustrated by his complex activities. An elaborate index makes it possible to use this book as one would use a Goethe dictionary. G. S.

MEYER, HEINRICH. Goethe as a scientist. A problem in historical method. Monatshefte, 4I5-23, Madison, Wis., I949.

MUNITZ, MILTON K. Kantian dialectic and modern scientific cosmology. Journal of Phi- losophy 327-38 (received July I95I).

PESTALOZZI, HEINRICH. The education of man. 93 p. New York: Philosophical Library, I951. $2.75.

Heinrich Pestalozzi (1746-i827) was one of the greatest of educational reformers. The present vol- ume consists of some of his pithy sayings and aphorisms, translated from the German by Heinz and Ruth Norden, and introduced by William H. Kilpatrick. There is a portrait in color of Pestalozzi. This is, indeed, a valuable volume, for the wisdom it contains, and as a reminder of the greatness and goodness of Heinrich Pestalozzi. M. F. A. M.

SEZNEC, JEAN. Les Salons de Diderot. Har- vard Library Bulletin 5, 267-89, 6 pls., 1951.

STAROSELSKAIA-NIKITINA, 0. Esquisse de l'histoire de la science et de la technique pendant la Revolution franqaise, I789-I794. 274 p., I2 ports., ills. Acad. des Sc. d'U.R.S. (in Russian). Reviewed by R. Portal, Revue d'histoire des

sciences 4, 94, 195 5 .

VALLERY-RADOT, PIERRE. Un tableau evocateur. Adele Sauvan et sa famille. Histoire de la Medecine no. 7, 29-36, I95I.

VI1TOR, KARL. Goethe. Dichtung, Wissen- schaft, Weltbild. 6oo p. Bern: Francke, I949.

Reviewed by Willy Hartner, Isis 42, I56-57, 1951.

VI1TOR, KARL. Goethe the poet. Translated from the German by Moses Hadas. X+34I p. Cambridge: Harvard University Press, I949.

Reviewed by I. B. Cohen, Isis 42, 157, 1951.

VICTOR, KARL. Goethe the thinker. Trans- lated from the German by Bayard Q. Morgan. X+2I2 p. Cambridge: Harvard University Press, I950.

Reviewed by I. B. Cohen, Isis 42, I56-57, 1951.

19th CENTURY - whole and first half

A. Mathematics

FREUDENTHAL, HANS. La premiiere rencontre entre les mathematiques et les sciences sociales. Archives internationales d'histoire des sciences 30, 25-34, I95I. Apropos of Quetelet.

PELSENEER, JEAN. Une lettre inedite de

Cauchy (I8I5). Archives internationales d'his- toire des sciences 30, 631-33, 1951.

B. Physical Sciences and Technology

BATHE, DOROTHY; BATHE, GREVILLE. The contribution of Jacob Perkins (I766- I849) to science and engineering. Transactions of the Newcomen Society 24, 49-53, I943-45.

BLANC, EDMOND; DELHOUME, L1RON. La vie emouvante et noble de Gay-Lussac. .278 p., 4 ills. Paris: Gauthier-Villars, I950.

Very welcome biography of one of the greatest French scientists of his age. Louis Joseph Gay- Lussac was born in St Leonard, Limousin, 1778, and died in Paris I850. The author has depended too much perhaps on Arago's account, but he used many other documents, including the letters which Gay-Lussac's widow wrote almost daily to her husband for 25 years after his death (It was a kind of diary addressed to her beloved one). The book contains descriptions of the Societe d'Arcueil, of Gay-Lussac's work with Thenard (i 8o8-i i), etc. The finest homage to Gay-Lussac was that paid by Humboldt in a letter written after Gay-Lussac's death to the latter's widow. Many other letters written by Humboldt to Gay-Lussac illustrate their generosity and their greatness. The lack of an index is shocking. The two authors of this book are already known, Blanc because of his writings on aviation and Delhoume by his many studies on Claude Bernard and Dupuytren. G. S. BOUCHARD, GEORGES (editor). Un grand

Fransais, le chimiste Thenard (1777-I857), par son fils, Paul Thenard, membre de l'In- stitut. Avec introduction et notes. Quarto 256 p., pls. Dijon: Jobard, I950.

Jacques Thenard (Champagne I 777- Paris I857) was one of the greatest French chemists of his age and his Trait! 1elmentaire de chimie (4 vols., I8I3-I6) was popular for a quarter of a century. His son, Paul (Paris I8I9- Talmay, Cte d'Or, I884), was also a distinguished chemist and agri- culturist. He wrote in I859 a biography of his illustrious father which is now published for the first time. It has been carefully edited by Georges Bouchard, already favorably known by his biogra- phies of Chevreul and Guyton-Morveau. Bouchard has added all the necessary footnotes and a long introduction explaining the work done by Thenard's earlier contemporaries: Vauquelin, Haiuy, Fourcroy, Monge, Guyton-Morveau, Berthollet, Chaptal, Gay- Lussac, Humboldt, Davy, Laplace, Dulong, Biot, Malus, Arago, Poisson, Chevreul, Berzelius, Liebig (what a galaxy!). The biography itself is well written; it includes good accounts of the Societe d'Arcueil, and of the admirable work which Thenard and Gay-Lussac did together (i8o8-ii). The only defect of this book is the lack of an index. It is remarkable that good biographies of Gay-Lussac and Thenard (close contemporaries 1778-I85o, 1777-I857) have appeared in the same year. The Thenard biography has been published in a more luxurious way (quarto size with many full-page portraits) at the expense of the present Baron Thenard, the great grandson of the famous chemist.

G. S.

COULSON, THOMAS. Joseph Henry. His life and work. viii+362 p., port., 6 pls., 3 figs. Princeton: Princeton University Press, I950.

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1gth Century I49

Reviewed by Gwilym E. Owen, Isis 42, I60-62, '95'.

DE MILT, CLARA. Auguste Laurent, guide and inspiration of Gerhardt. J. Chem. Educa- tion 28, I98-204, 1951.

DICKINSON, H. W.; GOMME, A. A. Robert Stuart Meikleham (I786-I87I). Transactions of the Newcomen Society 22, I6I-67, 1941-42.

DICKINSON, H. W. Richard Roberts (I788- I864), his life and inventions. Transactions of the Newcomen Society 25, 123-37, I fig., 1950.

DUFOUR, GUILLAUME-HENRI (I787-I875). L'oeuvre scientifique et technique du general Guillaume-Henri Dufour. Textes originaux choisis et presentes par E. Baeschlin, H. Favre, L. Kollros, E. Stiussi, suivis d'une bibliographic etablie par P. Bourgeois. 448 p., figs. (Biblio- thaque scientifique, N? 8). Neucha'tel: Griffon, I947.

Reviewed by F. H. van den Dungen, Archives internationales d'histoire des sciences 30, 752-53, 1951.

EDWARDS, W. N. William Nicol and Henry Clifton Sorby. Nature z68, 566, I95I.

EYLES, JOAN M. William Nicol and Henry Clifton Sorby: two centenaries. Nature z68, 98, 195I. See also p. 566.

FORWARD, E. A. The Stephenson locomotives at Springwell Colliery, I826. Transactions of the Newcomen Society 23, I17-27, I942-43.

FORWARD, E. A. Stephenson locomotives for the St Etienne-Lyon railway, I828. Transac- tions of the Newcomen Society 24, 89-98, 1I943-45.

FOURIER, JOSEPH. The analytical theory of heat. Translated, with notes, by Alexander Freeman. xxiii+466 p. New York: Hafner [n.d.]. $5.00.

A photo-offset edition of the translation first issued in I878, and previously available under the imprint of G. E. Stechert, N. Y. All students of the history of physics and mathematics will be glad to know that this work is in print again.

FYOT, E. Un inventeur bourguignon, Nicephore Niepce. La Revue de Bourgogne 6, I29-44,

portr., I9I6-I7.

HARTLEY, HAROLD. Origin of the word "protein." Nature I68, 244, 195I.

"We owe to Berzelius in his later years not only the generalizations which he crystallized in the words 'isomerism,' 'polymerism' and 'catalysis,' but also the word 'protein' which he coined to express the fundamental significance of certain substances in nutrition, the sense in which we still use it to-day."

HOLMBERG, ARNE. Gibt es eine Berzelius- Statuette aus den achtziger Jahren? Die Na- turwissenschaften 38, 206-o7, I95I.

HOSKISON, T. M. Northumberland blast fur- nace plants in the Igth centuries. Transactions of the Newcomen Society 25, 73-8I, I fig., 1950.

IRVING, JAMES R. As I knew Michael Fara- day. Journal of Chemical Education 28, 323- 25, 4 ills., I951.

Reminiscences of Robert William Vicary, one time bottle washer and handy boy for Faraday at the Royal Institution. W. D. M.

LEICESTER, HENRY M. Dumas, Davy, and Liebig. Journal of Chemical Education 28, 352-54, 1951.

LOCKEMANN, GEORG. Friedrich Wilhelm Ser- turner, the discoverer of morphine. J. Chem. Education 28, 277-79, portr., 1951.

LOCKEMANN, GEORG. Robert Wilhelm Bun- sen, Lebensbild eines deutschen Naturforschers. 262 p., 7 figs. Stuttgart: Wissenschaftliche Verlagsgesellschaft, 1949.

MARKWOOD, L. N. European chemical indus- try in the nineteenth century. Journal of Chemical Education 28, 348-52, 195I.

MITTASCH, ALWIN. Dobereiner, Goethe und die Katalyse. 62 p., 24 figs. Stuttgart: Hip- pocrates Verlag, 195I.

Detailed study of correspondence between D6- bereiner and Goethe who counted him among his "vorziiglichen wissenschaftlichen Freunde," with pictures of pneumatic lighters and "Duftlampen" for perfuming the air. E. F. PARTINGTON, J. R. William Higgins and John

Dalton. Nature z67, I20-2I, 95I.

PEARSON, TILLMON H.; IHDE, AARON J. Chemistry and the spectrum before Bunsen and Kirchhoff. Journal of Chemical Education 28, 267-7I, 3 figs., I95I.

PELSENEER, JEAN. Une lettre in&dite d'Am- p6re (I834). Revue d'Histoire des Sciences 4, I8I-82, I951.

PRANDTL, WILHELM. Johann Nepomuk Fuchs. J. Chem. Education 28, 136-42, portr., 6 ills., 1951.

Biography of Fuchs (I774-I856), German min- eralogical chemist. W. D. M. SJOBERG, SVEN GOSTA. Nils Gabriel Sef-

str6m and the discovery of vanadium. Journal of Chemical Education 28, 294-96, portr., I951.

SKEMPTON, A. W. Alexandre Collin, i8o8- I890, pioneer in soil mechanics. Transactions of the Newcomen Society 25, 91-I04, I fig., 1950.

SODDY, FREDERICK; PARTINGTON, J. R. William Higgins and John Dalton. Nature 167, 734-36, I95I.

STREET, H. E.; TREASE, G. E. The dis- covery of asparagine. Annals of Science 7, 70-76, 2 pls., I95I.

SWAN, E. W. Nicholas Wood's MS. report book. Transactions of the Newcomen Society 25,

139, I950.

Nicholas Wood (1795-1865), engineer.

THItNARD, PAUL. Un grand fransais, le chi-

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150 igth Century

miste Thenard, I777-I857. Avec introduction et notes de Georges Bouchard. 256 p., pl. Dijon, Jobard, I950.

See above under Bouchard, G.

WALL, FLORENCE E. Faraday, Hofmann, and Wutrz. Journal of Chemical Education 28, 355-58, I95I.

WELLCOME HISTORICAL MEDICAL MU- SEUM. Catalogue of an exhibition illustrating medicine in i85o. 64 p. New York: Oxford, 1950.

WITHINGTON, SIDNEY. Automobiles in I830.

Transactions of the Newcomen Society 22, 2I-

35, I94I-42.

WORK, HAROLD K. Metallurgy in the nine- teenth century. Journal of Chemical Educa- tion 28, 364-68, 195I.

YOUNG, W. A.; GOMME, A. A. The Chapman papers: a note on the Hansom cab. Transac- tions of the Newcomen Society 24, 65-72, 2

figs., 1943-45.

C. Natural Sciences

ARMYTAGE, W. H. G. William Maclure, I763- I840; a British interpretation. Indiana Maga- zine of History 47, I-20, I95I.

CROIZAT, L1tON. Pritzel's Specimen biblio- graphiae botanicae. Biologia 2, I34-39, I95I.

DAVIS, ARTHUR G. William Smith, civil en- gineer, geologist (I769-I839). Transactions of the Newcomen Society 23, 93-98, I942-43.

FLORKIN, MARCEL. Le "Fundamental Ver- such" de Schwann. Bull. de PAcad. r. de M&- dec. de Belgique 15, 529-35, 2 fig., I950.

GILLISPIE, CHARLES COULSTON. Genesis and geology. A study in the relations of sci- entific thought, natural theology, and social opinion in Great Britain, I790-i850. xiii+3I5 p. (Harvard Historical Studies, 58). Cam- bridge: Harvard University Press, I95I.

Reviewed by George A. Foote, Isis 42, 255-56, 195I.

MERRILL, ELMER D. Index Rafinesquianus. The plant names published by C. S. Rafinesque with reductions, and a consideration of his methods, objectives and attainments. ix+296

p. Jamaica Plain: The Arnold Arboretum of Harvard University, 1949.

Reviewed by Conway Zirkle, Isis 42, 84, I95I.

PENNELL, F. W. The last sickness of Rafi- nesque. Biologia 2, 2I6-I7, I95I.

SWINTON, W. E. Gideon Mantell and the Maidstone Iguanodon. Notes and Records of the Royal Society 8, 26I-76, I95I.

WHITFORD, PHILIP; WHITFORD, KATH- RYN. Thoreau: pioneer ecologist and con- servationist. Scientific Monthly 73, 29I-96,

I95I.

D. Medical Sciences

ABRUZZESE, GIUSEPPE. Le cause dell'infe- zione nel parto, dimenticato anniversario di una grande scoparta e di un ostinato apostolo. Revista di storia delle scienze, anno 40, II5-39,

I949- Celebration of the Semmelweis centenary.

BELLONI, LUIGI. Una ricerca del contagio vivo agli albori dell'Ottocento. Gesnerus 8, I5-3', I95'.

BERTAUT, JULES. Les chirurgiens du Ier Em- pire. Histoire de la Me'decine no. 7, 21-27, 1951.

BORNHAUSER, SIGMUND. Zur Geschichte der Schilddriusen- und Kropfforschung im i9.

Jahrhundert (unter besonderer Berucksichtig- ung der Schweiz). 173 p. Verdifentlichungen der Schweizerischen Gesellschaft fur Geschichte der Medizin und der Naturwissenschaften, I9,

Aarau, Sauerlinder, 1951. Sw. Fr. io. History of research on thyroid glands and goiter

especially in the nineteenth century and in Switzer- land. Elaborate study of the development of our knowledge concerning goiter and cretinism (Para- celsus had already observed that relationship), the physiology of the thyroid glands, the surgical and hormonal treatment of goiter. A summary (p. I63- 67) recapitulates the story down to Auguste and Jacques Louis Reverdin and to Albert Kocher. No index. See also Sarton and Claudius F. Mayer: When was the cause of endemic goiter recognized (Isis 37, 7I-73, I947).

CHANDLER, SIMON B. The three McLane doctors of Morgantown. Bulletin of the His- tory of Medicine 25, 269-76, 2 figs., I95I.

COPEMAN, W. S. C. Andrew Ure, M.D., F.R.S. (I778-I857). Proceedings of the Royal Society of Medicine, Section of the History of Medi- cine 44, 655-62, I95I.

CRANFIELD, PAUL F. Cholera in Wisconsin, I832-I834. Wisconsin Medical Journal, 3 p., June I950.

DELtPINE, MARCEL. Joseph Pelletier and Joseph Caventou. Journal of Chemical Educa- tion 28, 454-6I, 7 ills., I95I.

Brief biographies and resume of the accomplish- ments in chemistry of Pelletier and Caventou, the Frenchmen who first isolated quinine. Included is a list of the papers written by the two chemists.

W. D. M.

FENTON, PAUL. Francois Magendie (October 6, I783-October 7, i855). Journal of Nutrition 43, 3-I5, port., I95I.

Contains a brief sketch of Magendie's life and times, but is principally concerned with his con- tributions in the field of nutrition. S. S. W.

FULTON, JOHN F. Jules Baillarger and his dis- covery of the six layers of the cerebral cortex. Gesnerus 8, 85-9I, 2 figs., I951.

KEYS, THOMAS E. Contributions leading to the invention of the ophthalmoscope. Proceed- ings of the Staff Meetings of the Mayo Clinic 26, 209-I6, 2 figs., I95I.

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igth Century I51

LOPEZ SANCHEZ, JOSE. Vida y obra del sabio, medico habanero. 420 p., frontispiece, pls. La Habana, Editorial Libreria Selecta, 1950.

This is a very elaborate biography of the great Cuban physician, Toma's Romay. He was born in La Habana on 2I Dec. I764, his parents being D. Lorenzo Romay and Dofia Maria de los Angeles Valdes y Chacon (hence his name Romay Chacon); he spent all his life in his native city and died there of cancer on 30 March I849. He was the leading physician of his time and country and distinguished himself in the field of public health, introducing vac- cination and fighting against yellow fever and chol- era. He was not only a physician, but a poet and publicist, educator, politician and exerted a deep in- fluence upon all the best aspects of life in Cuba. The author has added a bibliography of Dr Romay's writ- ings from I792 to I846. G. S.

McDONALD, J. C. The history of quarantine in Britain during the igth century. Bulletin of the History of Medicine 25, 22-44, I95I.

MULLETT, CHARLES F. The lay outlook on medicine in England, circa i8oo-i850. Bulletin of the History of Medicine 25, i69-77, 1951.

OLIVIER, JEAN. Apropos du Dr Jean de Car- ro. Gesnerus 8, I64-68, I95I.

PAZ-SOLDAN, CARLOS ENRIQUE. La resur- reccion milagrosa de Hipolito Unanue. Oracion pronunciada en la solemne ceremonia cele- brada el I6 de Mayo de 1951 con motivo de la consagraci6n del monumento trasladado al patio de honor de la Facultad de Medicina. La Reforma Medica, suplemento i-viii, Mayo- Junio 195I.

Hipolito Unanue (I755-I833) was the founder of scientific medical education in Peru.

PAZ SOLDAN, C. E. Cayetano Heredia (I797- i86i) y las bases docentes de la Escuela Medi- cal de Lima. XXiV+29I p., portr. Lima, Biblio- teca de Cultura Sanitaria, i95i.

Elaborate biography by the President of the Peruvian Society of the History of Medicine of Dr Cayetano Heredia, who was the founder of the modern medical school of Lima. He was born in I797 at Catacaos in the Piura Department (NW Peru), center of the "Panama hat" industry. He was educated in the Franciscan monastery of Lima, then in El Colegio de medicina de San Fernando in the same city. The program of studies in that college about I8I3 was remarkably well balanced (see Quadro Sinoptico reproduced in facsimile on p. io). After a long professional career, the greatest medical master of Peru died in i86i. The biography is completed with a number of documents but not indexed. It is published by the Instituto de medicina social of the Universidad Nacional Mayor de San Marcos de Lima. G. S.

PLOY1t, M. Deux ceremonies i la memoire de Pelletier et de Caventou. Rev. du Paludisme Med. Trop. io8 p., 2 ports., ills., I951.

This is a most appropriate record of the dedication ceremonies of the two statues in Paris to Joseph Pelletier (I788-I842), and J. Bienaime Caventou (I795-I877), who made such important contribu- tions in the isolation of active alkaloidal principles

from crude plant drugs, particularly quinine. The first statue to the brilliant French pharmaceutical chemist was erected in I909, but the bronze was removed for war purposes during the German occu- pation. The second memorial was dedicated on 2 March I95I, by a distinguished company. A full account of the important contributions of Pelletier and Caventou, together with much illustrative ma- terial, is included in this memorial tribute.

C. D. L.

ROONEY, WILLIAM E. The founding of the New Orleans Marine Hospital. Bulletin of the History of Medicine 25, 260-68, 1951.

ROSEN, GEORGE. An American doctor in Paris in I828. Selections from the diary of Peter Solomon Townsend, M.D. Journal of the History of Medicine 6, 64-1I5, 209-52, I95I.

SCHULLIAN, DOROTHY M. Dr Samuel Han- bury Smith (I8I0-94) of Cincinnati, Colum- bus, and Hamilton, Ohio. Bulletin of the Med- ical Library Association 39, I46-54, 2 figs., 195I.

SIGERIST, HENRY E. (editor). Letters of Jean de Carro to Alexandre Marcet, 1794-i8I7. With an introduction and notes. vii+78 p. Supplements to the Bulletin of the History of Medicine, no. 12, Baltimore: The Johns Hop- kins Press, I950.

SMILLIE, WILSON G. An early prepayment plan for medical care. The Thomsonian system of botanical medicine. Journal of the History of Medicine 6, 253-57, I95I.

SMITH, ARTHUR H. William Beaumont (No- vember 2I, 1785-April 25, I853). Journal of Nutrition 44, 3-I6, port., I951.

Portrait painted in 1943 by Deane Keller for the Beaumont Medical Club and now hung in their room in the Yale Medical Library.

VALLERY-RADOT, PIERRE. Les maladies de Chateaubriand. Histoire de la M?decine no. 5, 25-30, I95I.

VINCHON, JEAN. Du romantisme au surr6al- isme i. travers l'histoire de la psychiatrie au XIXe siecle. Histoire de la midecine no. 2,

I3-I6, I95I.

WAITE, FREDERICK CLAYTON. The first medical college in Vermont: Castleton i8I8- I862. 280 p., ill. Montpelier: Vermont His- torial Society, 1949.

Reviewed by Wm. Frederick Norwood, Bulletin of the History of Medicine 25, 299-30I, 1951.

E. Alia

BOLIVAR, SIMON (1783-I830). Selected writ- ings. Compiled by Vicente Lecuna. Edited by Harold A. Bierck, Jr. Translation by Lewis Bertrand. Published by Banco de Venezuela. 2 vols. liii+822 p. New York: Colonial Press, I95I.

Bolivar el Libertador was a prophet of American solidarity and this beautiful translation of his writ- ings is very welcome. He should be as well known

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I q2 IQth Century

here as Washington, Jefferson and Lincoln and one's knowledge of him would facilitate our understand- ing of Latin America. Like Jefferson he was a child of the eighteenth century; yet, his democracy was more of the Hamiltonian than of the Jeffersonian kind. He understood the need of a world organiza- tion dedicated to the maintenance of peace. The historian of science will find little grist for his mill in these volumes; there are references to Buffon, Bonpland and Humboldt but none to Boussingault whom Bolivar had brought from France for technical assistance (Isis Io, I90). Bolivar's views on educa- tion were recorded in two short tracts On the education of Fernando Bolivar, his nephew (i822, p. 309-17) and On Public Education (I825 p. 55- 6I). All the selections here translated were edited in the original Spanish by Vicente Lecuna: Cartas del Libertador (II vols., Caracas 1929-30, 1947), Proclamas y discursos del Libertador (Caracas 1939). No less than 327 documents are given, ranging from x8io to the end of his life in 1830. G. S.

BRINTON, CRANE. English political thought in the nineteenth century. viii+3I2 p. Cam- bridge: Harvard University Press, I949.

Reviewed by I. Bernard Cohen, Isis 42, 88-89, 1951.

BROGLIE, LOUIS DE. Coup doeil sur Phistoire de la science en France pendant la periode 1799-i8io. Revue d'Histoire des Sciences 4, 105-08, I95I.

FOOTE, GEORGE A. The place of science in the British reform movement i830-50. Isis 42,

192-208,1I951.

HAYEK, F. A. John Stuart Mill and Harriet Taylor, Their correspondence and subsequent marriage. 320 p., 5 ills. Chicago, University of Chicago Press, I95I. $4.oo. John Stuart Mill was one of the noblest men of

the nineteenth century and everything which con- cerns him is of deep interest to us, in particular his friendship with Harriet Taylor. The letters here published "show the deep influence which Harriet exercised on all Mill's thought. It becomes clear that Mill's gradual drift toward socialist belief was mainly inspired by her brilliant and sensitive mind and that many of his opinions on the arts, letters, and politics of Victorian England were formed under the influence of her thought and conversation. It is by no means an exaggeration to say that, through Mill, Harriet Taylor was a shaping force in nine- teenth century thought." When Mill lost his wife in Avignon in I 858, he had the good fortune of obtaining the assistance and companionship of her daughter, Helen Taylor, to whom he paid a high tribute in his Autobiography (only in new edition, New York 1924, p. I84-85). Let us hope that we shall some day be given full biographies of these two extraordinary women, Harriet Mill and Helen Taylor. Hayek has done his task very well, but the printing of the footnotes at the end of the book is barbaric and inexcusable (Isis 35, 179). G. S.

PECKHAM, MORSE. Dr Lardner's Cabinet cyelopaedia. Papers of the Bibliographical So- ciety of America 45, 37-58, I95I.

Lardner (s793-I859) was editor of Cabinet cyclopaedia, a series of scientific treatises written in a non-technical manner for the layman. 6I tides in 133 volumes were published between I830 and I 846. A check list is given.

RICHTER, WALTHER. Proudhons Bedeutung fur die Gegenwart. Abhandlungen zur Wissen- schaftsgeschichte und Wissenschaftssoziologie H. 2, 5-49, Bremen iggi.

SCHNABEL, FRANZ. Deutsche Geschichte im neunzehnten Jahrhundert. III. Bd.: Erfahr- ungswissenschaften und Technik. 5io p. Her- der, Freiberg i. Breisgau, 1950.

19th CENTURY - second half

A. Mathematics

BOOLE, GEORGE (i8i5-64). An investigation of the laws of thought, on which are founded the mathematical theories of logic and proba- bilities. 424 p., portr. New York: Dover Pub- lications, $4.50. Facsimile reprint of the first edition (1854) of

ihis great classic, the publication of which was the foundation of symbolic logic. It is stated on the jacket that "the new Dover edition is unabridged, and all corrections to the 1854 edition have been made within the text."

GARNIER, FRftRE. Edmond Brunhes (1834- I9i6) (en religion, Frere Gabriel-Marie, de l'Institut des Freres des Ecoles Chr6tiennes). Isis 42, 234-37, I95I.

B. Physical Sciences and Technology DUNSHEATH, PERCY (editor). A century of

technology (185I-1951). 346 p., 40 ills. Lon- don: Hutchinson, I95I.

FARRADANE, J. History of chromatography. Nature z67, I20, I95I.

HEAVISIDE centenary volume. v+98 p., 6 pls. London: Institution of Electrical Engi- neers, i950.

Reviewed in Nature i68, 532, 1951.

HUBER, P. Hermann von Helmholtz. Experi- enta 7, 356-60, i95i.

LORD, W. M. The development of the Bessemer process in Lancashire, I856-i900. Transactions of the Newcomen Society 25, i63-80, I fig., I950.

NORRISH, R. G. W. Lyon Playfair and his work for the great exhibition of i85I. Journal Royal Society of Arts 99, 537-49, I9, .

A biography of the English chemist with excerpts. from some of his unpublished correspondence.

W. D. M

O'DEA, W. T. i85i-i95i: a century of British engineering. Journal Royal Society of Arts 99, 463-79, 6 figs., I95I.

PANETH, F. A. Trend of inorganic and physical chemistry since i85o. Nature I68, 37I, 195I.

PFEIFFER, HEINZ G.; LIEBHOFSKY, HER- MAN A. The origins of Beer's law. J. Ckem. Education 28, I23-25, I95I.

STEVENS, G. W. W. Microphotography since I839. Photographic Journal goB, ito-56, 9 figs, 1950.

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ixth Century I'53 "The present paper presents an historical review

of microphotography from a technical standpoint. The topics dealt with are the early work of Dancer, Shadbolt and the English school, the French com- mercial production of curios by Dagron and others, the Paris Pigeon Post and the later development of document copying and instrument scale manufacture. Comparison of published reports and surviving pellicles show that two different methods were used to produce these, that most frequently described being the first method, which was soon abandoned. In fact the material for an entire pellicle comprising I6 large pages of newsprint, was legibly copied with a single exposure through one lens." See also Frederic Luther's paper on the same subject in Isis 4I, 277-8i, I950.

TODD, A. R. A hundred years of organic chem- istry (I85I-I95I). Nature I68, 326, I95I.

VAN KLOOSTER, H. S. Bunsen, Berthelot, and Perkin. Journal of Chemical Education 28, 359-6j, I95I.

WEIL, HERBERT; WILLIAMS, TREVOR I. Early history of chromatography. Nature I67, 906, I95I.

WHEELER, LYNDE PHELPS. Josiah Willard Gibbs: the history of a great mind. Viii+264 p., 9 pls. New Haven: Yale University Press, I95I.

Reviewed by D. J. Struik, Isis 42, 257-59, 1951.

WHITE, LESLIE A. Wilhelm Ostwald (I853- I932): a note on the history of culturology. Antiquity 25, 3I-32, I95I.

WILLIAMSON, D. E. The double-beam infrared gas analyzer of John Tyndall. Amer. Scientist 39, 672-8i, I95I.

WILSON, WILLIAM. A hundred years of phys- ics. 3I9 p., ills. London: Duckworth; New York: The Macmillan Co., 1950.

Reviewed by I. Bernard Cohen, Isis 42, 272-73,

1951.

ZECHMEISTER, L. Early history of chromatog- raphy. Nature I67, 405, I95I.

C. Natural Sciences

BRUNEL, JULES. Antibiosis from Pasteur to Fleming. Journal of the History of Medicine 6, 287-30I, I95I.

DARRAH, WILLIAM CULP. Powell of the Colorado. xiii+426 p., I7 ills. Princeton, Princeton University Press, I95I. $6.oo. This is an excellent biography largely based on

unpublished material; it is a first-class contribution to the study of American science, and also a con- tribution to American politics after the Civil War. John Wesley Powell (Mt Morris, N. Y., I835-I902) was the explorer of the Green and Colorado Rivers, founder of the Geological Survey and Bureau of Ethnology; one of the first to outline a plan of study of Indian culture with priority on linguistics; de- fender of the public domain against ruthless ex- ploiters; founder and first president of the Cosmos Club. He was a self-made man whose formal schooling ended at I2 when he became the manager of his parents' farm. The book is full of sidelights

on the development and organization of science in the USA, the relationship between science and gov- ernment, etc. E.g., the interrelation between educa- tion and the shrub osage orange in the fifties. The chapter on Powell's last work Truth and Error (I898) is an anticlimax, for he was not a philoso- pher nor even an original scientist; he was a great organizer at an heroic age when organization meant more than administration but was truly creative. His artistic possibilities were as limited as his philo- sophic ones, and yet his niece, Maud Powell (I868- 1920), obtained international fame as a violinist.

G. S.

DAVIS, BRADLEY M. Edward Strasburger (I844-I912). Genetics 36, I-3.

Brief biography and portrait.

DOBELL, CLIFFORD. In memoriam Otto Biutschli (I848-I920), "architect of proto- zoology." Isis 42, 20-22, port., I95I.

DOHRN, REINHARD. Stazione zoologica Na- poli. Notes and Records of the Royal Society 8, 277-82, 2 p1., I95I.

DUPREE, A. HUNTER (editor). Some letters from Charles Darwin to Jeffries Wyman. Isis 42, I04-I0, 195I.

GILMOUR, J. S. L. The development of taxo- nomic theory since i85I. Nature x68, 400-02,

I95I.

JACK, J. G. (i86i-i949). The Arnold Arbore- tum. Some personal notes. Biologia 2, I85- 200, 195I.

MADDEN, HENRY MILLER. Xantus: Hun- garian naturalist in the pioneer West. 3I2 p. Burlingame, Calif.: Wreden, 1949.

Reviewed by S. W. Geiser, American Historical Review 56, 686-87, 1951.

MORTENSEN, H. CHR. C. Studies in bird migration. Being the collected papers of H. Chr. C. Mortensen, I856-I92I. Edited by Poul Jespersen and A. Vedel Taning. 272 p. (Pub- lished by Dansk Ornithologisk Forening). Copenhagen: Munksgaard, I950.

Reviewed by A. Landsborough Thomson, Nature I68, 2I6, 1951.

ROGERS, ANDREW DENNY III: Bernard Eduard Fernow, a story of North American forestry. 62I p. Princeton: University Press, 1951.

Reviewed by Conway Zirkle, Isis 42, 257, 1951.

THOMAS, H. HAMSHAW. A hundred years of plant morphology. Nature x68, 3I2-I4, I951.

TSCHERMAK-SEYSENEGG, E. The rediscov- ery of Gregor Mendel's work. Jour. Heredity 42, I63-7I, I95I.

An account of the early days of genetics by the only living member of the trio who discovered Mendel's work in I900.

WOODCOCK, GEORGE; AVAKUMOVIC, IVAN. The anarchist prince. A biographical study of Peter Kropotkin. 463 p., frontispiece, 6 ills. London, Boardman, I950. 2IS.

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I54 igth Century

Excellent biography of Peter Alekseyevich Kropot- kin (I842-I92I), who was not simply one of the main theoricians of anarchy but a distinguished geographer (glaciation, dessication and orography of Siberia) and the author of a great book Mutual Aid (London I902; Isis 34, 465-66) which was translated into many languages. I remember reading it for the first time in Dutch. One of his most popular books Paroles d'un re'volte' was originally published in Paris i885 with a preface by another nobleman, Elisee Reclus. That book was translated into Italian in I904 by a man then unknown called Benito Mussolini. The index is very insufficient.

G. S.

ZIRKLE, CONWAY. Gregor Mendell & his pre- cursors. Isis 42, 97-I04, I95I.

D. Medical Sciences

BABKIN, B. P. Pavlov, a biography. xiii+365 p. London: Gollancz, I95I.

First published I949 Chicago, University Press.

CHEVASSU, MAURICE. Les debuts du cathe- terisme ureteral. Histoire de la Me'decine, no. 3, 29-33, I95I.

EDWARDS, RALPH W. The first woman den- tist, Lucy Hobbs Taylor, D.D.S. (I833-I9I0).

Bulletin of the History of Medicine 25, 277-

83, 2 figs., I95I.

HASSENFORDER. Le medecin-major de 2e classe Duchesne, precurseur fransais de l'action antibiotique de certaines moisissures (Penicil- lium glaucum). Histoire de la MJdecine no. 4, 38-39, I95I. Apropos of Duchesne's doctoral thesis Contribution

a l'etude de la concurrence vitale chez les micro- organismes 17 dec. I897.

HERRICK, JAMES B. Memories of eighty years. 270 p., ills. Chicago: University of Chi- cago Press, I949.

HOLMES, WILLIAM. The repair of nerves by suture. Journal of the History of Medicine 6, 44-63, I95I.

KEYS, THOMAS E. Contributions leading to the invention of the ophthalmoscope. Proceed- ings of the Staff Meetings of the Mayo Clinic 26, 209-I6, 195I.

KEYS, THOMAS E.; KRUSEN, FRANK H. Dr Simon Baruch and his fight for free public baths. Archives of Physical Medicine 26, 549- 57, 6 figs., I945.

KISCH, BRUNO. Horner's syndrome, an Amer- ican discovery. Bulletin of the History of Medicine 25, 284-88, 195I.

LEAKE, CHAUNCEY D. Gold rush doc. Ges- nerus 8, II4-I23, I95I.

Apropos of California's first great scientist, James Blake (I815-93).

LERICHE, RENt. Leopold Ollier, I830-I900. Histoire de la Medecine no. 6, 3I-33, I95I.

LERICHE, RENt. Un grand precurseur oublie de la neurochirurgie, Mathieu Jaboulay. His- toire de la Me'decine, no. 3, 35-40, I95I.

McNALTY, SIR ARTHIJR SALUSBURY. Sir Benjamin Ward Richardson (I828-I896). A biography. 92 p. London: Harvey and Blythe, I950.

MORRISON, HYMAN. Reginald Heber Fitz's contribution to the development of medical education and practice in America. Bulletin of the History of Medicine 25, 6o-65, I95I.

OSLER, SIR WILLIAM. Aphorisms from his bedside teachings and writings. Collected by Robert Bennett Bean; edited by William Ben- nett Bean. 159 p. New York: Schuman, I950.

[OSLER, SIR WILLIAM]. Selected writings of Sir William Osler, I2 July I849 to 29 Decem- ber I919. Edited by Alfred White Franklin with an introduction by G. L. Keynes. Lon- don: Oxford University Press, I95I. $4.00.

A splendid collection, including those two master- pieces, "Creators, transmuters, and transmitters" and "The old humanities and the new science," and biographies of Sir Thomas Browne, Gui Patin, Robert Burton, Michael Servetus, William Beaumont, and young Laennec, as well as reflective pieces. This pleasantly printed book will serve to present the best of Osler as a humanist to a new generation.

I. B. C.

PAGEL, JULIUS (I85I-I9I2). Centenary of his birth. Isis 42, I44, I95I. See also Sigerist in Bull. of the History of Medicine 25, 203-06, I95I.

[PASTEUR] Correspondance, I84o-i895, re- unie et annotee par Pasteur Vallery-Radot. Nouvelle edition. Paris, Grasset, I946.

Reviewed by M. C., Histoire de la medecine no. 4, 35-36, I95I.

RAVITCH, MARK M. Jonathan Hutchinson and intussusception. Bulletin of the History of Medicine 25, 342-53, I fig., 195I.

RUCKER, C. WILBUR; KEYS, THOMAS E. The atlases of ophthalmoscopy, (,850oI950). frontispiece. [No place and date of publica- tion.] Exhibit in commemoration of the centennial of

Helmholtz's invention of the ophthalmoscope pre- pared for the section on ophthalmology, A.M.A., San Francisco, June I950.

RUCKER, C. WILBUR. The development of the ophthalmoscope and of knowledge of the interior of the eye. Proceedings of the Staff Meetings of the Mayo Clinic 26, 2I7-2I, 3 figs., I95I.

ULLMAN, EGON V. Life of Alfonso Corti, I822-76. A.M.A. Archives of Otolaryngology 54, I-28, I95I. Elaborate biography of the Italian anatomist who

discovered the complex organ of the ear, "Corti's organ," and described it in his Recherches sur l'organe de l'ouie des mammiferes (Limafon 3, I06-69, I851). G. S.

URDANG, GEORGE. The rescue of the United States Pharmacopoeia by organized American pharmacy in the eighteen seventies. American

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igth Century I55 Journal of Pharmaceutical Education 15, I72-

84, I95I.

VALLERY-RADOT, PIERRE. Les medecins vus par les Goncourt. Histoire de la Medecine z, II-19, ills., 195I,

VALLERY-RADOT, PIERRE. Toulouse-Lau- trec. Aspect medical de son oeuvre. Histoire de la Me'decine no. 6, 3-II, ills., 1951.

VASSELLI, JOSEPH A. A pestilence census- taker in New Jersey. Bulletin of the History of Medicine 25, 354-85, 1951.

WOODHAM-SMITH, CECIL. Florence Night- ingale, I820-i9IO. iv+372 p., 4 11. New York: McGraw-Hill, I95I.

Excellent biography (based on private papers and unpublished documents) of one of the greatest women of the last century. It is a medical biography of first importance, because F.N. was the founder of military and civil nursing. Her life was a ceaseless struggle against the inertia and stupidity of ad- ministrators. My only criticism is that the author did not discuss the scientific training of his heroine, especially her unusual understanding of statistics, her keen appreciation of Quetelet's Social statics (Isis 23, 7-8, 23, 1935; Horus 6, I6, I952). Quetelet is not even mentioned. The lack of an index is de- plorable. G. S.

E. Alia

BEAVER, JOSEPH. Walt Whitman - poet of science. xvii+i78 p. New York: King's Crown Press, 1951. $2.75.

This ably written work sets out to show that "Walt Whitman was the first American poet . . . to embody modern scientific concepts in his work in a poetic manner." The purpose of the book is "to show how Whitman went about reconciling science with poetry, and to evaluate the degree of success he achieved."

While Dr Beaver corrects the view that Whitman was rather ignorant and inaccurate in matters of science, I think he overstates the case for Whitman as "the poet of science." Whitman was obviously interested and much influenced by some of the sci- entific writings and thought of his day, and this is reflected in his verse, but this is quite another thing from saying that he was either a singer or a trumpeter of science.

One of Dr Beaver's chapters is mistitled "The ascent of man" on the basis of the author's mis- conception of the title of Darwin's I87I book which was The descent of man. He refers to Darwin's I871 The ascent of man. It is strange that Dr Beaver and all his manuscript readers should have over- looked this error.

This work is to be welcomed as yet another, suc- cessful, attempt to bridge the gap between literature and science in literary criticism. M. F. A. M.

CASWELL, JOHN EDWARDS. The utilization of the scientific reports of United States Arctic expeditions, 1850-I909. viii+304 p. mimeo-

graphed). (Under the direction of Edgar Eu- gene Robinson. Technical report II, Contract N6onr 25122 between the Office of Naval Re- search and Stanford University). Distributed by: Biology Branch, Office of Naval Research;

Department of History, Stanford University, July I95I.

The scientific purposes of the U. S. Arctic expedi- tions were secondary yet important. Caswell's in- vestigation was the more necessary, because those scientific results are largely buried in unpublished archives. The subject is divided as follows: Intro- duction. I. Geography. 2. Hydrography. 3. The myth of the open Polar Sea. 4. The assimilation of Arctic meteorological data. 5. The uses of Arctic magnetic data. 6. American geologists in the Arctic. 7. Utilization of zoological data. 8. Arctic explorers as botanical collectors. 9. Arctic expeditions and the Eskimos. Io. The sources of popular ideas of the Arctic. II. Congressional attitudes. 12. Public ad- ministration and Polar expeditions. 13. Summary.

G. S.

DINGLE, HERBERT (editor). A century of science. 338 p., 4 ills. London: Hutchinson's Scientific and Technical Publications, I951.

FAVERTY, FREDERIC E. Matthew Arnold: the ethnologist. Vii+24I p. Evanston, Ill.: Northwestern University Press, I95I. $5.00.

Dr Faverty has written a most valuable book. Matthew Arnold (I822-88) is not usually thought of as an ethnologist, and yet his ethnological views have had more influence than those of many a professed ethnologist. Arnold was a racist, not in the pejorative sense of that word, but he believed cultures and cultural achievements to be determined by "race." In this extremely well written book Dr Faverty throws a flood of light upon this aspect of Arnold's thought.

The value of a book such as this is that it per- forms the much-needed task of demonstrating the influence which public figures have upon the forma- tion of public opinion. As Dr Faverty says, "To the unfounded assumptions of the racial hypothesis Arnold lent the weight of a distinguished name. His pronouncements upon the Celt, the Saxon, and the Jew have not gone unheard; they have told upon the world's practice. Shall a man be absolved of all responsibility because he would disown his fanatic disciples? Shall the advocate of culture be held blameless when his theories result in anarchy? It may be, however, that the censure implied in such questions is too harsh. After all, Arnold was merely following the Zeitgeist, and that, by the majority, at least, is not considered an indictable offense. Per- haps it is enough to say of him, as he said of the average Englishman, that he walked diligently by such light as he had, but took too little care that the light he had was not darkness."

The fact is that Arnold was irresponsible. He was a litterateur, a sciolist, passing himself off as an authority on matters which he did not under- stand, and what is worse, which he made no serious attempt to understand. These were facts which were by no means unknown to many of his contempo- raries, and yet his influence has been considerable. It was largely Arnold who was responsible for the creation of the myth of the Celt, and Dr Faverty shows how two generations of poets and critics have been misled into the creation of a purely mythical creature by Arnold's views.

In an important sense Dr Faverty's book is an object-lesson in the sense of responsibility, particu- larly in literary men when they are concerned with matters human which are amenable to scientific verification. M. F. A. M.

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Page 30: Seventy-Eighth Critical Bibliography of the History and Philosophy of Science and of the History of Civilization (To December 1951)

I56 igth Century- 20th Century

FLEMING, DONALD. John William Draper and the religion of science. ix+235 p. Phila- delphia: University of Pennsylvania Press, 1950.

Reviewed by Conway Zirkle, Isis 42, 256, I95I.

GOUDGE, THOMAS A. The thought of C. S. Peirce. xiv+36o p. Toronto: University of Toronto Press, 1950.

HOLMYARD, ERIC JOHN. British contribu- tions to science, I85I-I95I. Endeavour io, II7-I8, 195I.

INGERSOLL, ROBERT G. The letters of Rob- ert G. Ingersoll. Edited with a biographical introduction by Eva Ingersoll Wakefield. xii+ 747 p. New York: Philosophical Library, 195I -

LUCKHURST, K. W. The great exhibition of i85I. Journal of the Royal Society of Arts 99, 4I3-56, 21 ills., 1951.

McGOWAN, H. I85I-I95I: a century of British industry. Journal of the Royal Society of Arts 99, 235-45, I95I.

McKIE, D. I85I-I95I: a century of British sci- ence. Journal of the Royal Society of Arts 99, 3I6-25, 195I.

PRAT, M. Un savant de chez nous, Pierre Eu- doxe Dubalen, I85I-I936. Bull. de la SocigtJ de Borda (Dax) 74, 83-95, 1950.

20th CENTURY

A. Mathematics

BIRKHOFF, GEORGE DAVID (I884-I944).

Collected mathematical papers. 3 vols. New York: American Mathematical Society, I950.

Reviewed by Edmund T. Whittaker, Nature 167, 250, I951.

COMRIE, LESLIE JOHN (I893-I950). Obitu- ary notice by J. G. Porter. The Observatory 7I, 24-26, I95I.

GODEAUX, LUCIEN. Ee'tat actuel des recher- ches mathematiques en Belgique. Bull. de la Soc. r. des sciences de Liege 5I4-24, I950.

B. Physical Sciences and Technology

[ATOMIC ENERGY]. An international bibli- ography on atomic energy. 24,282 items. Vol. 2, Scientific aspects. Foreword by Serge A. Korff. General introduction by J. R. Oppen- heimer. New York: United Nations, I95I.

$I0.00.

This work is designed to provide a set of reference for interested workers in the application of atomic energy for peaceful purposes for the benefit of man- kind. The bibliography is truly international and contains a complete author index, and a list of periodical abbreviations. M. F. A. M.

BEYER, ROBERT T. Foundations of nuclear physics. Facsimiles of thirteen fundamental studies as they were originally reported in the scientific journals, with a bibliography. vi+

272 p., ills. New York: Dover Publications, I949.

Reviewed by I. Bernard Cohen. Isis 42, 272-73, 1951.

CONDON, E. U. Evolution of the quantum the- ory. Scientific Monthly 72, 2 I7-22, 1951.

[DE FOREST, LEE]. Father of radio, the auto- biography of Lee De Forest. 502 p. Chicago: Wilcox & Follett, 1950.

The title of this autobiography is a little too comprehensive, despite the importance of the au- thor's work in developing practical radio communi- cation, chiefly the invention of the "audion" of three-element vacuum tube ("valve"). For historians of science one of the most interesting parts is that dealing with the author's undergraduate and gradu- ate years at Yale and his relations with the great J. Willard Gibbs. I. B. C.

DUVEEN, DENIS; OFFENBACHER, EMIL. An alchemical correspondence in Germany un- der the Nazi regime. 29 p. Long Island City, N. Y.: Reinitz Soap Corp., I95I.

FARRADANE, J. History of chromatography. Nature I67, I20, I95I.

FERRIRRES, GABRIELLE. Jean Cavailles, philosophe et combattant (I9o3-I944), avec une etude de son oeuvre par Gaston Bachelard. 234 p. Paris: Presses Universitaires de France, 1950.

Reviewed by Th. Lepage, Archives internationales d'histoire des sciences 30, 763-65, 195I.

FREUDENTHAL, ELSBETH. Flight into his- tory, the Wright brothers and the air age. 25I

p. Norman: University of Oklahoma Press, I949.

GLASSTONE, SAMUEL. Sourcebook on atomic energy. With an introduction.by Gordon Dean. 546 p., ills. New York: Van Nostrand, I950.

Reviewed by I. Bernard Cohen, Isis 42, 272-73, 1951.

HAHN, OTTO. New atoms, progress and some memories. Edited by W. Gaade. I84 p. New York: Elsevier, 1950.

Reviewed by I. Bernard Cohen, Isis 42, 272-73, 1951.

IPATIEFF, VLADIMIR NIKOLAEVICH. The life of a chemist. Memoirs. Edited by Xenia Joukoff Eudin, Helen Dwight Fisher and Har- old H. Fisher. Translated by Vladimir Haensel and Mrs. Ralph H. Lusher. xv+658 p., portr., 7 ills. Stanford University Press, 1946.

This book is a supplement to the author's scientific biography Catalytic reactions at high pressures and temperatures (1936). It is of great interest not simply as the autobiography of a very distinguished chemist, but also because of the light it throws upon scientific education in Russia at the end of last century, and on the scientific organization during and after the Revolution. The author was born in Moscow in I867. His book is divided into two parts: I. Imperial Russia. This includes the story of his scientific education and development and of his main discoveries, the first fifty years of his life. II. Revo-

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20th Century ' 57

lution and Soviet Russia. He was one of the top scientific organizers of Soviet Russia from I9I7 to 1930. In June of that year, Vladimir Nikolaevich and his wife, Varvara Ermakova, left their native country forever, and began a new life in America. The editor has added (p. 523-625) a Russian who's who and what's what, and also a biographical summary. G. S.

MoQUEEN, Alexander. A romance in research: the life of Charles F. Burgess, student, teacher, researcher, industrialist. 437 p., 59 pls. New York: Instruments Publishing Co., ij5i. $6.oo. Charles F. Burgess was born in Oshkosh, Wis-

consin, in I873, and spent his academic career at the University of Wisconsin as student and through to Professor of Applied Electro-Chemistry. He was an inspiring teacher, dedicated to the goal of fruitful applied research. He formed the Burgess Labora- tories and later the Burgess Battery Company, which has an enviable record of commercial achievement.

C. D. L.

MILNE, EDWARD ARTHUR (1895-T950). Obituary notice by W. H. McCrea. The Ob- servatory 70, 225-32, 1950.

NIRO, PIO. Einstein, el einsteinismo y una fisica consistente Coloquio preliminar y capitulo I. I5 p. Buenos Aires, I95I.

PICKARD, ROBERT HOWSON (i874-1949). Obituary by J. Kenyon. Obituary Notices of Fellows of the Royal Society 7, 253-63, portr., 1I950.

SACKS, JACOB. The atom at work. Ifustra- tions by George R. Cox. xii+327 p., 54 figs. New York: The Ronald Press, I95I.

Reviewed by I. Bernard Cohen, Isis 42, 272-73, 1951.

SCHILPP, PAUL ARTHUR (editor). Albert Einstein: Philosopher-scientist. With a gen- eral introduction and a preface by P. A. Schilpp; a bibliography of the writings of Al- bert Einstein to October 1949 compiled by Margaret C. Shields; and an index arranged by Surindar Suri and Kenneth G. Halvorsen. xvi+78i p., portr., facs. (The Library of Liv- ing Philosophers, 7). Evanston, Ill.: Library of Living Philosophers, I949.

R viewed by I. Bernard Cohen, Isis 42, 76-79, 195I.

THURSTON, A. P. The evolution of rider planes for aircraft. Transactions of the Newcomen Society 22, 107-I5, 6 figs., I941-42.

WEIL, H.; WILLIAMS, T. I. Early history of chromatography. Nature s67, 906-07, Ig1I.

WITSON, CHAS. E. The General Electric re- search laboratory, I900-1950. Amer. Scientist 39, 262-67, 195I.

WILSON, MARGARET. Ninth astronomer roy- al. The life of Frank Watson Dyson (I868- I939). XVi+294 p., I4 pls. Cambndge: Heifer, I95I.

ZECHMEISTER, L. Early history of chroma- tography. Nature I67, 405-6, I 9 5 I.

C. Natural Sciences

COOK, R. C. More about Lepeshinskaya's home- brewed cells. Journal of Heredity 42, 121-23,

I95I.

A translation of G. Khrushchov's New develop- ments of cell theory (Taglichi Rundschau, East Berlin, July 12, 1950) and H. Nachtsheim's Bio- logical Phantasies (Tagespiegel, West Berlin, June 20, 1950). Lepeshinskaya claims to have traced the origin of certain cells of the embryo to yolk globules in the egg. Khrushchov's paper is an excellent sample of the intellectual standards now in vogue in Soviet medical research. Nachtsheim calls atten- tion to these standards. C. Z.

FLOREY, H. W.; ABRAHAM, E. P. The work on penicillin at Oxford. Journal of the History of Medicine 6, 302-I6, 5 figs., 195I.

HOBBY, GLADYS L. Microbiology in relation to antibiotics. Journal of the History of Medi- cine 6, 369-87, I95I.

KEITH, SIR ARTHUR. An autobiography. vii+72I p. New York: Philosophical Library, I950.

Reviewed by M. F. Ashley Montagu, Isis 42, 6I, 5951.

KIESSELBACH, T. A. A half century of corn research. Amer. Scientist 39, 629-55, 195I.

MICHURIN, IVAN VLADIMIROVICH. Se-. lected works. xix+496 p., 200 ills. Moscow: Foreign Language Publishing House, I949.

Reviewed by Conway Zirkle, Isis 42, 8o-8I, i95i.

PEASE, ARTHUR STANLEY. The New Eng- land Botanical Club a half century ago and later. Rhodora 53, 97-I05, I95I.

SAHNI, BIRBAL (E89i-1949). Obituary by H. H. Thomas. Obituary Notices of Fellows of the Royal Society 7, 265-77, portr., I950.

SOROKIN, C. Inbreeding is again in favor in Russia. Jour. Heredity 42, 135-36, i95I.

Inbreeding was successfully exorcised from Rus- sian plant breeding by Lysenko in August 1948. This prevented the development of hybrid corn which is made by crossing and combining four inbred lines. B. P. Sokalov (Agrobiologia 5, 36-44, 1950) attempts to rehabilitate inbreeding under a new name. "Inbreeding" is still condemned but the advantages of "interlinear hybrids" (obtained by crossing inbred strains) are pointed out. This is an interesting exercise in the warping of language. The outcome should be fascinating. C. Z.

VAVILOV, NICOLAI IVANOVICH (i887- 1942). The origin, variation, immunity and breeding of cultivated plants. Translated from the Russian by K. Starr Chester. Selected writings. xviii+364 p., 37 figs. Waltham, Mass.: Chronica Botanica, vol. 13, no. I/6, 1949-50. "Acad. Nikolai Ivanovich Vavilov will long be

remembered as one of the world's outstanding con- tributors to scientific thought and accomplishment in genetics, plant breeding, and the study of plant variation, systematics, and evolution. In 1935 the climax of his career was marked by publication of

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i58 20th Century

the 2500-page symposium, The Scientific Bases of Plant Breeding of which Vavilov was editor and a principal author. Here, in their last and most com- plete form, are given Vavilov's contributions on the origin of cultivated plants, the law of homologous series in variation, the immunity of plants from diseases, and the scientific bases of wheat breeding. Vavilov had hoped to translate at least a part of these contributions into English for the benefit of his many English-speaking fellow scientists and friends, but this was prevented by his untimely death, and, until the present, these classics of botanical-agricultural literature, in their mature form, have been printed only in the Russian tongue. They are translated here in full."

Nicolai Ivanovich was born in Russia in 1887. "Studied with William Bateson at the John Innes Horticultural Institution and with Sir Rowland Biffen at the School of Agriculture, Cambridge, England, 1913-1914. Professor, Moscow University, 1914. Expedition to Persia and surrounding coun- tries to collect cereals, I9I6. Professor of Agricul- ture, Botany, and Genetics, Saratov, 1917. President of the Lenin Academy of Agricultural Sciences and Director of the Institute of Applied Botany (Institute of Plant Industry), 1g2x. Establishment and direc- tion of more than four hundred research institutes and experiment stations with staff of 20,000, 192I- 1934. Expeditions to Afghanistan, Abyssinia, China, Central America, and South America to collect economic plants, including 26,000 strains of wheat, 1923-1931. Direction of comprehensive study of the world collection of plants, and use of these in breeding; similar works with livestock, including horses, cattle, and reindeer, I93I-1939. Elected Academician of the USSR, I929. Soviet delegate to International Congress on the History of Science, London, 1931. Invited to be President of Interna- tional Congress of Genetics, 1939. Elected Foreign member of the Royal Society of Great Britain, 1942. Died probably in the early months of 1942."

WAKSMAN, SELMAN A. Streptomycin. Isola- tion, properties, and utilization. Journal of the History of Medicine 6, 3I8-47, 7 figs., 1951.

WEEVERS, TH. Fifty years of plant physiol- ogy. Foreword by F. W. Went. 308 p. Wal- tham: Chronica Botanica, 1949.

Reviewed by Conway Zirkle, Isis 42, I65, I95I.

WOOD, LAURA NEWBOLD. Raymond L. Dit- mars (i876-1942). His exciting career with reptiles, animals and insects. X+272 p., ill. New York: Messner, 1944.

D. Medical Sciences

ANDRIEU, RAYMOND. Origines et destin;ees d'une banque de sang. Histoire de la MMdecine I, 21-24, ills., 1951.

BEAUREPAIRE ARAGAO, HENRIQUE DE

Noticia historica sobre a fundaao do Instituto Oswaldo Cruz (Instituto de Manguinhos). Memdrias do Instituto Oswaldo Cruz 48, 50 p., plS., 1950. History and well illustrated description of the

famous institute which immortalizes the name of Oswaldo Cruz (1872-1917), the greatest Brazilian hygienist, who freed his country from yellow fever,

I owe my copy of this book to the kindness of Stuart Mudd of Philadelphia. G. S.

BACLURE, CLAUDE. Congr6s international jubilaire de la Societe francaise de gynecologie. Histoire de la Mgdecine no. 5, 3-6, i9g5i.

BUSACCHI, VINCENZO. Le reazioni di difesa, e di adattamento vitale e lopera di Hans Selye. Rivista di storia delle scienze, anno 4I, 3-6, I950.

COCA, ARTHUR F. The development of theo- ries of familial allergies. Ciba Symposia Ii,

I390-97, 1412, illS., I95I.

COLP, RALPH, JR. Ernest Starling. Scientific American, 57-6i, ills., Oct. I95I.

COX, ALFRED. Among the doctors. 224 p., frontispiece. London: Johnson, I95I.

CRILE, GEORGE. An autobiography. Edited with sidelights by Grace Crile. 2 vols., 22 ills. Philadelphia: Lippincott, I947.

DUFRENOY, J. L.; DUFRENOY, J. A propos du cinquantenaire de la Societe de Pathologie compar6e. Revue de Pathologie conparee et d'hygiene gengrale, 5o, 789-93, I950.

GAROSI, ALCIDE. Vittorio Putti come mi 6 apparso nelle sue lettere e nel suo diario nel decimo annuale della sua morte (i880-i940). Rivista di storia delle scienze, anno 4I, 1I9-92,

portr., i9g50.

GIBSON, JOHN M. Physician to the world: the life of General William C. Gorgas. ix+3I1 p. Durham: Duke University Press, I950.

IREDELL, C. E. The early history of radium in London. Proceedings of the Royal Society of Medicine, Section of the History of Medicine 44, 207-09, I951.

KEYS, T. E.; WILLIUS, F. A. Cardiac clinics. XCV. The achievements of Karel Frederik Wenckebach (I864-1940). Proceedings of the Staff Meetings of the Mayo Clinic 17, 332-36, 1942-

MAYER, CLAUDIUS F. Medical history of the Russo-German war, 194I-1945. A brief study, with review of the first-born official medical history of the Second World War. Thte Military Surgeon Iog, 207-21, I ill., 195I.

Review of the first six volumes of the gigantic Russian report "Experience of Soviet medicine in the Great War for the Fatherland I941-1945," to be completed in 35 volumes. G. S.

MONDOR, HENRI. Clovis Vincent. Histoire de la Medecine, I, 27-33; no. 2, 28-38; no. 3, 23- 27; no. 4, 25-27; no. 5, 19-23; no. 6, 37-44, ills., 195I.

SIGERIST, HENRY E. Dr Sigerist's sixtieth birthday. Editorial by Owsei Temkin, Bulletin of the History of Medicine 25, 99-100, 1951.

[SIGERIST, HENRY E.]. Henrico E. Sigerist sexagenario. Ex innumerabilibus amicis paucis- simi grates agunt. Gesnerus 8, Fasc. I/2, 1951. Sw. fr. 20.

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20th Century I 4o

Whole number dedicated to Sigerist as a Festschrift for his 6oth birthday. Portrait. Dedication by H. Fischer. No bibliography. The number is analyzed in Isis as every other has been from the beginning. Our best wishes to Sigerist and to Gesnerus. G. S.

SPRECHER, DREXEL A.; FRIED, JOHN H. E. Trials of war criminals before the Nuern- berg Tribunals. Vols. I and II: The medical case; The Milch case. 2002 p. Washington, D. C.: U. S. Government Printing Office. $2.75 per vol. For a shorter account see A. Mitscherlich and F.

Mielke (I949; isis 40, 301).

TAYLOR, STEPHEN; GADSDEN, PHYLLIS. Shadows in the sun. I87 p. London: Harrap, I949.

Reviewed by George Rosen, Journal of the History of Medicine 6, 273, I95I. History of contemporary tropical medicine.

THARAUD, JEROME; THARAUD, JEAN. Thierry de Martel. Histoire de la Medecine z, 3-9, ills.) I95I. French brain surgeon.

URDANG, GEORGE. The antibiotics and phar- macy. Journal of the History of Medicine 6, 388-405, I95I.

WELCH, HENRY. Pharmacology of antibiotics. Journal of the History of Medicine 6, 348-68, I951.

WHITE, PHILIP BRUCE (I89I-1949). Obitu- ary by W. Smith. Obituary Notices of Fellows of the Royal Society 7, 279-92, portr., I950.

E. Alia

ALBRIGHT, WILLIAM FOXWELL. Bulletin of the American Schools of Oriental Research, no. 122, April 195I.

This number is a Festschrift in honor of Prof. Albright to celebrate his 6oth birthday, May 24, 195I. Beautiful portrait. BAITSELL, GEORGE ALFRED (editor). Sci-

ence in Progress. Seventh series. XVii+5I2 p.,

iI8 figs. New Haven: Yale University Press, 195I. $6.oo. This is the seventh volume of a series which is

now well established and has been often praised in Isis. It is typical of the amplitude and complexity of progress in our day that it would not be pos- sible to tell the whole story with sufficient detail in a single book. The method followed in this series is to select a dozen outstanding men of science and ask them to explain one chapter, which must serve as a sample. The selection is made by the Society of the Sigma Xi and every article was one of the national lectures delivered under its auspices in 1949 and I950. The list is too long to be quoted here; it will suffice to tell the reader that it will give him a very fair idea of the scientific work done today, each chapter being explained by a master. The book is well integrated by an index, which will enable one to use it as one would use a dictionary. This series will facilitate the task of the historian of science of the next century, for it will enable him to make a reasonable choice among an infinity of scientific efforts (Isis 26, 53-62, 1936).

The history of this undertaking will interest our readers. It is the continuation of a previous series edited by the late Lorande Loss Woodruff: The de- velopment of the sciences (vol. I, Yale I923; Isis 6, 243; vol. 2, 1941; Isis 34, 7I). The first volume of Baitsell's series was published in I939 (Isis 32,

I66-67). Vols. 2 to 6 were reviewed in Isis when they appeared (vol. 6 in 45, 392). May it continue for a long time, for it is very useful. G. S.

COHN, EDWIN J. History of the development of a patent policy. Based on experiences in connection with liver extracts and blood deriv- atives, I927-I951. 38 p. University Labora- tory of Physical Chemistry related to medicine and public health, Harvard University, Boston, 1951.

DAMPIER, SIR WILLIAM CECIL (formerly Whetham). Cambridge and elsewhere. I50 p., 8 ills. London, Murray, 1950. IOS. 6d. These reminiscences of a distinguished physicist,

administrator, farmer will interest our readers very much, because Sir William has done more than any other Englishman to advance the study and teaching of the history of science. His History of science (I929) and his Shorter history of science (1944) have been often reprinted and analyzed in Isis. He was one of the first friends of Isis; he was one of the contributors to the first volume (s, 215-18) and his first book on the history of science Science and the human mind (I9I2) was reviewed in Isis (I, 125-32). From that time on, our readers have never lost sight of him for very long. When the history of our studies is written, his own place in it will be conspicuous, for he was one of the first to understand the need of them in general education.

G. S.

HEATH, A. E. (editor). Scientific thought in the twentieth century. An authoritative ac- count of fifty years' progress in science. xv? 387 p. London: Watts, 1951.

JUNOD, MARCEL. Warriors without weapons. xvi+283 p. New York: Macmillan, I95I. $4.00. Dr Marcel Junod is a Swiss physician who for

ten years has been in the service of mankind through his work in the International Red Cross. In this fascinating volume he tells the story of his experience as a member of the Red Cross in Abyssinia, Spain, France, Germany, and Japan. It is a beautifully written book. M. F. A. M.

LEURS DEBUTS. Les Nouvelles littraires 30, P. 5, I95I. Jean Becquerel, Louis et Maurice de Broglie, Irene

Joliot-Curie, Frederic Joliot, Paul Langevin, Rene Leriche, Bernard Cyot, Emm. de Martonne, Paul Montel, etc. parlent en quelques mots de leurs debuts scientifiques. J. P.

PEETERS, PAUL (I870-I950). Melanges Paul Peeters. 2 vols. Analecta Bollandiana vols. 67- 68. Bruxelles: Societe des Bollandistes I949-

50.

PEETERS, PAUL. Son oeuvre et sa personalite de Bollandiste par Paul Devos. Portrait et bibliographie. Analecta Bollandiana, vol. 69, p. I-lix, Bruxelles: Societe des Bollandistes, 195I.

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Page 34: Seventy-Eighth Critical Bibliography of the History and Philosophy of Science and of the History of Civilization (To December 1951)

i6o 20tk Century - I. Antiquity POPPER, WILLIAM. Semitic and oriental

studies presented to William Popper on the occasion of his seventy-fifth birthday, October 29, 1949. Edited by Walter J. Fischel. xii+ 456 p., frontispiece. (University of California Publications in Semitic Philology, ii) . Berke- ley: University of California Press, I95.

Splendid Festschrift dedicated to the editor of Ibn Taghri Birdi. Many of the articles are listed in his bibliography. It includes a portrait and short biography of the jubiliarian but no bibliography. Ad multos annos! G. S.

TAYLOR, F. SHERWOOD. The world of sci- ence. Second edition. xviii+io64 p., 48 pls. London: Heinemann, 1950.

Photographic reprint of first edition (1936) plus additions.

VOLUME JUBILAIRE de la Societe des Sci- ences naturelles du Maroc (1920-1945). I3evo- lution des sciences naturelles au Maroc de I934-I947. Rabat: Institut scientifique cheri- fien, 1948.

Reviewed by M. Caullery, Archives internationales d'histoire des sciences 30, 498, 1951.

Part II Historical and Ethnographical

Classification

I. ANTIQUITY

1. Antiquity - Generalities

ONIANS, RICHARD BROXTON. The origins of European thought about the body, the mind, the soul, the world, time, and fate. New interpretations of Greek, Roman and kindred evidence also of some basic Jewish and Chris- tian beliefs. xvii+547 p. Cambridge: Univer- sity Press, I95I. $9.oo.

The longish title of this book defines its contents. We may add that it is divided into three main parts: I. Mind and body. 2. Soul and body. 3. Fate and time. Plus a dozen appendices. The author is professor of Latin in the University of London and his main sources are Greek and Latin, but in the course of his long investigations (begun in i922), he has gradually added material taken from other sources (Semitic, Hindu). The work is well indexed and will probably be used as a dictionary, completing very well our classical dictionaries. G. S.

PEASE, ARTHUR STANLEY; DOW, STER- LING. The Oxford Classical Dictionary. Clas- sical studies at the mid-century. A review. Classical Weekly 44, 226-54, I951.

VAN DER WAERDEN, B. L. Ontwakende wetenschap. Egyptische, Babylonische en Griekse wiskunde. 332 p., I20 figs., 40 pls. (Historische Bibliotheek voor de Exacte Weten- schappen, 7). Groningen, Noordhoff, 1950.

The awakening of science. Egyptian, Babylonian and Greek mathematics (in Dutch).

WENDEL, CARL. Die Griechisch-R6mische Buchbeschreibung verglichen mit der des Vor- deren Orients. viii+149 p. (Hallische Mono- graphien, 3). Halle: Niemeyer, I949.

2. Egypt

BONACKER, WILHELM. The Egyptian "Book of the Two Ways." Imago Mundi 7, 5-17, 7 figs., I95I.

COTTRELL, LEONARD. The lost Pharaohs. The romance of Egyptian archaeology. 256 p., 50 pls. New York, Philosophical Library, I95I. $6.oo. This is a very readable book telling in simple

language the history of Egyptian archaeology. It is a pity that the author did not speak at greater length of the beginning of scientific archaeology by the members of the Institut d'Egypte founded by Bonaparte (Isis 26, 469). What is worse even, he missed the most thrilling chapter of his history, the decipherment of the great mathematical and medical papyri revealing the birth of science (Isis 14, 251-55; 15, 355-67). Such as it is, the book is a stimulating introduction to the subject; it is very interesting but not more so than any other book telling simply the history of any branch of knowledge. We need primers for every part of the history of science, books for the "amateur," but the writing of a good primer requires the soundest scholarship. No scholar is too good for the writing of the simplest intro- duction. G. S.

CRUM, WALTER EWING ( -1944). Coptic studies in honor of Walter Ewing Crum. xi?s72 p., quarto, 36 pls. Boston: The Byzan- tine Institute, 1950.

Splendid Festschrift in honor of the great Coptic scholar, who died (i8 May 1944) before its com- pletion, and so did Thomas Whittemore, Robert Pierpont Blake, Battiscombe Gunn. It includes a portrait, bibliography and many memoirs some of which are listed in this number of Isis. The book is a tribute not only to Crum but to the Coptic and Byzantine studies which he represented so well. The greatest monument is his Coptic Dictionary (Oxford I929-39). G. S.

EMERY, WALTER B. Great tombs of the first dynasty, I. Excavations at Saqqara. xi+I57 p., 55 pIs. Cairo: Service des Antiquites de l'Egypte, Government Press, I949.

Reviewed by Wm. Stevenson Smith, AntiqUity 25,

39-4I, I95I.

FALKENBURGER, F. Craniologie egyptienne. 46 p. Offenburg/Mainz: Lehrmittel-Verlag, 1946. Reviewed by Frans Jonckheere, Archives interna-

tionales d'histoire des sciences 30, 813-I4, I95I.

FOX, PENELOPE. Tutankhamun's treasure. X+40 p., 72 pls., 2 figs. New York: Oxford University Press, I95I. $6.oo. Splendid album of the Tutankhamun treasures

with a sufficient introduction (40 p.) explaining everything which the intelligent reader would wish to know. The circumstances of Howard Carter's astounding discovery of them (I922) are not related in detail, as this was done by Carter himself and A. C. Mace: The tomb of Tuth ankh amen (3 vols.,

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Page 35: Seventy-Eighth Critical Bibliography of the History and Philosophy of Science and of the History of Civilization (To December 1951)

2. Egypt i6i London I933). These treasures immortalize three men, the king, Carter and his patron, Lord Carna- von; above all, they glorify the Egyptian craftsmen who created them. Each illustration is fully ex- plained. G. S.

GARDINER, SIR ALAN. Egyptian grammar, being an introduction to the study of hiero- glyphs. 2d ed. xxviii+646 p., 2 pls. London: Oxford University Press, I950.

HUGHES, GEORGE R. A demotic astrological text. Journal of Near Eastern Studies io, 256-64, I p1., 195I.

About Pap. Cairo 31222 edited but not translated by Wilhelm Spiegelberg (Strassburg Igo6-8).

G. S.

JONCKHEERE, FRANS. A la recherche du chirurgien egyptien. Chronique d'Egypte 26, 28-45, I95I.

JONCKHEERE, FRANS. Le cadre profession- nel et administratif des medecins egyptiens. Chronique d'Egypte 26, 237-68, I95I.

JONCKHEERE, FRANS. Defense de la mede- cine pharaonique. Les cahiers de la Bioque, revue medicale gantoise I, 3-23, I95I.

JONCKHEERE, FRANS. Le cautere est une invention pharaonique. La vie mldicale n? x, ler janvier, Bruxelles, I95I.

JUNKER, H. Pyramidenzeit, das Wesen der altagyptischen Religion. i84 p. Einsiedeln, I949.

Reviewed by Philippe Derchain, Chronique d'Egypte 26, 29I-99, 1951.

KEIMER, LOUIS. Notes prises chez les Bigarin et les Nubiens d'Assouan. Bull. de l'Institut d'Egypte 27, 49-IOI, 27 figs., Le Caire I950.

LECLANT, JEAN. Le role du lait et de l'allaitement d'apres les textes des Pyramides. Journal of Near Eastern Studies IO, I23-27, I95I 1

MASSOULARD, EMILE. Prehistoire et proto- histoire d'Egypte. xxviii+568 p., iio pls. Travaux et menmoires de lInstitut d'Ethnologie, 53. Paris: Institut d'Ethnologie, I949.

Reviewed by A. J. Arkell, Nature i67, 66I-62, 1951.

MURRAY, MARGARET. Egyptian religious poetry. London, J. Murray, I949.

Reviewed by Pierre Gilbert, Chronique d'Egypte 26, 80-82, I 95 I.

PARKER, RICHARD A. The calendars of ancient Egypt. xiii+83 p., 6 pls. (Studies in Ancient Oriental Civilisation, no. 26, The Ori- ental Institute of the University of Chicago.) Chicago: University of Chicago Press, I950.

Reviewed by Solomon Gandz, Isis 42, 260-63, 1951.

POPPER, WILLIAM. The Cairo nilometer. Studies in Ibn Taghri BirdF's Chronicles of Egypt: I. Xi+269 p., frontispiece. (University of California Publications in Semitic Philology,

Z2.) Berkeley and Los Angeles: University of California Press, I95I.

"This is a study of the annual rise of the Nile as measured in the well of the nilometer on Rauda (Roda) Island off the Cairo shore. The study deals in general with the records of the rise during the twelve and a half centuries from 64I to I890 A.D., more particularly with those of the first eight cen- turies of that period, and in still greater concentra- tion with those of the fifteenth century A.D. The study was undertaken by the present writer because of certain problems which arose in connection with his edition of several volumes of the chronicles of the fifteenth-century author Ibn Taghri Bird! [Isis 39, 8i]J.

The subject is extremely complex, because the nilometer gauge varied from time to time, and so did the value of the cubit and the zero of the scale. There is also a question whether the announcement of "plenitude" (I6 cubits) always corresponded with the reality. The study is as elaborate as it could possibly be, and yet there are so many unknown quantities that the conclusions are tentative; the author has approached finality as much as anybody could. G. S.

PREISENDANZ, KARL. Neue griechische Zauberpapyri. Chronique d'Egypte 26, 405-09, I95I.

PUECH, HENRI-CHARLES. Les nouveaux ecrits gnostiques decouverts en Haute-Egypte (premier inventaire et essai d'identification). Coptic Studies in honor of Walter Ewing Crum, 9II54, I950.

RANKE, HERMANN. Medizin und Chirurgie in alten Aegypten 22 p. (Heidelberger Vor- trige, II.) Heidelberg: Kerle, I948.

Reviewed by Frans Jonckheere, Archives inter- nationales d'histoire des sciences 30, 814, 195I.

SAVE-SODERBERGH, T. Some remarks on Coptic Manichaean poetry. Coptic studies in honor of Walter Ewing Crum, I59-73, I950.

SCOTT, NORA E. The Metternich stela. Bull. Metropolitan Museum, 20I-I7, figs., April 1951.

Description of the stela called Metternich, because it was given to Prince Metternich in I 828 by Mohammed Ali. It was kept in Metternich's castle in Konigswarth, Bohemia, where Vladimir Semeno- vich Golenishchev examined it and transcribed the very long inscription (Leipzig i877). It is now in the Metropolitan Museum. Originally found in Alexandria during the excavation of a basin in the Franciscan monastery, it is a very late monument dating from the reign of Nectanebo 11 (358-41) and is covered with elaborate inscriptions of a religious magical nature. Those inscriptions were included by Franqois Lexa in La magie danks I'Egypte antique (3 vols. Paris 1925; Isis 9, 450-52). They are very clearly reproduced in Miss Scott's paper and trans- lated into English. G. S.

SOBHY, GEO. P. G. The persistence of ancient Coptic methods of medical treatment in present-day Egypt. Coptic studies in honor of Walter Ewing Crum, i85-88, I950.

STEINDORFF, GEORG. Bemerkungen ilber die Anfiinge der koptischen Sprache und Literatur.

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i62 2. Egypt- 4. Greece

Coptic studies in honor of Walter Ewing Crum, I89-2I4, I950.

TILL, WALTER C. Die Arzneikunde der Kopten. I53 p. Berlin, Akademie-Verlag, 195I.

DM. 49. Very elaborate analysis of the medical contents of

Coptic texts. The medical texts are chiefly of the late Coptic period, only a few can be considered anterior to the ninth century. Hence, these Coptic recipes imply Arabic knowledge; indeed some of the Coptic terms are derived from Arabic ones. The author discusses the words used to designate drugs, the weights and measures (the terms are of Greek and Arabic origin), then the different diseases (in- cluding the mysterious wam-diseases). In the course of the pathological analysis he outlines the Coptic knowledge of anatomy. Finally, the drugs them- selves (I74 items identified). For their identification he has taken advantage of Garbers' edition of the Kitab kimiya al-'itr (1948; Isis 41, 103) and of Meyerhof's edition of al-Ghafiqi (1932-49; Isis 33, 359) but strangely enough not of Meyerhof's Glos- saire de matiere medicale de Maimonide (1940; Isis 33, 527-29). The recipes upon which the au- thor's study is based are not edited in Coptic but translated into German (p. 110-37). This excellent work is completed by indexes, German, Coptic, Egyptian, Greek, Latin and Arabic. It will be of very great use for the edition and discussion of the Coptic medical texts which might still be discovered.

G. S.

VAN LANTSCHOOT, ARN. Un precurseur d'Athanase Kircher, Thomas Obicini et la Scala Vat. Copte 71. 87 p. Bibliotheque du Musjon, 22. Louvain, I948.

We knew that the Franciscan Thomas Obicini de Novaria (d. I632) was a distinguished Arabic scholar (Isis 29, I90); we are now shown that he was a pioneer student of Coptic. Pietro della Valle had brought to Rome from Egypt in I 626 early Coptic grammars which were edited and Latinized by Thomas Obicini. See my note on Abui-l-Barakat and on Coptic scalae in Introd. (3, 1005-8). G. S.

WILSON, JOHN A. The burden of Egypt. An interpretation of ancient Egyptian culture. XiX+332 p. Chicago: University of Chicago Press, I95I.

Reviewed by Solomon Gandz, Isis 42, 259-60, '95'.

3. Babylonia and Assyria (Mesopotamia)

KRAMER, SAMUEL NOAH. Sumerian wisdom literature: a preliminary survey. Bulletin of the American Schools of Oriental Research no. Z22, 28-3I, 195I.

NEUGEBAUER, OTTO. The Babylonian meth- od for the computation of the last visibilities of Mercury. Proceedings of the American Philo- sophical Society 95, Iio-i6, 2 figs., I95I.

"In the case of the theory of Mercury, we were very lucky to find a few fragments which sufficed to restore the ancient theory as a whole. We are less fortunate for the visibility of the Moon. The piecing together of the smallest fragments has given us today about twice as many instances as were known fifty years ago for the evaluation of the ancient visibility conditions which must be based,

in the last analysis, on empirical data. Nevertheless, much patient work - and, most of all, access to the sources buried in the museums - will be needed before relative security in the evaluation of Babylonian lunar dates can be guaranteed."

THOMPSON, R. CAMPBELL (I876-I94I). A dictionary of Assyrian botany. Xv+405 p. London, British Academy, I949.

This book might be considered a companion vol- ume to the Dictionary of Assyrian chemistry and geology published by the same author (Oxford 1936; Isis 26, 477-80). Its publication was realized because of the devotion of his widow and of the scientific zeal of C. J. Gadd of the British Museum. It contains an astonishing amount of extremely learned information concerning a large number of plants. "The method used in this Dictionary for rehearsing and identifying the names of plants known to the Assyrians is, first, to quote the pas- sages where the respective words occur in the bilingual or explanatory botanical lists, and then to seek the identity of the plant not only from the data of these lists but by the aid of other cuneiform texts, principally the medical prescriptions and magi- cal formulae. Philological evidence is then ad- duced, and often ancient, medieval, or modern science and practices in the Oriental lands are com- pared. This method has already been made familiar by earlier works from the same hand." G. S.

4. Greece

ANGEL, J. LAWRENCE. Troy, the human remains. 40 p., I4 pIS. Princeton: Princeton University Press, I95I. $7.50.

Archaeologically, Troy is of unique importance. Settled before 3000 B.C., the site was almost con- tinuously inhabited for a period of over 3000 years. In this first supplementary volume to the main series Dr J. Lawrence Angel gives an admirable account of the human remains, principally cranial. The work is characterized by Dr Angel's usual painstaking regard for detail and his care in stating the facts. But above all Dr Angel gives us tentative conclusions as to the nature of the population of Troy which leaves no doubt as to the considerable amount of ethnic mixture which proceeded at Troy throughout its history. The materials for these con- clusions are fragmentary, and Dr Angel has' been most cautious in their analysis and in drawing con- clusions from them, but such as they are his con- clusions will, I believe, be accepted by most students of the evidence which he so meticulously provides. The anthropometric tables are full and as complete as possible, and the plates are excellent.

M. F. A. M.

BURY, JOHN BAGNELL (I86I-I927). His- tory of Greece. 3rd edition revised by Russell Meiggs. XXV+925 p. New York: Macmillan, I95I. $2.75.

The first edition of this book was published in I900, the second edition appeared in 1913. In the thirty-eight years which have since elapsed many important new discoveries have been made in Greece and its borderlands bearing upon Greek history. In this new edition Mr Russell Meiggs has ably in- corporated the significant new facts which these discoveries have revealed. There are 205 figures, including many maps, a chronological table, nu- merous notes and references (at the back of the

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4. Greece- 6. Middle Ages I63 book), and an excellent index. Well printed and sturdily bound, this new edition of Bury's great book is an occasion for rejoicing. The price is simply a miracle. Mr Russell Meiggs deserves our profound thanks for making this scholarly work once more available in so enriched a form.

M. F. A. M.

Catalogus codicum astrologorum graecorum. Codices Britannicos descripsit Stephanus Wein- stock. Pars pior. Codices Oxonienses. Sump- tibus R. Academiae Belgicae (ex legato Cumont). Tomi IX, pars I. Viii+212 p.

Bruxellis: In Aedibus Academiae, I95I.

The users of the CCAG initiated by Frans Cumont (vol. i, i898) will be glad to have finally the first part of the British volume. The preparation of this volume was begun in I899 by Wilhelm Kroll. Other scholars devoted their efforts to it: George D. Brooks, Cumont, A. Delatte, Hugo Last, H. I. Bell, E. R. Dodds, Aemilia Boer. It is finally published by one of Kroll's disciples. A number of texts are edited in appendix. For a description of the preceding volumes (i-8, io-i2), see Introd. (3, 1877). G. S.

DRACHMANN, A. G. Ktesibios, Philon and Heron. A study in ancient pneumatics. I97 p. (Acta Historica Scientiarum Naturalium et Medicinalium, 4.) Copenhagen: Munksgaard, 1948. Reviewed by Marie Boas, Isis 42, 63, 195T.

MICHEL, PAUL-HENRI. De Pythagore it Euclide. Contribution 'a l'histoire des mathe- matiques pr6euclidiennes. 699 p. (Collection d'Etudes Anciennes publide sous le patronage de l'Association Guillaume Bude.) Paris: So- ciete' 'Edition "Les Belles Lettres," I950.

Reviewed by Carl B. Boyer, Isis 42, 6i-63, 195I.

NEUGEBAUER, OTTO. A Greek table for the motion of the sun. Centaurus I, 266-70, 1951.

Greek table of unknown age (CCAG II, 2, p. I33) comparable to Hindu tables. "It is not the identity of numerical values we intended to establish, but the parallelism in method between certain Indian and Hellenistic astronomical texts, which, in turn, are based on Hipparchian parameters." G. S.

THOMPSON, F. C.; CHATTERJEE, A. K. Ancient Greek plated coins. Nature I68, I58, 1951I

5. Rome

McDANIEL, WALTON BROOKS. Conception, birth and infancy in ancient Rome and modern Italy. 77 p. Sunnyrest, Coconut Grove, Florida, 1948. Reviewed by Arturo Castiglioni, Bulletin of the

History of Medicine 25, 93-4, 195I.

RICHMOND, I. A. A Roman arterial signalling system in the Stainmore Pass. Aspects of Archaeology in Britain and Beyond, Essays presented to 0. G. S. Crawford, 293-302, 2

figs., London 195I.

THIVENOT, EMILE. Medecine et religion aux temps gallo-romains: le traitement des affec- tions de la vue. Latomnus 9, 415-26, 1950.

II. MIDDLE AGES

6. Middle Ages - Generalities

BRODIN, GOSTA. Agnus castus, a Middle English herbal, reconstructed from various manuscripts. 328 p. (University of Upsala, English Institute, Essays and Studies on Eng- lish Language and Literature, 6.) Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard University Press, I95I.

CAPREZ, HANNO. Die Klostermedizin. Ciba Zeitschrift II, 4638-68, ills., I95I.

CLAGETT, MARSHALL. Check list of micro- film reproductions in the history of late medi- eval physics. Progress of Medieval and Ren- aissance Studies in the United States and Canada, Bulletin no. 21, 36-51, I95I.

This list is followed by addenda (p. 46-5I) and my copy of it includes a second series of addenda iiiserted on 4 mimeographed pages. G. S.

COHEN, GUSTAVE. Litterature fran aise du Moyen-'age. IIo p. (Collections Lebeigue & Nationale, no. I02.) Bruxelles: Office de Pub- licite, 195I. Belg. fr. 50. Brief outline of -mediaeval French literature by

an old master. It begins with a study of the origins of the French language and deals with every form of literature from the tenth century to the end of the fifteenth. This is the I02nd volume of the splendid Collection Lebegue. G. S.

CORBETT, JAMES. Catalogue des manuscrits alchimiques latins. Publie sous la direction V. De Falco, A. Delatte, Sir Frederic Kenyon et George Sarton. II. Manuscrits des bibli- otheques publiques des departements franSais anterieurs au XVIIe siiecle. 200 p. Bruxelles, Secr6tariat Administratif de l'U.A.I., T95.

Dr Corbett, professor in Notre Dame, published in I939 the first part of this catalogue (Is 32, 211) including the description of 97 alchemical Latin MSS available in the Parisian libraries., The present volume describes with the same methodic care 50 MSS in the French provincial libraries. The number may seem small, but we should remember that all these MSS are Latin; the elaborate catalogue by W. J. Wilson of the American alchemical MSS described 79 items (Osiris 6, I939), but those items are not all in Latin, many vernaculars being repre- sented. Dr Corbett's catalogue is followed by a table of incipit and of proper names. He has classified the MSS in alphabetical order of localities (from no. I Amiens to 49-50 Valenciennes). 22 localities- are represented most of them by a single MS; the richest collection is in Montpellier (14 MSS); Bor- deaux and Cambrai have each 4 MSS; Laon, Orleans and Tours have each 3. That classification is con- venient but a chronological summary should have been added. The majority of MSS are, of course, late sixteenth or sixteenth/seventeenth centuries, but two are assigned to the ninth century, one to the tenth, 5 to the twelfth, 3 to the thirteenth, 6 to the fourteenth, 14 to the fifteenth, I9 to the sixteenth century. The publication of this catalogue should stimulate further investigations; this would be the cataloguer's best reward. G. S.

COULTON, GEORGE GORDON (1858-1947). Five centuries of religion. Volume IV: The

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I64 6. Middle Ages last days of medieval monachism. xv+833 p. (Cambridge Studies in Medieval Life and Thought.) Cambridge University Press, 1950.

45 s. This volume 4 completes the great work the

publication of which began in 1923 (Introd. 3, I879). Coulton is a trustworthy guide who always quotes his sources and enables his readers to check every statement of his. This posthumous edi- tion is welcome in spite of weaknesses: the index is insufficient and the printing of the footnotes at the end of the book, barbaric. C. S.

CROMBIE, A. C. The notion of species in medieval philosophy and science. Archives internationales d'histoire des sciences 30, 365- 73, I95I.

ERHARDT-SIEBOLD, ERIKA VON. Early weaving in England. Isis 42, 42, I951.

HALPHEN, LOUIS. A travers l'histoire du moyen age. xi+349 p. Paris: Presses Uni- versitaires de France, 1950.

Reviewed by Elizabeth Chapin Furber, Specdutm 26, 5I0-11, 195I.

LETHABY, W. R. Medieval art from the peace of the church to the eve of the Renaissance 3I2-1350. Revised by D. Talbot Rice. xiv+ 223 p., 8o pls., 104 figs. New York: Philo- sophical Library, 1950.

LETHBRIDGE, T. C. Herdsmen and hermits. Celtic seafarers in the Northern Seas. xix+ 146 p. Cambridge: Bowes and Bowes, 1950.

MARTIN, CONOR. Some medieval commen- taries on Aristotle's Politics. History 36, 29-44, I95'-

MAIER, ANNELIESE. Zwei Grundprobleme der scholastischen Naturphilosophie. Das Problem der intensiven Grosse, die Impetus- theorie. 2. Auflage. vii+3i8 p. Roma: Edizioni di Storia e Letteratura, 195I. Dr Dijksterhuis wrote an elaborate review of

another work by the same author dealing with Galileo's forerunners in the fourteenth century (1949; Isis 4., 207-10), and he had previously discussed her earlier publications on mediaeval me- chanics (Isis 40, 120-2i). Her new work is a second edition of two of these in a single volume; the two studies of 1939 and I940 have been im- proved and (especially the second) amplified. The first discusses the problem of the variability of in- tensive qualities and ends with Oresme's theory of configurationes intensionum; the second, the impetus theory which led to the modern concepts of inertia and momentum. Both studies are based on MSS or early printed documents. They cover the field which might be called the prehistory of mechanics, more closely related to scholastic philosophy than to modern mechanics. This learned book can hardly be analyzed, but every student of mechanics will have to pay full attention to it. G. S.

Mediaeval and Renaissance Latin translations and commentaries. Speculum 26, 583-84, 1951.

MILLER, EDWARD. The abbey & bishopric of Ely. The social history of an ecclesiastical estate from the tenth century to the early

fourteenth century. xii+313 p. (Cambridge Studies in Medieval Life & Thought, I.) New York: Cambridge University Press, I95I. $5.00. This is the first volume of a new series edited

by David Knowles of Peterhouse, which continues the Cambridge Studies edited by the late G. G. Coulton. It is a study of Ely based on muniments and other MS sources but largely restricted to eco- nomic, social, administrative matters. However, the bishop's estate was not only an economic, but also a feudal, unit held in chief of the king in return for the performance of certain duties. This aspect is discussed in ch. 6 "The honour of St Etheldreda." Etheldreda (630?-79), was foundress of monastic institutions on the "island" in the East Anglian fens; she is said to have been consecrated abbess of Ely in 673 and was praised by Venerable Bede (VIII-i). These early traditions are very uncertain. The list of abbots begins in 970; there were 9 abbots between 970 and II07, then I6 bishops from IIog to 1337. By that time the greatest part of the wonderful cathedral, including the octagonal lantern, was already built, one of the most beautiful of England, and the one dearest to me. Chapter 7 deals with the "Liberty of St Etheldreda," the liberty in general and the bishop's hundreds, the Isle "in divers statutes called the county palatine of Ely," etc. All this concerns the political historian rather than the historian of science; yet, the latter will not read it without emolument. G. S.

NASH-WILLIAMS, V. E. The early Christian monuments of Wales. XXiii+258 p., 71 p. of pls; 26I figs. (Published on behalf of the National Museum of Wales and the Board of Celtic Studies of the University of Wales.) Cardiff: University of Wales Press, I950.

POWICKE, F. M. Ways of medieval life and thought. Essays and addresses. 255 p. Lon- don, Odhams Press (undated; Preface dated Oxford 1949). Powicke is best known to historians of science

because of his new edition (with A. B. Emden) of H. Rashdall's book on the Universities of Europe in the Middle Ages (3 vols. 1936). This volume reprints I14 essays and lectures which will not interest the historian of science much except one on Simon of Faversham (XIV-I), revision of his paper of I925 (Introd. 3, 563), four essays on mediaeval univer- sities and a warm memorial of George Lincoln Burr (Isis 35, I47-52). G. S.

REMAN, EDWARD. The Norse discoveries and explorations in America. Edited by Arthur G. Brodeur. I96 p., I map. Berkeley: University of California Press, i950.

ROMERO, JOS]2 LUIS. La edad media. 206 p. Mexico, Fondo de Cultura Econo6inca, Ig4. This synthesis of mediaeval life and thought is

divided into two parts, history and culture, and each part is curiously subdivided into three sections: early (to Charlemagne), high (to the Crusades), low (to the end of the fifteenth century). No at- tempt is made to deal with mediaeval science. I owe this elegant little volume to the courtesy of Cortes Pla. G. S.

RUNCIMAN, STEVEN. History of the Cru- sades. Vol. I. The First Crusade and the

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6. MiddleAges I65

foundation of the Kingdom of Jerusalem. xiv+377 p., 9 pls., 5 maps. Cambridge Uni- versity Press, 1951. 25 S.

Very well documented account of heroic and sordid events, well indexed. G. S. SETTON, KENNETH M. The Pennsylvania

history of the Crusades. SpeCUlum 26, 578-8i, I95'.

SINGER, DOROTHEA WALEY; ANDERSON, ANNIE. Catalogue of Latin and vernacular plague texts in Great Britain and Eire in manuscripts written before the sixteenth cen- tury. Xi+269 p. (mimeographed) (Collection de Travaux de l'Acade'mie Internationale d'Histoire des Sciences 5.) London: Heine- mann, 1950. Io s. 6d. Mrs Singer's catalogue of mediaeval MSS is well

known to every history of science (Introd. 3, I904). We are glad to announce the publication of a new instalment relative to the plague texts. The material is subdivided as follows: i. Astrological pronounce- ments and prognostics. 2. Plague tracts attributed to specific authors. 3. Anonymous plague tracts. Appendix A. Examples of pestilence passages in general medical works. Appendix B. Examples of pestilence passages in general non-medical works. Appendix C. I. Recipes against pestilence, 2. Charms against pestilence. Appendix D. Prayers and marvels concerning pestilence. Appendix E. Some unpub- lished records of pestilence. Appendix F. Select bibliography of published pestilence records. Indices. Say the authors: "The greater part of the work on this volume has been carried out in the British Museum. Once more we express our gratitude for the invariable kindness of the Staff of the Museum and especially of those in the Department of MSS. Unstinted has been the help we have received from many librarians and many other scholars through long years since the first compilation of the Hand- list." G. S. SINNO, ANDREA. Vicende della scuola dell'-

Almo Collegio Salernitano. i67 p. Salerno I950.

Reviewed by A. Corsini, Rivista di storia delle scienze, anno 41, 207, 1950.

THOMSON, S. HARRISON. Progress of medi- eval and renaissance studies in the United States and Canada. Bulletin no. 21, 176 p. Boulder, Col.: University of Colorado, I95I.

THORNDIKE, LYNN. Latin treatises on comets between I238 and 1368 A.D. ix+274 p. Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1950.

Reviewed by N. T. Bobrovnikoff, Isis 42, I62, 1951.

TILANDER, GUNNAR. Los fueros de la Novenera. 239 p. (Leges Hispanicae Medii Aevi, II.) Uppsala, Almqvist & Wiksell, I95I.

Dr Tilander, professor of Romance languages in the University of Stockholm, is editing two impor- tant series, Studia Romanica Holmiensia (Isis 37, I00-03) and Leges Hispanicae Medii Aevi. The first volume of the second series was the Fuero de Teruel edited by Max Gorosch (Isis 42, 3i6) the present volume was edited by Tilander himself, a princeps based upon two Madrid MSS. The Fueros de la Novenera concern four places in the south of

Navarre "which were called Novenera because, as a special privilege, they were exempted from a tax, called novena, which was a ninth of the income." Those Fueros "belong to the most ancient of the medieval Spanish laws, which -thanks to Gothic influence -are often related to the old Teutonic provincial laws. Fueros de la Novenera hold a unique position and have but little relationship to other known Spanish provincial laws from the Middle Ages. Among the many ancient features we may mention: The great veneration of oxen, which probably had its origin in a prehistoric Iberian ox-cult; the duty of the young maidens to prepare for the May Feast; a stone split in two as legal evidence of an agreement or a contract; the liability of animals and inanimate objects if they happened to kill a human being; the picturesque hunt with ferrets; and, above all, the substitution for the trial by ordeal by the humane trial by candle, in which, before witnesses, the parties concerned each lit a candle of the same thickness, length, weight and consistence on the high altar in church. The one whose candle first burnt to the bottom, lost the case." This edition is of great interest to students of mediaeval law and of early Spanish, but of little interest to students of mediaeval science. G. S.

VERCAUTEREN, F. Les medecins dans les principautes de la Belgique et du nord de la France, du VIIIe au XIIIe siecle. Moyen Age nos. 1-2, 61-92, 1951.

Includes a table of physici and medici in the thirteenth century. Only two of these have any importance, Robert of Douai (I1258) and John of St Amand, who flourished at the end of the century (Introd. 2, i089-9I). There were no Jewish physi- cians. No influence from Salerno or Montpellier can be detected before the thirteenth century. It was in the course of that century that a distinction began to be made between doctors who had received their training in a medical school and those who had not.

G. S.

VITALE, VITO. Vita e commercio nei notai genovesi dei secoli XII e XIII, I: La vita civile. I04 p. (Atti deUa Societ2 Ligure di Storia Patria, 72, I.) Genoa, Societ? Ligure di Storia Patria, I949.

Reviewed by Robert S. Lopez, Speculum 26, 547- 48, I95I.

WICKERSHEIMER, ERNEST. Organisation et legislation sanitaires au Royaume franc de Jerusalem (I099-I291). Archives interna- tionales d'histoire des sciences 30, 689-705, 1951.

WILLIAMS, HARRY F. An index of mediaeval studies published in Festschriften, I865-1946. With special reference to Romanic material. x+i65 p. Berkeley and Los Angeles: Univer- sity of California Press, i95i. $4.00.

The usefulness of an index to Festschriften is so obvious that the appearance of one causes wonder that it was not done before. Following a list of Festschriften, their contents are analyzed according to the following heads: Catalan, Celtic, English, French, German, Italian, Portuguese, Provensal, Ro- manian, Scandinavian, Spanish, and Western Euro- pean in General. Within each, there are the follow- ing sub-heads: i, Art, games and music; 2, Books and manuscripts; 3, Culture and history; 4, Lan-

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i66 6. Middle Ages - 8. Asia

guage; 5, Literature; 6, Philosophy, medicine, law, religion, and the church. It will be noted that there is no sub-head for science. Furthermore, it is dif- ficult to understand why so many Festschriften that contain relevant material are omitted: e.g., all the volumes of Osiris, the volumes dedicated to Waldo G. Leland, George Sarton, Duncan Black Mac- Donald, Jeremiah D. M. Ford, Arturo Castiglioni, Karl Sudhoff, etc., etc. In addition to the omission of many Festschriften, another fault lies in the final index to the work in which under one name there may be as many as Ioo numbers. I. B. C.

7. Byzantium

DILLER, AUBREY. Excerpts from Strabo and Stephanus in Byzantine chronicles. Transac- tions and Proceedings of the American Philo- logical Association 8i, 24I-53, I950.

GIUNTA, FRANCESCO. Bizantini e Bizan- tinismo nella Sicilia Normanna. I90 p. Palermo: Priulla, I950.

Reviewed by Peter Charanis, American Historical Review 56, 634-35, 1951.

SCHNEIDER, ALFONS MARIA. Die Blacher- nen. Oriens 4, 82-I20, I95I.

Apropos of the imperial castle, the Blachernai, in Constantinople (Introd. 3, 587, 687), with map and 3 pls. G. S.

STEPHANIDES, MICHAEL. The Greek lan- guage and George Sarton's work. Hellenike demiurgia 76, 337-38, Athens I95I (in Greek). Discussion of Sarton's views concerning the evolu-

tion of the Greek language expressed in his Intro- duction (3, 352-55, 1320)-

TILLYARD, H. J. W. Monumenta musicae byzantinae transcripta, V: The hymns of the Octoechus, part II. Transcribed. XX+2I4 p. Copenhagen: Munksgaard, I949.

Reviewed by Willi Apel, Speculum 26, 530-31, 195I. For other works -of the same collection, see my Introd. (3, I62).

WELLESZ, EGON. A history of Byzantine music and hymnography. xiv+358 p., 5 pls. Oxford: Clarendon Press, I949.

Reviewed by R. Palikarova-Verdeil, Coptic studies in honor of Walter Ewing Crum, 565-67, 1950. See Introd. (3, I62).

WEITZMANN, KURT. Greek mythology in Byzantine art. 2I8 p., 6o pls. Princeton: Princeton University Press, I95I.

III. ORIENTAL SCIENCE AND CIVILIZATION

8. Asia - Generalities

HUARD, PIERRE. Sciences et techniques de l'Eurasie. Bulletin de la Societe' des Etudes Indochinoises 25, 3-40, I950.

MAENCHEN-HELFEN, OTTO. Manichaeans in Siberia. Semitic and Oriental Studies pre- sented to William Popper, 3II-26, 2 pIs.,

6 figs., Berkeley, Calif., I95I.

Western Asia

CLARK, KENNETH. Microfilming manuscripts at Jerusalem and Mt. Sinai. Bulletin of the American Schools of Oriental Research no. 123,

I7-24, I95I-

COGHLAN, H. H. Notes on the prehistoric metallurgy of copper and bronze in the old world. I3I p., i6 pls. (Pitt Rivers Museum, University of Oxford. Occasional Papers on Technology, 4.) Oxford: Pitt Rivers Museum, '95I.

Reviewed by M. C. Burkitt, Nature r68, 53 1, 1951.

GROENEWEGEN-FRANKFORT, H. A. Arrest and movement. An essay on space and time in the representational art of the ancient Near East. XXiV+222 p., 94 pls., 47 figs. Chicago, University of Chicago Press, I95I. $7.50.

The author has tried to explain why the works of art of the Ancient Near East seem odd to untrained Western people, the Eastern laws of perspective, the rhythm and order seem different, why? "She does not present a reconstruction, necessarily spurious, of the artists' mental processes; nor does she rely on a comparison with children's drawings or on the true but inadequate statement that perspective was not known at the time. She bases every step in her argument on the actual works of art as they con- front us and gains a new insight from careful observation of both the form and the content of these works.". ..."As a result, she can demonstrate that an inner logic, a revealing coherence, existed among art and life and thought in Egypt and in Mesopotamia and again in Crete - all three cultures differing from one another as much as they do from our own." The book is admirably illustrated with 94 half tone plates, plus 47 figures in text. It will help students to appreciate more deeply the artistic creations of the Ancient Near East, many of which are equal to the very best of universal art.

G. S.

KELSO, JAMES L. Ancient copper refining. Bulletin of the American Schools of Oriental Research no. 122, 26-28, I95I.

KOOPMANS, W. Kadasters in de oudheid (II, III) Orgaan der vereniging van technische ambtenaren van het kadaster 8, 86-I02, I26-43, I950 (in Dutch). History of cadaster in Babylonia and Egypt.

PRITCHARD, JAMES B. (editor). Ancient Near Eastern texts relating to the Old Testa- ment. Quarto, xxi+526 p. Princeton: Prince- ton University Press, I950.

Reviewed by George Sarton, Isis 42, 75, 1951.

SARTON, GEORGE. The incubation of West- ern culture in the Middle East. 45 p. (George C. Keiser Foundation Lecture). Washington, D. C., Library of Congress, I95I.

Reviewed by Ettore Rossi in Oriente Moderno 31, 107, 195I.

STURTEVANT, EDGAR H.; HAHN, E. ADELAIDE. A comparative grammar of the Hittite language. Volume i, revised edition.

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8. Asia I67

xx+i99 p. New Haven, Yale University Press, I95I. $5.00.

The pioneer grammar of Hittite was published by Sturtevant in 1933. This new edition will appear in 2 vols. of which this is the first; the second volume dealing with syntax is being prepared by Prof. Hahn. Let us tell to non-philologists that this is the grammar of a language the existence of which was completely unknown before i 906. To-day's knowledge is almost exclusively based upon clay tablets discovered in the Turkish village of Bogazk6y (go m. E. of Ankara) in I906, I93I-39. That site was the capital of the Hittite empire c. I700- 1200 "and the recovered tablets belonged to the royal archives. They include several versions of a law code, royal decrees and proclamations, treatises of Hittite monarchs with their vassals and with independent kings, letters by and to the kings and members of their families, annals of various kings, directions for rituals to be performed at the court festivals, prayers, accounts of magic rites for the cure of disease and for other purposes, records of omens, and a number of mythological legends. Of unique interest is a group of texts on the training of race horses, written by one Kikkulis of Mitanni." . . ."We can already claim to know that Hittite and four or five other languages of ancient Asia Minor are closely related to one another. Their common ancestor, Proto-Anatolian, is a sister lan- guage of Proto-Indo-European, both being descended from Proto-Indo-Hittite. This theory lies at the basis of the following treatment, and it is hoped that the evidence here presented will convince most readers." G. S.

Central Asia

BARTHOLD, WILHELM (Vasilii Vladimiro- vich Bartold). Histoire des Turcs d'Asie centrale. Adaptation franSaise par Mme M. Donskis. 202 p. (Initiation a l'Islam, 3). Paris: Maisonneuve, I945.

LATTIMORE, OWEN. Pivot of Asia. Sinkiang and the Inner Asian frontiers of China and Russia. With the assistance of Chang Chih-yi, Chen Han-seng, John De Francis, Eleanor Lattimore, Karl H. Menges, Daniel Thorner, and Thomas Wiener. xiv+288 p. Boston, Little, Brown, 1950.

Splendid mise au point of our knowledge con- cerning Inner Asia, especially Sinkiang, a crossroad of Chinese, Iranian, Hindu, Siberian influences. The traffic has been going on in every direction since the Stone Age. As shown by P. C. Bagchi with reference to India and China (Bombay 1944; Isis 42, 352) the traffic was not only toward China but also toward India. Sinkiang was a crossroads for many religions: Zoroastrianism, Manichaeism, Nestorian Christianity, Buddhism, Islam. The popu- lation of Sinkiang (3,730,000 in 1940) speaks ten main languages, the vast majority speak Turkic dialects, and of these the vast majority speak Uighar. The Uighfir speaking people are Muslim; there is also a small group of Chinese Muslims (Dungan); Sinkiang is thus overwhelmingly Mus- lim, and forms with Afghanistan, Pakistan and Kashmir a considerable Muslim block. Alice Thorner has contributed a summary of the archaeo- logical expeditions since I890 (English, Russian, French, German, Japanese). There is also a good chapter on Literature but none on Science. Since

their Islamization, the Uighur script has been re- placed by Arabic script in spite of its inadequacy from the point of view of Turkish phonetics. For general orientation, see my Introd. (3, 378, I014,

i840). G. S.

Eastern Asia (Including works relative to the whole of

Buddhist Asia, or to India, Central and Eastern Asia combined)

BRIGGS, LAWRENCE PALMER. The ancient Khmer Empire. Quarto, 295 p., 58 figs., I7 maps, 22 plans. Philadelphia: Transactions of the American Philosophical Society, I95I.

Reviewed by George Sarton, Isis 42, 263-65, I951.

CORAL REMUSAT, GILBERTE DE. L'art Khmer. Les grandes etapes de son 6volution. Etudes d'art et d'ethnologie asiatiques, i.

Quarto, I30 p., 8 figs., 2 maps, 44 pls. Paris: Van Oest, I95I.

Revised edition of the book first published in 1940 (Isis 42, 263). The best account of a great subject the renovation of which was begun by Philippe Stern in 1927. Preface by G. Coedes.

G. S. DUONG BA BANH. Histoire de la medecine

du Viet Nam. 86 p., mimeographed. Hanoi: Ecole FranSaise d'Extreme-Orient, I947-50.

Reviewed by John F. Embree, Isis 42, 64, 1951.

DUONG BA BANH. La medecine traditionnelle du Viet Nam au contact de la m6decine europeenne. Archives internationales d'histoire des sciences 30, 458-64, I95I.

DUONG BA BANH. Panorama m6dical du Viet Nam d'autrefois d'apres des documents euro- peens du I7 et i8e siecles. Histoire de la Me'decine no. 6, 23-29, I95I.

HUARD, PIERRE. L'Extreme-Orient et la chirurgie. p. 13-I6 quarto. No date and no source of publication (received June 1951).

MILLS, LENNOX and associates. The new world of Southwest Asia. ix+445 p. Min- neapolis: University of Minnesota Press, 1949.

Reviewed by E. 0. Reischauer, Harvard journal of Asiatic Studies I3, 583-84, 1950.

NEEDHAM, JOSEPH. History of science and technology in India and Southeast Asia. Na- ture i68, 64-65, 1951.

Report on the Symposium on the history of science and technology in South Asia, Delhi, Novem- ber 1950. Contains excerpts from a number of papers delivered. For verbatim reports see: Pro- ceedings of a Symposium on the history of science and technology in South Asia, Delhi, November 1950. Organized by UNESCO, and obtainable in mimeographed form from the UNESCO Field Sci- ence Cooperation Office, c/o University of Delhi. About I50 p., single-spaced, foolscap typescript.

S. S. W.

OSGOOD, CORNELIUS. The Koreans and their culture. xvi+387 p. New York: Ronald Press, 1951.

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i68 8. Asia - 9. India, Pakistan and Ceylon

Reviewed by Channing Liem, American Historical Review 56, 899-goI, 1951.

PELLIOT, PAUL. Histoire secrete des Mongols. Restitution du texte Mongol et traduction francaise des chapitres I a VI. Oeuvres posthumes. iV+202 p. Paris: Maisonneuve, '949. Reviewed by Ahmet Temir, Oriens 4, I45-48,

195'.

TRAN-NGOC-NINH. L'ethique medicale dans la medecine traditionnelle du Viet Nam. L'Ex- treme-Orient Medical 3, 64-86, I950.

WINSTEDT, SIR RICHARD. The Malays: a cultural history. vii+i98 p. New York: The Philosophical Library, I950. $3.75. Europeans and Americans, in general, are under

the impression that the peoples called "Malays" are backward pagans with a thin veneer of Mahom- medanism. Sir Richard Winstedt's short but in- formative volume should do much to dispel this idea. He manages to convey a great deal of in- formation concerning the various aspects of the culture of the Malays in such a manner as to give the reader a rather well rounded picture of a highly complex and little known group of peoples.

M. F. A. M.

9. India, Pakistan and Ceylon CHANDRASEKHARAN, K. World peace and

Rabindranath Tagore. I3 p. Indian Institute of Culture, Transaction no. 8, Basavangudi, Bangalore, I95I.

CHATTERJEE, S. P. Bengal in maps. A geographical analysis of resource distribution in West Bengal and Eastern Pakistan. Fore- word by Syama Prasad Mockerjee. I05 P. Bombay: Orient Longmans. 30 S.

CHAUDHURI, NIRAD C. The autobiography of an unknown Indian. xii+5i6 p. London: Macmillan, 1951. 21 S.

This book is reviewed here, because it is much more than an autobiography of a single man; it is the biography of India as reflected in him. It is beautifully written, and the author was very well prepared for it, because of vast learning (European as well as Indian), wisdom, and tolerance. The final chapter entitled "An essay on the course of Indian history" is a real conclusion. Being born in I897, that is, but a few years before the beginning of Indian nationalism, he has witnessed all the anxieties of liberation. He is now disillusioned be- cause the freedom, so peacefully obtained by the grace of Gandhiji's sainthood, is not followed by immediate happiness. The price of freedom is very high; it is not enough to have it -one must live up to it - and it is no longer possible to blame foreigners for one's own shortcomings. The friends of India are confident, however, that the new India will soon cure itself and be more lovable than it ever was. The lack of an index in so rich a book is regrettable. G. S.

ELIADE, MIRCEA. Techniques du Yoga. 2e ed. 266 p. Paris, Gallimard, 1948. This book is different from the author's Yoga

(Bucuresti, Paris, I936); it contains more and less.

For example, it does not include, except in note C, comparisons with non-Hindu yoga habits (Introd. 3, 95-96), but devotes more attention to yoga in Buddhism and Tantrism. Glossary of Sanskrit tech- nical terms. The author obtained his knowledge of yoga in India; he studied three years at the Uni- versity of Calcutta, then spent six months in the ashram of Rishikesh in the Himalayas. G. S.

FARRUKH, OMAR A. Pakistan. A state that will live. A concise account of the heroic story and of some promising aspects of Pakistan. iI6 p. ill. Beirut, Dar-ul-Kashaf, i95i (in Arabic). The author attended the second Islamic World

Congress in Pakistan, February 195I and upon his return gave lectures on "Pakistan, the country of tomorrow," to a girls' Islamic college in Beirult. The lectures are published in this book, well printed and well illustrated. Good map of Pakistan and Hindu- stan on p. 28. The burning question of Kashmir is discussed at some length. It is impossible to accept India's desire to dominate Kashmir, when one realizes that its population is overwhelmingly Muslim. Here are a few data given by the Pakistini government (Basic information in maps 1948); in Kashmir proper 93.5% of the population are Mus- lims, in Jammu 53.4%, in both together 77.11%.

G. S.

FERMOR, L. L. Centenary celebrations of the geological survey of India. Nature I67, 584- 86, I95I.

FILLIOZAT, JEAN. L'apport de l'Inde i la medecine universelle. Midecine de France no. 20, p. 8-io, Paris I95I.

GHOSH, A. K. Geological survey of India (I85I-I95I). Science and Culture x6, 307-I3, I951.

GIBOIN, LUCIEN M. Epitome de botanique et de matiere medicaIe de l'Inde et specialement des 6tablissements fransais dans l'Inde. iii? 387 p., 8 maps, 33 pIs. Pondich6ry, Ashram, I949.

Reviewed by J. Filliozat, Journal asiatique 238, 448, 1950.

GIBSON, G. E. The Vedic Naksatras and the zodiac. Semitic and Oriental Studies Presented to William Popper, 149-65, I pI., 5 fig., Berkeley, Calif., 1951.

HIRIYANNA, M. The essentials of Indian phi- losophy. 2I6 p. London: Allen and Unwin, I949.

Reviewed by Louis Renou, Journal asiatique 238, 434-35, 1950.

HORA, SUNDER LAL. Zoological knowledge with special reference to fish and fisheries in India before 225 B.C. Archives internationales d'histoire des sciences 30, 405-I2, 1951.

INGALLS, DANIEL HENRY HOLMES: Ma- terials for the study of Navya-Nyaya logic. (Harvard Oriental Series, 40.) i8i p. Cam- bridge, Harvard University Press, I95I. $6.oo. The explanatory and biographical section is fol-

lowed by important selections from the works of Mathuranatha and Raghunatha. Notes and trans-

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9. India, Pakistan and Ceylon - io. China I69

lations make clear the far-reaching importance of this East Indian philosophy which has flourished from the thirteenth century to the present. Some Navya-nyaya writings show a keener analysis of relations than does Aristotelian logic, and they seem to anticipate the mathematical logic of Europe by several centuries.

JOAD, C. E. M. Counter attack from the East. The philosophy of Radhakrishnan. 228 p. Bombay, Hind Kitabs, I95I. Rs 7/8. Account of Radhakrishnan's philosophy first pub-

lished in 1933. This is the first Indian edition, October 1951. "Radhakrishnan confirms by the light of the spirit the practical ethic which we in the West have hammered out by the experimental methods of science. Here, then, is the most notable of the bridges that he is seeking to build between East and West." G. S.

MAJUMDAR, G. P. The history of botany and allied sciences (agriculture, medicine, arbori- horticulture) in ancient India (c. 2000 B.C. to ioo A.D.). Archives internationales d'his- toire des sciences 30, 100-33, I95I.

MtULLER, REINHOLD F. G. Grundsitze altindischer Medizin. I63 p. (Acta Historica Scientiarum Naturalium et Medicinalium 8.) Copenhagen: Munksgaard, 195I.

The author of this synthesis of Hindu medicine is well known because of a great many papers con- cerning various aspects of it. His study of the funda- mental principles of ayurveda is divided as follows: priestly vs. professional medicine, the three great doctors (Caraka, Susruta, Vaghbata), the great treatises, sensual perceptions, taste, theory of winds, conceptions of space and time, ideas of the soul in the surgical writings. Brief glossary. With regard to dosa he would have done well to take into ac- count the explanations given by Dhirendra Nath Ray: The principle of tridosa (Calcutta 1937; Iszs 34, 174) wherein all the relevant Sanskrit texts were reprinted. G. S.

PERTI, 0. N. An ancient Hindu concept of a chemical laboratory. Journal of Chemical Ed- ucation 28, 485, 1951.

A Hindu laboratory is described in chapter 7 of the medical work "Rasaratnasamuccaya" (ca. 1300 A.D.) by Vagbhata. This article contains a transla- tion of some of the verses which relate to the laboratory. W. D. M.

PHADKE, B. N. The history of dyes and dyeing in the Bombay Presidency. xx+152 p. Poona City: Dastane Bros., ? Reviewed by Mata Prasad, Archives internationales

d'histoire des sciences 29, 239, 1950.

PHILLIMORE, R. H. Early East Indian maps. Imago Mundi 7, 73-74, 1951.

RAJAGOPAL, C. T.; AIYAR, T. V. VEDA- MURTHI. On the Hindu proof of Gregory's series. Scripta Mathematica 17, 65-74, 3 figs., '95I.

RAY, PRIYADA RANJAN. Sciences in ancient and mediaeval India. Science and Culture I6, 30I-07, 1951.

Science Clubs of India Bulletin. Nos. I-4, July

I950 to April I95T. Directed and published by G. M. Jadhav, "Nirvan," Shivaji Road, Baroda. Four numbers of this new journal have reached

us (August 1951) and have given us very great pleasure. The purpose of the Science Clubs is to explain not only the materialities of science but also the humanities, -not only the facts but the eternal spirit. These numbers contain a great variety of articles on science, history and civilization, on all the things which science can do for us and all the things which we can do for our bodies and our souls with the help of scientific discipline and scientific knowledge. Every good wish for the suc- cess of this great undertaking. G. S.

SHARMA, SRI RAM. Mughal government and administration. Xvii+290 p. Bombay, Hind Kitabs, I951. Rs. 9/8. Study of Mughal administration from 1526 to

1707, largely based on original sources. "It empha- sizes actual administrative practices rather than the theoretical organization of government. A chapter on the administrative system of Sher Shah rounds off this study." G. S.

SURYAKANTA, SHASTRI. The flood legend in Sanskrit literature. Embodying an English translation of all the Sanskritic versions of the flood legend with appendices, containing Eng- lish translation of the Babylonian and Hebrew versions. I49 p. Fountain-Delhi, Chand, 1950.

We are all acquainted with the Babylonian and Hebrew accounts of the Flood, but the Hindu ones are not so well known. They are put together in this volume for the first time by the head of the Sanskrit Department in the Punjab University.

G. S.

10. China

CHATLEY, HERBERT. The development of mechanisms in ancient China. Transactions of the Newcomen Society 22, II7-37, 8 figs., 1941-42.

DE FRANCIS, JOHN. Nationalism and lan- guage reform in China. xi+306 p. Princeton: University Press, I950.

Unfavorably reviewed by Hu Shih, American Historical Review 56, 897-99, I95I.

EBERHARD, WOLFRAM. A history of China. xvi+374 p. Berkeley: University of California Press, 1950.

Reviewed by E. 0. Reischauer, Harvard Journal of Asiatic Studies 13, 565-67, I950.

GOODRICH, L. CARRINGTON. Paper: a note on its origin. Isis 42, 145, 1951.

HERVEY, GEORGE. The goldfish of China in the XVIII century. With a foreword by A. C. Moule. 66 p., 2 figs., pls. London: The China Society, 1950. Ios. 6d. Apropos of a scroll of 1772 depicting 92 goldfish,

with reduced facsimile in black and white. Reprint and translation of the French memoir ad hoc by Billardon de Sauvigny: Histoire naturelle des dorades de la Chine (Paris 1780) plus commentary by Hervey. Billardon's book was the first European one

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170 Io. China- II. Japan devoted to goldfish. Chinese characters are given at the end. G. S.

HUGHES, E. R. With regard to objectification of the mind: some Chinese data. Semitic and Oriental Studies Presented to William Popper, 20I-09, Berkeley, Calif., I95I.

KENNEDY, GEORGE A. The monosyllabic myth. Journal of the American Oriental So- ciety 71, i6i-66, I95I.

LU GWEI-DJEN; NEEDHAM, JOSEPH. A contribution to the history of Chinese dietetics. Isis 42, 13 -20, I95I.

For the name of the first author, see Introd. (3, 906, 2I22).

MASPERO, HENRI. Melanges posthumes sur les religions et l'histoire de la Chine. I. Les religions chinoises, 260 p.; II. Le Taoisme, 270 p.; III. Etudes historiques, 272 p. (Pub- lications du Musee Guimet, Bibliotheque de Diffusion, 57, 58, 59.) Paris I950.

MILLS, J. V. Notes on early Chinese voyages. Journal of the Royal Asiatic Society 3-25,

I pI., I95I.

NEEDHAM, JOSEPH. Human laws and laws of nature in China and the West. Journal of the History of Ideas 12, 3-30, I94-230, I95I.

PETECH, L. Northern India according to the Shui-ching-chu. 89 p. Roma: Serie Orientale, I950.

Reviewed by A. Waley, Journal of the Royal Asiatic Society 113, 1951. Apropos of the Water Classic (Introd. 3, 809).

SCHWARTZ, BENJAMIN. Ch'en Tu-Hsiu (I880-I942) and the acceptance of the modern West. Journal of the History of Ideas 12,

6I-72, I95I.

"What has been the fate of Ch"en's unbending westernism in modern China? As of the present, the answer is that it has been rejected, both by China's traditionalists and the communists who re- gard themselves as the heirs of the future. While the time has long passed when historic success can be considered the criterion of a man's value, and while Ch'en may be resurrected in the future, this rejection nevertheless suggests that the type of unbending, uncompromising westernism which re- fuses to give any quarter to the millennial forces of Chinese culture or to the peculiarities which have resulted from that culture, is just as likely to suffer shipwreck as any blind traditionalism. It also sug- gests that the realities which are ultimately likely to emerge in China may resemble the modern West as little as they do China's own past."

SUN TS'UNG-T'IEN. Bookman's manual. Ts'ang-shu chi-yao. Translated by Achilles Fang. Harvard Journal of Asiatic Studies I4, 215-60, I951.

"Sun Ts'ung-t'ien was born in the K'ang-hsi and died in the Ch'ien-lung period, or he lived from the second half of the seventeenth to the second half of the eighteenth century."

VEITH, ILZA. Huang Ti Nei Ching Su Wen. The Yellow Emperor's classic of internal medi-

cine. Chapters I-34 translated from the Chinese, with an introductory study. xix+253 p., 24 ills. Baltimore: Williams & Wilkins, I949. Reviewed by Willy Hartner, Isis 42, 265-66, I95I;

by James R. Ware, Bull. Hist. of Med. 24, 487-96, i95o; by James R. Hightower, Harvard journal of Asiatic Studies 14, 306-I2, I95I. See Veith's answer to Ware in Bull Hist. of Med. 25, 86-87, I95I.

WILHELM, HELLMUT. The problem of within and without, a Confucian attempt in syncretism. Journal of the History of Ideas 12, 48-60, 9$5I.

Apropos of the Exhortation to learning by Chang Chih-tung (I837-1909). "Chang Chih-tung's at- tempted syncretism of western and Chinese learning on the basis of a dichotomy of substance and func- tion was bound to fail, as it was based on an out- moded thought-pattern, on the most authoritarian branch of Confucian philosophy which was in turn the ideology of the most centralized form of Oriental society. It was this society that had to be trans- formed and could not be saved by the clever applica- tion of an old doctrine. Chang's treatise was finished early in I898."

WILHELM, RICHARD. The I Ching or Book of changes. The Richard Wilhelm translation, rendered into English by Cary F. Baynes. Foreword by C. G. Jung. Vol. I, xliii+395 p.; II, 376 p. (Bollingen Series, I9.) New York: Pantheon Books, I950.

Reviewed by E. R. Hughes, Philosophy East and West I, 73-76, Honolulu I95I.

WU, K. T. Chinese printing under four alien dynasties (9I6-I368 A.D.). Harvard Journal of Asiatic Studies 13, 447-523, II pIs., I950.

11. Japan

BOXER, CHARLES RALPH. The Christian century in Japan, 1549-I650. Xv+535 p., ill. Cambridge University Press; Berkeley, Cali- fornia University Press, I95I. $7.50.

This account is more elaborate than the one by James Murdoch (Kobe 1903), because the author has made good use not only of Japanese documents (these are, of course, the most important) but also of Portuguese ones. His masterly use of such docu- ments had already been proved in his Macao three hundred years ago (Macao 1942). The story is tragic in its reality and its implications. In 36 years (I614-50) there were 2,I28 Christian martyrs in Japan, all except 7I being Japanese. It is true that in our own time the number of victims of intolerance has been enormously greater. The only defect of this book is the printing of the footnotes at the end of the book where they remain unnoticed at the very time when one needs them. G. S.

BUHOT, JEAN. Histoire des arts du Japan. Vol. I. Des origines 'a 350. Preface de Henri Maspero. 270 p., 7 maps, 88 pls. Paris: Vanoest, 1949.

Reviewed by G. Renondeau, Journal asiatique 238, 457-62, 1950.

GROOT, GERARD J. The prehistory of Japan. Edited by Bertram S. Kraus. xii+I64 p. New York: Columbia University Press, I95.I $8.50.

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II. Japan-12. Israel I7I

There has hitherto been no single book covering -the prehistory of Japan, not even in Japanese. Father Groot's is the first such book in any language. Ap- parently there are no evidences of the Paleolithic at present in Japan. The earliest cultural artifacts are associated with a Mesolithic culture, the so-called Jomon. Father Groot not only gives a most compe- tent account of the archeology of Japan, but also discusses most interestingly the archeological rela- tionships of South-East Asia with those of Japan. This is a most exciting part of the book. Indeed, there have been few archeological treatises in recent -times as interesting as this. The book is excellently illustrated with many maps and collotypes of archeo- logical remains. There is a full list of archeological sites, a bibliography, and an index. The work has been ably edited by Professor Bertram S. Kraus. Father Groot's discussion of the physical relationships of the aboriginal population of Japan to the Ainu and the modern Japanese is the best and most in- formative in the literature. M. F. A. M.

SANSOM, GEORGE BAILEY. The Western world and Japan. A study in the interaction of European and Asiatic cultures. xvi+504 +xi p., ills., 2 maps. New York: Knopf, I950.

Reviewed by George Sarton, Isis 42, I63-64, I 951.

VEITH, ILZA. The beginnings of modern Japa- nese obstetrics. Bulletin of the History of Medicine 25, 45-59, 9 figs., I95I.

YAJIMA, SUKETOSHI. History of sciences in Japan (a short report). Archives interna- tionales d'histoire des sciences 30, 94-99, 195I.

12. Israel

(Including works devoted to Palestine)

This heading does not refer to a definite country but to Jewish culture and Hebrew letters everywhere. Books and memoirs concerning the archaeology of Palestine (Israel, Transjordan) are also classified in this section.

BYRNES, ROBERT F. Antisemitism in modern France. x+348 p. New Brunswick, N. J.: Rutgers University Press, I950. $5.00. This is the first volume of a projected three

volume work on antisemitism in France. In the present volume Professor Byrnes ably sets out the history of the development of antisemitism in France up to the Dreyfus Affair. This is an extremely in- teresting and important work. M. F. A. M.

LESLAU, WOLF. Falasha anthology. Trans- lated from Ethiopic sources. With an intro- duction. xliii+222 p., 6 figs. (Yale Judaica Series, 6.) New Haven: Yale University Press, I95I. $4.00.

The Falashas are an isolated Jewish people living north of Lake Tana. They were seen and mentioned by early Jewish travelers like Eldad ha-Dani (c. 88o), Benjamin of Tudela (XII-2), Elijah of Ferrara (fl. 1437), then lost sight of. James Bruce (Edinburgh 1790) aroused the curiosity of the modern world, and they were visited by Antoine d'Abbadie (i 840), Joseph Halevy, H. Nahoum (i908), etc., finally by the author in 1947. He gives a good description of them, of their manners and customs, religious rites, etc. Though Falasha texts have been translated by Halevy into French, this is

the first anthology in English, and it contains many new items carefully discussed and annotated. "The Falasha literature is written in Geez, which is a South Semitic language closely akin to the language of the South Arabic inscriptions and to the modern South Arabic tongues. Like many other languages it became a literary medium through the needs of Christian missionary enterprise which led to the translating of the Bible. The Gospels were probably translated by the fifth century, and the translation of the Old Testament from Septuagint Greek was finished at the end of the. seventh century." The texts given can hardly be dated but they represent a primitive form of Judaism, pre-Talmudic. "The question whether or not the Falashas are ethnically Jews or a segment of the indigenous population which has been converted to Judaism has often been discussed. The Falashas themselves claim that they are Jews who came to Ethiopia with Menelik I, the alleged son of King Solomon and the 'Queen of the South' or the Queen of Sheba." This is an ex- emplary edition, with all the necessary notes, bibli- ography and glossary (in our script). It is a pioneer textbook on Falasha life and letters. G. S.

LEWY, HANS (I90I-I945). In memoriam Iohannis Lewy. Commentationes Judaico- Hellenisticae. Edendas curaverunt M. Schwabe, I. Gutman. 278 p., ill. (in Hebrew) Auctori- tate Thiacu, Societatis Litterarum Classicarum Hierosolymitanae, ex Universitatis Hebraicae Typographeo Magnesiano, Hierosolymis I949. Includes many memoirs, a portrait and bibliogra-

phy of Hans Lewy. LIEBERMAN, SAUL. Hellenism in Jewish

Palestine. Studies in literary transmission, re- liefs and manners of Palestine in the I century B.C. E-IV century C.E. XiV+23I p. New York: Jewish Theological Seminary of America, I950.

Reviewed by Solomon Gandz, Isis 42, 266, 1951.

LODS, ADOLPHE. Histoire de la litterature hebraique et juive. Paris: Payot, I950.

Reviewed by Henri Michaud, Jou-nal asiatique 239, 93, 1951-

MEYERHOF, MAX. Arab medicine among the Jews of the Yemen. Edotk 3, Xi-xvi, I947-48 (in English and also in Hebrew). "This paper, perhaps the last one written by the

late Dr Max Meyerhof, was sent by him shortly before his death to Dr S. Muntner, Jerusalem, to be read before the first convention of the Palestine So- ciety of Medical History. At our request, Dr M. Plessner undertook to edit and annotate it."

MILLAS VALLICROSA, JOSE MARIA. Titulos y trabajos del Profesor 30 p., portr., pl. Barcelona 1950.

ROBACK, A. A. The Jew in modern science. The Hebrew impact on Western civilization, edited by Dagobert D. Runes, I87-3i8, I95I.

RUNES, DAGOBERT D. (editor). The Hebrew impact on Western civilization. XiV+922 p.

New York: Philosophical Library, 1951.

$10.00.

This encyclopaedia of Jewish thought and its impact on Western civilization contains many chap- ters of direct interest to historians of science, chiefly

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I72 12. Israel-14. Islam A. A. Roback: The Jews in modern science, Solomon R. Kagan: The influence of the Jew on modern medicine, Cecil Roth: Jewish cultural influence in the Middle Ages, Hugo Bieber, The Jewish contribution to the exploration of the globe, Kurt F. Leidecker, Jewish philosophers. Some men are naturally dealt with in many chapters, Einstein, Freud, Ehrlich, Durkheimer, etc. The book is dedicated "to the sainted memory of the six million children of Israel who were put to the axe by the German nation because they were of the same blood as Jesus Christ."

G. S.

STENGERS, JEAN. Les Juifs dans les Pays-Bas au Moyen-age. ioo p. (Academie Royale de Belgique, Classe des lettres, Memoires, 45, 2.)

Brussels, 1950.

Reviewed by Salo W. Baron, Speculum 26, 407- 09, 1951; and by Bertus H. Wabeke, American Historical Review 56, 636, 1951.

THIELE, EDWIN R. The mysterious numbers of the Hebrew kings. A reconstruction of the chronology of the kingdoms of Israel and Judah. XXi+298 p. Chicago: University of Chicago Press, I95I.

Reviewed by Solomon Gandz, Isis 42, 267, 1951.

WAXMAN, MEYER. A history of Jewish liter- ature from the close of the Bible to our own days. 2nd ed. 4 vols. 562 p.; 734 p.; 797 p.; 1335 p. New York: Bloch, 1938-I947.

Reviewed by M. Plessner, Archives internationales d'his:oire des sciences 30, 486-87, 1951.

14. Islam - also Arabia

ABDU-L-QADIR AHMAD SAIIB. Jamiul- Ashiya. Critically edited with introduction by Afzal-ul-ulama Janab Hakim Abdul Qadir Ahmad Sahib. 369 p. Madras, Government Oriental Manuscripts Library, I950. Rs I3.8.0.

The Jdmi'u-l-ashiyd' was written by the hakim Baqir Husain known as Rida Aahib and also as Niir Muhammad Khurasani in the days of Muhammad 'All (d. 1795), ruler of the Carnatic. It is a treatise on natural history divided into 8 parts: I. flowers. 2. birds. 3. tobacco, its origin and uses; medical herbs, trees and fruits. 4. greens and vegetables. 5. food grains and leaves. 6. wild and hunting animals and birds. 7. fish and water animals. 8. domestic animals. It is important because of its vivid description of South Indian plants and animals (such as pigeons, horses, fishes) and its account of the introduction of tobacco in Madras. Few notes and no index. G. S.

BARANI, SYED HASAN. Muslim researches in geodesy. Al-Biruni commemoration volume, 52 p. Calcutta: Iran Society, I95I.

Very conscientious study of the measurements of the earth as made under the orders of al-Ma'muin (IX-I) and by al-Birlini (XI-I). The relevant Arabic texts are quoted in Arabic script, and the results discussed and translated as far as possible in modern terms. G. S.

BOWEN, RICHARD LEBARON, JR. Marine industries of Eastern Arabia. The Geograph- ical Review I7 p., i6 figs., I95I.

BOWEN, RICHARD LEBARON, JR. Pearl

fisheries of the Persian Gulf. The Middle East Journal, 20 p., 1951.

CHOUDHURY, SULTAN AL-'ALAM. State language of Pakistan. Claim of Arabic. The Islamic Review, p. 27-29, Woking, England, July I95I.

In defense of Arabic as national language of Pakistan. The author admits the continued use of Bengali in Eastern Pakistan and of Urdu in Western Pakistan, but "Arabic should be the language of Pakistan as a whole, serving as a unifying factor and as a common ground for both parts of Pakistan to come together and understand one another's men- tality." G. S.

DENNETT, DANIEL C., JR. Conversion and the poll tax in early Islam. xi+I36 p. (Har- vard Historical Monographs, 22.) Cambridge: Harvard University Press, I950.

Reviewed by Arthur Jeffery, American Historical Review 56, 979, 1951.

DICKSON, HAROLD RICHARD PATRICK. The Arab of the desert. A glimpse into Badawin life in Kuwait and Sau'di Arabia. 648 p., richly illustrated, io maps, 6 genea- logical tables. London: Allen, I949. To compare this book with Doughty's as has been

done by some critics, is silly. Doughty's is a great work of art, Dickson's an encyclopaedia of Badawin lore. My only criticism concerns the author's erratic way of transliterating Arabic words; this is unfor- givable and the more so, because his book is rich in technical terms, of which one would like to have the accurate written form (a phonetic equivalent of the form spoken in Kuwait might be added). I have discussed this matter in Isis 29, 144. Dickson increases his guilt by giving to his erratic transcrip- tion English plurals. Thus, he writes 'ids for festivals instead ayad. What would he think if an Arab writing an Arabic book on England treated English words in the same rakish manner? He professes to love the Arabs but handles their holiest and most valuable possession with contempt. That is decidedly wrong. In other respects his book is excellent.

G. S. FARRUKH, OMAR A. The family in Moslem

jurisprudence. With a chapter on the history of jurisprudence from the earliest times to the rise of Islam. I92 p. (in Arabic). Beirut, al-Ilmieh Library, I95I.

Elaborate study well defined by the title, based upon the Arabic sources and also upon the books of A. A. A. Fyzee and Joseph Schacht. We cannot analyze it, because Isis is devoted to the history of science, not of law. There is at the beginning a beautiful portrait of the author and at the end a list of his abundant publications. G. S.

FRANCK, DOROTHEA SEELYE (editor). Islam in the modern world. A series of ad- dresses presented at the fifth annual conference on Middle East Affairs, sponsored by the Middle East Institute, March 9-I0, I95I. 76 p. Washington, D. C., Middle East Institute, I95I.

GIBB, H. A. R.; BOWEN, HAROLD. Islamic society and the West: a study of the impact of Western civilization on Moslem culture in the Near East. Volume one, Islamic society in

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I4. Islam '73

the eighteenth century, part I xi+386 p. New York: Oxford University Press, i95o0

GOTTSCHALK, H. L. Catalogue of the Min- gana collection of manuscripts. Volume IV: Islamic Arabic manuscripts. Fasdile I, Qur'An, hadith, fiqh. Fasccle II, Dogmatics, mysti- cism, philosophy, history, and science. Xi+182

p. Birmingham: Shelly Oak Colleges Library, I948, I950,

Reviewed by F. Rosenthal, journal of the Ameri- can Oriental SoetY 71, 153, 1951. GRAF, GEORG. Geschichte der christlichen

arabischen Literatur. Vierter Band: Die Schriftsteller von der Mitte des I5. bis zum Ende des I9. Jahrhunderts. Syrer, Armenier, Kopten, Missionsliteratur, Profanliteratur. xxxvi+342 p. (Studi e Testi, Z47.) Citt'a del Vaticano: Biblioteca Apostolica Vaticana, 195I.

The previous volume (I949; Isis 41, 386) dealt with the Orthodox and Catholic Melchites and the Maronites; the present one deals with the Jacobites, Catholic Syrians, Catholic Armenians, Nestorians, Chaldaeans, Monophysitic Copts, Catholic Copts, then with the missionaries (writing in Arabic), Franciscans, Capuchins, Jesuits, and others, also Protestant missionaries and teachers of the AUB (insufficient). A final section covers the secular literature: history, poetry, philology, journalism and belles lettres. A final volume will include general index. G. S.

GRANQUIST, HILMA. Birth and childhood among the Arabs, studies in a Muhammadan village in Palestine. 289 p. Helsingfors, Soder- strom, 1947.

Reviewed by Maxime Rodinson, Journal asiatique 238, 443-46, 1950,

GUILLAUTME, ALFRED. Christian and Muslim theology as represented by al-Shahrastini and St. Thomas Aquinas. Bulletin of the School of Oriental and African Studies, University of London, 13, 55I-80, 1950.

"So much attention has been concentrated on the doctrines on which Christians and Muslims differ that often it is not realized how closely their philo- sophical presuppsitions agree on many matters. In the following pages, which form a brief comparison of Ash'arite theology as represented by al-Shahrastani (d. 1153) in his Nihfyatu-l-iqd&m fi 'ilmi 1-kalsm with Catholic theology as represented by St. Thomas Aquinas (d. 1274) in his Summa contra Gentiles, an attempt is made to bring points of agreement into prominence."

HAZARD, HARRY W. (compiler). Atlas of Islamic History. Maps executed by H. Lester Cooke, Jr. and J. McA. Smiley. 49 p. (II X I4.5 cm.). Princeton University Press, i951.

$4.00.

Atlas of 20 large sized maps carefully designed and well indexed. 14 of these maps illustrate the political situation in each century from the seventh to the twentieth. A conversion table of Islamic and Christian dates has been added. Uncritical readers- may be deceived by the fact that desertic areas are not distinguished from the fertile ones, and hence the size of the Islamic world is always grossly exaggerated. The seas are always represented as

such; yet, the seas are more completely navigable than the deserts. In our estimate of the area of a country it would be less erroneous to count In the areas of inland seas than the areas of deserts. The readers using the atlas will bear that in mind, how- ever, and remember that a green patch in Spain has not the same meaning as one in the Sahara and that the green patch of the Nile Valley has not the same meaning as that of the Dahni. The Atlas will be very useful. G. S.

HICKMANN, H. Terminologie arabe des in- struments de musique. 37 p. Cairo: Hick- mann, I947.

Reviewed by G. E. Von Grunebaum, journal of Near Eastern Studies 9, 265, 1950.

HITTI, PHILIP K. History of Syria including Lebanon and Palestine. 749 p., frontispiece, ills., maps. New York, Macmillan, i95i. Very comprehensive history of the whole of Syria

(in the old geographical sense) from the stone age to the end of the Turkish period. The book is well informed and written with great objectivity and impartiality. It is well illustrated and there are plenty of maps. Representative coins have been selected by George C. Miles. G. S.

MILES, GEORGE C. Early Arabic glass weights and stamps. A supplement. 6o p., 4 pls. (Numismatic Notes and Monographs, 120.) New York: American Numismatic Society, 1951. $2.00.

This is an important addition to Miles' book of 1948 (Isis 40, 381). The book described T,750 items, the addenda concern 43 more, which are dealt with in the same excellent style. G. S. RENTZ, GEORGE. Pearlimg in the Persian

Gulf. Semitic and Oriental studies presented to William POpPer, 397-99, Berkeley, Calif., i9g5i.

SCHACHT, JOSEPH. The origins of Muham- madan jurisprudence. xii+348 p. Oxford, Clarendon Press, 1950. 25S. "This book is concerned with the origins of

Muhammadan jurisprudence. I shall, of course, often have occasion to refer to examples taken from Muhammadan law, which is the material of Muham- madan jurisprudence. But the history of positive law in Islam as such, and the relationship between the ideals of legal' doctrine and the practical ad- ministration of justice fall outside the scope of the present inquiry." The Index of legal problems (p- 341-43) will prove very useful. G. S.

SIGGEL, ALFRED. Katalog der arabischen alchemistischen Handschriften Deutschlands. 144 p. (Handschriften der 6ffentlichen wissen- schaftlichen Bibliothek [frilher Staatsbiblio- thek, Berlin].) Berlin: Akademie Verlag, I949.

Reviewed by George Sarton, Journal of Near Eastern Studies so, 284-85, i951. See Isis 42, 359- WEISWEILER, MAX. Das Amt des mustamli

in der arabischen Wissenschaft. Oriens 4, 27- 57, 195I. The mustamll was a secretary able to write under

dictation and to report a shaykh's lecture; this im- plied much adab; he must possess te equivalent of the ars dictaminis (Introd 3, 1839). The mustamli was a man of learning and trust. The author gives

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174 14. Islam -IV A. America

a long list of mustamlina and of the shuyiikh whom they served. The office was more common in the East than in the West. G. S.

WINTER, H. J. J. The Muslim tradition in astronomy. Endeavor io, I26-30, I95I.

The first astronomical observatory in Europe was built in Seville in II95. The eastern extension of Muslim astronomy passed through Samarkand in 1420, and resulted in the establishment of observa- tories at Delhi, and Benares by Maharaji Sawai jai Singh (i686-1743). The chief instrument of Mus- lim astronomy was the plane astrolabe. Muslim astronomy influenced the Chinese as early as I267. Professor Winter's article illustrates astrolabes and offers a brief bibliography. C. D. L.

WINTER, H. J. J. Science in medieval Persia. Journ. Iran Soc. x, 55-70, London, I95I.

YOUNG, T. CUYLER (editor). Near Eastern culture and society. A symposium on the meeting of East and West. X+250 p. Prince- ton, N. J.: Princeton University Press, I951.

$4.00. This is a revised edition of the papers read at the

symposium on Near Eastern Culture held in Prince- ton in March 1947 as part of the bicentennial celebrations. Prof. Hitti, who organized the sym- posium has written a short preface. Richard Etting- hausen deals with Islamic art and archaeology, Gustave von Grunebaum with Arabic literature, Arthur J. Arberry with Persian literature, Sarton with Arabic science, Edwin E. Calverley with Islam. The second part is divided on a regional basis, Adnan-Adivar and Lewis V. Thomas discuss Turkish problems, T. Cuyler Young Persian ones, Habib Amin Kurani and Constantine K. Zuraik Arabic ones. H. A. R. Gibb has provided a wise and generous conclusion. Fine series of original illustra- tions. Good index. G. S.

IV. NEW WORLD AND AFRICA

A. America

CASTETTER, EDWARD F.; BELL, WILLIS H. Yuman Indian agriculture. xiv+274 p. Albuquerque: The University of New Mexico Press, I95I. $6.oo. Professors Castetter and Bell are biologists who

are already known for their study of Pima and Papago Indian agriculture. In the present volume they give us a valuable account of the basis of subsistence among the Cocopa, Yuma, Mohave, and Maricopa Indians of the Lower Colorado and Gila Rivers. Apart from the original descriptions, which are partly based on field work and partly on a study of the literary sources, the authors make a valuable contribution in demonstrating that Yuman agricul- tural methods are largely determined by cultural factors rather than by environmental ones. This work will long remain the standard work on its subject. M. F. A. M.

DUFFY, JOHN. Smallpox and the Indians in the American colonies. Bulletin of the History of Medicine 25, 324-4I, I95I.

GOETZ, DELIA; MORLEY, SYLVANUS G. Popol Vuh. xiX+267 p. Norman: University of Oklahoma Press, I950. $3.75.

This is a translation from the Spanish of Adrian Recinos of the Sacred Book of the Ancient Quiche Maya. Sylvanus Morley said of this work that it was beyond any shadow of doubt the most dis- tinguished example of native American literature that has survived the passing centuries.

The work was apparently reduced to writing in the middle of the sixteenth century from oral tra- ditions current among the Quiche, "by some un- known but highly educated, not to say literary,. member of the race."

The Popol Vuh contains an account of the cos- mogony, mythology, traditions, and history of the Quiche Indians, the most powerful people, in pre- Conquest times, of the Guatemala highlands. Span- ish, French, and German translations of the work have been available for many years. Through the co-operation of the Rockefeller Foundation an Eng- lish translation of this remarkable relic of aboriginal American literature is now made available. There is a good bibliography and an index, and a preface by Adriain Recinos. M. F. A. M.

HATT, GUDMUND. Asiatic influences in Ameri- can folklore. I22 p. (Publications of the Royal Danish Academy of Sciences and Letters, History and Philology Series, 31, 6.) Copen- hagen: I949.

MAKEMSON, MAUD WORCESTER. The book of the Jaguar priest. A translation of the Book of Chilam Balam of Tizimin, with com- mentary. Xi+238 p. New York, Schuman, I95I. $3.50.

Miss Makemson, Professor in Vassar College, is an astronomer. She is well known to students of astronomical folklore by her account of Polynesian astronomy (1941; Isis 34, 71). Her success in that field led her to the study of Maya astronomy and the present intriguing book is a byproduct of that study. From i 517 onward, the Maya tribes of Yucatan were the victims of Spanish conquistadores, and by 1546, their subjugation was completed. The Book of Chilam Balam was written by one of their high priests, the Jaguar priest, in order to record their traditions in a secret way. The translation of such a text is so full of difficulties that one cannot help being somewhat sceptical concerning the final result. "My own method," says Miss Makemson, "was to find all the possible meanings of the words in several lines and then study them to find rela- tionships among them that 'made sense.' It seemed advisable to select the fundamental rather than the derived meanings of words, on the theory that the former were the older".... "What emerges from the long and arduous effort is a significant document. Interspersed among the prophecies are fragments of history and mythology and references to religious ceremonials, as well as frequent lamentations and exhortations to the Maya people to hold fast to their ancient teachings. Much that is found in these pages is confirmed by the writings of Landa and other Spanish historians; but there is also much that is new and vital, for this is the 'inside story' of the hidden life of the Maya under Spanish dominion, the revelation of what they were thinking during the 250 years which culminated in the great uprising of I848. The book appears to be a compilation of the writings of various Chilam Balam - the earlier ones perhaps transcribed from the hieroglyphic books - which were brought together around I 752, in a. Katun 4 Ahau, for '4 Ahau is the Katun for re-

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IV A. America - i6. History of Science I75 membering past knowledge and recording it in annals.'" G. S.

McCOMBE, LEONARD; VOGT, EVON Z.; KLUCKHOHN, CLYDE. Navaho means people. I59 p. Cambridge: Harvard Univer- sity Press, I95I. $5.00.

Mr McCombe has photographed, without em- bellishment, the Navaho people in order to show something of their genuine way of life. His photo- graphs are certainly among the finest which have ever been made of such a people. They constitute ethnographic documents of great value, and the whole makes a photographic essay which is ad- mirably assisted by the introduction, legends, and terminal text of Messrs Vogt and Kluckhohn.

M. F. A. M.

THOMPSON, J. ERIC S. Maya hieroglyphic writing. Introduction. Quarto, Xviii+348 p., 64 pls. Washington, D. C.: Carnegie Institu- tion of Washington, Publication 589, 1950.

Reviewed by G. Sarton, Isis 42, 268, I95I.

VkLEZ, ISMAEL. A primitive sugar-cane mill. Scientific Monthly 73, 324, I95I.

A development of a mill used by the preColum- bian Caribs.

WEISS, PEDRO. La cirugia del craneo entre los antiguos peruanos. Lima: Tipografia peruana, I949.

Reviewed by Vincenzo Busacchi, Rivista di storia delle scienze anno 41, 232, 1950.

B. Australasia and Oceania

BUCK, SIR PETER (d. 195I). The coming of the Maori. 542 p., 24 pls. Christchurch, Whitcombe and Tombs, New Zealand, I949.

GOODENOUGH, WARD H. Native astronomy in Micronesia. Scientific Monthly 73, I05-I0,

I95I.

Micronesia is a region containing small islands scattered over a region 500 X I500 miles. The natives are able to navigate by means of the stars accurately enough to make landfalls on even small coral atolls. Their methods are here described.

C. Z.

LUOMALA, KATHARINE. Maui-of-a-thou- sand-tricks, his Oceanic and European biogra- phies. vi+300 p. (Bernice P. Bishop Museum, Bulletin 198.) Honolulu, 1949.

Reviewed by K. Rishbeth, Nature I66, 398, I950.

MANN, T. G. F. The Polynesian, master mariner and astronomer. Irish Astro. J., I, no. 4, 1950.

Reviewed in Nature I68, 499, 1951.

RIESENFELD, ALPHONSE. The Megalithic culture of Melanesia. X+736 p., 3 pls., 26 figs., 8 maps. Leiden: Brill, 1950.

VAN DER KROEF, JUSTUS M. The term Indo- nesia: its origin and usage. Journal of the American Oriental Society 71, I66-7i, 1951.

C. Africa outside Egypt and Islam SCHOFIELD, J. F. Primitive pottery, an intro-

duction to South African ceramics, prehistoric

and protohistoric. 220 p., I4 pls., 7 figs., map. (South African Archaeological Society Hand- book Series, no. 3.) Cape Town, South African Archaeological Society, I948.

Part III

Systematic Classification

I. SCIENCE IN GENERAL

16. History of Science

ALBRECHT-CARRI1t, RENR8. Of science, its history, and the teaching thereof. Scientific Monthly 73, I6-24, 195I.

BABINI, JOSRt. Historia sucinta de la ciencia. 226 p. (Coleccion Austral.) Buenos Aires, Espasa-Calpe, I95I. Arg. $4.80.

It is difficult to appreciate correctly a book cover- ing the whole history of science in less than 200 p. The subject is divided as follows: Introduccion. I. Los origenes. 2. La ciencia antigua. 3. La ciencia medieval y renacentista. 4. La ciencia moderna e iluminista. 5. La ciencia de los siglos XIX y actual. A good index gives the dates of the men mentioned.

G. S.

BABINI, JOS1t. Las ciencias en la historia de la cultura argentina. De acuerdo con los nuevos programas para 60 anio del ciclo superior del magisterio. I82 p., 23 figs. Buenos Aires, Estrada, I95I.

This volume might be considered a companion to the Historia de la ciencia argentina (Mexico 1949; Isis 41, 84); this one might have been entitled History of scientific education in the Argentine. The general division is very much the same. I. Colonial period, 2. The May Revolution, 3. The time of Rivadavia, 4. The time of Rosas, 5. National reor- ganization. This is the longest chapter; it deals with the universities and academies, the museums of natural history and ethnography and their founders, the astronomical and physical studies, and finally the medical, juridical, historical, sociological and philosophical studies. It is a survey of the organiza- tion of scientific research and teaching in the Argen- tine of today, preceded by four chapters wherein the genesis of that organization is well explained. The lack of an index is regrettable. G. S.

BIRCH, L. C. The concept of nature. Amer. Scientist 39, 294-302, I95I.

Traces the historical development of various ideas as to the basic organization of nature.

BOCKSTAELE, P. (Writings on the history of science in the Netherlands.) Wetenschappelijke Tijdingen, II, 2I8-29, Juli I95I (in Dutch).

Bremen Denkschrift zur Errichtung eines Insti- tuts fulr internationale Wissenschaftsgeschichte in Bremen. 7 p. The congress held in Bremen in April I95I (Isis

42, 45) led to the creation of the "Gesellschaft fur internationale Wissenschaftsgeschichte." That Ge- sellschaft is planning the organization of an institute. Crescat et floreat! G. S.

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I76 I6. History of Science

British contributions to science I85I-I95I. En- deavour ro, II7-i8, I73-74, I95I.

A listing of the outstanding work and workers during the past hundred years. C. Z.

BRUNET, PIERRE. In memoriam, by Henri Berr, Revue d'Histoire des sciences 4, 5-12,

1951.

Moving account revealing that Brunet was a dis- tinguished poet as well as a historian of science.

G. S.

CALDER, RITCHIE. Profile of science. 326 p. London: Allen & Unwin, I95I.

Cambridge, University of. History of Science Lectures Committee. A guide to the historic scientific instruments in the Whipple Museum of the History of Science, 28 p., I949.

See Hall, A. R.

CHALMERS, T. W. Historic researches. Chap- ters in the history of physical and chemical discovery. 288 p., 85 figs. London: Morgan, I949.

Reviewed by Eduard Farber, Isis 42, 67, I95I.

CHILDE, V. GORDON. Magic, craftsmanship and science. I9 p. (The Frazer Lecture I949.) Liverpool: University Press, I950.

COHEN, I. BERNARD. The history of science. Science, p. 3, I95I. AAAS supplement to the last no. of I95I.

Discussing opportunities for the study of the his- tory of science in the United States. COHEN, I. BERNARD. Some early tools of

American science. An account of the early scientific instruments and mineralogical and biological collections in Harvard University. XXi+201 p., 32 pls. Cambridge, Mass.: Har- vard University Press, I950.

Reviewed by H. R. Calvert, Nature I67, I95I; by Henry Guerlac, Archives internationales d'histoire des sciences 30, 496-97, 1951.

CONANT, JAMES BRYANT (editor). Harvard case histories in experimental sciences. Cam- bridge, Mass. Harvard University Press, 1950.

Reviewed by V. F. Lenzen, Isis 42, 65, I951.

CORTESAO, ARMANDO. Science and the de- velopment of culture. Archives internationales d'histoire des sciences 30, 3-15, 1951.

D'ABRO, A. The evolution of scientific thought. From Newton to Einstein. Second edition. 482 p., I5 ports. New York: Dover Publica- tions, I950.

Reviewed by V. F. Lenzen, Isis 42, 70, I951.

DAMPIER, SIR WILLIAM CECIL. Cambridge and elsewhere; the memories of Sir William Cecil Dampier. 159 p. Hollywood-by-the-Sea, Florida: Transatlantic Arts, I95I.

The autobiography of the English educator, sci- entist and agricultural economist. DAMPIER, SIR WILLIAM CECIL. A history

of science and its relations with philosophy and religion. 4th ed. xxvii+527 p. Cambridge University Press, I948.

DELORME, SUZANNE. L'Academie Royale des Sciences: ses correspondants en Suisse. Revue d'Histoire des Sciences 4, I59-70, I951.

DIJKSTERHUIS, E. J. De mechanisiering van het wereldbeeld. ix+59o p. Amsterdam: Meulenhoff, 1950 (in Dutch). The mechanization of the world picture. Re-

viewed by D. J. Struik, Isis 42, 66-67, 1951. We understand that a translation of this remarkable book is ready for publication.

DIJKSTERHUIS, E. J. Het wereldbeeld ver- nieuwd van Copernicus tot Newton. 65 p. Gastmaal der Eeuwen, Taferelen uit de Cul- tuurgeschiedenis van Europa onder redactie van 0. Noordenbos, K. F. Proost, Theun de Vries, uitgegeven door Van Loghum Slaterus, Arnhem, I95I. (in Dutch.) The author's great book on the Mechanisation of

our image of the universe (in Dutch 1950) was reviewed in Isis (42, 66-67). This is a brief account written for the general reader and published in a fine series of elegant books under the general title "The banquet of the ages." The title reads "The renewed image of the universe," and every historian of science can easily guess the contents: Copernicus, Kepler, Galilei, Descartes, Newton. G. S.

DVOICHENKO-MARKOV, EUFROSINA. The American Philosophical Society and early Rus- sian-American relations. Proceedings of the American Philosophical Society 94, 549-6I0,

1950. "The present paper is based on a study of unpub-

lished documents in the Archives of the American Philosophical Society." Intellectual relations began in 1752 when Franklin's discovery of atmospheric electricity was discussed in the St Petersburg Journal. In 1789, he was elected the first American member of the Russian Academy. The history is continued to our own day. The documents edited in appendix date from 1792 to 1932 (Pavlov). Between 1773 and 1946 35 Russians were elected members of the American Philosophical Society (list on p. 6io).

G. S.

EDINBURGH, DUKE OF. The British contri- bution to science and technology in the past hundred years. Nature z68, 2I9-25, 195I.

EWAN, JOSEPH. Rocky Mountain naturalists. 372 p. Denver: University of Denver Press, I950.

Its "Roster of Rocky Mountain naturalists, I682- I932," gives brief biographical notes on approxi- mately 8oo natural history collectors, but it is mainly concerned with nine leading naturalists of the Rocky Mountain region: Edwin James, John Charles Fremont, Charles Christopher Parry, Edward Lee Greene, Thomas Conrad Porter, Harry Norton Pat- terson, Marcus Eugene Jones, Eugene Penard, Theo- dore Dru Alison Cockerell. S. S. W.

FUETER, EDUARD. Uber Bedingungen wis- senschaftlicher Leistung in der europaischen Kultur der Neuzeit. Gesnerus 8, 66-84, I951.

Largely apropos of A. de Candolle's book (Geneve I873, I885). Isis (I1, I32)-

FULTON, JOHN F. The impact of science on American history. Isis 42, I76-9I, 6 figs., I95I.

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i6. History of Science I77

GREENAWAY, F. A short history of the Sci- ence Museum, South Kensington. i8 p., ills. (Ministry of Education, Science Museum.) London: His Majesty's Stationery Office, I95I.

GUERLAC, HENRY. Science and French na- tional strength. Modern France, Problems of the Third and Fourth Republics, 8i-io5, Princeton University Press, 1951.

GUERLAC, HENRY. Selected readings in the history of science. Vol. I: From Antiquity to the time of Galileo. 464 p. Ithaca, N. Y.: Henry Guerlac, I950.

Reviewed by J. Pelseneer, Archives internationales d'histoire des sciences 30, 742-43, 1951.

HALL, A. R. Whipple Museum of the History of Science, Cambridge. Nature I67, 878-79, I95I.

HAMILTON, S. B. Why engineers should study history. Transactions of the Newcomen So- ciety 25, '-I0, I95I.

HARRISON, CHARLES T. Bacon, Hobbes, Boyle, and the ancient atomists. Harvard Studies and Notes in Philol. and Lit. 15, I9I- 2I8, I933.

HOWARD, A. V. Chamber's dictionary of scien- tists. 505 p. New York: Dutton, I95I.

Concise biographies of scientists of all time and all countries, with a topical index. S. S. W.

Journal of the History of Science, Japan. nos. i8 to 20. April, July, October I95I. Edited by the History of Science Society of Japan, pub- lished by Iwanami Co., Tokyo (in Japanese). These three numbers (received in Nov. I951)

illustrate the activity of the Japanese History of Science Society, which is the more admirable be- cause many economic difficulties must be overcome. Each number contains many articles, so many indeed that we cannot enumerate them. There is no point in listing them, because they are printed in Japanese; Japanese historians of science know where to find them. G. S.

LARK-HOROVITZ, K.; CARMICHAEL, EL- EANOR. A chronology of scientific develop- ment, I848-I948. 99 p. Washington, D. C., American Association for the Advancement of Science, 1948. The booklet begins with a history of the AAAS

by F. R. Moulton and the date I848 is chosen as beginning of the table because it was the birthdate of that association. The table is unduly short; the years I848-I909 Occupy 569 p. in Darmstaedter's book, 48 much smaller pages in this one! My com- plaipt is not that, however, for it is not fair to compare a booklet with a large volume. Many of the items are meaningless, say, Schmidt: Camera (?), Huntington: Civilization and climate (?), Johnston: Brain studies (?), Mead: Sex and temperament (?), etc. No index. G. S.

LINDSAY, MRS J. The early history of science, a short handlist. 64 p. London: The Historical Association, I950.

Reviewed by R. J. Forbes, Archives internationales d'histoire des sciences 30, 743, 1951.

LINDSAY, J. (ed.). The history of science. I84 p. Glencoe, Ill.: I95I. $2.50.

A series of broadcast talks delivered on the Third Programme of the B.B.C. during 1949-50. There is an Introduction by Dr Lindsay, a Chronological table giving the dates of some of the persons men- tioned in the succeeding pages, and the following contributions: Herbert Butterfield, Dante's view of the Universe; M. Postan, Why was science backward in the Middle Ages?; Herbert Dingle, Copernicus and the planets; C. D. Broad, Bacon and the ex- perimental method; Henry Dale, Harvey and the circulation of the blood; S. Lilley, The development of scientific instruments in the seventeenth century; Herbert Butterfield, Newton and his universe; Basil Willey, How the scientific revolution of the seven- teenth century affected other branches of thought; Douglas McKie, The birth of modern chemistry; F. Sherwood Taylor, Scientific development of the early nineteenth century; Hugh Clegg, Pasteur and problems presented by bacteria; C. F. A. Pantin, The origin of species; C. E. Raven, Darwin and his universe; J. A. Ratcliffe, The development of elec- tricity; Lawrence Bragg, The atom; M. L. Oliphant, Science today. There is a good short bibliography, and the brief articles are of excellent quality.

M. F. A. M.

MIELI, ALDO. Panorama general de historia de la ciencia. III. La eclosi6n del Renacimiento. Xxii+400 p., 92 figs. Buenos Aires, Espasa- Calpe, I95I. Arg. $22.00.

The first two volumes of the general history of science sketched by our lamented friend, Aldo Mieli, dealt respectively with antiquity (El mundo antiguo: Griegos y Romanos) and with the Middle Ages (El mundo islamico y el Occidente medieval cristiano). This third volume is devoted to the Renaissance. The best way to account for it is to list briefly the main topics: Printing, maritime discoveries, archi- tecture, Luca Pacioli, Lionardo da Vinci, Biringuccio (Agricola, Palissy), Copernicus, Vesalius, Fracastoro, Paracelsus, Pare. Many illustrations and good index.

G. S.

NEUGEBAUER, OTTO. The study of wretched subjects. Isis 42, III, I95I.

In defense of E. S. Drower's edition of the Mandean "Book of the Zodiac" (Isis 41, 374).

Osiris, Volumen nonum, edidit G. Sarton. 648 p., portr., 2 pls., i8 iUs., 34 figs. Bruges: Imp. St. Catherine, I950.

Reviewed by Albert Lejeune, Revue des Questions scientifiques 12, 438-39, I95I; by Claudius F. Mayer, Scientific Monthly 73, 330, 1951.

PELSENEER, JEAN. Documents manuscrits interessant l'histoire des sciences au Musee de Mariemont (Belgique). Bulletin de l'Acade'mie royale de Belgique (Classe des Sciences), 406- o8, I95I.

PELSENEER, JEAN. Pour des archives cine- matographiques des sciences. Archives inter- nationales d'histoire des sciences 30, 6oo-oi, I95I.

PRICE, DEREK J. Quantitative measures of the development of science. Archives inter- nationales d'histoire des sciences 30, 85-93, 2

figs., I95I.

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I 78 I 6. History of Science

RAISTRICK, ARTHUR. Quakers in science and industry. Being an account of the Quaker contributions to science and industry in the i7th and i8th centuries. 36I p., i6 pls., charts. New York: Philosophical Library, i95o. $6.oo. Most of this book is devoted to Quakers in trades,

industry, and banking. Two chapters deal with science - 8. "Botanists and naturalists"; 9. "The Quaker doctors"; and one (7) with "The problem of time: clock and instrument-makers." It is curious to find John Dalton tucked in between the botanists and naturalists. Most of the above chapters are com- posed of short biographies which do not add any- thing new and the I5-page "Summary and conclu- sions" is not at all illuminating. The absence of references is regrettable. For a splendid interpretive book on a kindred subject (Philadelphia Quakers in the i8th century) see F. B. Tolles, Meeting House and Counting House (Isis 41, 69). I. B. C.

REYMOND, ARNOLD. Breves remarques sur "influences et precurseurs." Archives inter- nationales d'histoire des sciences 30, 357-64, 195I.

ROSENTHAL-SCHNEIDER, ILSE. Various approaches to the history of science. Austral- ian Journal of Science z3, 125-30, I951.

Discussion of various forms of historical work apropos of George Sarton, Max von Laue, Harvey Cushing's biography and Darwin's autobiography.

RUSSO, FRAN?OIS. Histoire de la pensee sci- entifique. I26 p. Paris: La Colombe, I95I.

Reviewed by H. Dopp, Revue des Questions Sci- entifiques 12, 3I9, 1951.

SALLANDER, HANS. The Bibliotheca Wal- leriana in the Uppsala University Library. 26 p. Uppsala, I95I.

The readers of Isis are well acquainted with the Swedish surgeon and historian of medicine, Dr Erik Waller, who has long been a member of the History of Science Society. They will be pleased to hear that his very rich library (rich in quantity and quality) has become a part of the Uppsala library. Dr Waller did for Uppsala what Harvey Cushing and A. C. Klebs did for Yale. We look forward to the catalogue which Dr Sallander has completed and which will be printed as soon as possible. G. S.

SARTON, GEORGE. Acta atque agenda. Ar- chives internationales d'histoire des sciences 30,

323-56, I95I. Conf&ence redigee a l'intention de la seance

inaugurale du VIe Congres International d'Histoire des Sciences. Amsterdam, aofut ig5o.

SARTON, GEORGE. The history of science versus the history of learning. Structure, Method and Meaning, Essays in Honor of Henry M. Sheffer, 145-5I, N. Y. 1951.

SARTON, GEORGE. The life of science. vii+ I97 p. New York: Schuman, 1948.

Reviewed by Iago Galdston, journal of the History of Medicine 6, 417-I9, I95I; by Ils Rosenthal- Schneider, Australian Journal of Science, 30-31, 1950.

SARTON, GEORGE. The life of science. Japa- nese translation by T. Morishima. Published

by Chukyo Shuppan Sha, Tokyo, 25 Sept. I951. Yen 280.

SCHIMANK, HANS (editor). Abhandlungen zur Wissenschaftsgeschichte und Wissenschafts- lehre, H. I, 56 p., Bremen, 1951.

SHRYOCK, RICHARD H. Training historians of science in the United States. Archives internationales d'histoire des sciences 30, 595- 99, I95'.

South Africa. Science in South Africa. I76 p. Pretoria, Council for Scientific and Industrial Research, I949.

Reviewed by W. Yourgrau, Archives interna- tionales d'histoire des sciences 30, I 97-203, I 951. STEARNS, RAYMOND PHINEAS. Colonial

Fellows of the Royal Society of London, I66i- 1788. Notes and Records of the Royal Society 8, I78-246, I pI., 195I.

SWANENBURG, B. D. De Verovering der materie. De groei van het wereldbeeld der natuurkunde van de Grieken tot heden. 332 p., i00 figs. Utrecht: de Haan, I1950 (in Dutch). Reviewed by R. Hooykaas, Archives interna-

tionales d'histoire des sciences 30, 790-9I, 1951.

TANNERY, PAUL (1843-I904). Memoires scientifiques publies par J.-L. Heiberg & H. G. Zeuthen. XVII. Biographie, bibliographie, com- plements & tables, par Pierre Louis. xi+507 p. Toulouse: Privat; Paris: Gauthier-Villars, 1950.

We apologize for the delay in announcing this volume which completes Tannery's Me'moires, the first volume of which appeared in 19I2 (Introd. 3, I906). The delay is not due to our negligence but to that of the author and publishers who did not send me either the book' or an announcement of it. This final volume contains biographies of Paul and Marie Tannery; full bibliography, reprints of the articles which Tannery had contributed to the His- toire generale of Lavisse and Rambaud (vol. 3-7, 9-I2), additional letters, and a brief table of con- tents to the whole collection. Its publication was postponed considerably; the preface of the editor, Pierre Louis, is dated Lyon 30 Nov. 1946.

G. S.

TAYLOR, F. SHERWOOD. The Science Mu- seum, London. Endeavour Io, 82-88, ill., 1951.

VAN DE VELDE, A. J. J. Het museum voor de geschiedenis der wetenschappen. Mededelingen van de Koninklijke Vlaamse Academie voor Wetenschappen, Letteren en Schone Kunsten van Belgie, Ki. der Wetenschappen, 12, 48 p., ills., Brussels, 195I.

Illustrated description of the museum of the his- tory of science established in Gent (E. Flanders, Belgium). Inaugurated in I948 as a part of the Museum of Archaeology, the lack of space made it necessary to move it to the Museum of Art, where it was reopened on the IQ of November 1950. The opening address by its founder, Dr Van de Velde, is printed at the head of this catalogue. Crescat et floreat. G. S.

[VETTER, QUIDO]. His biography in Czech, with portrait. Published to celebrate his aca-

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i6. History of Science - 17. Organization of Science I179

demic jubilee, in NTM, Ve'stnzk Ndrodniho technickehIo musea 32, 149-52, Praha I951.

WALTER, EMIL J. Die Pflege der exakten Wissenschaften (Astronomie, Mathematik, Kartenkunde, Physik und Chemie) im alten Zurich. II3 p., 39 figs. Vierteljahrschrift der Naturforschenden Gesellschaft 96, Beiheft 2,

Zurich I95i.

History of mathematical and physical sciences in old Zuirich, which means until about I837. Some 40 illustrations and abundant notes. G. S.

WINTER, H. J. J. The history of scientific thought with special reference to Asia. I5 p. Transaction no. 5, Basavangudi, Bangalore, Indian Institute of Culture, I95I.

WOLF, A. and others. A history of science, technology, and philosophy in the sixteenth and seventeenth centuries. New ed. prepared by Douglas McKie. 7I7 p. (History of Science Library.) New York: Macmillan, ig5i. A number of errors have been corrected and the

bibliographies extended. S. S. W.

17. Organization of Science

Internal organization is meant, see Isis I, I95. For external organization, national or international, see section 55.

Abhandlungen zur Wissenschaftsgeschichte und Wissenschaftssoziologie und eine Studie uiber Proudhon. H. 2, 77 p., Bremen: Schiinemann, 1951.

AHLBERG, CLARK D.; HONEY, JOHN C. (editors). Attitudes of scientists and engineers about their government employment. Volume I. 11+223 p. mimeographed. Syracuse, N. Y., -Syracuse University, Maxwell Graduate School of Citizenship and Public Affairs, i9g50.

ALBAREDA HERRERA, JOSE MARIA. Con- sideraciones sobre la investigacion cientifica. 466 p. Madrid, I95I.

This book aptly dedicated "A los jovenes investi- gadores" examines the nature and function of scien- tific research, under the following headings: I. Di- versity and unity of research; 2. Research and teaching; 3. Formative and human values of re- search; 4. Research and the professions; 5. Research as a profession; 6. Finality and research. Science, power and charity. The author illustrates his gen- eralities with a great number of examples borrowed from many countries and many ages, and therefore his book is very instructive as well as inspiring.

G. S. BURCHARD, J. E. (editor). Mid-century. The

social implications of scientific progress. xx+ 549 p. Cambridge, Mass.: The Technology Press, M.I.T., I949.

COHEN, I. BERNARD. Fundamental scientific research and its applications. Proceedings of the First National Cancer Conference 109-19,

I949.

COHEN, I. BERNARD. Savants & social con- science. Saturday Review of Literature 35-36, June i6, 195I.

FISH, GENNADI. A people's academy. 192 p.

Moscow: Foreign Language Publishing House, I949-

Reviewed by Conway Zirkle, Isis 42, 85, I95I.

RUSSELL, BERTRAND. The impact of science on society. Foreword by Irwin Edman. ix+ 64 p. New York: Columbia University Press, 1951. $2.00.

Three lectures delivered on the Franklin J. Matchette Foundation last November ( I o5) at Columbia University. In the first lecture, "Science and tradition" Russell shows how different the at- titudes of men were towards life before and after the great scientific revolution of the seventeenth century. It is rather strange to find Russell attribut- ing the foundation of the Royal Society to the perspicacity of Charles II, and sad to find him re- peating the same old chestnut about the persecution of Vesalius by the church. But this is otherwise an admirable essay in which the elementary facts of the scientific outlook are set out in Russell's char- acteristically clear and pungent style.

In the second essay, "Effects of scientific tech- nique," Russell shows how science has managed at one and the same time to make men both miserable and more comfortable, if not happy. And in the third essay, "Science and values," says the best things which, I, at any rate, believe he has uttered in the whole of his career as a thinker and publicist. Here they are:

"There are certain things that our age needs, and certain things that it should avoid. It needs com- passion and a wish that mankind should be happy; it needs the desire for knowledge and the deter- mination to eschew pleasant myths; it needs, above all, courageous hope and the impulse to creativeness. The things that it must avoid and that have brought it to the brink of catastrophe are cruelty, envy, greed, competitiveness, search for irrational subjective cer- tainty, and what Freudians call the death wish.

"The root of the matter is a very simple and old-fashioned thing, a thing so simple that I am almost ashamed to mention it, for fear of the derisive smile with which wise cynics will greet my words. The thing I mean -please forgive me for mentioning it -is love, Christian love, or compas- sion. If you feel this, you have a motive for exist- ence, a guide in action, a reason for courage, an imperative necessity for intellectual honesty. If you feel this, you have all that anybody should need in the way of religion." M. F. A. M.

TAYLOR, F. SHERWOOD. The world of sci- ence. III4 p., 700 ills. 2nd ed. New York: Norton, I950. $7.50.

A book written "to answer in simple terms the questions which the ordinary man and woman ask about living creatures, the world, and the mechanical devices daily encountered by all," this self-educator in the sciences is a monument to the author's indus- try and skill at exposition. In an age in which scientists are laymen outside of their own narrow fields of specialization, the encyclopaedic range of our British colleague - now Director of the Science Museum at So. Kensington - can but elicit our admiration. I. B. C.

THOMSON, SIR GEORGE; DALE, SIR HENRY. Speeches made at the dinner held to celebrate the tenth anniversary of the Foundation of the Society. iI p. Society for

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i8o I7. Organization of Science - i8. Philosophy of Science

Freedom in Science, Occasional -pamphlet no. II, March I95I.

18. Philosophy of Science

BACHELARD, GASTON. Le rationalisme ap- plique. 2I5 p. P.U.F., Paris, I949.

Reviewed by Bernard Rochot, Revue d'histoire des sciences 4, 91-92, 1951.

BENJAMIN, A. C. Science and its presupposi- tions. Scientific Monthly 33, I50-53, I95I.

BETH, EVERT W. Fundamental features of contemporary theory of science. British Jour- nal for the Philosophy of Science I, 29I-302,

I95'.

BLUM, HAROLD F. Time's arrow and evolu- tion. Xi+222 p., 20 figs. Princeton University Press, 1951. $4.00.

"Evolution did not begin with the formation of the first life, nor was the origin of life a precise event. From the beginning of the universe, physical and chemical laws have inexorably channeled the course of evolution, so that possibilities were already limited during the time when the first life emerged. In a keen argument that will cause vigorous discus- sion among evolutionists, Dr Blum uses 'time's arrow,' the second law of thermodynamics, as a key concept to show how the nature and evolution of the non-living world place limits upon the nature and evolution of life."

CONANT, JAMES B. Science and common sense. xii+372 p. New Haven: Yale Univer- sity Press, I951.

Reviewed by Conway Zirkle, Isis 42, 269-7I, I951.

CONGER, GEORGE PERRIGO. Epitomiza- tions. A study in the philosophy of the sci- ences. Quarto, vi+878 p. Mimeoprinted by Burgess Co., Minneapolis, Minnesota, 1949.

The author is professor of philosophy in the Uni- versity of Minnesota. This is the development of an earlier book (1931). It is an account of the world as it may be seen through modern eyes. It is not necessary to go back to the past for a comprehensive and systematic worldview.

EINSTEIN, ALBERT. Out of my later years. vii+282 p. New York: Philosophical Library, 1950.

"The present work, a sequel to his earlier anthol- ogy covering the period from I922 to 1934, The World as I See It (Isis 23, 278-80), brings together papers and speeches of the years 1934 to 1950, many of them previously unpublished or scattered and out of print. Einstein deals largely with public affairs, with social and political questions, with personality sketches, in memoriam of Planck and Nernst, Langevin and Marie Curie. There is a series of papers on 'my people,' an extended dis- cussion of Zionism, of the agony and terror inflicted upon the Jews of Europe. So varied a collection of social perspectives all but overwhelms the section on science."

FELLOWS, ERWIN. Science and values. Sci- entific Monthly 73, 111-13, 1951.

GLICKSBURG, CHARLES I. D. H. Lawrence

and science. Scientific Monthly 73, 99-I04,

'95'.

HUSKINS, C. LEONARD. Science, cytology and society. American Scientist 39, 688-99, I95I. A discussion of the growth and standards of mod-

ern science, and of the interaction between science and society. Prof. Huskins pays particular attention to his own science, cytology, and points out the fact that crucial observations were often dismissed as of little or no importance because of many pre-con- ceived notions. C. Z.

JOERGENSEN, JOERGEN. The development of logical empiricism. iii+Ioo p. International Encyclopedia of Unified Science 2, no. 9, University of Chicago, 1951.

KALLEN, HORACE M. The meanings of unity among the sciences. Structure, Method and Meaning, Essays in Honor of Henry M. Shef- fer, 225-41, N. Y., I951.

LANGER, SUSANNE K. Abstraction in science and abstraction in art. Structure, Method and Meaning, Essays in Honor of Henry M. Shef- fer, I7I-82, N. Y., 1951.

MARGENAU, HENRY. The nature of physical reality. A philosophy of modern physics. vii+ 479 p., 13 figs. New York: McGraw Hill, I950.

Reviewed by V. F. Lenzen, Isis 42, 69-70, 1951.

MISES, RICHARD VON. Positivism, a study in human understanding. 404 p. Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard University Press, 1951. $6.oo. An English translation by Jerry Bernstein and

Roger G. Newton of Kleines Lehrbuch des Posi- tivismus (I941), reviewed in Isis (33, 683-87), which, says the author "is not a treatise on posi- tivism, weighing the pros and cons of this kind of outlook on the world of experience. It is the positivist himself who speaks and argues, who tries to describe the world as he sees it." Among other topics discussed, are logic and mathematics, physical theories, causality and probability, science and the humanities, metaphysics and art, and human be- haviour. The so-called "modern" format produces proper names (e.g., mach) without capitalization.

I. B. C.

REICHENBACH, HANS. The rise of scientific philosophy. xi+333 p. Berkeley: University of California Press, 1951.

Reviewed by W. H. Werkmeister, Isis 42, 277-78, 1951.

SAMUEL, VISCOUNT. Essays in physics. vi+ 154 p. Oxford: Blackwell, 1951.

Reviewed by F. I. G. Rawlins, Nature I68, 2I5, I95I.

SCHLICK, MORITZ. Philosophy of nature. New York: Philosophical Library, I949. Reviewed by Wolfgang Yourgrau, Archives inter-

nationales d'histoire des sciences 30, 374-82, 1951; by A. P. Ushenko, Scripta Mathematica 17, Io8-io, 1951.

SCHRODINGER, ERWIN. Science and human- ism: physics in our time. 7o p. Cambridge University Press, 9g5i.

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i8. Philosophy of Science- 20. Mathematics i8i

SERVIEN, PIUS. Science et poesie. 249 p. (Bibliotheque de Philosophie scientifique.) Paris: Flammarion, 1947.

The author is a mathematician, member of the Romanian Academy of Sciences. He is trying to restore the gaya sciensa of the Troubadours, as it was illustrated in the jeux floraux, the first of which occurred in Toulouse I324 (Introd. 3, 340), or rather his purpose is more ambitious, more scientific. The book is divided into three parts, I. Science and Poetic Art, the new poetical ways, II. Elements of the science (analysis of language; mathematics and poetry; analysis of the lyrical language, fundamental elements of rhythm in French), III. Analysis of the lyrical language (prose and verse). I owe this de- lightful book to the friendship of Frans Verdoorn.

G. S.

STANDEN, ANTHONY. Science is a sacred COW. 22I p. New York: Dutton, 1950.

Reviewed by Bernard Barber, Isis 42, 91, 1951.

SYNGE, J. L. Science: sense and nonsense. I56 p. London: Cape, 195I.

WERKMEISTER, W. H. The basis and struc- ture of knowledge. xi+45I p. New York: Harper, 1948.

Reviewed by Philipp Frank, Isis 42, 68, 1951.

WHITTAKER, SIR EDMUND TAYLOR. Ed- dington's principle in the philosophy of science 32 p. Cambridge University Press, 1951.

IH. FORMAL SCIENCES

KNOWLEDGE OF FORMS

19. Logic and Theory of Knowledge

FLEW, A. G. N. (ed.). Logic and language. Vii+206 p. New York: Philosophical Library, 1951.

Bertrand Russell's demonstration that the apparent logical form of the proposition need not be its real form, is really the theme of the present volume, which is comprised of the following contributions: Introduction, A. G. N. Flew; Systematically mis- leading expressions, Gilbert Ryle; Time: a treatment of some puzzles, J. N. Findlay; Bertrand Russell's doubts about induction, Paul Edwards; The philoso- pher's use of analogy, Margaret Macdonald; Is there a problem about sense-data? G. A. Paul; The ascription of responsibility and rights, H. L. A. Hart; Verifiability, F. Waisman; The language of political theory, Margaret Macdonald; Gods, John Wisdom. A delightful and enlightening book.

M. F. A. M.

FRAENKEL, ABRAHAM A. On the crisis of the principle of the excluded middle. Scripta Mathematica 17, 5-I6, I95I.

SHEFFER, HENRY MAURICE. Structure, method and meaning. Essays in honor of Henry M. Sheffer. With a foreword by Felix Frankfurter. Edited by Paul Henle, Horace M. Kallen, and Susanne K. Langer. xvi+3o6 p., portr. New York: Liberal Arts Press, 1951.

'rhis beautiful Festschrift dedicated to the Pro- fessor of Logic in Harvard University contains his portrait, bibliography and a number of memoirs

some of which are listed here. The articles on logic are not listed separately, in spite of their importance, because every logician will obtain this volume.

G. S.

20. Mathematics

BELL, ERIC TEMPLE. Mathematics, queen and servant of science. xx+437 p. New York: McGraw Hill, 1951.

Based on two earlier books, The queen of the sciences, I93I; The handmaiden of the sciences, I937, this well-written book deserves special com- mendation for its lucidity. A splendid general in- troduction to the ideas of mathematics with a mini- mum use of equations, this is an ideal companion to the author's very useful Development of mathe- matics (I940; Isis 33, 29I-93). I. B. C. BETH, E. W. Les fondements logiques des

mathematiques. 222 p. (Collection de Logique Mathematique, I.) Paris: Gauthier-Villars, 1950.

BORTOLOTTI, ETTORE. La storia della matematica nella Universit'a di Bologna. 226 p. Bologna; Zanichelli, 1947.

Reviewed by A. Natucci, Archives internationales d'histoire des sciences 30, 208-I0, 1951.

BOULIGAND, GEORGES; DESGRANGES, JEAN. Le declin des absolus mathematico- logiques. (Collection "Esprit et Methode.") Paris: Societe d'Edition d'Enseignement Su- p6rieur, 1949.

Reviewed by Hugues Leblanc, Isis 42, 71, 1951.

BOYER, CARL B. From Newton to Euler, Scripta Mathematica I6, 221-58, io figs., 1950.

BOYER, JACQUES. Les calculateurs prodiges. Larousse mensuel, 709-10, septembre 1951.

COOLIDGE, JULIAN L. Six female mathe- maticians. Scripta Mathematica 17, 20-31, 1951.

Hypatia, Marquise du Chatelet, Maria Gaetana Agnesi, Mary Somerville, Sophie Germain, Sonya Kovalevskaya. The six represent five countries (2 were French) and five periods (2 were XIX-i).

G. S. COOLIDGE, JULIAN L. The story of tangents.

American Mathematical Monthly, 58, 449-62, 1951.

FAVARD, J. Espace et dimension. 302 p. Paris: Michel, 1950.

Reviewed by F. Russo, Revue des questions scien- tifiques I2, 440-41, 1951-

FINE, HENRY B. The number system of alge- bra treated theoretically and historically. x- 13 p. New York: Hafner, I937. $2.50.

A photo-offset edition of a work originally pub- lished in I890; as pleasant and interesting to read as it was 6o years ago.

FRAJESE, ATTILIO. Attraverso la storia della mathematica. 212 p., 24 ills. Roma: Pioda, 1949.

Reviewed by A. Natucci, Archives internationales d'histoire des sciences 30, 76I-62, I95I.

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I82 20. Mathematics- 23. Astronomy

GARDNER, MARTIN. Topology and magic. Scripta Mathematica 17, 75-83, I95I.

GLODEN, A. Le developpement de la theorie des series depuis le debut du ige siecle jusqu'a nos jours. Archives de l'Institut Grand-Ducal de Luxembourg, Section des sciences, 19, 205-

20, I950.

HADAMARD, JACQUES. The psychology of invention in the mathematical field. 2nd ed. xiii+I45 p. Princeton, N. J.: Princeton Uni- versity Press, I949.

Reviewed by William L. Schaaf, Scripta Mathe- matica 17, I04-o8, I95I.

KRAMER, EDNA E. The main stream of mathematics. 32I p. New York: Oxford Uni- versity Press, 195I.

Reviewed by Ernest Nagel, Science II3, 445, I95I.

LORIA, GINO. Storia delle matematiche dall' alba della civilt'a al secolo XIX. Seconda edizione riveduta e aggiornata. xxv+975 p., 8o figs. Milano: Hoepli, I950.

Reviewed by George Sarton, Isis 42, 63, I95I.

SARTON, GEORGE. Query no. I30. When did the term "golden section" or its equivalent in other languages originate? Isis 42, 47, I95I.

TATON, REN1t. La geometrie projective en France de Desargues 'a Poncelet. 2I p. Uni- versite de Paris, Conference faite au Palais de la Decouverte, le I7 fevrier I95I.

VAN DER WAERDEN, B. L. Ontwakende wetenschap. Egyptische, Babylonische en Griekse Wiskunde. 332 p. (L'aube de la sci- ence. Mathematiques egyptienne, babylonienne et grecque.) Groningen: Noordhoff, 1950 (in Dutch). Reviewed by E. J. Dijksterhuis, Revue d'histoire

des sciences 3, 285-86, i950.

WIENER, NORBERT. Pure and applied mathe- matics. Structure, method and meaning, Es- says in Honor of Henry M. Sheffer, 9I-98,

N. Y., I95I.

21. Statistics History and Methods. Tables and Generali-

ties. For the applications, refer to the sciences to which they are applied.

MISES, RICHARD voN. Wahrscheinlichkeit, Statistik und Wahrheit. Einfiihrung in die neue Wahrscheinlichkeitslehre und ihre Anwen- dung. Dritte, neubearbeitete Auflage. 278 p. Wien; Springer, 195I.

The preface to this third edition signed in Cam- bridge, Massachusetts, November I950 contains a brief history of probabilities from the seventeenth century on. "Im iibrigen unterscheidet sich die neue Auflage hauptsichlich dadurch von den friiheren, dass ein betrachtlicher, jetzt iuberfluissig erscheinender Teil der polemischen Ausfiihrungen fortgelassen

und der dadurch gewonnene Raum fiir Erganzungen verschiedener Art benutzt wurde." The six lectures treat i. Definition, 2. Elements of the calculus of probabilities, 3. Criticism of principles, 4. Law of great numbers, 5. Application to statistics and theory of errors, 6. Problems of physical statistics.

G. S.

PENGLAOU, CHARLES. Les pourfendeurs de statistiques. Journal de la Societt de Statis- tique de Paris 90, 34-5I, I949.

III. PHYSICAL SCIENCES

KNOWLEDGE OF INORGANIC NATURE

22. Mechanics

Including Celestial Mechanics

DUGAS, RENE. Histoire de la -mecanique. Preface de Louis de Broglie. 649 p., IIo figs. (Bibliotheque scientifique, I6, Philosophie et Histoire.) Neuchatel, Griffon, I950.

Reviewed by I. Bernard Cohen, Isis 42, 27I-72,

'95'. HOLMES, EUGENE C. The main philosophical

considerations of space and time. American Journal of Physics I8, 560-70, I950.

23. Astronomy

ABETTI, G. Storia dell'astronomia. 370 p., 32

pls. Florence: Vallecchi, I949.

Reviewed by L. Jacchia, Isis 42, 72, 195I.

BROUWER, DIRK. The accurate measure of time. Physics Today 4, 6-I5, I95I.

History of the science of measurement of time from the sundial to the atomic clock.

COHEN, I. B. Query no. I25.-Proof of the sphericity of the earth. Isis 42, 47, 195I.

DOIG, PETER. A concise history of astronomy. With a foreword by Sir Harold Spencer Jones. Vi+320 p. London: Chapman & Hall, I950.

Reviewed by John W. Streeter, Isis 42, 73-75, '95'. ENDER, F. Uber die Inkonsequenz unserer

Zeitrechnung. Experientia 7, II4-I6, I95I.

"The designation of time in the Christian era is examined. We* meet with some incompatibilities. It is explained how these inconsistencies arise and how they can be removed. By ignoring zero of an era based on the so-called Meton cycles (I9 Julian years = 235 lunations) we obtain a surprisingly simple relation-as yet unknown - for calculating the lunar phases for any date of the civil calendar to a good approximation."

FINLAY-FREUNDLICH, E. Cosmology. iii+ 59 p. International Encyclopedia of Unified Science I, no. 8, University of Chicago Press, 195I.

JONES, SIR HAROLD SPENCER. The origin of the solar system. Endeavour Io, Il9-25,

I95I.

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23. Astronomy- 24. Physics I83

LAFLEUR, L. J. Cranks and scientists. Scien- tific Monthly 73, 284-89, I95I.

Apropos Velikovsky's Worlds in collision and the ignorance of certain editors. LEMAITRE, GEORGES. L'univers. 73 p. Lou-

vain: Nauwelaerts, I950.

Reviewed by T. G. Cowling, Nature I68, 259,

I95I.

LEMAITRE, GEORGES. The primeval atom. An essay on cosmogony. Translated by Betty H. and Serge A. Korff. ix+i86 p. New York: Van Nostrand, 1950.

Reviewed by T. G. Cowling, Natuire i68, 259,

I951-

MEYER, HEINRICH. The age of the world. A chapter in the history of enlightenment. 132 p. quarto (mimeographed). Allentown, Pa., Muhlenberg College, 195I.

Collection of testimonies concerning the age of the Earth (and its position), quoted in chronological order beginning with Copernicus's Commentariolus (c. I507-I4), Luther's Predigten 1527, etc. to the eighteenth century, followed by the author's con- clusions. The testimonies are often those of theolo- gians and the book illustrates the change of views which took place in the first half of the eighteenth century in small circles, then gradually in ever widening ones. G. S.

MICHEL, H. Apropos de terminologie. Ciel et Terre 67, 4 p., 1 .951

L'auteur discute les expressions suivantes: co- ordonnees spheriques, gnomon, jour artificiel.

G. S.

MUNITZ, MILTON K. One universe or many? Journal of the History of Ideas 12, 23 1-55,

1951.

SCHOUTEN, W. J. A. Greek astronomers from Ptolemy to De Sitter (in Dutch). Vii+285 p. Rijswijk, Leidsche Uitgeversmaatschappij, 1I950.

Reviewed by E. J. Dijksterhuis, Revuie d'Histoire des Sciences 4, I95, I95I.

SCHOVE, D. JUSTIN. Sunspots, aurorae and blood rain: the spectrum of time. Isis 42,

133-38, 1951.

SMART, W. M. Some famous stars. iv+220 p., 6o figs., 14 pls. London: Longmans, Green, I950.

Reviewed by H. Dopp, Revue des questions sci- entifiques 12, 449, I95I.

VAN DEN DUNGEN, F. H.; COX, J. F.; VAN MIEGHEM, J. Sur quelques astronomes qui n'ont pas postule implicitement l'uniformite de la rotation de la terre. Acad. r. de Belg., Bull. de la Cl. des Sciences, 36, 809-I0, 1950.

VELIKOVSKY, IMMANUEL. Worlds in col- lision. xiv+401 p. New York, Macmillan, 1950.

This book was very well reviewed in Isis 41, 245-46 by Otto Neugebauer. For the sake of completeness, we refer to an article in Harper's Magazine (June or July I95I) "Velikovsky and his

critics" containing Velikovsky's defense and a new critical review by John Q. Stewart. See also Lafleur, above. That is more than enough. G. S.

24. Physics

BOHM, DAVID. Quantum theory. 646 p. New York: Prentice-Hall, I95I.

The author's intention is to show how quantum theory can be developed in a "natural way, starting from the previously developed classical theory and going step by step through the experimental facts and theoretical lines of reasoning which led to the replacement of the classical theory by the quantum theory." I. B. C.

BRIDGMAN, P. W. The nature of some of our physical concepts. British Journal for the Philosophy of Science i, 257-72, 1951.

GUAYDIER, PIERRE. Les etapes de la physique. 127 p. Que sais-je? Paris: Presses Universitaires de France, 1950.

This precis of the development of physics from earliest times to the present follows the well known pattern of the collection "Que sais-je?" adds little to our knowledge or understanding of the subject, and perpetuates many errors. I. B. C.

HALBERTSMA, K. T. A. A history of the theory of colour. 267 p. Amsterdam: Swets and Zeitlinger, 1949.

Reviewed by R. Hooykaas, Archives internationales d'histoire des sciences 30, 79I-93, I95I.

JEANS, SIR JAMES. The growth of physical science. 2nd ed. revised. 364 p. New York: Cambridge Univ. Press, 1951.

Reviewed in Science 114, 2I9, I95I.

LITTLE, NOEL C. A unified approach to physics. American Journal of Physics rg, 351-53, 1951.

"The general elementary course is unified on a basis of underlying theory. Part I introduces seriatim five fundamental concepts to serve a dimensional analysis for the whole of physics. Selected topics make the nature of these concepts clear, e.g., (I) geometric optics for length, (2) kinematics for time, (3) statics of a rigid body for force, (4) elec- trolysis for electricity, and (5) thermometry and calorimetry for temperature. Part II contains five sections which cut horizontally across the conven- tional subdivisions of physics, (I) Energetics, in which dynamics, thermodynamics, and the relativity mass-energy relation find a place; (2) Flow Phe- nomena stress the parallelisms between fluids, heat, and electricity; (3) Field Phenomena apply the inverse square law to gravitation, electro- and magneto-statics, photometry, and radiation; (4) Pe- riodic Phenomena, starting with circular and simple harmonic motions, end with waves of all kinds; and (5) Quantum Phenomena deal with the ele- mental particles and the indeterminancy principle."

PLA, CORTES. El enigma de la luz. With a foreword by George Sarton. 328 p., I5 pls., 48 figs. Buenos Aires: Kraft, 1949.

Reviewed by H. J. J. Winter, Isis 42, I64, 195I.

RAMAN, SIR C. V. The new physics. With an introduction by Francis Low. ix+144 p. New York: Philosophical Library, 1951. $3.75.

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i84 24. Physics - 25. Chemistry

Sir Chandrashekhar Venkat Raman delivered a series of nineteen talks on the radio to an Indian audience, in which he gave an account of the new physics. This book is based on those talks; it is intended for the general reader. The lucidity of the writing and the interesting manner of the presenta- tion combine to make this a highly successful intro- duction to the new physics for the lay reader.

M. F. A. M.

RAMSEY, A. R. J. The thermostat or heat governor. Ani outline of its history. Trans- actions of the Newcomen Society 25, 53-72,

19 figs., I950.

ROLLER, DUANE. The early development of the concepts of temperature and heat. iv+io6 p. (Harvard Case Histories in Experimental Science, 3.) Cambridge: Harvard University Press, I950.

Reviewed by V. F. Lenzen, Isis 42, 65, I95I.

ROOSEBOOM, MARIA. Bijdrage tot de ge- schiedenis der instrumentmakerskunst in de noordelijke Nederlanden tot omstreeks I840. I56 p. Mededeling n? 74 uit het Rijkmuseum voor de Geschiedenis der Natuurwetenschap- pen te Leiden, I950.

History of the making of scientific instruments in the Netherlands until 1840 (in Dutch). Reviewed by P. H. van Cittert, Archives internationales d'his- toire des sciences 30, 560-63, I95I.

W-HYTE, L. L. Fundamental physical theory. An interpretation of the present position of the theory of particles. British Journal for the Philosophy of Science I, 303-27, I95I.

WILSON, WILLIAM. A hundred years of physics. 3I9 p. (icc years series.) London: Duckworth, I950.

Reviewed by G. R. Noakes, Nature I67, 1043,

1951.

25. Chemistry. Physical Chemistry

Industrial Chemistry

CONANT, JAMES BRYANT. The overthrow of the phlogiston theory. 59 p. (Harvard Case Histories in Experimental Science, 2.) Cam- bridge: Harvard University Press, I950.

Reviewed by V. F. Lenzen, Isis 42, 65, I95I.

DAWKINS, J. M. Zinc and spelter. Notes on the early history of zinc from Babylon to the x8th century, compiled for the curious. iv+35 p. Oxford: Zinc Development Association, I950.

DYSON, G. MALCOLM. A short guide to chemical literature. London: Longmans, I95I.

Reviewed in Nature I68, 355, 195I.

HARDIE, D. W. F. A history of the chemical industry in Widnes. Xii+250 p., 38 pls. Liver- pool: Imperial Chemical Industries, I950.

Reviewed by T. P. Hilditch, Nature 167, 58I-82, '95'.

KLICKSTEIN, HERBERT S. An outline of the history of chemistry. Prepared for Mal- linckrodt Chemical Works. Based upon the

1927 outline of Norris W. Rakestraw. St Louis, Mallinckrodt Chemical Works, ig5i.

Dr Klickstein has managed to concentrate a very large amount of information on a single large sheet, but he has made the same mistake as Joseph Needham (Isis 13, 562) in overdoing it and de- feating his own purpose. If the Outline were at- tached to a wall, one would need a telescope in order to read it. The only person who can learn much from such a chart is the one who compiled it.

G. S.

LANSDOWN, BRENDA. Workbook of scien- tific thinking. No. i. The chemical background of the atom. 68 p., figs. New York 28: The Dalton Book Shop, io8 E. 89th St., 1950.

$I.00.

LE CORBEILLER, PHILIPPE. A new pattern in science. Journal of Chemical Education 28,

553-55, I95I. "The fact that in an atomic world, our knowl-

edge of a certain subject, say, crystal shapes or chemical properties of elements, can be complete on a certain level, is the new scientific pattern to which I have wished to draw attention."

NASH, LEONARD K. The atomic-molecular theory. vi+Ii5 p. (Harvard Case Histories in Experimental Science, 4). Cambridge: Har- vard University Press, i95I.

Reviewed by V. F. Lenzen, Isis 42, 65, 195I.

PEARSON, TILLMON H.; IHDE, AARON J. Chemistry and the spectrum before Bunsen and Kirchhoff. J. Chem. Education 28, 267-7I, I95I.

SIGGEL, ALFRED. Decknamen in der ara- bischen alchemistischen Literatur. 55 p. (Deutsche Akademie der Wissenschaften zu Berlin, Institut fur Orientforschung, Verof- fentlichung Nr. 5). Berlin, Akademie-Verlag, I95I.

Siggel's investigations of the Arabic alchemical MSS available in German libraries have been re- viewed by me in Isis (4I, 387) and in the journal of Near Eastern Studies (IO, 284-85, I950). The present memoir is a natural byproduct of those investigations; it is far more elaborate than the previous one by Ruska and Wiedemann (Erlangen

924) . It ends with a long list of Decknamen, i.e., secret names to designate elements; Siggel lists almost 6oo of them in alphabetic Arabic order, from ab (for gold) to yaqut ahmar (for sulphur). This paper will be an excellent tool for every stu- dent of Arabic alchemy. G. S.

STAPLETON, H. E. The antiquity of alchemy. Archives internationales d'histoire des sciences 30?,35-8, I95I.

TESTI, GINO. Dizionario di alchimia e di chimica antiquaria. 20I p. ("Le vie del Sapere," Biblioteca economica di cultura varia, 4). Rome, Casa Editrice Mediterranea, I950.

This little book will be useful in spite of its in- completeness; it is hardly more than a beginning. It is a pity that the. author did not even bother to add an index of proper names, such as Glaser, Glauber, Homberg, etc. referring to sale.

G. S.

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25. Chemistry- 26. Technology I85

WALDEN, PAUL. The role of chance in chemi- cal discoveries. Journal of Chemical Education 28, 304-08, '95I.

WEEKS, MARY ELVIRA. Historia de los elementos quimicos. Con ilustraciones recogidas por F. B. Dains. Traducida por A. Sanroma Nicolau. Prologo por Emilio Jimeno. xvi? 5i8+ii7 p., figs. Barcelona: Marin, I949. Ptas. 300.

The first edition of the original text published some twenty years ago (Easton, Pennsylvania I933; Isis 21, 455) obtained the success it deserved, and was succeeded by many other editions, revised and enriched with more illustrations. The fifth edition appeared in 1945. A Chinese translation was pub- lished in Shanghai, 1940 (Isis 35, 264). We are now given a splendid translation in Spanish. Span- ish interest in the matter is natural, because many Spanish chemists took an eminent part in atomic discoveries. The translator, A. Sanroma Nicolau, has had the excellent idea of adding a supplement (ii8 p.) dealing with the artificial elements. The history of the natural elements is a cross-section of "ancient" chemistry, that of the artificial ones is a cross-section of the "new" chemistry developing under our own eyes. The two books (Weeks and Sanroma Nicolau) complete one another beautifully and the second has the advantage of greater up-to- datedness. Indeed, it evokes not only the knowledge but also the growing anxieties of our time.

G. S.

ZIEGLER, K. A. Katalog 37. Alchemie und fruhe Chemie. 22 p., 249 items, ills. (Alte Medizin und Naturwissenschaften, 3). Zurich, no date, received in I95I.

26. Technology

For Mining, see 32. Geology; for Industrial chemistry, 25. Chemistry. See also

Arts and Crafts under 45

BATHE, GREVILLE. The Onondaga Salt Works of New York State, I646-I846. Trans- actions of the Newcomen Society 25, I7-26,

4 figs., I950.

BENTON, W. A. The early history of the spring balance. Transactions of the Newcomen So- ciety 22, 65-78, 3 figs., I941-42.

BOORSMA, P. Duizend Zaansche Molens. xii? 29I p., x6 pls. Meijer: Wormerveer, Holland, I950 (in Dutch). Description of windmills in the Zaan district, N

of Amsterdam. Reviewed by R. J. Forbes, Archives internationales d'histoire des sciences 30, 557, 1951.

BOT, JAC.; FORBES, R. J. (editors). Water and way, building and craft, peace and war, inventions and discoveries. Reprint from vol. 9, p. 45I-67I of the First Dutch encyclopaedia in systematic order (Eerste systematisch in- gerichte Encyclopaedie, ENSIE), Amsterdam 1950 (in Dutch). These articles on the history of technology were

contributed by many experts, such as Forbes, Crom- melin, Hooykaas. The text being printed on 2

columns, very small type, is abundant and well

illustrated. It is not simply a history of technology, but to a large extent a history of science. Unfortu- nately, its publication in the Dutch language will considerably restrict the number of its readers.

G. S.

BUFFET, BERNARD; EVRARD, RENE. L'eau potable a travers les ages. 246 p., I95 figs. Liege: Editions Soledi, I950.

Reviewed in Techniques et Civilisations 2, 33, 1951.

BURNE, E. LANCASTER; RUSSELL, JOHN; WAILES, REX. Windmill sails. Transactions of the Newcomen Society 24, I47-6I, I3 figs., I943-45.

BURT, LESLIE N. Watford and papermaking. Transactions of the Newcomen Society 25,

I05-07, I950.

CHANDLER, DEAN; LACEY, A. DOUGLAS. The rise of the gas industry in Britain. i56 p., 5i figs., map. London: British Gas Council, I949-

Reviewed by R. J. Forbes, Archives internationales d'histoire des sciences 30, 56o, 1951.

COGHLAN, H. H. The pre-history of the ham- mer. Transactions of the Newcomen Society 25, I8I-98, I0 figs., I950.

DAVIES, A. STANLEY. Early railways of the Ellesmere and the Montgomeryshire Canals, I794-I9I4. Transactions of the Newcomen So- ciety 24, I4I-46, I943-45.

DAVIES, A. STANLEY. The early iron industry in North Wales. Transactions of the New- comen Society 25, 83-90, 1950.

DEERR, NOEL; BROOKS, ALEXANDER. Development of the practice of evaporation with special reference to the sugar industry. Transactions of the Newcomen Society 22,

I-I9, i6 figs., I94I-42.

DE MARft, ERIC SAMUEL. The canals of England. London: Architectural Press, I950.

DICKINSON, H. W. Origin and manufacture of wood screws. Transactions of the New- comen Society 22, 79-89, 7 figs., I94I-42.

DICKINSON, H. W. A condensed history of rope-making. Transactions of the Newcomen Society 23, 7I-9I, I942-43.

DICKINSON, H. W. Utilization of waste heat from industrial operations. Transactions of the Newcomen Society 24, I-II,. I943-45.

DICKINSON, H. W. A study of galvanised and corrugated sheet metal. Transactions of the Newcomen Society 24, 27-36, I943-45.

DICKINSON, H. W. Besoms, brooms, brushes and pencils: the handicraft period. Trans- actions of the Newcomen Society 24, 99-i08,

I943-45.

DICKINSON, H. W.; GOMME, A. A. Some British contributors to continental technology (I6oo-i850). Archives internationales d'kis- toire des sciences 30, 706-22, 195I.

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i86 26. Technology- 27. Biology

FINCH, JAMES KIP. Engineering and western civilization. 407 p. New York: McGraw-Hill, I95I.

History of the ways in which advances in engi- neering have effected economic and social changes in western civilization. S. S. W.

FORBES, R. J. Man the maker. A history of technology and engineering. xxi+355 p., 4I

pls., 27 figs. New York: Schuman, I950.

Reviewed by Cyril Stanley Smith, Isis 42, 79, I95'.

GALE, W. K. V. Some workshop tools from Soho foundry. Transactions of the Newcosnen Society 23, 67-69, I942-43.

GALE, W. K. V. Notes on the black country iron trade. Transactions of the Newcomen Society 24, I3-26, I943-45.

GIBBS, F. W. The rise of the tinplate industry. II. Early tinplate manufacture to I700. An- nals of Science 7, 25-6I, 7 p1s., I95I.

GOLDSMITH, J. N.; HULME, E. WYND- HAM. History of the grated hearth, the chimney, and the air-furnace. Transactions of the Newcomen Society 23, I-I2, I942-43.

GORDON, G. F. C. Clockmaking, past and present. 2nd ed., enlarged by Arthur V. May. London: Technical Press, I949.

Reviewed by C. A. Crommelin, Archives inter- nationales d'histoire des sciences 30, 269, I95I.

HADFIELD, CHARLES. British canals. An illustrated history. 259 p., 8 pls. London: Phoenix House, 1950.

Reviewed by K. G. Fenelon, Nature I67, 4I7-19, I951.

HAMILTON, S. B. Industries of West Hertford- shire, Watford and St Albans. Transactions of the Newcomen Society 25, I09-I0, 195I.

HARRIS, T. R. Engineering in Cornwall before 1775. Transactions of the Newcomen Society 25, III-22, 1950.

JENKINS, RHYS. The silica brick and its in- ventor, William Weston Young. Transactions of the Newcomen Society 22, I39-47, I94I-42.

JENKINS, RHYS. Early engineering and iron- founding in Cornwall. Transactions of the Newcomen Society 23, 23-35, I942-43.

JENKINS, RHYS. The zinc industry in Eng- land. The early years up to about I850.

Transactions of the Newcomen Society 25,

4I-52, I950.

LE GALLEC, YVES. Les origines du moteur 'a combustion interne. Techniques et Civilisations 2, 28-33, I fig., I95I.

LEROI-GOURHAN, A. Notes pour une histoire des aciers. Techniques et Civilisations 2, 4-I0,

I4 figs., 195I.

MAGET, MARCEL. L'enquete ethnographique sur les techniques pr6industrielles. Techniques et Civilisations 2, 2I-27, 4 figs., I95I.

MORGAN, F. C. Some old tools in Hereford Museum. Transactions of the Newcomen So- ciety 23, 55-65, figs., I942-43.

MUGGERIDGE, D. W. The windmills of Han- over. Transactions of the Newcomen Society 25, I99-205, I950.

RANSHAW, G. S. Great engines and their in- ventors. 2I2 p., 39 figs., 20 pls. London: Burke, I950.

Reviewed by R. J. Forbes, Ar-chives internationales d'histoire des sciences 30, 558, 195I.

REDMAYNE, P. Transport by sea. 48 p., ills., maps. London: Murray, I950.

Reviewed by R. J. Forbes, Archives internationales d'histoire des sciences 30, 558, 1951.

ROLT, LIONEL THOMAS CASWELL. The inland waterways of England. 22I p., frontis- piece, ioo ills., map. London: Allen & Unwin, I950.

RUSSELL, JOHN. Millstones in wind and water mills. Transactions of the Newcomen Society 24, 55-64, 5 figs., 1943-45.

SAUNDERS, L. Evolution of the pivot, with special reference to weighing instruments. Transactions of the Newcomen Society 24,

8I-87, 2 figs., I943-45.

SMITH, E. C. The Normands of Havre, ship- builders and engineers. Transactions of the Newcomen Society 22, 99-I05, I94I-42.

Normand is a family name.

SMITH, EDGAR C. Some pioneers of refrigera- tion. Transactions of the Newcomen Society 23, 99-I07, I942-43-

With chronological table, I755 (William Cullen) to I942. G. S.

WAILES, REX. Suffolk windmills: Part I, Post mills. Part II, Tower mills. Transactions of the Newcomen Society 22, 4I-63, I3 figs., I94I-42, 23, 37-54, figs., I942-43-

WAILES, REX. Windmill winding gear. Trans- actions of the Newcomen Society 25, 2 7-35, I5 figs., I950.

IV. BIOLOGICAL SCIENCES

KNOWLEDGE OF ORGANIC NATURE

27. Biology -Generalities, "Natural History"

BATES, MARSTON. The nature of natural his- tory. 309 p. New York: Scribner's, I950.

Reviewed by Conway Zirkle, Isis 42, I64, 1951.

BLUM, HAROLD F. Time's arrow and evolu- tion. 222 p. Princeton: Princeton University Press, I951. $4.00. Well known for his work in photobiology, Dr

Blum has long been interested in the significance of the second law of thermodynamics with respect to evolution. He points out that physical and chemical laws have determined the course of evolution from

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27. Biology i87

the beginning of the universe. He shows the limita- tions on possibilities of evolution from the time when life first emerged. Dr Blum indicates how "Time's arrow" (the second law of thermody- namics) has directed evolutionary events through the formation of the earth into the period when conditions favored the appearance of life, and thus into the evolution of diverse living forms. An in- teresting corollary of Dr Blum's thesis is that species now extinct can never again arise in this environ- ment. The volume is well written, well illustrated, adequately documented and indexed, and hand- somely published. C. D. L.

BUTLER, J. A. V. Man is a microcosm. xiii+ I59 p. New York: Macmillan, i95i. $3.00.

Dr Butler, who is head of the Department of Biophysical Chemistry, Chester Beatty Research Hos- pital, London, and author of the well-known Chem- ical Thermodynamics, presents in this very readable volume a broad survey and interpretation of our knowledge of the nature and basis of life, with particular reference to man. The book is written with great clarity and is highly informative.

M. F. A. M.

COONEN, L. P. The prehistoric roots of biology. Scientific Monthly 33, I54-65, 1951.

A chapter in a forthcoming book on the history of biology. CUINOT, LUCIEN; T]ITRY, ANDRJtE.

L'evolution biologique: les faits, les incerti- tudes. 592 p. Paris: Masson, I95I.

Reviewed by Richard Goldschmidt, Science 114, 309, I951.

DARLING, F. FRASER. The ecological ap- proach to the social sciences. Amer. Scientist

39, 244-54, I95I-

DOBZHANSKY, THEODOSIUS. Genetics and the origin of species. Third edition revised. x+364 p., 23 figs. New York: Columbia Uni- versity Press, 1951. $5.00. The first edition of this book (1937) was reviewed

twice in Isis (30, I28-31, 549-51), the second (I94I), once (34, i8I). The decade I941-5I "has proved to be the most fruitful decade in the history of evolutionary thought since the appearance of Darwin's classic in I859." Therefore, this third edition was entirely rewritten. It is the most com- prehensive book on the subject, that immense sub- ject, the very core of biology, available today.

G. S.

DUNN, L. C. (editor). Genetics in the 20th

century. 634 p. New York: Macmillan, I95I.

FRANK, BERNARD; NETBOY, ANTHONY. Water, land and people. Xviii+329+Xi p.,

41 ills. New York: Knopf, I950.

Reviewed by Conway Zirkle, Isis 42, 273, 1951.

HAGEN, VICTOR WOLFGANG voN. South America. The green world of the naturalists. Five centuries of natural history in South America. Selected and annotated with bio- graphical sketches and introduction. xvii+ 398 p., ills. London: Eyre & Spottiswoode, I951. 25S.

Anthology of the writings of naturalists devoted to South America. The list of the authors selected

is very interesting. I (i6th century). Pietro Martire d'Anghiera, Amerigo Vespucci, Gonzalo Fernaindez de Oviedo y Valdes, Gaspar de Carvajal, Jose de Acosta. II (17th century). Lionel Wafer, William Dampier. III (I8th century). Antonio de Ulloa, Charles-Marie de La Condamine, Felix de Azara, Alexander von Humboldt. IV (Igth century). Charles Robert Darwin, Alcide Dessalines D'Orbigny, Herman Melville, Alfred Russel Wallace, Henry Walter Bates, Richard Spruce, Edward Whymper. V (20th century). William Henry Hudson, William Beebe, H. M. Tomlinson, Konrad Guenther, Frank Michler Chapman, Robert Cushman Murphy, Ivan T. Sanderson. Each extract is preceded by a bio- graphical sketch which is instructive and evocative. The selection is valuable because of the author's own knowledge of the countries described. "I have culled these pages not from the dust of libraries but from the remembered days and nights of living ex- perience." There is also an excellent choice of il- lustrations. G. S.

HARVEY, E. NEWTON. Answer no. 2 to Query II7 concerning early descriptions of the phosphorescent sea. Isis 42, I42, 1951.

HUARD, PIERRE. Origine de quelques termes de biologie. L'Extreme-Orient Medical 3, 2I3-

i6, I951.

IZQUIERDO, JOSI, JOAQUIN. Contactos y paralelos de la nueva Sociedad mexicana de historia natural, con su precursora, y diver- gencias que convienen para su futuro. Revista de la Sociedad Mexicana de Historia Natural II, I-20, ill., 1950.

LEY, WILLY. Dragons in amber. Further ad- ventures of a romantic naturalist. viii+328 p. New York: Viking Press, 195I.

Reviewed by Conway Zirkle, Isis 42, 274, 1951.

MIELI, ALDO. Breve historia de la biologia. I6i p. Buenos Aires, Espasa-Calpe, 195T. Arg. $3.30. One wonders how Aldo Mieli, who was handi-

capped by illnesses and discomforts of many kinds managed to do as much work as he did. In addition to the many volumes of his Panorama general de historia de la ciencia and to various monographs on the history of chemistry (Lavoisier, atomic theory) and electricity (Volta) he found it possible to write this history of biology. To cover the whole of biology in I44 p. is somewhat of a wager, especially when the author is not a biologist by training. Mieli had a good experience of science and of the history of science, and he managed to recognize the main points; this gives a special interest to his his- torical sketches. G. S.

PERSON, STOW (editor). Evolutionary thought in America. x+462 p., 28 ills. New Haven: Yale University Press, I950.

Reviewed by Conway Zirkle, Isis 42, 275, I95I.

ROSTAND, JEAN. Piccola storia della biologia (Traduzione di G. Scognamiglio e di L. Corti). 255 p. Einaudi, 1949.

Reviewed by Pietro Franceschini, Rivista di storia del/e scienze anno 41, 234, 1950.

SCHOPFER, W. H. La culture des plantes en milieu synthetique. Les precurseurs. Archives

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i88 27. Biology- 28. Botany internationales d'histoire des sciences 30, 68i- 88, I95I.

SINGER, CHARLES. A history of biology. 2nd ed. xxv+579 p., I94 figs. New York: Schuman, I950.

Reviewed by Conway Zirkle, Isis 42, 82, I95I.

SINNOTT, EDMUND W.; DUNN, L. C.; DOBZHANSKY, TH. Principles of genetics. 4th ed. xiv+505 p., 202 figs. New York: McGraw-Hill, 1950.

This extremely well written and lucid account of genetics contains many portraits and historical notes. Each chapter contains references to "aid the student in examining the original publications from which our knowledge is derived." In an appendix there is reprinted Bateson's translation of Gregor Mendel's classic paper of 1865, since the authors "believe all students of genetics should be familiar with this paper which still forms the best introduction to the basic evidence and the principles derived from it."

I. B. C. WILKIE, J. S. Causation and explanation in

theoretical biology. British Journal for the Philosophy of Science x, 273-90, 1951.

WILLIAMS, JAY. Fall of the sparrow. With an introductory chapter by Stanley Edgar Hyman. Illustrated by Richard Taylor. I58 p. New York: Oxford University Press, 1951.

$3.00.

Darwin wrote about the origin of the species; Jay Williams has written about their extinction. He tells the story of why certain species of animals have vanished and why others are threatened. He is also concerned with such topics as the origin of legendary creatures and the probable end of Man. During the past two thousand years at least io6 unique and irreplaceable species and subspecies of mammals have disappeared from the earth, most of them as a result of man's depredations or meddling. Untold numbers of species of other animals are probably now about to say farewell. Mr Williams describes the sad fate of such species as the dodo, passenger pigeon, sabertooth tiger, sea-cow - and the Tasmanians. He relates the misfortunes of those that have barely escaped total extinction - such as the American bison, grizzly bear, lyrebird - and the American Indian.

The book is pleasantly written and there is an "index of species." The most moving chapter is the last one relating man's cruelties to his own kind. Good as it is, the book would have been better without the illustrations. G. S.

ZIRKLE, CONWAY. The knowledge of heredity before I900. Genetics in the 20th Century, ed. by L. C. Dunn, 35-57, 1951.

28. Botany

Agronomy. Phytopathology. Palaeobotany

ANKER, JEAN. Flora Danica og Laegekunsten. I5 p. Medicinsk Forum 4, I-I5, Copenhagen I95I (in Danish).

BAILEY, I. W. Cooperation versus isolation in botanical research. Biologia 2, 126-33, 1951.

BALLY, W. Rubber. Ciba Review 87, 3130-56,

ills., Basel i95i.

BELIN-MILLERON, J. L'histoire des plantes, la formation de l'esprit scientifique et l'etude des civilisations. Revue d'histoire des sciences 4, 78-84, 195I.

CUTLER, H. C. The geographical origin of maize. Chronica Botanica 12, I67-69, 195I.

DE WILDEMAN, EM. Notes pour l'histoire de la botanique et de l'horticulture en Belgique. 832 p. MJm. Acad. roy. Belgique, Sciences, 25.

Bruxelles, I950.

Sur la fin de sa vie notre ami E. De Wildeman ne pouvant plus se consacrer a l'etude de la flore africaine s'appliqua a faire des travaux se rapportant davantage 'a la compilation qu'a la recherche sci- entifique et ces travaux etant fatalement tres in- suffisamment muris et completes il en est resulte que ces dernieres publications n'ont pas accrsi sa cele'brite comme grand botaniste belgo-africain, alors que ses beaux travaux sur la flore du Congo beIge nous 6tonnent toujours par leur ampleur, par leur sagacite, par l'activite scientifique qu'il deploya pendant de nombreuses annees. La chose est encore plus suprenante si l'on songe qu'il ne mit jamais les pieds en Afrique! Le present ouvrage temoigne la grande activite qu'eut encore notre ami au dela de sa 8oe annee mais il ne montre pas de vues originales nouvelles.

I1 faut signaler, comme le fait l'Editeur M. V. Tourneur, le devouement qu'a eu Mlle S. De Wilde- man, la fille du savant en mettant au point le manuscrit dont la redaction avait besoin d'etre soigneusement revue. Si nous avons bien compris ce travail, I'A. a voulu montrer que des apothicaires belges comme J. Hermans (en I652 et I653) et des horticulteurs de Belgique, comme B. Wynhouts et le pharmacien Pierre Ricart, apothicaire de Lille, mais originaire de Belgique qui vivait a. la meme epoque (mort en I657), ont ete des horticulteurs et des botanistes prelinneens de valeur mais d'autres historiens et naturalistes belges, notamment Ed. Martens, R. Courtois, Damme-Sellier, V. Tourneur, etc., l'avaient dej'a indique. Em. De Wildeman les a completes en publiant des longues listes de plantes cultivees en Belgique au XVIIe siecle, mais 'a peu pres toutes les memes plantes etaient dej'a cultivees aussi au Jardin du Roi 'a Paris 'a ses debuts en I632 et dans d'autres jardins botaniques a travers presque toute l'Europe. Le present ouvrage apporte quelques complements seulement 'a nos connaissances sur la botanique pre-linneene.

(Revue internationale de botanique appliquee) Auguste Chevalier

FINAN, J. J. Maize in the great herbals. (Ann. Miss. Bot. Gard., 35, 149-91, 1948.) Reprinted in book form, Waltham: Mass.: Chronica Botanica, 1950.

Reviewed by Agnes Arber, Isis 42, 82, I95I.

GILBERT-CARTER, H. Glossary of the British flora. xviii+79 p. Cambridge University Press, I950.

Reviewed by T. H. Savory, Nature 167, 296, I95I.

KLOSE, NELSON. America's crop heritage: the history of foreign plant introduction by the federal government. X+?56 p., 6 ills. Ames: Iowa State College Press, 1950.

Reviewed by Conway Zirkle, Isis 42, 86, I95I.

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28. Botany - 29. Zoology I89

OSBORN, T. G. B. The Oxford Botanic Garden. Endeavor IO, 70-77, I95I.

The Oxford Botanic Garden was founded in I621 by Henry, Earl of Danby. On his death in I644, he left an endowment to which endowments have since been made. Early plans (I675), and prints of the green-houses (I773) are shown. The garden has served continually since its foundation as a center for the teaching of botany at Oxford.

C. D. L.

RETI, L. Cactus alkaloids and some related com- pounds. Fortschritte der Chemie organischer Naturstoffe 6, 242-89, Wien I950.

Historians will be interested in the introduction and the historical summary (p. 243-46). The cacti are very rich in alcaloids of many kinds. G. S.

SALAMAN, REDCLIFF N. The history and social influence of the potato. xxiv+685 p., 32 pls. Cambridge University Press, I949.

Reviewed by Conway Zirkle, Isis 42, 85, I95I.

SARTON, GEORGE. Second preface to volume 42. Science and peace II. The botanical ex- ploration of Malaysia. Isis 42, I73-76, I95I.

SOULE, MORTIMER J., JR. A bibliography of the mango (Mangifera indica L.). vi+89 p. Coral Gables, Florida: Florida Mango Forum and University of Miami, I950.

STEBBINS, G. LEDYARD, JR. Variation and evolution in plants. xx+643 p., 55 figs. (Bio- logical Series, I6.) New York: Columbia Uni- versity Press, 1950.

Reviewed by Conway Zirkle, Isis 42, 83, I951.

STEENSBERG, AXEL. Ancient harvesting im- plements. A study in archaeology and human geography. xix+275 p., 8o figs., I3 pls. (Na- tionalmuseets Skrifter, Arkaeologisk-historisk Raekke, I.) Copenhagen: Gyldendalske Bog- handel, I943.

This very elaborate investigation is centered upon Denmark and the coastlines east of the Oresund and the Kattegat, explaining the evolution of har- vesting instruments from the Stone Age, through the Bronze and Iron Ages, the Middle Ages. To this is added the story of their evolution in other parts of the world. Many figures and maps and a very interesting genealogical chart of types.

G. S.

STEVENSON, F. J. The potato, its origin, cytogenetic relationships, production, uses and food value. Economic Botany 5, I53-7I, I95I.

STORNI, JULIO S. Bromatologia indigena, soluci6n precolombiana del problema alimen- ticio. 4I3 p., ill. Tucuman, Argentina: Uni- versidad, I942.

Reviewed by P. C. Mangelsdorf, Biologia 2, 303, I951.

THOMMEN, EDUARD. Neues zur Schreibung des Namens Ginkgo. xv+ p. 77-I03. Ver- handlungen der Naturforschenden Gesellschaft, Basel I949.

Reviewed by E. Gaspardone, journal asiatique 238, 457, I950.

TROW-SMITH, ROBERT. English husbandry. From the earliest times to the present day. 240 p., ill. Loudon: Faber & Faber, i95i.

VERDOORN, FRANS. Problems of botanical historiography. Archives internationales d'his- toire des sciences 30, 448-57, 195I.

VETTERLI, W. A. (and others). The history of indigo, by W. A. Vetterli. The production of indigo. The history of indigo dyeing. The application of indigo in textile printing, by R. Haller. Indigo dyeing among primitive races, by A. Biuhler. Ciba Review 85, 3066-9I, ills., Basel 195I.

WEGENER, HANS. Das Pflanzenbild und die Anfiinge der wissenschaftlichen Botanik. Ab- handlungen zur Wissenschaftsgeschichte und Wissenschaftslehre H. I, 43-56, Bremen I95I.

WICKERSHEIMER, ERNEST. Les debuts en Alsace de l'industrie de la chicoree-caf;. Revue d'Histoire de la Pharmacie N? 130, I93-20I,

I95I.

29. Zoology

ALLEN, ARTHUR A. Stalking birds with color camera. Edited by Gilbert Grosvenor. viii+ 328 p., numerous ills. Washington, D. Q.: Na- tional Geographic Society, I95I. $7.50.

Magnificent album of 33I colored illustrations of 266 species of North American birds. Most of the photographs were taken by the author who worked for 20 years or more improving his techniques with camera and microphone, filming birds in color and recording their sounds and calls. In I925, he be- came the first full professor of ornithology in the United States (in Cornell). The text added to the pictures contains much bird lore given in simple language explaining, e.g., "what birds hear, how owls see at night, why cardinals shadow-box picture windows, how the yellow warbler outsmarts the cowbird, the strange case of the bald eagle and the bantam hen, the henpecked male phalarope that does all the nesting duties except laying the egg." "Among bird marvels of migration, Dr Allen pays tribute to the tiny black-polled warbler which he studied near Churchill on Hudson Bay. Weighing less than one ounce, this mite makes a roundtrip of more than io,ooo miles yearly, wintering in Venezuela and countries even farther south." As many of the pictures were taken with high-speed flash, they reveal details of flying technique never seen before. This beautiful volume was published within a day of the History of American ornithol- ogy written by the author's wife. Mrs Allen's book will be fully reviewed in Isis. G. S.

BARB, A. A. Birds and medical magic. I. The eagle-stone, II. The vulture epistle. Journal of the Warburg and Courtauld Institutes I3, nos. 3-4, p. I-7, London 1950.

BERTIN, LItON. La vie des animaux. 2 vols. 496 p.; 500 p., ills., I7 pls. Paris: Larousse, I949-50.

Reviewed by P. Humbert, Archives internationales d'histoire des sciences 28, I2I9, I949; 30, 228, I95I.

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Igo 29. Zoology - 33. Meteorology GREGORY, WILLIAM KING. Evolution

emerging. 2 vols. xxvi+736 p.; vol. 2, Vii+

IOI3 p. New York: Macmillan, I95I. $20.00.

This noble work covers and crowns the labours of America's most distinguished living vertebrate palaeontologist, William King Gregory. While the book is largely devoted to the evolution of the vertebrates, the first part of the work is devoted to the evolution of the lower invertebrates. From the discussion of the cosmic background of life to the discussion of 'man: present and future, the work is unfailingly interesting and informative. It is a work which can be read by the general reader, the stu- dent, and the expert with both pleasure and profit. The bibliographies are excellent, the index thor- ough, and the volume of line drawings an invalu- able treasurehouse. M. F. A. M.

GUDGER, EUGENE WILLIS. Bibliography of Dr E. W. Gudger's contributions to the history of ichthyology (I905-I95I). Isis 42, 237-42,

I95I.

GUDGER, EUGENE WILLIS. Fishing with the hand, "tickling rout" and other fishes in Great Britain, I602-I943. Australian Museum Maga- zine IO, 6I-64, I950.

GUDGER, EUGENE WILLIS. How difficult parturition in certain viviparous sharks and rays is overcome. Journal of the Elisha Mitchell Scientific Society 67, 56-86, i8 figs., I951.

GUDGER, EUGENE WILLIS. La peche 'a la main en Europe. La Nature 2 p., fevrier I95I.

KOLLER, GOTTFRIED. Daten zur Geschichte der Zoologie. 6i p. Bonn: Atheneum Verlag, I949.

Reviewed by Maurice Caullery, Archives inter- nationales d'histoire des sciences 30, 239, I95I.

NISSEN, CLAUS. Die ichthyologische Illustra- tion. Folium librorum vitae deditum I, 105-IO,

Utrecht 1951.

STEWART, ILEEN E. Helminths in history. Scientific Monthly 72, 345-52, 195I.

An account of parasitic worms from about sI6oo B.C. to the present.

V. SCIENCES OF THE EARTH IMPLYING KNOWLEDGE OF BOTH

ORGANIC AND INORGANIC NATURE

31. Geography and Oceanography

ALLEE, W. C.; SCHMIDT, KARL P. Eco- logical animal geography. Xiii+7I5 p. New York: Wiley, 1951. $9.50.

This is the completely revised second edition of the rewritten and revised Tiergeographie auf oeko- logischer Grundlage by the late Richard Hesse, the great book in the field in the original language, and now the work nonpareil. M. F. A. M.

BAGROW, LEO (editor). Imago mundi. A re- view of early cartography. Vol. 7. II4 p., pls. Stockholm: Kartografiska Siillskapet, I95C

(1951).

This seventh volume of Imago Mundi is analyzed in Isis as have been the preceding volumes of this fine and very useful series. G. S.

CALDER, RITCHIE. Men against the desert. i86 p., 27 pls. London: Allen & Unwin, ig5i.

Reviewed by G. V. Jacks, Nature 167, 419, 195I.

CHRISTIE, E. W. HUNTER. The Antarctic problem. An historical and political study. 336 p. London: Allen & Unwin, I95I.

HENRY, THOMAS R. The white continent. The story of Antarctica. 2I2 p., ill. London: Eyre and Spottiswoode, I95I.

STEFANSSON, VILHJALMUR. We're missing our future in the North. Maclean's Magazine 7, 43-46, ills., I August I95I.

32. Geology. Mineralogy, Palaeontology, Mining

For Palaeobotany, Palaeozoology and Palaeo- anthropology, see respectively, 28. Botany,

29. Zoology, and 39. Prehistory or, 35. Physical anthropology

KLINCKOWSTROEM, KARL VON. Die Her- kunft des Eisens. Stahl und Eisen 71, 362-73, 1951.

LOMBARD, AUGUSTIN. De l'exploration du Mont Blanc en 1787 aux theories actuelles sur la constitution de l'ecorce terrestre. Experientia 7, 4I-50, 3 figs., I95IL

H. B. de Saussure's highest merit is to have shown that the key to the theories about the earth's formation lies in the mountain structures of our planet.

PRICE, PAUL H. Evolution of the geological survey. West Virginia History 13, 20-32, 1951.

History of geological surveys in the U.S.

QUIRING, HEINRICH. Geschichte des Goldes, die Goldenen Zeitalter in ihrer kulturellen und wirtschaftlichen Bedeutung. 3I8 p., 102 figs., map. Stuttgart: Enke, 1948.

Reviewed by R. Hooykaas, Archives interna- tionales d'histoire des sciences 30, 833, I95I.

VAN STRAELEN, V. Une vieille histoire. Acad. r. de Belg. Bull. de la Cl. des Sc., 36, 1002-09,

1950.

Doctrines geologiques depuis Constant Prevost. J. P.

33. Meteorology. Climatology, Terrestrial Physics

BROOKS, C. E. P. Climate in everyday life. 314 p. New York: Philosophical Library, 195I.

$4.75. This is probably the most intelligent and readable

book on climate in the English language. Dr Brooks covers almost every imaginable aspect of the subject.

M. F. A. M.

INWARDS, R. Weather lore. 4th ed. London: Rider, 1950.

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33. Meteorology - 35. Physical Anthropology Reviewed by Louis Dufour, Archives interna-

tionales d'histoire des sciences 30, 225-26, I951.

LAHR, E. Un siecle d'observations meteor- ologiques appliqu6es 'a 1'etude du climat luxem- bourgeois. Xv+284 p. Luxembourg: Bourg- Bourger, I950.

Reviewed by Louis Dufour, Archives interna- tionales d'histoire des sciences 3o, 226, I95I.

PERRIE, D. W. Cloud physics. vii+II9 p., 30 figs., charts. New York: John Wiley & Sons; University of Toronto Press, i950. $4.50.

"Although the title is 'Cloud Physics,' the book is more than this. Clouds are described and named, and the large-scale processes responsible for the various formations are explained. Then the internal physics comes in for discussion: nuclei, how rain is formed naturally, and how additional rain can be induced artificially. A substantial portion of the book is reserved, however, for other cloud topics of interest: observing, forecasting, flying, and, at the end, the intriguingly rare nacreous and noctilucent clouds, high in the stratosphere, and optical and electrical phenomena. A list of references for the specialist and a convenient glossary for the layman complete a well-rounded and satisfying book."

The author, a meteorologist in the British Co- lumbia Forest Service, has considerable experience of clouds in all their aspects, including the latest one "induced precipitation." His conclusion on that subject is: "At the present time, it appears certain that the effects of cloud inoculation are strictly local, and do not extend to modification of the air mass. Results, if any, depend upon the characteristics of the air mass concerned. At the time of writing, self-sustaining storms do not appear likely to be caused by interference with natural processes."

G. S.

VI. ANTHROPOLOGICAL AND HIS- TORICAL SCIENCES

KNOWLEDGE OF MAN, PAST AND PRESENT

34. Anatomy

EDWARDS, LINDEN F. Resurrection riots during the heroic age of anatomy in America. Bulletin of the History of Medicine 25, I78-84, I95I.

HUARD, PIERRE; MONTAGN1R. Le squelette humain et l'attitude accroupie. Bulletin de la Socie'te des Etudes Iddochinoises, 26 p., ills., Saigon (rec'd in June I95I).

HUMPHREYS, HUMPHREY. Dental evidence in archaeology. Antiquity 25, i6-i8, I95I.

WEISS, PAUL (editor). Genetic neurology. Xii+239 p. Chicago: University of Chicago Press, I950. $5.00.

In March 1949, at the first meeting of the Inter- national Conference on the Development, Growth, and Regeneration of the Nervous System, there occurred the birth of a new scientific discipline- genetic neurology. This volume is the inaugural document of that new discipline. It surveys and correlates present knowledge and indicates the re- quirements of future research. There are altogether

twenty different contributions, all written specifically for this volume after the contributors had met and listened to and discussed each others views. An important volume. M. F. A. M.

35. Physical Anthropology

Anthropomnetry and Races of Man

CARTER, G. F. Man in America: A criticism of scientific thought. Scientific Monthly 73, 297-306, 1951.

The author holds from geographical evidence that there is a lower Paleolithic cultural level in America much older than the upper Paleolithic hunting cul- tures. Consequently, man has been in the Americas longer than the anthropologists have assumed.

C. Z.

COMAS, JUAN. Racial myths. 5I p. (The Race Question in Modern Science). Paris: UNESCO; New York: Columbia University Press, I95I. 251.

DUNN, LESLIE CLARENCE. Race and biol- ogy. 48 p. (The Race Question in Modern Science). Paris: UNESCO; New York: Co- lumbia University Press, I95I. 25?.

GEDDA, LUIGI. Studio dei gemelli. xvi+I38I p. Roma: Edizioni Orizzonte Medico, I95I. Lire I5,000. This is the most exhaustive work on twins and

twinning thus far published in any language. There are 548 illustrations, and several of them are in color of a kind which only Italian and Swiss printers seem to be capable of making, there are I6I tables, and a bibliography of 7,304 items.

In the first chapter, Professor Gedda deals with twins in art, and in the second he deals with twins in history and in science. These are the two chapters which are most likely to interest readers of this journal. They are fully illustrated and extremely well done. The remainder of the work is devoted to a complete coverage of the whole subject and every aspect of twinning, and is destined to remain the standard work on the subject for many years. Professor Gedda is heartily to be congratulated upon the publication of this magnificent work.

M. F. A. M.

HELLMANN, ELLEN; ABRAHAMS, LEAH (editors). Handbook on race relations in South Africa. xii+778 p. Cape Town: Oxford University Press, I949. 42S.

This important volume is comprised of thirty-five contributions of different aspects of social institutions and conditions calculated to assist students and workers in the area of race relations in South Africa. It is a publication of the admirable South African Institute of Race Relations. The work is a model of its kind and a mine of information.

M. F. A. M.

HUSKINS, C. LEONARD. Science, cytology, and society. American Scientist 39, 688-99, 195I.

Professor Huskins considers many of the moral responsibilities of modern scientists in discussing proponents and opponents of science, authoritarian- ism in science, and the place of science in a liberal education. Significantly, he indicates the dangers

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192 35. Physical Anthropology - 38. Archaeology

of internal authoritarianism in scientific work inde- pendent of political or national endeavor.

C. D. L.

LEIRIS, MICHEL. Race and culture. 46 p. (The Race Question in Modern Science.) Paris: UNESCO; New York: Columbia Uni- versity Press, I95I. 25?.

36. Physiology human and comparative

ABDERHALDEN, R. Die innere Sekretion. Ciba Zeitschrift II, 4535-9I, ills., I95I.

BASTHOLM, E. The history of muscle physiol- ogy. Translation by W. E. Calvert. 256 p. (Acta Historica Scientiarum Naturalium et Medicinaliurn, 7.) Copenhagen: Munksgaard, 1950.

Reviewed by Samuel Gelfan, Isis 42, 276, I95I.

[Harvard University]. The development of knowledge of blood. Represented by manu- scripts, and by selected books published from I490 to the igth century. An exhibition at Widener Library, Cambridge, Massachusetts, April 20th to June Ist, I95I. 54 p., 2 pls.

Boston, University Laboratory of Physical Chemistry Related to Medicine and Public Health, Harvard Medical School, I95I.

A beautiful catalogue with a Foreword by Edwin J. Cohn, and introduction by I. Bernard Cohen. "The works exhibited and described in this catalogue are intended to provide a representative selection of early work in important fields relating to the blood. The choice of material was determined by the limit- ing factor of exhibition space and the availability of books and manuscripts at Harvard or in the Boston Medical Library. The section on transfusion was assembled by Dr Charles Lund; the remaining items were chosen and described by Messrs Duane H. D. Roller and Wyndham Miles, working under the direction of Professor I. Bernard Cohen." IZQUIERDO, J. JOAQUIN. Panorama evolu-

tivo de la fisiologia en Mexico. Rev. Soc. Mexicana Hist. Nat. 12. 3I-68, I95I.

An interesting account from the earliest instruction in physiology in I580 at the University of Mexico to the important current developments. The first physiological text in Mexico was prepared by Marcos Jose Salgado (I67I-1740), and was published in 5727 in Mexico City under the title Cursus Medicus Mexicanus, Pars Prima Physiologica. The first pro- fessor of physiology in Mexico was Manuel Carpio (179I-I860), who introduced the teachings of Magendie and Claude Bernard. The first physiology laboratory in Mexico was established in I890 by Fernando Altamirano (1848-I907). The current significant developments in physiology in Mexico extend in large part from the stimulus afforded by Professor Izquierdo himself. C. D. L.

37. Psychology human and comparative

BASH, K. W. Testpsychologie in Grossbritannien und in den Vereinigten Staaten. Ciba Zeit- schrift II, 4623-28, ills., I95I.

BORING, EDWIN G. A history of experimental

psychology. 2nd ed. vii+777 p. New York: Appleton-Century-Crofts, I950.

Reviewed by Josef Brozek, Isis 42, 87, I95I.

BRINKMANN, D. Aus der Geschichte der Testpsychologie. Ciba Zeitschrift II, 4606-I3,

I95I.

DENIS, WAYNE (compiler and editor). Read- ings in the history of psychology. xi+587 p. (The Century Psychology Series). New York: Appleton-Century-Crofts, I948.

Reviewed by Josef Brozek, Isis 42, 276, I95I.

ERNST, FRITZ. Vom Heimweh. I27 p., ill. Zurich: Fretz & Wasmuth, I949.

History of nostalgia followed by an anthology of relevant texts in many languages. Reviewed by Henry E. Sigerist, Bulletin of the History of Medicine 25, I96-98, 195I.

LONDON, IVAN D. Contemporary psychology in the Soviet Union. Science 114, 227-33, I95I.

RANK, OTTO. Psychology and the soul. Trans- lated by William D. Turner. ix+I95 p. Phila- delphia: University of Pennsylvania Press, I950. $3.50.

Seelenglaube und Psychologie, now for the first time translated into English, was first published in I932. Rank's thesis in this book is that intellectual psychology cannot give man the immortal soul he so much desires, but tends rather to destroy with doubt the soul which he does have. This thesis is developed with Rank's customary brilliance, and throughout this book maintains the high claim which has been made for him by some as psycho- analysis's most readable writer. M. F. A. M.

RAPAPORT, DAVID (editor). Organization and pathology of thought. xviii+786 p. New York: Columbia University Press, 195I.

$I0.00.

This is a rather interesting volume of a somewhat personal kind, consisting mainly of selections from the literature of psychiatry and psychology which have influenced the editor and impressed him as outstanding contributions towards a better under- standing of the nature of thinking. The writers represented are Ach, Karl Buehler, Claparede, Kurt Lewin, Jean Piaget, Herbert Silberer, Karl Schroetter, Gaston Roffenstein, M. Nachmansohn, Stefan Betl- heim and Heinz Hartmann, Wilhelm Stekel, Freud, Fenichel, Bleuler, Varendock, Ernst Krie, Paul Schilder, Buerger-Prinz and Martti Kaila, and the conclusion is an highly original and most stimulating study by the editor "Toward a theory of thinking." There is a good bibliography, and name and subject indices. Altogether a most valuable volume. Num- ber I Austin Riggs Foundation monograph.

M. F. A. M.

YOUNG, J. Z. Doubt and certainty in science. A biologist's reflections on the brain. I68 p. (The B.B.C. Reith Lectures I950.) Oxford: Clarendon Press, I95I.

38. Archaeology - generalities, methods History of Archaeology and Erudition

CASSON, STANLEY (I889-I944). Written and unwritten records. Antiquity 25, 22-27, I95I.

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38. Archaeology - 40. Ethnology

This article originally appeared in the Fortnightly Review for February, 1937.

[CRAWFORD, OSBERT GUY STANHOPE.] Aspects of archaeology in Britain and beyond. Essays presented to 0. G. S. Crawford. Edited by W. F. Grimes. xvii+386 p., 22 pIS., 72 figs. London: Edwards, I95I. ?2 IOS.

This Festschrift dedicated to the Editor of Antiq- uity for his 65th birthday is introduced with the following words which we warmly endorse:

"No single scholar has done more than 0. G. S. Crawford to place the study of the remoter past, and of the past of Britain in particular, on the secure and sound basis upon which it now rests. Crawford's work has at once widened scholarship and encour- aged an enlightened lay interest in archaeology. His contributions have ranged so widely over matter and method that all archaeologists (as well as many workers in other fields) are in one way or another, directly or indirectly, indebted to him."

It includes a biography by John L. Myres, a beau- tiful portrait, a bibliography and twenty well illus- trated memoirs. Ad multos annos! G. S.

FLINT, RICHARD FOSTER. Pin-pointing the past with the cosmic clock. Natural History 6o, 200-06, ills., I95I.

JOHNSON, FREDERICK. Radiocarbon dating. A report on the program to aid in the develop- ment of the method of dating. Assembled for the Committee on Radioactive Carbon I4 of the American Anthropological Association and the Geological Society of America. 65 p., 2 figs. Memoirs of the Society for American Archaeol- ogy, no. 8, I95I.

ZEUNER, FREDERICK E. Dating the past. An introduction to geochronology. Second edi- tion. xviii+474 p., 24 pls.,'New York, Long- mans, Green I95I.

Reviewed by E. C. Bullard, Nature i68, 48, I95I. First edition, 1946.

39. Prehistory

DANIEL, GLYN E. The prehistoric chamber tombs of England and Wales. XiV+256 p. New York: Cambridge University Press, I950.

$6.50.

This volume is of far greater significance than its title would suggest. In addition to being a report of his own researches and a summary of the work of the last fifty years on prehistoric chamber tombs, not only in England but abroad, Dr Daniel throws much light on certain controversial points of cultural anthropology and, I think, settles them satisfactorily. His accounts of the distributions, construction, mor- phology, ritual and symbolism, the archaeological finds, and his discussion of origins and dating, are models of their kind. The book is well illustrated; there is an inventory of chamber-tombs and a good index. M. F. A. M.

OAKLEY, KENNETH P. Man the toolmaker. 98 p., 45 ills., pls. London: British Museum, I950.

PIGGOT, STUART; DANIEL, GLYN E. A picture book of ancient British art. ix+27 p.,

73 pls. New York: Cambridge University Press. I951. $2.75.

This volume presents a unique collection of photo- graphs illustrating the artistic achievements of the pre-Roman inhabitants of the British Isles. The 73 admirable plates are introduced by an equally ad- mirable and succinct essay by Messrs Piggot and Daniel. Some of the illustrations go back as far as the Upper Paleolithic (25,000 to 8,ooo), but most go back to the periods later than the Mesolithic (8,ooo to 2,000). An explanatory list of photographs gives full details concerning each of the objects illustrated, and there is a list of references. Alto- gether this is a most handsomely produced volume.

M. F. A. M.

RUHLMANN, ARMAND (t). La grotte pre- historique de Dar es-Soltan. Quarto, 210 p., 2 pls., 67 figs. (Collection Hesperis, Institut des Hautes Etudes Marocaines, ii) Paris, I95I.

Investigation of a late Palaeolithic cavern situated near Rabat; it completes an earlier study made by the same author with Rene Neuville. The artifacts found in the cavern represent three cultural periods, Aterian, late Mousterian, early Neolithic. The hu- man remains found at Dar al-sultan are described by H. V. Vallois. G. S.

UNDERWOOD, E. ASHWORTH. Catalogue of an exhibition illustrating prehistoric man in health and sickness. With an introduction. 56 p., frontispiece, 8 pls. (Wellcome Historical Medical Museum.) Oxford University Press, I95I. $.6o.

40. Ethnology

Primitive and Popular Science Cultural Anthropology

CLAIR, ANDRJ& La getophagie et les mangeurs de terre. Histoire de la Medecine no. 7, 46-48, I95I.

FRAZER, SIR JAMES G. The Golden Bough. xvi+864 p. New York: Macmillan, I95I. $5.00.

A reprinit of the one-volume edition of The Golden Bough first published in I922.

HAYWOOD, CHARLES. Bibliography of North American folklore and folksong. XXXii+I292 p.

New York: Greenberg, I95I.

LEACH, MARIA (editor). Dictionary of folk- lore mythology and legend. 2 vols. II96 p. printed on 2 col. New York: Funk and Wagnalls, I949-50.

The index in preparation will be published in a separate volume.

TAYLOR, ARCHER. English riddles from oral tradition. xxxi?959 p. Berkeley: University of California Press, I95I. $I0.00.

Classified collection of 1700 English riddles which will be useful for comparative studies. The author "relates the traditional riddles of other languages to the English body of riddling and studies problems of origin and dissemination. He examines the several forms of each riddle - the elaborations and adapta- tions that have developed in the course of centuries

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I4 40. Ethnology- 43. Sociology

- and in the running commentary he often cites what has been said about their meanings and associations.". ..."Archer Taylor was President of the American Folklore Society and is Editor of Western Folklore. Among his earlier books are A Collection of Welsh Riddles (with V. E. Hull), The Literary Riddle Before I6oo, and Renaissance Guides to Books, all published by the University of California Press."

43. Sociology

Jurisprudence and Positive Polity

COHEN, MORRIS RAPHAEL. Reason and law: studies in Juristic philosophy. 2II p.

Glencoe, Ill.: Free Press, I950. $3.50.

The late Professor Cohen was outstanding in logical analysis and sociological theory. This work is a series of fifteen essays and reviews, with a prologue, covering lucid and significant contributions to the philosophy of law. There is included a con- sideration of legal philosophy in the Americas, moral aspects of the criminal law, absolutisms in law and morals, Cann's philosophy of law, jurisprudence as a philosophical discipline, a critique of the sanction of the law, Italian legal philosophy, and a number of critical reviews of books on various aspects of legal philosophy. The articles are well documented, and there is a helpful index. Most interesting are the historical references. There is clear implication throughout of the application of pertinent scientific concepts to legal and philosophical affairs. Cohen's general point is that no theory of the law pushed to dogmatic conclusions will explain its content. There is demonstrated both the unreality of the theory that law is custom, and that law is based on justice.

C. D. L.

DE VRIES, C. W.; DE VRIES, J. (editors). Texts concerning early labour legislation I. (I79I-i848). 52- p. (Textus Minores, 5). Leiden, Brill, I949.

The I6 documents quoted are legislative acts of many countries except one, which is the astonishing speech delivered by Macaulay in the House of Commons in I846. G. S.

DEWEY, RICHARD; HUMBER, W. J. The development of human behavior. xv+762 p. New York: Macmillan, I95I. $5.50. A valuable text on the manner in which the

organism Homo sapiens is turned into a human being. The authors are not always abreast of recent research, but their book is a valuable contribution, in terms of synthesis of an enormous amount of data, to an extremely important subject.

M. F. A. M.

DUBLIN, LOUIS I. The facts of life. X+46i p. New York: Macmillan, I95I. $4.95.

Out of his rich experience as a statistical analyst of the phenomena of human biology Dr Louis Dublin has made a book, in question and answer form, calculated to answer most of the questions the interested inquirer is likely to ask. The range is from birth to death. There is a list of selected references and an excellent index. An invaluable book. M. F. A. M.

DURKHEIM, EMILE. Suicide: a study in

sociology. Translated into English by John A. Spaulding and George Simpson. Edited with an introduction by George Simpson. 405 p. Glencoe, Ill.: Free Press, I95I. $5.00.

The first edition of Durkheim's Le Suicide ap- peared in Paris in I897. It immediately established itself as a classic, and has retained that position ever since. Thanks to Drs Spaulding and Simpson an English translation is now available for the first time. Apart from being the pioneering work in the subject Le suicide was an admirable example of sociological method, and as such exercised a considerable influ- ence upon sociologists throughout the world. In the history of sociology it, therefore, occupies a major and an honored place. With great learning and in- dustry Durkheim's contribution was to show that suicide is not so much a matter of the person as of the social structure and its ramifications of which he is a part. But this and many other points are excellently developed in Dr Simpson's introduction. The translation reads very smoothly and has been very ably done. With this volume all of Durkheim's books are now available in English translation.

M. F. A. M.

FIRTH, RAYMOND. Elements of social or- ganization. Xi+257 p., II pls. (Josiah Mason Lectures delivered at the University of Bir- mingham.) New York: Philosophical Library, I95I. $5.75. This is the first set of the Josiah Mason Lectures

delivered at the University of Birmingham, 1947. The author, professor of anthropology in the Uni- versity of London, undertook to examine the role of social anthropology in contributing to a better understanding of some of the problems of modern civilization. "In the set of lectures no more than an outline of my subject could be given. I divided it into two main sections: one dealing primarily with organization, the other with concepts and values. The one took up the theme of the relation between modern world situations and the primary observa- tional field of social anthropologists, the small-scale, simpler, more 'primitive' societies and cultures. The other discussed the attitudes of the social anthro- pologist towards the concepts and values in four main fields or aspects of human social activity- economics, art, morals, and religion."

GIBBS, HENRY. Twilight in South Africa. 288 p., 49 ills. New York: Philosophical Li- brary, I950. $4.50.

This is probably the best balanced account of what is happening in South Africa at the present time. The book has just been awarded the Anisfield-Wolf Prize for 1950, and together with John Hersey's The wall, it is, indeed, the book of the year in the field of race relations. M. F. A. M.

HAESAERT, JEAN. Essai de sociologie et notes doctrinales conjointes. 420 p. [Paris ?] Les Editions Lumiere [no date, I946].

Treatise of general sociology, descriptive and critical. An introduction explains the notion of community. The book is divided into three parts: Statics, Dynamics, Mechanics, and the pessimistic conclusion is entitled Disergy. The contents are rich and varied being derived from abundant read- ings and long meditations. The didactic account is often lightened by satirical descriptions and in- genious glimpses. G. S.

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4 . Socioklyv I o I

MEAD, MARGARET. Soviet attitudes toward authority: an interdisciplinary approach to problems of Soviet character. 148 p. New York: McGraw-Hill, 195I. $4.00.

A skilled anthropologist attempts to explain psy- chological processes operating on both sides of the Iron Curtain. There is discussion of the psychology involved in the scientific controversies aroused by authoritarianism under Soviet control. C. D. L.

MONTAGU, ASHLEY. On being human. I25

p. New York: Schuman, 1950.

Reviewed by Mark Graubard, Isis 42, 90, 195I.

MORLAND, NIGEL. An outline of scientific criminology. 284 p. New York: Philosophical Library, 1950.

A popularly written account of an unfortujnately important subject, containing brief histories of the various techniques and approaches to the detection of crime. Mr Morland's English is frequently ob- scure. M. F. A. M.

RASHEVSKY, NICOLAS. Mathematical biol- ogy of social behavior. Xii+256 p. Chicago: University of Chicago Press, I95I. $5.oo.

This is the first mathematical biology of social behavior which I have seen which begins to make sense. The reason for this is Professor Rashevsky's modesty. He fully realizes the difficulties of the problems of the student of society, and he does not set out by claiming that he has developed a method which can throw light upon them all. His mathe- matical treatment of special social phenomena is really in the nature of a first approximation, a crude first approximation, but the fact is that he does seem to get somewhere with his methods. Profes.sor Rashevsky's mathematics require a knowledge of calculus, but even without this I believe the non- mathematical reader will be much interested in the method and conclusions of this book. He has not quite broken new ground, but where others have done so and failed, he has started afresh and, I believe, succeeded. M. F. A. M.

SARTON, GEORGE. Preface to Volume 42.

Science and peace. The development of inter- national law. Isis 42, 3-9, 1951.

SINGER, KURT, The idea of, conflict. I8i p. New York: Cambridge University Press, I950.

Reviewed by M. F. Ashley Montagu, Isis 42? 92, 1951.

THOMAS, WILLIAM ISAAC (i863-I947). SO- cial behavior.and personality. Contributions of W. I. Thomas to theory and social research. Edited by Edmund H. Volkart. ix+338 p., frontispiece. New York, Social Science Re- search Council, 1951. $3.00. "Objective, detached, and friendly curiosity about

people characterized both the professional and the personal life of W. I. Thomas. He always wanted to know more about how they lived, why they behaved as they did, and how such knowledge could best be acquired and ordered for communication to others. His interest was in people of all kinds; he studied preliterate and industrialized societies, peas- ants and the more advantaged classes, immigrants and the native born, minority as well as dominant groups, the young as well as the more mature. All races, nations, communities, and individuals could

gain his absorbed interest if there was promise of some advance in understanding of human motivation and conduct." Anthology of selections taken from Thomas' writings, assembled and integrated by Ed- mund H. Volkart who has added the necessary introductions and notes. A short biography of Thomas and a bibliography of his writings have been added and the integration is completed by a good index. It is the finest monument to Thomas' mem- ory. G. S.

UNESCO. Freedom and culture. 270 p. New York: Columbia University Press, Iq5I. $3.75.

A brilliant introduction by Julian Huxley stresses the importance of the United Nations agreement on a "Universal declaration of human rights." He points to the significance of building an acceptable framework of ideas based on tested knowledge fruit- ful of practical results "because it is founded on the flexible and tolerant methods of science." There are six chapters. German Arciniegas, former Minister of Education of Columbia, discusses culture as a hu- man right. Jean Piaget, Professor of psychology and sociology at Lausanne, discusses the "Right to education in the modern world." Lyman Bryson, Professor of education at Columbia University, an- alyzes the freedom of information. Maurice Bedel of Paris considers "The rights of the creative artitsts." Rex Warner, the English author, considers "Freedom in literary and artistic creation." The volume closes with a firm plea by Bart J. Bok, Professor of astron- omy at Harvard, for "Freedom of science."

C. D. L.

UNESCO. Human rights. Comments and inter- pretations. 288 p. New York: Columbia Uni- versity Press, 1949.

Reviewed by M. F. Ashley Montagu, Isis 42, 92, 1951.

VAN ASBECK, F. M. (editor). The universal declaration of human rights and its predeces- sors (i679-i948). 99 p. (Textus niinores, zo). Leiden: Brill, I949.

A splendid collection in spite of its smallness; it would be an excellent tool for teaching the meaning of human rights and freedom. G. S.

WATSON, E. H.; LOWREY, G. H. Growth and development of children. 260 p. Chicago Year Book Publishers, i95I. $5.75. This volume provides a fairly comprehensive re-

view of the facts relating to the growth and develop- ment of children which will be found useful by workers in this field. M. F. A. M.

WEBER, MAX. The methodology of the social sciences. Translated by Edward A. Shils and Henry A. Finch. xvii+i88 p., Glencoe, Ill.: Free Press, I949. $3.50. Professors Shils and Finch have rendered a great

service in translating the three essays which together form this book. Max Weber was the most distin- guished of German sociologists, and his influence upon American sociology has been considerable. The three long essays, "The meaning of 'ethical neu- trality' in sociology," "'Objectivity' in social science and social policy," and "Critical studies in the logic of the cultural sciences," constitute a brilliant con- tribution to the problems of method in the social sciences. Though I cannot agree with it, I think Weber's discussion of "value-judgements" in sociol-

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I96 43. Sociology - 45. History of Art

ogy one of the best things of its kind. This is to be found in the second of the essays mentioned. There is an excellent introduction by Professor Shils, and a most useful analytical summary by Professor Finch, this makes an index quite unnecessary.

M. F. A. M.

44. History of Civilization

General History, Historical Methods, Biography, Chronology

AUSUBEL, HERMAN. Historians and their craft: a study of the presidential addresses of the American Historical Association, I884- I945. 373 p. (Studies in History, Economics, and Public Law, no. 567). New York: Colum- bia University Press, I950.

Reviewed by Waldo Gifford Leland, American Historical Review 56, 528-29, 195I.

BRANDI, KARL. Geschichte der Geschichtswis- senschaft. I30 p. (Geschichte der Wissen- schaften, 1. Geisteswissenschaften). Bonn, Uni- versitats-Verlag, I948.

History of historiography from Homer to Jac. Burckhardt. It is divided into 5 parts: i. Greek and Roman times. 2. Christian historiography, East and West (from the Gospels and Eusebios to Bede and the Liber pontificalis). 3. Dynastic and national history (from Cassiodorus to Otto von Liechten- stein). 4. Renaissance and Reformation. 5. From the seventeenth to the nineteenth century.

BRINTON, CRANE. Ideas & men. The story of Western thought. X+587 p. New York: Prentice-Hall, I950. Reviewed by I. Bernard Cohen, Isis 42, 88-89,

1951.

BURKE, MARJORIE L. Origin of history as metaphysic. 6I p. New York, Philosophical Library, I950. $2.75.

"A critical examination of the notion that 'history is progress,' and moreover, an examination of the notion of 'history' itself. History is discussed as a particular bias of thought whose premises have come to be taken for granted because of the pressure of cultural sanctions. This special metaphysic, which was operative as long ago as the Council of Nicaea, is traced back still further to a political-philosophical concept counter to the classic world of form. Cur- rent notions of knowledge as technique are con- trasted with a theory of knowledge as creation. The modern world as time-motion is deduced as an aberration of the Greek idea of the world as image. The conditions are described which made it possible for this metaphysic of history to arise, with the time- concept as its new dimension, and the revolution in logic and ethic it entailed."

CURTI, MERLE; SHRYOCK, RICHARD H.; COCHRAN, THOMAS C.; HARRINGTON, FRED HARVEY. An American history. 2 vols. xiv+657 p.; xiv+683 p., maps, charts. New York: Harper, I950. $12.50.

A new textbook-vol. i goes to I877, vol. 2 from I877-I919. It is the authors' aim to "call attention to the several forces that have molded

American culture -the economic factors, the social and intellectual impulses, the political and diplomatic trends. While not neglecting traditional political materials, we have tried to put stress on science and ideas, economic change, and the place of the United States in the larger world pattern." The importance of this new work for readers of Isis lies in the relatively large amount of space given to science, invention and technology, and medicine. A very useful bibliographical guide is provided for each volume. I. B. C.

DE FORD, MIRIAM ALLEN. Who was when? A dictionary of contemporaries. New York: Wilson, I940. $6.oo. New edition enlarged 1950: from 500 B.C. to

1949.

FARRINGTON, BENJAMIN. Has history a meaning? 40 p. (Conway Memorial Lecture delivered at Conway Hall, I8 April I950).

London: South Place Ethical Society.

THOMSON, S. HARRISON. The historian and crisis. Prairie Schooner 25, no. 2, I3 p., Uni- versity of Nebraska, I95I.

45. History of Art

Art and Science. Iconography Arts and Crafts

DAVIDSSON, AKE. Catalogue critique et de- scriptif des imprimes de musique des XVIe et XVIIe siecles cofiserves a la Bibliothbque de l'Universite royale d'Upsala. Tome II: Mu- sique religieuse II, musique profane, musique dramatique, musique instrumentale, additions au tome I., I68 p., frontispiece; Tome III: Recueils de musique religieuse et profane, 204

p., frontispiece, pls. Upsala, I95I.

The first volume of this sumptuous and elaborate catalogue was published in I9II by the Spanish diplomat, Rafael Mitjana, who died in ig2i. Davids- son undertook in 1948 the completion of the work and the present volumes are the fruit of his labor. Very good indices. The book is beautifully printed and well illustrated. G. S.

HOFER, PHILIP. Baroque book illustration. iv+43 p., I49 reproductions. Cambridge: Har- vard University Press, I951. $7.50. It is surprising that seventeenth century book

illustration, particularly in baroque style, has re- ceived so little attention from students and book- fanciers. Scholars have claimed, Mr Hofer tells us, that the seventeenth century saw a falling-off both of craftsmanship and taste, and critics have bewailed the addiction of the period to copper plate instead of woodcut which combined so much more harmo- niously with the printed page. Mr Hofer is out to set the facts before the reader so that he may judge for himself, and with this purpose in view he prints I49 illustrations from the period preceded by a general introduction to the whole and brief discus- sions of the work which was produced in each country, and there is a list of descriptions of the reproductions. Mr Hofer has performed a much- needed service for which all students of the seven- teenth century will be grateful. M. F. A. M.

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Page 71: Seventy-Eighth Critical Bibliography of the History and Philosophy of Science and of the History of Civilization (To December 1951)

46. Language - 49. Religion I97

46. History of Language, Writing, and Literature

LEHMANN-HAUPT, HELLMUT & others. The book in America; a history of the making and selling of books in the United States. 2nd ed. 507 p. New York: Bowker, I95I.

Revised to include the developments of the past ten years and new information that has come to light through recent research. The sections on the history of book collecting and on the growth of libraries have been omitted in this edition.

S. S. W.

TAYLOR, ARCHER; MOSHER, FREDERIC J. The bibliographical history of anonyma and pseudonyma. 297 p. Newberry Library Pub- lication. Chicago: University of Chicago Press, I95I.

Scholarly and historical account of homonyms. Latinized names, pseudepigrapha, anonyma, pseu- donyma and confusing titles and fictitious facts of publication. With a long bibliography and a classi- fied guide to dictionaries and other lists of anonyma and pseudonyma. S. S. W.

47. History of Morals

Moral organization of society

HOBHOUSE, L. T. Morals in evolution. liv+ 648 p. With an introduction by Morris Gins- berg. New York: Macmillan, 1951. $5.00.

A very welcome reprint of the seventh and last edition of a classic which has been out of print since the last war. There is an illuminating 15,000 word introduction by Professor Morris Ginsberg who was, for many years, a colleague and collaborator of Hobhouse. M. F. A. M.

TOULMIN, STEPHEN EDELSTON. An ex- amination of the place of reason in ethics. XiV+228 p. Cambridge University Press, I950.

Reviewed by A. D. Ritchie, Nature I67, 872, '951.

48. History of Philosophy

See also above, 18. Philosophy of Science

CALLAHAN, JOHN F.; Four views of time in ancient philosophy. 257 p. Cambridge: Har- vard University Press, I948.

Reviewed by G. de Santillana, Isis 42, 89-go, '95'.

CASSIRER, ERNST. The problem of knowl- edge: philosophy, science, and history since Hegel. Translated by William H. Woglom and Charles W. Hendel. With a preface by Charles W. Hendel. 334 p. New Haven: Yale Univer- sity Press, I950.

Reviewed by Philip P. Wiener, Journal of the History of Ideas 12, 305-09, 1951.

METZ, RUDOLPH. A hundred years of British philosophy. Trans. by J. W. Harvey, T. E. Jessop, and Henry Sturt. London: Allen & Unwin; New York: Macmillan, I950.

First issued in 1938, this book is still a valuable survey of modern philosophy in Britain. It is to be regretted that a supplement was not added to cover recent decades. I. B. C.

MUNITZ, MILTON K. One universe or many? Journal of the History of Ideas 12, 23I-55, I95I.

Philosophy East and West. A quarterly journal of Oriental and comparative thought. Univer- sity of Hawaii Press, vol. i, no. I, I95I.

First number of a new journal to be published quarterly by the University of Hawaii Press, Hono- lulu 14, Hawaii, U.S.A. Subscription: $4 a year. The editor is Charles A. Moore, assisted by many Eastern and Western scholars. This first number con- tains papers by Dewey, Radhakrishnan, Santayana, Masson-Oursel, Dubs, C. A. Moore, etc. Crescat et floreatl G. S. ROTHACKER, ERICH. Das akademische

"Worterbuch der Philosophie." Zeitschrift Das goldene Tor Nr. 2, 4 p., I950.

ROTHACKER, ERICH. Logik und Systematik der Geisteswissenschaften. I7i p. Bonn: Bouvier, I947.

TRAN-DUC-THAO. Phenomenologie et ma- terialisme dialectique. 368 p. Paris, Minh-Tan, ig5i. French frs. 650. This book cannot be discussed in Isis, but it must

be drawn to the readers' attention, because it is highly symptomatic. It is a study on "diamat" by a Vietnamese scholar and is issued by a Vietnamese publication house, Minh-Tan, 7 rue Guenegaud, Paris VI. The author has been led to diamat by Edmund Husserl (I859-I938), who was the source of Sartre's existentialism and whose unpublished works are being edited by H. L. Van Breda, director of the Archives-Husserl in Louvain! Think of that concatenation of influences! Phenomenology, existen- tialism, diamat! The jacket announces that this book offers "la solution positive du probleme de la conscience," but does it? The reading of it is ex- ceedingly difficult, and to the scientific mind, its metaphysical verbiage unbearable. G. S.

49. History of Religion

Science and Religion ELIADE, MIRCEA. Psychologie et histoire des

religions, a propos du symbolisme du "Centre." Eranos-Jahrbuch 19, 247-82, Zurich I95I.

MENSCHING, GUSTAV. Geschichte der Re- ligionswissenschaft. I05 p. (Geschichte der Wissenschaften, I. Geisteswissenschaften). Bonn: Universitiits-Verlag, I948.

History not of religions but of the science of religions from antiquity to our own time. RADIN, PAUL. Die religiose Erfahrung der

Naturvolker. I28 p. (Albae Vigiliae, Neue Folge, H. ii). ZUrich: Rhein Verlag, I95I. Sw. Fr. 8. Religious experience of primitive people, lectures

delivered in Swedish universities in 1949, developing the views already expressed by the author in Primi- tive man as philosopher (1927) and Primitive re- ligion (I937).

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Page 72: Seventy-Eighth Critical Bibliography of the History and Philosophy of Science and of the History of Civilization (To December 1951)

iQ8 5o. History of Medicine

VII. MEDICINE

50. History, Organization, and Philosophy of Medicine

ACKERKNECHT, ERWIN H. Wisconsin medi- cine in retrospect. The Journal-Lancet 70,

46-8, I950.

ACKERKNECHT, ERWIN H. History of legal medicine. Ciba Symposia I}, I286-I3i6, ill.,

I951.

ANNAN, GERTRUDE L. Medicine and the arts. Some aspects of the history of medicine and culture. Ciba Symposia II, 1367-76, ills.,

195I.

[Argosy Book Stores]. History of medicine. Catalogue 336, 79 p., II56 items. New York City 22, II4 E. 59th St. (received fall r95I). "The first in a new series of medical catalogues

& lists which will incorporate our recently acquired stock of the entire antiquarian collection of Henry L. Schuman, now only partially assimilated."

ARTELT, WALTER. Der Mesmerismus im deutschen Geistesleben. Gesnerus 8, 4-I4, 195I.

BALFOUR, DONALD C.; KEYS, THOMAS E. A stained glass window on the history of medicine. Bulletin of the Medical Library Association 32, I2 p., pl., 1944.

The window was dedicated in Sept. 1938 in the Mayo Foundation House.

Beaumont Medical Club. Members, officers, papers presented, Beaumont lectures. I5 mime- ographed pages. Yale Historical Library, New Haven, Conn. 195I.

BOUDET, JACQUES. Medecins et embaumeurs. Histoire de la Mgdecine I, 35-4I, 195I.

BOUTEILLER, MARCELLE. Chamanisme et guerison magique. 377 p. Paris: Presses Uni- versitaires de France, 1950.

Reviewed by J. Filliozat, Journal asiatique 239,

90, 1951.

CHEVASSU, MAURICE. Allocution du Pro- fesseur Maurice Chevassu, president de la So- ciete- fransaise d'Histoire de la Medecine. His- toire de la MJdecine no. 2, 2I-26, 1951.

DELAUNAY, PAUL. L evolution des theories et de la pratique medicales. Paris: Hippocrate, I949.

Reviewed by Arturo Castiglioni, Archives interna- tionales d'histoire des sciences 30, 548-49, 195I.

DIEPGEN, PAUL. Die Wandlung des Arztideals. Universitas, Zeitschrift fiur Wissenschaft, Kunst und Literatur 5, I33I-44; I46I-72, Stuttgart, 1950.

DIEPGEN, PAUL. Geschichte der Medizin. Die historische Entwicklung der Heilkunde und des iirztlichen Lebens. I. Band. Von den Anf-angen der Medizin bis zur Mitte des i8. Jahrhunderts, 355 p., 29 ills. Berlin: de Gruyter, I949.

Reviewed by George Urdang, Isis 42, I 66-67, 1951.

DIEPGEN, PAUL. Krankengeschichten aus dem Mittelalter und der Renaissance als Quellen zur Kultur- und Medizingeschichte. Die Welt des Buches 75, 261-72, 1950.

DOOLIN, WILLIAM. Wayfarers in medicine. 284 p., ill. London: Heinemann, I947.

Reviewed by Iago Galdston, Journal of the History of Medicine 6, 435-36, I95I.

FINOT, ANDRR. Le musee d'histoir de la medecine 'a la Faculte de Paris. Hist;oire de la Medecine no. 2, 45-48, I95I.

FRANKEL, WALTER K. Bookplates of famous physicians. The Merck Report, 4 p., ills., Jan. 1950.

FRANKEL, WALTER K. Medical symbols and saints. The Merck Report, 20-25, ills., July I949.

GALDSTON, IAGO. Psychiatry without Freud. A.M.A. Archives of Neurology and Psychiatry 66, 69-8I, I95I.

GASBARRINI, ANTONIO. Figure e maestri della scuola medica Padovana. Rivista di storia delle scienze anno 40, 52-64, I5 figs., 1949.

GASK, GEORGE. Essays in the history of medicine. 209 p., I portr., fig. London: But- terworth, I950.

GERARDE, HORACE WILLIAM. The etymo- logical approach to medical terminology. Phi Chi Quarterly, I5 p., January I949.

A thesis submitted for thq degree of Doctor of Medicine at the University of "Wisconsin, 1948.

GILBERT, JUDSON B. A bibliography of articles on the history of American medicine compiled from "writings on American history" 1902-1937. Viii+44 p. (The History of Medi- cine Series issued under the auspices of the library of the New York Academy of Medicine, no. p). New York I95I. $I.25.

This bibliography supplements the one published annually in the Bulletin of the History of Medicine.

GOLDSCHMID, EDGAR. Wachsplastik und ihre Museen. Gesnerus 8, 9I-97, I95I.

GOTFREDSEN, EDV. The study of the history of medicine in Denmark. A short survey. Bulletin of the History of Medicine 25, 388-94, I95I.

GUIART, JULES. Histoire de la m6decine fransaise. Son passe, son present, son avenir. 290 p. Paris: Nagel, I948.

HUARD, PIERRE. Les confusions de noms en medecine. L'Extreme-Orient Medical 3, I05-

i6, I950.

HUET, J. A. La medecine franCaise ne peut meconnaitre l'int6ret de la gerontologie. His- toire de la Medecine no. 4, 29-33, I95I.

JACQUIOT, JOStPHE. Asklepios-Aesculhpius dans les monnaies. Histoire de la Midecine no. 6, I7-2I, I95I.

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50. History of Medicine - 5i. Epidemiology I99

KEYS, THOMAS E. Medieval medical manu- scripts. Proceedings of the Staff Meetings of the Mayo Clinic 13, 474-75, 1938.

KEYS, THOMAS E. Selected references for the history of surgical anesthesia. Anesthesia and Analgesia 24, 66-77, I00-I2, I945; reprint 28 p.

KEYS, THOMAS E. The story of the medical printed book. Proceedings of the Staff Meet- ings of the Mayo Clinic I4, 577-8I, I939.

O'MALLEY, CHARLES D. The Barkan library of the history of medicine and natural science books; an accounut of its development. Stan- ford Medical Bulletin 9, 145-55, I95I.

[PACKARD, FRANCIS R.]. Proceedings of the section on medical history devoted to the late Francis R. Packard and the 200th anniversary of the Pennsylvania Hospital. Transactions & Studies of the College of Physicians of Phila- delphia I9, 75-84, I95I.

PAGEL, WALTER. Julius Pagel and the sig- nificance of medical history for medicine. Bul- letin of the History of Medicine 25, 207-25,

portr., 195I.

PHILLIPS, BERNARD. Philosophy and medi- cine. I7 p. Basavangudi, Bangalore, Indian Institute of Culture, I95I.

PREMUDA, LORIS. Essenze ed obietti d'un insegnamento storicomedico nell'ateneo Fer- rarese. Prolusione al corso libero di Storia della medicina presso la Facolta di medicina e chirurgia dell'Universita di Ferrara nell'anno accademico 1948-49. Rivista di storia delle sczenze anno 40, I04-14, I949.

ROSEN, GEORGE. Romantic medicine: A problem in historical periodization. Bulletin of the History of Medicine 25, I49-58, I95I.

ROSEN, GEORGE. The writing of medical his- tory. History in medical education, p. I35o-66, ills. Ciba Symposia xI, I95I.

SCHONFELD, WALTHER. Frauen in der abendlandischen Heilkunde vom klassischen Altertum bis zum Ausgang des i9. Jahrhun- derts. viii+I76 p., 5 pls., figs. Stuttgart: Enke, I947.

Reviewed by Ernest Wickersheimer, Archives in- ternationales dhistoire des sciences 30, 256-59, 195I.

SIGERIST, HENRY E. A history of medicine. Volume I. Primitive and archaic medicine. xxi+564 p., 48 pls. New York: Oxford Uni- versity Press, I95I.

Reviewed by J. B. deC. M. Saunders, Isis 42, 278-8I, 1951.

TEMKIN, OWSEI. The role of surgery in the rise of modern medical thought. Bulletin of the History of Medicine 25, 248-59, I95I.

WACHTEL, CURST S. The idea of psycho- somatic medicine. Scientific foundation, spirit and scope. XiV+239 p. New York, Froben Press, I95I. $5.00.

The book is written from the point of view of Catholic orthodoxy. The author is a man of great experience, wisdom and wit. There is no historical chapter in the book, but many facts of ancient medicine are quoted passim. Says he, "Medicine pays a maximum of attention to the body. Psycho- somatic medicine is an important step forward, as it takes into consideration both organic illness and the emotional motivations of human behavior, as far as scientific psychology permits. But in a lifetime of medical study, research and practice, as a specialist as well as a general physician, I have experienced again and again the fact that patients are persons composed of soma, psyche and soul. Medicine which deals only with soma and psyche is not complete. We need the soul in our medical thinking in both medical practice and theory. It is one of the aims of this book to introduce the soul to its place in medicine and on medical grounds.". ..."Integral medicine of the person overcomes the misunder- standing between scientific medicine and religion. In it faith, hope, charity, love, soul and the sense of destiny have their rightful places in just and logical relation to bacteria, virus and other physical factors in disease.". . ."The soul in psychosomatic and in- tegral medicine of the person is at least as real as the molecule and atom in physics." G. S.

51. Epidemiology. History of Special Medi- cal Branches. History of Diseases. Medical

Geography. Public Health. Balneol- - ogy. Social Medicine

BREMNER, M. D. K. The story of dentistry, from the dawn of civilization to the present. 2d edition. xiii+332 p. Brooklyn, N. Y.: Dental Items of Interest, I946.

Reviewed by Curt Proskauer, journal of the His- tory of Medicine 6, 430-33, 195I.

COLYER, SIR FRANK. A note on the dental key. Proceedings of the Royal Society of Medicine, Section of the History of Medicine 44, 652-55, 3 figs., I95I.

ESSED, W. F. R. Over den oorsprong der syphilis, een kritisch-historisch-epidemiolo- gische studie, tevens ontwerp eener nieuwe theorie. Amsterdam: H. J. Paris, I933. "The theory of Essed is as follows: the outbreak

of the disease which is called the grande verole, Spanish pox, French pox or what you like, was not due to syphilis at all. It was yaws (pian, framboesia tropica), a disease nearly related to syphilis, but aetiologically, and epidemiologically a disease of its own." Reviewed by J. J. van Loghem, Archives internationales d'histoire des sciences 30, 465-67, I951.

FARMER, LAURENCE. History of the clinical recognition of allergic states. Ciba Symposia II, I382-89, ills., I95I.

FEINBERG, SAMUEL M. Experimental and clinical evolution of therapy in allergy. Ciba Symposia II, I398-14I2, ills., I95I.

FORNI, G. C. La chirurgia nello studio di Bologna, delle origini a tutto il secolo XIX. I92 p., 65 ills. Bologna: Cappelli, I948.

Reviewed by Arturo Castiglioni, Rivista di storia delle scienze anno 40, 149, 1949.

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200 5i. Epidemiology - 53. Pharmacy GALDSTON, IAGO. Social medicine and the

epidemic constitution. Bulletin of the History of Medicine 25, 8-21, I95I.

GALLASSI, A. L'evoluzione dell'assistenza pub- blica dagli Asclepiei ai Xenodochi. Rivista di storia delle scienze anno 41, I22-34, I950.

GALLASSI, A. Note ed appunti sulla assistenza ospedaliera e gli ordini religiosi. Rivista di storia delle scienze anno 4I, I66-72, I950.

GOODALL, ARCHIBALD L. The history of fibroadenosis of the breast. Bulletin of the History of Medicine 25, 226-35, I95I.

GRANT, R. N. R. The history of acne. Pro- ceedings of the Royal Society of Medicine, Section of the History of Medicine 44, 647-52,

I95I.-

LAIGNEL-LAVASTINE. L'histoire et les progris de la psychiatrie au Palais de la Decouverte. Histoire de la Midecine I, 43-48, ills., I95I.

ROEMER, MILTON I.; FAULKNER, BAR- BARA. The development of public health services in a rural county: 1838-1949. Journal of the History of Medicine 6, 22-43, 195I.

RUCKER, M. PIERCE; RUCKER, EDWIN M. A librarian looks at Caesarean section. Bulle- tin of the History of Medicine 25, I32-48, I

fig., I95I.

SIMMONS, JAMES STEVENS (ed.). Public health in the world today. xviii+332 p. Cam- bridge, Mass.: Harvard University Press, I949.

Reviewed by George Rosen, journal of the History of Medicine 6, 143-44, 1951.

VIALA, FRANK. Traitement de la st6rilite involontaire. Histoire de la Medecine no. 3, I6-2I, I95I.

WEINBERGER, BERNARD W. The superb library of Bernard W. Weinberger, D.D.S. on the history and folklore of dentistry. With a preface by Curt Proskauer. Catalogue no. II2,

5o p., 69i items. New York: Old Hickory Bookshop, 3I E. IO St., I95I-52.

52. History of Hospitals, of Medical Teaching and of the Medical Profession

BENARD, RENA. Le centre universitaire m6di- cal de Reims I550-I950. Histoire de la M&de- cine no. 2, 40-43, I95I.

GIBSON, HENRY J. C. Dundee Royal In- firmary, I798-I948. The story of the old in- firmary with a short account of more recent years. 71 p., ill. Dundee: Kidd, I949.

Reviewed by W. Pagel, Bulletin of the History of Medicine 25, 402, 1951.

ROUSSET, JEAN. Les theses medicales sou- tenues 'a Lyon aux XVIIe et XVIIIe sikcles et le College Royal de Chirurgie de 1774 i 1792.

5 fasc., illus. Lyon: Albums du Crocodile, 1949-50.

Reviewed by S. Delorme, Revue d'histoire des sciences 4, 99, 1951.

WAITE, FREDERICK CLAYTON. The first medical college in Vermont. 280 p. Mont- pellier: Vermont Historical Society, I949.

Reviewed by Win. Frederick Norwood, journal of the History of Medicine 6 135-38, I95I.

53. Pharmacy. Pharmacology. Toxicology

BENDER, GEORGE A. (editor). A history of pharmacy in pictures. Published by Parke, Davis & Co., I95I.

The first six plates appeared in 1951I each re- producing a painting by Robert A. Thom on a large folio sheet. Each illustration is explained by George A. Bender, editor of Modern pharmacy, in about 700 words including bibliography. The first six items are: i. Before the dawn of history, 2. Ancient Babylonia (c. 2600), 3. Ancient China (c. 2000), 4. Days of the Papyrus Ebers (I500), 5. The father of pharmacognosy, Theophrastos (c. 350). 6. The royal toxicologist Mithridates VI (c. I00 B.C.).

G. S. BOURGEAT, JACQUES. La querelle de

I'Antimoine et du Quinquina. Histoire de la Medecine no. 3, 42-48, I95I.

BOUSSEL, PATRICE. Histoire illustree de la pharmacie. Preface de Ch. Bedel. 300 p., 235 ills. Paris: Le Prat, I949. Reviewed by George Urdang, journal of the His-

tory of Medicine 6, 274-77, 1951.

COWAN, DAVID L. The Edinburgh dispensa- tories. Papers of the Bibliographical Society of America 45, 85-96, I95I.

Contains a check list of the European and American editions of the Dispensatories, published from 1753 to I844.

COWEN, DAVID L. Library holdings of the Edinburgh dispensatories. I2 mimeographed pages, distributed by the Author, Department of History and Political Science, University College, Rutgers University, New Brunswick, N. J., June 195 I .

HOCH, J. HAMPTON. The history of phar- macy in South Carolina. 87 p. Charleston, S. C., I95I. Issued to commemorate the diamond jubilee of

the S. C. Pharmaceutical Association, 1876-I951.

KREMERS, EDWARD; URDANG, GEORGE. History of pharmacy; a guide and a survey. 2nd ed. 636 p. Philadelphia: Lippincott, 1951. This second edition has been prepared by George

Urdang since the death of his co-author. Contains a new chapter on the development of pharmacy in Spain. S. S. W.

UNDERWOOD, E. ASHWORTH. Catalogue of an exhibition illustrating the history of phar- macy. Held during the festival period 4 May- 28 September I95I at the Wellcome Research Institution I83 Euston Road, N. W. I. With an introduction. 59 p., frontispiece, iI figs.

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Page 75: Seventy-Eighth Critical Bibliography of the History and Philosophy of Science and of the History of Civilization (To December 1951)

53. Pharmacy - 6o. Errata 20I

(Wellcome Historical Medical Museum). Ox- ford University Press, 195I. 6o cts.

URDANG, GEORGE. The part of doctors of medicine in pharmaceutical education. Ameri- can Journal of Pharmaceutical Education 14,

546-55, 1950.

URDANG, GEORGE. A visit to a German pharmacy in I950. An impressionistic report. American Journal of Pharmaceutical Education 14, 57I-77, 1950.

VIII. EDUCATION

Methods of Accumulating, Imparting, and Diffusing Knowledge

56. Bibliography Methods, Libraries

[Film libraries]. A directory of 897 i6 mm film libraries. 32 p. Bulletin 1949, no. I0, Wash- ington, D. C., Federal Security Agency, Office of Education.

59. Memoria Technica

Critical Bibliography no. 78, Isis, vol. 43. This note is published at the end of our bibliogra-

phy solely for the convenience of the scholars who

cut out the whole or part of it, attach extracts to catalogue cards and classify them. By adding this note to the others they will be able to find out rapidly whether this particular bibliography has been analyzed or not. Isis, nos. 127, I28, I29.

These numbers are analyzed in the 78th Critical Bibliography. Every previous number has been analyzed in previous bibliographies.

60. Errata

(For previous errata, see Isis 42, 388.) Si quis Argi oculos habere posset eosque omnes

diligentissime ac accuratissime intenderet in singulos versus multa tamen eum inter corrigendum ebfu- gerent.

Isis 34, I46, note 27: vol. 7, not vol. 23.

A few other misprints are not mentioned in these errata, because they are too obvious to cause any error or confusion. I wish to express my thankful- ness to the readers who take the trouble to make the above-mentioned corrections in their set of Isis, Osiris, and the Introduction. I would advise them after having accomplished that little task, to write their initials near mine at the bottom of this note to indicate that these and the previous errata have been taken into account. G. S.

These and the previous errata have been corrected by ............................................................................

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Page 76: Seventy-Eighth Critical Bibliography of the History and Philosophy of Science and of the History of Civilization (To December 1951)

Index of Names Included in the Seventy-eighth Critical Bibliography

The Roman figures followed by (i) or (2) refer to the centurial classification (Part I); thus, 'Arafat, W., XI(2) means that a paper by 'Arafat is listed under eleventh century, second half.

The Arabic figures refer to the historical and to the systematic classification (Part II and III) which are subdivided into sections numbered consecutively from I to 6o. For instance, Aiyar, T. V., 9 indicates that a paper by Aiyar is listed in section 9 (India); Abetti, G., 23 indicates that a paper by Abetti is listed in section 23 (Astronomy).

The symbols IV(a), IB(b) and IV(c) refer to the section on America, Australasia and Oceania, and Africa, at the end of Part II. For instance, Bell, W. H., IV(a) indicates that a paper by Bell is listed in section IV(a) (America).

February 6, 1952 FRANCES SIEGEL

Abderhalden, R., 36 'Abdu-l-Qadir Ahmad Sa.iWb,

I4 Abetti, G., 23

Abhandlungen zur Wissen- schaftsgesch., I7

Abraham, E. P., XX C Abrahams, L., 35 Abruzzese, G., XIX(i)D Ackerknecht, E. H., 50 Agostini, A., XVII(2)A,

XVIII(i)A, XVIII(2)A Ahlberg, C. D., 17 Aiton, A. S., XVI(i) C Aiyar, T. V., 9 Albarada Herrera, J. M., 17 Albrecht-Carrie, R., i6 Albright, W. F., XX E Allee, W. C., 3I Allen, A. A., 29 Almagi'a, R., XVI (i)C,

XVII(2) C Alquie', F., XVII (i)A Anderson, A., 6 Andrade, E. N. da C.,

XVII(2)B Andrieu, R., XX D Angel, J. L., 4 Anker, J., XVIII(2)C, 28 Annan, G. L., 50 'Arafat, W., XI(2), XIII(2) Arberry, A. J., IX(2), XI(2) Archer, M., XVI(i)D (Argosy Book Stores), 50 Aristotle, IV(i) B.C. Armytage, W. H. G.,

XIX(I) C Artelt, W., 50 Atomic energy, XX B Ausubel, H., 44 Avakumovhk, I., XIX(2)C

Babini, J., i6 Babkin, B. P., XIX(2)D Bachelard, G., I8

Baer, K. A., XVIII(2)D Bagrow, L., XV(2), 3I Bailey, I. W., 28

Bainton, R. H., XVI(i)D Baitsell, G. A., XX E Baker, H. G., XVIII(i)B,

XVIII(2) C Balfour, D. C., 50 Ball, S. H., 1(2)

Bally, W., 28 Bancroft, R., XVI(2)E Barani, S. H., I4 Barb, A. A., 29

Baron, H., II(2) Barthold, W., 8 Bash, K. W., 37 Bastholm, E., 36 Bates, M., 27

Bathe, D., XIX(T)B Bathe, G., XIX(i)B Bayon, H. P., XVII(i)D Beans, G. H., XVI(i)C Beaumont Medical Club, 50 Beaurepaire Aragao, H. de,

XX D Beaver, J., XIX(2)E Beclere, C., XX D Beer, G. R. de, XVIII(i)B Belin-Milleron, J., 28 Bell, E. T., 20

Bell, W. H., IV(a) Belloni, L., XIV(i), XIX(i)D Benard, R., XVII(2)D, 52

Bender, G. A., 53 Benivieni, A., XV(2) Benjamin, A. C., i8 Bennett, H. S., XIV(2) Benton, W. A., 26

Bertaut, J., XIX(i)D Bertin, L., 29 Beth, E. W., I8, 20

Bethe, G., 26

Beyer, R. T., XX B Bieler, L., V(i) Birch, L. C., i6

Birkhoff, G. D., XX A Bishop, W. J., XVII(i)D Blagden, Sir C., XVIII(2)B Blanc, E., XIX(i) B Blum, H. F., I8, 27

Boas, G., IV(i) Bockstaele, P., i6 Bodenheimer, F. S., XII(2),

XVIII(I) C Bohn, D., 24

Bolivar, S., XIX(I)E Bonacker, W., 2 Boole, G., XIX(2)A Boorsma, P., 26 Borchardt, D. H., XV(2) Bornhauser, S., XIX(i)D Boring, E. G., 37 Bortolotti, E., 20 Bot, J., 26 Bouchard, G., XIX(i)B Boudet, J., 50 Boulet, M., XVII(i)E Bouligand, G., 20

Bourgeat, J., 53 Boussel, P., 53 Bouteiller, M., 50 Bowen, H., I4 Bowen, R. L., Jr., I4 Boxer, C. R., II

Boyer, C. B., 20

Boyer, J., 20

Brandi, K., 44 Brandon, S. G. F., I(2) Bredvold, L. I., XVII(i)E Bremen, i6 Bremner, M. D. K., si Bridgman, P. W., 24 Briggs, L. P., 8 Brinkmann, D., 37 Brinton, C., XIX(i)E, 44 British contributions to sci-

ence, i6 Brodin, G., 6 Broglie, L. de, XIX(i)E Brooks, A., 26

202

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Index of 78th Critical Bibliography 203

Brooks, C. E. P., 33 Brouwer, D., 23

Brown, T. S., IV(i)B.C. Brunel, J., XIX(2) C Brunet, P., XVIII(2)C, i6 Brunschvig, R., VIII(2) Buck, Sir P., IV(b) Buess, H., XVII(2) D Buffet, B., 26 Buhot, J., ii Burchard, J. E., i7 Burchell, H. B., XVIII(2)D Burke, M. L., 44 Burne, E., 26 Burt, L. N., 26 Bury, J. B., 4 Busacchi, V., XX D Butler, J. A. V., 27 Byrnes, R. F., 12

Calder, R., i6, 31 Callahan, J. F., 48 Cambridge, Univ. of, i6 Cappellini, I., XIV(2) Caprez, H., 6 Caraci, G., XV(2) Carmichael, E., i6 Carmody, F. J., XII(2) Carre, H., XVII(2)D Carter, G. F., 35 Cassirer, E., 48 Casson, L., II(2) Casson, S., 38 Castetter, E. F., IV(a) Castiglioni, A., XVI (i) D Caswell, J. E., XIX(2)E Catalogus codicum astrolo-

gorum graecorum, 4 Chalmers, T. W., i6 Chandler, D., 26 Chandler, S. B., XIX(i)D Chandrasekharan, K., 9 Chatley, H., io Chatterjee, A. K., 4 Chatterjee, S. P., 9 Chaudhuri, N. C., 9 Cherniss, H., IV(i)B.C. Chevassu, M., XVIII(2)D,

XIX(2)D, 50 Childe, V. G., i6 Choudhury, Sultan al-'A., I4 Christie, E. W. H., 31 Cicero, M. T., I((i) B.C. Clagett, M., 6 Clair, A., 40 Clark, K., 8 Cleaves, F. W., XIV(i),

XV(2) Cluskey, J. E., XVIII(2)B Coca, A. F., XX D Cochran, T. C., 44 Codazzi, A., XV(2) Coghlan, H. H., 8 Coghlan, R. H., 26 Cohen, G., 6

Cohen, I. B., XVII(2)B, i6, 17, 23

Cohen, M. R., 43 Cohn, E. J., XX E Colp, R., Jr., XX D Colyer, Sir F., 5I Comas, J., 35 Comfort, W. W., XVII (2) E Comrie, L. J., XX A Conant, J. B., XVIII(2)B, i6,

i8, 25

Condon, E. U., XX B Conger, G. P., i8 Cook, R. C., XX C Coolidge, J. L., 20

Coonen, L. P., 27 Copeman, W. S. C., XIX(i)D Coral R6musat, G. de, 8 Corbett, J., 6 Corbin, H., X(i) Corner, B. C., XVIII(2)D Cortesao, A., i6 Corti, A., XVIII(i)D Cottrell, L., 2

Coulson, T., XIX(i)B Coulton, G. G., 6 Cowan, D. L., 53 Cox, A., XX D Cox, J. F., 23

Cranfield, P. F., XIX(i)D Crawford, 0. G. S., VII(2), 38 Crile, G., XX D Croizat, L., XIX(i)C Crombie, A. C., 6 Crosley, A. S., VII(2) Crowley, T., XIII(2) Crum, W. E., 2

Cruttwell, P., XVI(2)D Cuenot, L., 27 Curti, M., 44 Cutler, H. C., 28

d'Abro, A., i6 Dahl, F. XVII (i) E Dale, Sir H., i7 Dainville, F. de, XVIII(i)A Dalbanne, J., XVIII(2)B Dampier, Sir W. C., XX E, i6 Daniel, G. E., 39 Dankmeijer, XVII(i)C Darling, F. F., 27

Darrah, W. C., XIX(2)C Daubenton, XVIII(2) C Davidsson, A., 45 Davies, A. S., 26 Davis, A. G., XIX(i)C Davis, B. M., XIX(2) C Dawkins, J. M., 25 Deerr, N., 26 De Forest, L., XX B De Ford, M. A., 44 De Francis, J., Io Delaunay, P., 50 Delepine, M., XIX(i)D Delhoume, L., XIX(i) B

Delorme, S., i6 De Mare, E. S., 26 De Milt, C., XIX (i) B Denis, W., 37 Dennett, D. C., Jr., 14 Desgranges, J., 20 De Strycker, E., IV(i) B.C. De Vocht, H., XVI(i)E De Vries, C. W., 43 De Vries, J., 43 Dewey, R., 43 De Wildeman, E., 28 Dickinson, H. W., XVIII(2)B,

XIX(i)B, 26 Dickson, H. R. P., 14 Diderot, XVIII (2) E Diepgen, P., 50 Dijksterhuis, E. J., V(2), i6 Diller, A., 7 Dingle, H., XIX(2)E Dobell, C., XIX(2)C Dobzhansky, T., 27 Dohrn, R., XIX (2) C Doig, P., 23 Donald, M. B., XVII(2)B Doolin, W., 50 Dorfman, J. G., XVIII(2) B Dow, S., i Drabkin, I. E., V(i) Drachmann, A. G., 4 Dublin, L. I., 43 Ducasse, C. J., XVII(i)E Duckett, E. S., VIII(2) Duffy, J., IV(a) Dufour, G. H., XIX(i)B Dufrenoy, J. L., XX D Dufrenoy, M. L., XVII(i)E Dugas, R., 22 Dulieu, L., XVIII(i) Dumaitre, P., XI(I),

XVI(i)D Dunn, L. C., 27, 35 Dunn, W. F., XVII(i)E Dunsheath, P., XIX(2)B Duong Ba Banh, 8 Dupree, A. H., XIX (2) C Durkheim, E., 43 Duval, C., XVIII (2) B Duveen, D., XVIII(2)B,

XX B Dvoichenko-Markoff, E.,

XVIII(2)B, XVIII(2)E, i6 Dyson, G. M., 25

Eberhard, W., IO Edinburgh, Duke of, i6 Edwards, L. F., 34 Edwards, R. W., XIX(2)D Edwards, W. N., XIX(i)B Einstein, A., i8 Eliade, M., 9, 49 Emery, W. B., 2 Ender, F., 23 Erasmus, XVI(i)E Erhardt-Siebold, E. v., 6

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Page 78: Seventy-Eighth Critical Bibliography of the History and Philosophy of Science and of the History of Civilization (To December 1951)

204 Index of 78th Critical Bibliography Ernst, F., 37 Essed, W. F. R., 5I EvrArd, R., 26 Ewan, J., i6 Eyles, J. M., XIX(i)B

Falkenburger, F., 2

Farabi, X(i) Farmer, L., 5I Farquharson, A. S. L., II(2) Farradane, J., XX B Farradine, J., XIX(2)B Farrington, B., 44 Farrukh, 0. A., XIV(2), 9 Faulkner, B., 5I Favard, J., 20

Faverty, F. E., XIX(2)E Feinberg, S. M., 5I Fellows, E., iS Fenton, P., XIX(i)D Fermor, L. L., 9 Ferrieres, G., XX B Filliozat, J., 9 Film libraries, 56 Finan, J. J., 28

Finch, . K., 26 Finch, J. S., XVII(i)E Fine, H. B., 20

Finlay-Freundlich, E., 23

Finot, A., 50 Fiorentino, G., XIV(2) Firth, R., 43 Fischel, W. J., XIV(2) Fischer, M. G., XVIII(2)D Fish, G., I7 Fitzneal, R., XIII(2) Fleming, D., XIX(2)E Flew, A. G. N., I9 Flint, R. F., 38 Florey, H. W., XX C Florkin, M., XIX(i)C Foote, G. A., XIX(i)E Forbes, R. J., 26 Forni, G. C., 51 Forward, E. A., XIX(i)B Fourier, J., XIX(i) B Fox, P., 2 Fraenkel, A. A., 19 Frajese, A., III(i) B.C., 20

Franceschini, P., XVIII(i)D Franck, D. S., I4 Franson, M., XVI(i)B Frank, B., 27

Franke, H., XIV(i) Frankel, W. K., 50 Franklin, B., XVIII(2)B Frazer, Sir J. G., 40 Freudenthal, E., XX B Freudenthal, H., XIX(I)A Fried, J. H. E., XX D Frisch, K. v., XVIII(2) C Fiuck, J. W., X(2) Fueter, E., i6 Fulton, J. F., XVII(2)D,

XIX(i)D, I6

Fyot, E., XIX(i)B

Gadda, L., 35 Gadsden, P., XX D Galdston, I., 50, 5I Gale, W. K. V., 26 Gallassi, A., XVII(2)C,

XVII(2)D, XVIII(i)D, XVIII(2)D, 51

Gallo, R., XVI( 2)C Gardiner, Sir A., 2 Gardner, M., 20 Gamier, XIX(2) A Garosi, A., XX D Gasbarrini, A., 50 Gask, G., 50 Gassendi, P., XVII(i)B Gateau, A., XII(2) Gerarde, H. W., 50 Gernet, J., VIII(i) Ghosh, A. K., 9 Gibb, H. A. R., I4 Gibbs, F. W., 26 Gibbs, H., 43 Giboin, L. M., 9 Gibson, G. E., 9 Gibson, H. J. C., 52 Gibson, J. M., XX D Gilbert, J. B., 50 Gilbert-Carter, H., 28 Gillispie, C. C., XIX(i)C Gilmour, J. S. L., XIX(2)C Giunta, F., 7 Glasstone, S., XX B Glicksburg, C. I., i8 Gloden, A., 20 Gloyne, S. R., XVIII(2)D Gnudi, M. T., XVI(2)D Godeaux, L., XX A Goethe, XVIII(2) E Goetz, D., IV(a) Goichon, A. M., XI(i) Goldschmid, E., 50 Goldsmith, J. N., 26 Gomme, A. A., XIX(X)B, 26 Goodall, A. L., 5I Goodenough, W. H., IV(b) Goodrich, L. C., Io Gordon, G. F. C., 26 Gordon, H. L., XVI(i)E Gotfredsen, E., 50 Gottschalk, H. L., 14 Goudge, T. A., XIX(2)E Graf, G., 14 Granquist, H., I4 Grant, R. N. R., 5I Grattan, J. H., XIV(2) Green, W. M., V(i) Greenaway, F., i6 Gregory, W. K., 29 Groenewegen-Frankfort, H. A.,

8 Groot, G. J., iX Grosclaude, P., XVIII(2)E Grube, G. M. A., V B.C.

Grunebaum, G. E. v., XI(i) Guaydier, P., 24

Gudger, E. W., 29

Gueniot, Y., 11(2) Guerlac, H., XVIII (i) C, i6 Guiart, J., 50 Guillaume, A., 14 Guyotjeannin, C., XVII(2)D

Hadamard, J., 20

Haesaert, J., 43 Hagen, V. W. V., 27

Hahn, A., XI(i) Hahn, E. A., 8 Hahn, 0., XX B Halbertsma, K. T. A., 24

Hall, A. R., XVII(i)B, XVII(2) B, i6

Halphen, L., 6 Hambis, L., XIII(i) Hamburger, M., IV(2)B.C. Hamilton, S. B., XVIII(i)B,

XVIII(2)B, 16, 26 Hanke, L., XVI (i) E Hardie, D. W. F., 25

Harrington, F. H., 44 Harris, T. R., XVIII(2)B, 26 Harrison, C. T., i6 Hartley, H., XIX(i)B (Harvard Univ.), 36 Harvey, E. N., 27

Harvey, W., XVII(i)D Hassendorfer, XIX(2) D Hatt, G., IV(a) Hayek, F. A., XIX(i) E Haywood, C., 40 Hazard, H. W., 14 Heath, A. E., XX E He'lin, E., XVIII (i) 13 Hellmann, E., 35 Hemacandra, A. S., XII(2) Henry, T. R., 31

Herrick, J. B., XIX(2)D Hervey, G., IO Hickmann, H., I4 Hill, T., XVI(2)C Hintzsche, E., XVIII(i)D Hiriyanna, M., 9 Hitti, P. K., I4 Hobby, G. L., XX C Hobhouse, L. T., 47 Hoch, J. H., 53 Hofer, P., 45 Hoffmann, E., XV(i) Holmberg, A., XIX(i)B Holmes, E. C., 22

Holmes, W., XIX( 2) D Holmyard, E. J., XIX(2)E Hone, C. R., XVII(2) E Honey, J. C., 17 Hoover, H. C., XVI(2)B Hoover, L. H., XVI(2)B Hora, S. L., XII(i), 9 Horn, W., XVI(2)C Hoskison, T. M., XIX(t)B

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Page 79: Seventy-Eighth Critical Bibliography of the History and Philosophy of Science and of the History of Civilization (To December 1951)

Index of 78th Critical Bibliography 205

Hottinger, J. H., XVII(2)B Howard, A. V., I6 Howard-Jones, N.,

XVIII(i)D Huard, P., 8, 27, 34, 50 Huber, P., XIX(2) B Huet, J. A., 50 Hughes, E., XVIII(i) B Hughes, E. R., IO Hughes, G. R., 2

Hulme, E. W., XVIII(i)B, 26 Humber, W. J., 43 Humbert, P., XVII(i)B,

XVII(I) C Humphreys, H., 34 Huntley, F. L., XVII (i) D Husain ibn 'ali al-wazir al-

Maghribi, XI(i) Huskins, C. L., i8, 35 Hussain, Z., XVII(2)A Huygens, C., XVII(2)B

Ihde, A. J., XIX(i)B, 25

Ingalls, D. H. H., g Ingersoll, R. G., XIX(2)E Inwards, R., 33 Ipatieff, V. N., XX B Iredell, C. E., XX D Irving, J. R., XIX(i)B Izquierdo, J. J., 27, 36

Jack, J. G., XIX (2) C Jacquiot, J., 50 Jahn, K., XIV(i) Jansen, P., XVII(2)B Jeans, Sir J., 24

Jenkins, R., XVII(2)B, 26 Joad, C. E. M., 9 Joergensen, J., i8 Johnson, F., 38 Jonckheere, F., 2

Jones, Sir H. S., 23 Jones, R. F., XVII(i)E Jones, T., XII(2) Journ. MIst. of Sci. in Japan,

i6 Junker, H., 2

Junod, M., XX E

Kallen, H. M., i8 Kaye, I., XVII(2) E Keele, K. D., XV(2) Keil, H., V B.C. Keimer, L., 2

Keith, Sir A., XX C Kelso, J. L., 8 Kennedy, E. S., XV(I) Kennedy, G. A., IO Kent, A., XVIII(2)B Kepler, J., XVII(i)B Keuning, J., XVI(i) C Keys, T. E., XVIII(2)D,

XIX(i)D, XIX(2)D, XX D, 50

Kiesselbach, T. A., XX C

King, J. E., XVII(2)E Kisch, B., XVIII(2) C,

XIX(2) D Kitagawa, K., XVII(i) C Klickstein, H. S., 25 Klinckowstroem, K. v., 32 Klose, N., 28 Kluckhohn, C., IV(a) Knowles, D., XI(2) Koller, G., 29

Komensky, J. A., XVII(i)E Koopmans, W., 8 Koyrer, A., XVII(i)B Kramer, E. E., 20 Kramer, S. N., 3 Kramers, R. P., VI B.C. Kranz, W., V B.C. Kremers, E., 53 Krusen, F. H., XIX(2)D Kruta, V., XVIII(2)D Kukenheim, L., XVI(i)E

Lacey, A. D., 26 Lafleur, L. J., 23

Lahr, E., 33 Laignel-Lavastine, V(I),

XVII(2)D, XVIII(2)D, 5I Lang, W., XVI(i)C Langer, S. K., i8 Lansdown, B., 25 Lantschoot, A. v., II(2) Lapp, J. C., XVI(2)E Lark-Horovitz, K., i6 Lattimore, 0., 8 Leach, M., 40 Leake, C. D., XIX(2) D Leclant, J., 2 Le Corbeiller, P., 25 Lee, C. E., XVII(2) B Le Fanu, W. R., XVIII(2)D Le Gallec, Y., 26 Lehmann-Haupt, H., XV(2),

46 Leicester, H. M., XIX(x)B Leiris, M., 35 Lemaitre, G., 23

Leonardo da Vinci, XV(2) Leriche, R., XIX(2)D Leroi-Gourhan, A., 26 Lesky, E., V B.C. Leslau, W., I2

Lethaby, W. R., 6 Lethbridge, T. C., 6 Levey, M., XVIII(2)E Levi della Vida, G., V(i) Le'vi-Provensal, E., XI(I) Lewicki, M., XIV(2) Lewy, H., I2

Ley, W., 27 Lieberman, S., i2 Liebhofsky, H. A., XIX(2)B Lindsay, J., i6 Lindsay, Mrs. J., i6 Lindsay, L., XVII(2) D Lindsey, J., XVII(2)E

Little, N. C., 24

Lloyd, H. A., XVIII(2)B Lockemann, G., XIX(i)B Lods, A., I2

Lofgren, O., XIII (2 ) Lombard, A., 32

London, I. D., 37 Lopez Sanchez, J.,

XVIII(2)D, XIX(i)D Lord, W. M., XIX(2)B Loria, G., 20

Lowry, G. H., 43 Lu Gwei-Djen, IO Luckhurst, K. W., XIX(2)E Lugal, N., X(i) Luomala, K., IV(b)

Macomber, H. P., XVII(2)A Madden, H. M., XIX(2)C Maenchen-Helfen, O., 8 Maget, M., 26 Magnus, R., XVIII(2)E Maier, A., XIV(i), 6 Maimonides, XII(2) Majumdar, G. P., 9 Makemsen, M. W., IV(a) Mani, N., XVII(2)D Mann, T. G. F., IV(b) Margenau, H., i8 Mariotti, M., XVI(i)D Markwood, L. N., XIX(i)B Martin, C., 6 Martin, H. D., XIII(i) Maspero, H., IO Massoulard, E., 2

Mauer, E. F., XVI(i)D Mauny, R., III(i)B.C. Mayer, C. F., XX D Mazzitelli, M., XVIII(I) E McCombe, L., IV(a) McDaniel, W. B., 5 McDonald, J. C., XIX(i)D McGowan, H., XIX(2)E McKie, D., XVIII(2)B,

XIX(2)E McNalty, Sir A. S., XIX(2)D McPeek, J. A. S., XIV(2) McQueen, A., XX B Mead, M., 43 Mediaeval & Latin Renais-

sance translations, 6 Mei, Y. P., III (i) B.C. Mensching, G., 49 Merrill, E. D., IX(i)C Merrill, J. E., VIII(i) Merz, J. T., XVII(2)E Metz, R., 48 Meyer, H., XVIIII(2) E, 23

Meyer-Abich, A., XVIII (2) C Meyerhof, M., I2 Michel, H., XVII(2) B, 23

Michel, P. H., 4 Michurin, I. V., XX C Mieli, A., XV(2), i6, 27

Miles, G. C., I4

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Page 80: Seventy-Eighth Critical Bibliography of the History and Philosophy of Science and of the History of Civilization (To December 1951)

2o6 Index of 78th Critical Bibliography Milla's Vallicrosa, J. M., XI (2)

I2

Miller, E., 6 Miller, P., XVIH(i) E Mills, J. V., 10 Mills, L., 8 Milne, E. A., XX B Milt, B., XVI(i)D Minorsky, V., XI(I) Mises, R. v., i8, 2I

Mittasch, A., XIX(i)B Mogenet, J., IV(2)B.C., III(2) Moltke, E., XIV(2) Mondor, H., XX D Monnret de Villard, U.,

XIV(I) Montagne, 34 Montagu, A., 43 Montaigne, XVI(2) E Morgan, F. C., XVI(2)B, 26 Morland, N., 43 Morley, S. G., IV(a) Morrison, H., XIX(2)D Mortensen, H. C. C.,

XIX(2)C Mosher, F. J., 46 Muller, R. F. G., 9 Miunster, L., XV(2) Muggeridge, D. W., 26 Mugler, C. IV(i)B.C. Mullett, C. F., XIX(i)D Munitz, M. K., XVIII(2)E,

23, 48 Muntner, S., IX(2) Murray, M., 2

Nash,'L. K., 25 Nash-Williams, V. E., 6 Neave, E. W. J., XVIII (2) B Needham, J., 8, Io Netboy, A., 27 Neugebauer, O., 3, 4, i6 Nicholson, R. A., XIII(2) Nicolson, M. H., XVI(i)E Nikitine, A., XV(2) Niro, P., XX B Nissen, C., 29

Nobel, J., III(2) Norrish, R. G. W., XIX(2)B

Oakley, K. P., 39 O'Dea, W. T., XIX(2)B Offenbacher, E., XX B Olivier, E., XVI(2)D,

XVIII(i)D Olivier, J., XIX(x)D Olivieri, A., VI(i) O'Malley, C. D., XVI()D, 5o Onians, R. B., i Osborn, T. G. B., 28- Osgood, C., 8 Osiris, IX, i6 Osler, Sir W., XIX(2)D Oswiecimski, S., VI B.C.

Pachter, H. M., XVI(i)D

Packard, F. R., 50 Pagel, J., XIX(2)D Pagel, W., XVI(2)E,

XVII(i)D, 50 Palfijn, J., XVII(2)D,

XVIII(i)D Paneth, F. A., XVIII(i)B,

XIX(2) B Papanastassiou, C., XVII(i)B Paracelsus, XVI(i) D Paris, P., I(2)B.C. Parker, R. A., 2 Parks, G. B., XVII(i) C Partington, J. R., XVIII(2)B,

XIX(i) B Passmore, J. A., XVII(2)E Pasteur, XIX(2) D Patterson, L. D., XVI(2)A Paz-Soldan, C. E., XIX(i)D Pearson, T. H., XIX(i)B, 25 Pease, A. S., XX C, i Peckham, M., XIX(i)E Peeters, P., XX E Pellegrini, F., XVI(i)D Pelliot, P., XIII(i), 8 Pelseneer, J., XVIII(i)A,

XIX(i)A, XIX(i)B, i6 Penglaou, C., 2I

Pennell, F. W., XIX(i) C Pequignot, H., II(2) Perrie, D. W., 33 Person, S., 27

Perti, 0. N., 9 Pestalozzi, H., XVIII(2)E Petech, L., IO Petibon, F., XVII(W)E Petiver, J., XVIII(i)C Peuckert, W. E., XVI(i)B Pfeiffer, H. G., XIX(2)B Phadke, B. N., g Phillimore, R. H., 9 Phillips, B., 5o Phil. East & West, 48 Pickard, R. H., XX B Piggot, S., 39 Piggott, S., XVIII(I) E Pisek, M. F., XVI(2) B Pitts, W., V B.C. Pla, C., 24 Plooij, E. B., XI(2) Ploy6, M., XIX(i)D Pohl, F. J., XVI(i)C Polo, M., XIII(2) Popper, W., XX E, 2 Powicke, F. M., 6 .

Poynter, F. N. L., XVII(i)D Prandtl, W., XIX(i)B Prat, M., XIX(2)E Preisendanz, K., 2 Premuda, L., 5o Price, D. J., I6 Price, P. H., 32 Pritchard, J. B., 8 Puech, H. C., 2 Pullicino, G. C., XVIII(2)D

Quiring, H., 32

Radfield, C., 26

Radin, P., 49 Raistrick, A., i6 Rajagopal, C. T., 9 Raman, Sir C. V., 24

Ramsay, A. R. J., 24

Rank, O., 37 Ranke, H., 2

Ranshaw, G. S., 26 Rapaport, D., 37 Rashevsky, N., 43 Ravitch, M. M., IX(2) D Ray, P. R., 9 Read, J., XVII(i)B Reddy, D. V. S., XVII(i)D Redmayne, P., 26

Reichenbach, H., i8 Reilly, D., XVII(2) B Reman, E., 6 Renaud, H. P. J., XIV(2) Rentz, G., I4 Reparaz, G de, XVI(i) C Reparaz Ruiz, G. de, XVI(2) C Reti, L., 28 Reymond, A., i6 Ricci, J. V., VI(I) Ricci, M., XVI(2)E Richmond, I. A., VII(2), 5 Richter, W., XIX(i)E Riesenfeld, A., IV(b) Roback, A. A., I2 Roemer, M. I., 51 Rogers, A. D., III, XIX(2)C Roller, D., 24 Rolt, L. T. C., 26 Romero, J. L., 6 Rooney, W. E., XIX(x)D Rooseboom, M., 24 Rosen, G., XIX(i)D, 5o Rosenthal, F., IX(2) Rosenthal-Schneider, I., i6 Rostand, J., XVIII(2)C, 27 Rothacker, E., 48 Rousset, J., 52 Rucker, C. W., XIX(2)D Rucker, E. M., 51

Rucker, M. P., 41

Rudbeck, O., XVII(2)E Ruhlmann, A., 39 Runciman, S., 6 Runes, D. D., I2 Rush, B., XVIII(2)D Russell, B., I7

Russell, J., 26 Russell-Wood, J., XVIII(2)B Russo, F., i6 Rydberg, S., XVIII(i)E

Sacks, J., XX B Save-Soderbergh, T.) 2

Sahni, B., XX C Salaman, R. N., 28 Sallander, H., i6

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Page 81: Seventy-Eighth Critical Bibliography of the History and Philosophy of Science and of the History of Civilization (To December 1951)

Index of 78th Critical Bibliography 207

Salomon, R., XVI(i)E Salzmann, C., XVI (i) D Samuel, Viscount, i8 Sansom, G. B., ii Santillana, G. de, V B.C. Sarpi, P., XVI(2)E Sarton, G., XIV(i), 8, i6, 20,

28, 43 Saunders, J. B. deC. M.,

XVI(i) D Saunders, L., 26 Sauvenier-Goffin, E.,

XVII(i)A Sayili, A., X(i) Schacht, J., I4 Schierbeek, A., XVII(2)C Schilpp, P. A., XX B Schimank, H., i6 Schlick, M., i8 Schmidt, K. P., 3I Schnabel, F., XIX(X) E Schneider, A. M., 7 Schonfeld, W., 5o Schofield, J. F., IV(c) Schopfer, W. H., 27 Schouten, W. J. A., 23

Schove, D. J., 23

Schrecker, P., XVII(2)E Schrodinger, E., i8 Schullian, D. M., XV(2),

XVI(2)D, XIX(i)D Schwartz, B., 1o Science Clubs of India Bull., 9 Scott, N. E., 2

Serouya, H., XII(2) Servien, P., i8 Setton, K. M., 6 Seznec, J., XVIII(2)E Sharma, Sri R., 9 Sheffer, H. M., I9 Sherburn, G., XVIII(i)E Shryock, R. H., i6, 44 Sigerist, H. E., XIX(i)D,

XX D, 50 Siggel, A., 14, 25

Silvestre, H., X(2) Simmons, J. S., 5i Sinclair, T. A., IV (i)B.C. Singer, C., I(i) B.C., 27 Singer, D. W., XVI(2)E, 6 Singer, K., 43 Sinno, A., 6 Sinnott, E. W., 27 Sisco, A. G., XVI(i)B Sjiberg, S. G., XIX(i)B Skelton, R. A., XVI(2) C Skempton, A. W., XIX(i)B Smart, W. M., 23 Smillie, W. G., XIX(i)D Smith, A. H., XIX(i)D Smith, C. S., XVI(i)B Smith, E. C., 26 Sobhy, G. P. G., 2

Soddy, F., XIX(i)B Sorokin, C., XX C

Soule, M. J. J., 28 South Africa, i6 Sprecher, D. A., XX D Standen, A., i8 Stapleton, H. E., 25 Staroselskaia-Nikitina, O.,

XVIII(2) E Stearns, R. P., i6 Stebbins, G. L. J., 28 Steck, M., XVIII(2)A Steensberg, A., 28 Stefansson, V., 3I

Steindorff, G., 2 Steinen, W. v. d., X(i) Steinitz, K., XVI(i) D Stengers, J., I2 Steno, N., XVII(2)D Stephanides, M., 7 Sternbach, L., IV(2)B.C. Stevens, G. W. W., XIX(2)B Stevenson, F. J., 28 Steart, I. E., 29 Storni, F. J., 28 Storni, J. S., 28 Street, H. E., XIX(i)B Strong, E. W., XVII(2)A Sturtevant, E. H., 8 Sun Ts'ung-t'ien, I0

Suryakanta, S., 9 Suter, R., XVII(i) B Swan, E. W., XVIII(2)B,

XIX(i) B Swanenburg, B. D., i6 Swinton, W. E., XIX(i) C Synge, J. L., I8

Tannery, P., i6 Taton, R., XVII(i) A, 20

Taylor, A., 40, 46 Taylor, F. S., XX E, i6, i7 Taylor, S., XX D Temkin, O., II(2), 50 Testi, G., 25 Tetry, A., 27 Thalbitzer, W., XIV(2) Tharaud, J., XX D Thenard, P., XIX(i) B Thevenot, E., 5 Thiele, E. R., 12 Thiis, J., XV(2) Thomas, H. H., XIX(2) C Thomas, W. I., 43 Thommen, E., 28 Thompson, F. C., 4 Thompson, J. E. S., IV(a) Thompson, R. C., 3 Thomson, Sir G., I7 Thomson, S. H., 6, 44 Thorndike, L., XV(2),

XVII (i) E, 6 Thornton, R. J., XVIII(2)C Thouvenot, R., II(i) Thurston, A. P., XX B Tilander, G., 6 Till, W. C., 2

Tillyard, H. J. W., 7 Todd, A. R., XIX(2) B Toulmin, S. E., 47 Tran-Duc-Thao, 48 Tran-Ngoc-Ninh, 8 Trease, G. E., XIX(i)B Trow-Smith, R., 28 Tschermak-Seysenegg, E.,

XIX(2) C Turnbull, H. W., XVII(2)A

Unver, A. S., XVI(2)E Ullman, E. V., XIX(2)D Underwood, E. A., 39, 53 UNESCO, 43 Upadhyaya, B. S., V(i) Urdang, G., XIX(2)D, XX D,

53

Vallery-Radot, P., XVIII(2) E, XIX(i)D, XIX(2)D

Vallese, G., XVI (i) E Van Asbeck, F. M., 43 Van Den Dungen, F. H., 23 Van der Kroef, J. W., IV(b) Van der Waerden, B. L., I, 20 Van de Velde, A. J. J., i6 Van Klooster, H. S., XIX(2)B Van Lantschoot, A., 2 Van Mieghem, J., 23 Van Straelen, V., 32 Vasselli, J. A., XIX(2) D Vavilov, N. I., XX C Veith, I., IO, II V61ez, I., IV(a) Velikovsky, I., 23 Vercauteren, F., 6 Verdoorn, F., 28 Vesalius, A., XVI(i)D Vetter, Q., i6 Vetterli, W. A., 28 Viala, F., 5I Vietor, K., XVIII(2)E Vinchon, J., XVIII(2)D,

XIX(i )D Vitale, V., 6 Vogt, E. Z., IV(a) Vollgraff, J. A., XVII(2)D

Wachtel, C. S., 50 Wailes, R., 26 Waite, F. C., XIX(i)D, 52 Waksman, S. A., XX C Walden, P., 25 Wall, F. E., XIX(i)B Wallach, L., VIII(2) Walsh, M. N., XIII(i),

XVI(0)E Walter, E. J., i6 Waring, M. G., XVIII(2)B Warren, H. C., V(I) Waterhouse, M. E., VIII(I) Watson, E. H., 43 Waxman, M., 12 Weber, M., 43

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Page 82: Seventy-Eighth Critical Bibliography of the History and Philosophy of Science and of the History of Civilization (To December 1951)

208 Index of 78th Critical Bibliography Webster, J. P., XVI(2)D Weeks, M. E., 25 Weevers, T., XX C Wegener, H., 28 Weil, H., XIX(2)B, XX B Weinberger, B. W., 5t Weiss, P., IV(a), 34 Weiss, R., XIV(i) Weisweller, M., I4 Weitzmann, K., 7 Welch, H., XX D Wellcome Historical Medical

Museum, XIX(i)B Wellesz E., 7 Wendel, C., i Werkmeister, W. H., I8 Wheeler, L. P., XIX(2)B Whipple, R. S., XVII(2)B White, G. W., XVIII(i)C White, L. A., XIX(2)B Whitford, K., XIX(i)C Whitford, P., XIX(i)C Whittaker, Sir E. T., i8 Whitting, C. E. J., XIV(i) Whyte, J. L., 24

Wickersheimer, E., XVI(i)D, XVIII(2)D, 6, 28

Wiener, N., 20

Wilhelm, H, XVII(2)E, io Wilhelm, R., io Wilkie, J. S., 2 Willams, E. I., XVIII(2)B Williams, G. H., X(2) Williams, H. F., 6 Williams, J., 27 Williams, T. I., XIX(2)B,

XX B Williamson, D. E., XIX(2)B Wilius, F. A., XX D Wilson, C. E., XX B Wilson, J. A., 2 Wilson, M., XX B Wilson, W., XIX(2)B, 24 Winstedt, Sir R., 8 Winter, H. J. J., XI(2),

XIH(2), XVI(2)C, 14, i6 Withington, S., XIX(i)B Wolf, A., i6 Wolfson, H. A, II(2),

XVII(2)E

Wood, L. N., XX C Woodcock, G., XIX(2) C Woodham-Smith, C.,

XIX(2)D Word, H. K., XIX(i)B Wright, 1. A., XVI(2)C Wu, K. T., IO

X6nophon, IV(T)BBC.

Yajima, S., iI

Yost, R. M., Jr., XVI(2)E Young, J. Z., 37 Young, T. C., 14 Young, W .A., XIX(i)B

Zechmeister, L., XIX(2)B, XX B

Zettersteen, K. V., XH(i) Zeuner, F. B., 38 Ziegler, K. A., 25 Zinner, E., XIV(i) Zirkle, C., XVHI(i)C,

XX(2z)C, 27

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