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Research Articles by Budding Researchers (under CPE scheme of UGC) Vol.2, 2011

Page : 01

Sr.No. TITLE Page No.

CHEMICAL SCIENCES

1 Synthesis of benzylidene cyclohexanones using phase transfer catalyst.Y. E. Bhoge, K. B. Patil and V. P. Dhande* 01

2 First Order kinetic Mathematical Model for chemical recycling of PET Waste.P. G. Zambare, P. D. Yeole and V. S. Zope* 04

3 Synthesis of 2, 3-epoxy-1-phenyl-3-aryl-1-propanone with H O - NaOH.2 2

Puja B.Patil, Bharti R. Patil. and G R Chaudhari* 08

4 Synthesis of esters by using ionic liquid as catalysts.G. E. Mali. P. T. Patil and G. R. Gupta* 11

LIFE SCIENCES

5 Fungal biodiversity studies in the soils of admalay model watershed district Jalgaon.

Shweta Patil, Megha Bhole and Gauri Rane* 14

6 Floristic studies in Moolji Jaitha College campus, Jalgaon.

S. K. Patil, D. N. Patil, T. A. Khan* and G. M. Rane 17

7 Antipyretic activity of isolated flavonoid fraction of the root of Ziziphus jujuba Mill.Y. T. Pimpale, P. G. Godbole and R. T. Mahajan* 20

8 Repellent and Antifeedant activity of ethanolic extract and Alkaloidal fraction of Sphaeranthus indicus in stored grain pests Tribolium castaneum (Herbst).K. B. Badgujar, S. S. Kasar and N.V.Nemade* 23

9 Insect diversity Campus of Moolji Jaitha College.S. S. Sonawane, S. P. Deshmukh and M. Z. Chopda* 27

10 Use of polyherbal preparation against gentamicin induced kidney toxicity.P. R. Sodhi, V. J. Patil and B. D. Talele* 32

11 Solid State Fermentation (SSF) of sugarcane bagasse using plastic bioreactor M.A. Chaudhari, R.R. Chaudhari, P.R. Zawar, M.N. Lidhure and K.P. Narkhede * 36

12 A Biosorption process for removal of heavy metal from wastewater using fungi.P. Wani. B. Phuse. P. Jaiswal and S. J. Chandratre* 39

13 Study of bacterial biodiversity from the soil samples obtained from Pathri and Samner. M. U. Kolhe, M. B. Bhoi, C. R.Sharma and M. L. Sushir* 42

INDEX


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14 Evaluation of Antioxidant Properties of Endophytic fungi from Catharanthus roseus (L.) G. DON. S.G Meghani., S.A. Tekale, S.A. Hattiwale and R.E. Jalgaonwala* 44

15 Isolation and characterization of phenol degrading bacteria. S.P. Pawar, A.R. Morankar, M. P. Padhye and B. V. Mohite * 47

16 Biodegradation Kinetics of azo dyes by indigenous isolate.S. S. Wagh, Y. J. Rajput, S. S. Ujjainwal and M. N. Chavan* 50

17 Isolation of alpha amylase inhibitor from plants. S. M. Mahajan, K. P. Songire and P. R. Gavit* 54

18 In-vitro antimicrobial activity of abrus precatorius and antioxidentctivity of abrus precatorius seeds. V.A.Patil, U.V. Kulkarni and S.V.Birhade* 58

19 Bioprospecting of Karanja and Tobacco Seeds. S. D. Chaudhari ,S. G. Naik, and J.D.Narkhede*. 62

MATHEMATICS / STATISTICS

20 On artinian quotient semirings. Isharat P. A. Khan, Yogita T. Rathod and J. N. Chaudhari* 65

21 On isomorphism theorems of semirings. Vinita P. Bendale, Rizwana N. Nadaf and K. J. Ingale* 67

22 Computation of Probability and Identification of Statistical Distribution Using Simulation.

* *K.N. Narkhede, N.N. Shukla, K.P. Amrutkar and K. G. Khadse 69

23 Statistical Approach to Describe Bird Species Diversity in Jalgaon District. A. I. Lalwani, M. R. Maniyar, Y. V. Jadhav*, R. D. Pathak* and A. Kumar* 71

PHYSICAL SCIENCES

24 Fabrication, testing and data collection using sun photometer. R. A. Patil, S. J. Patil and O. H. Mahajan* 74

25 Measurement of aerosol optical thickness using haze photometer at Jalgaon (Maharashtra)S. G Gujar, K. V Mali and H. B. Gajare* 77

EARTH SCIENCES

26 Development of integrated water softening & purification system usingMoringa oliefera seed powder.V. S. Tripathi, N. H. Mahajan and P. A. Pawar* 80

27 Land Use / Land Cover Mapping and Change Detection of Jalgaon District-A, Geo-informatics Approach. R. M. Patil, P. S. Mali, V. Mahendran* and C. D. Mahajan* 83

CHEMICAL SCIENCES

Celebrate ChemistryThe International Year of

Chemistry 2011

will celebrate the

achievements of

chemistry and its

contributions to the

well - being of humankind


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Synthesis of substituted benzylidene cyclohexanones using phase transfer catalyst

*Y. E. Bhoge, K. B. Patil, V. P. DhandeDepartment of Chemistry, M.J. College, Jalgaon. (M.S.), India

Abstract

α,α'-bis(benzylidene) cycloalkanones were efficiently prepared from cycloalkanones and aromatic

aldehydes by known method with slight variation using phase transfer catalyst.

Keywords : Tetrabutylammonium bromide, cyclohexanone, aromatic aldehydes, α, α'- bis

(benzylidene) cycloalkanones.

*Address to whom the correspondence should be made.

Introduction

Bis (arylmethylidene) cycloalkanones are very important class of compounds useful for the 1synthesis of biologically active pyrimidine structures. Their methylene structural unit is found in

many naturally occurring compounds and antibiotics. They serve as an intermediate in 2 3 4 agrochemicals, pharmaceuticals, perfumes , cytotoxic analogues ; HIV-1 integrates inhibitors and

5also the components of liquid- crystalline polymers . There are large numbers of examples of both

acid and base catalyzed aldol condensation involving aromatic aldehydes. However traditional acid 6or base catalyzed reaction suffers from self condensation of starting material or the reverse reaction .

Some metal ions, such as Mn (II), Fe (II), Co (II), Ni (II), Cu (II) and Zn (II) with different ligands have

been used for aldol condensation were used as catalyst. In recent years many new methods are

developed. These developments have widened the synthetic scope of bis (arylmethylidene) 7cycloalkanones by optimizing the temperature, time, and use of catalyst. We hereby report the

synthesis of few additional a, a'-bis (benzylidene) cycloalkanones by known method8 with slight

variation using phase transfer catalyst.

Materials and Methods

All reagents used were of analytical grade. Solvents were distilled and dried before use. Melting

points were determined using paraffin bath in open capillaries and are uncorrected. I. R. spectra were

recorded on Shimadzu FTIR 8400 (model SI 118675A) using KBr pellets. Thin layer chromatography

plates were obtained by using silica gel G (containing 13% calcium sulphate as binder) suspension

prepared in chloroform. The TLC was performed using benzene as a solvent. Visualization of the spots

was achieved by exposure to iodine vapors.


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Synthesis of α, α'- bis (benzylidene) cyclohexanone using PTC (1-6)

To a stirring solution of the cyclohexanone (1mmol), aromatic aldehyde (2mmol) and tetra butyl

ammonium bromide in dry methanol (10 ml) was added 2-3pellets of KOH. The stirring was

continued at 400C till the completion of reaction, (TLC checked). The separated solid was filtered and

washed with cold methanol.

(1-6)

Results and Discussions:

Table-1

The IR spectrum of these compounds in general exhibited band around 1660-1670 cm-1 indicating -1that the carbonyl group and olefinic bonds are in conjugation, the band around 1665 cm (C=O) and

-1around 1605 cm indicated the (C=C). Their low values than normal carbonyl and (C=C) stretching

are due to conjugation with each other and aromatic ring as well.


Page : 03

The use of PTC showed enhancement of the reaction rate and high selectivity of the main product. The 1-6rates were compared by synthesizing by same method in absence of PTC.

The authenticity of the compounds was established by comparing their melting points and IR

spectral data with the data reported in literature. The results are summarized in Table-1.

Conclusion

The use of PTC accelerated the rate of reaction. The method used in the present work proved to be

simpler and convenient, economical and eco-friendly as no other byproduct was formed and no toxic

material was used during synthesis.

References

1. Deli J, Lorand T., Szabo D., and Foldesi A.Pharmazie, 39, 539 (1984)

2. Ogawa M., Ishii Y. Nakano T., and Irifune S., Jpn. Kohai Tokkyo Jp 63 192446.Chem. Abstr.

63,238034 (1988)

3. Dimmock J.R., Padmanilayam M.P., Puthucode P.N., Nazarali, A.J. Motaganahali N.L., Zello

G.A., Quail J.W., Oloo E.O., Kraatz H.B., Prisciak J.S., Allen T.M., Santos C.L., Balzarini J.,

DeClereq E. and Manavathu E.K. J. Med. Chem. 44, 586 (2001)

4. Costi R., Santo R.D., Artico, Massa S., Rango R., Colla M.L, Tramontano E., Collad P.L. and

Panid A Bioorg. Med. Chem. 12, 199 (2004)

5. Gangadhar K. and Kaushal K. Polymer 36, 1903 (1995)

6. B.A. Hathaway J. Chem. Edu. 64, 367 (1987)

7. K. Irie and K Watanabe Bull. Chem. Soc. Jpn. 53, 1366 (1980)

8. Wattanasin.s. and Murphy.W.S, Synthesis,647(1980).

9. Salem A. Basaif and Tariq R. Sobahi, JKAU Sci., Vol. 17, pp. 107-116, (2005).

10. Wang L. M., Sheng J., Tian H., Han J., Fan Z., and Qian C. T., Synthesis, 3060, (2004)

11. Z. Y. Du, Y.D. Bao, Z. Liu, W. Quion, L. MA, Z. S. Haung, L. Q. Gu, A. S. C. Chan,

Archive der Pharmazie, 339, 123-128, (2006)

12. J. Li, W. Su, N. Li, Synthetic comm. 35, 3037-3043, (2005)


Page : 04

Introduction

Currently one of the polymer presents in huge amount in urban solid waste is polyethylene thterephthalate from recycled PET bottles. The n order kinetic model equation combined with the

Arrhenius approach of the temperature function for depolymerization reaction is,

nβ(dx/dt) = Ko exp(-E/RT)(1-α)

where β is heating rate, dx/dt is the rate of reaction, K is the pre exponential factor, E is the activation o

energy, R is the universal gas constant, T is the sample temperature in Kelvin, α is the concentration of th threactant. n order model technique: In this model, the n order kinetic equation is linear as given by

ln(β) (dx/dt) = ln Ko - E/RT + n ln(1- α)

This equation is used to fit the experimental data by linear regression analysis and to obtain the

kinetics parameter directly. Chemical recycling PET waste is achieved by acid hydrolysis, base

hydrolysis, neutral water hydrolysis, glycolysis, methanolysis etc. Treatment of polymers at high

temperature results in depolymerization to give monomer and their decomposed compounds. For 1 2 3 this purpose thermolysis high temperature solvolysis and supercritical fluids is frequently used. A

high boiling point solvent or high pressure apparatus is usually required to achieve these conditions.

First Order kinetic Mathematical Model for chemical recycling of PET Waste

P. G. Zambre, P. D. Yeole and V. S. Zope*Department of chemistry, M.J. College, Jalgaon. (M.S.), India

email : [email protected]

ABSTRACT

Poly (ethylene terephthalate) PET is one of the most valuable versatile engineering polymer, which is

specially used in manufacturing of soft drink bottle, fiber, films. Due to use of PET for the number of

application in society, it create problem of its disposal, Land filling, incineration and material

recycling are the most common ways of treatment of solid waste. To overcome certain demerits of

recycling and incineration, researchers across the world have focused on development of value added

product from waste plastic such as monomer. Kinetic study is necessary to understand rate of

degradation mechanism. In present work first order mathematical model of chemical recycling of

PET waste has been found to be best fitted. The first order kinetic equation for

chemical recycling of PET waste has been used to calculate the velocity constants of the reaction. The

energy of activation was obtained using Arrhenius equation.

Key words: Kinetics, Energy of activation, Rate of Reaction, Arrhenius equation.

t

o

w

wtk lo g3 0 3.2. =

*Address to whom the correspondence should made.


Page : 05

1 percent stock solution of PET was prepared by dissolving

1 g of PET in 100 g of solvent mixture tetra-chloroethane and

chloroform (5:3). Various concentration of PET solution was

prepared and time of flow of each solution was recorded by

using Ostwald viscometer.

The intercept of the graph η / C against concentration was used to calculate the average molecular sp

α 4weight (M) by using the formula, [η ] = k M Where, k and α are constants for the solvent having sp

-3values 22.9 x 10 and 0.73 respectively. The molecular weight of the PET was found to be 758.57

Results And Discussion

FIRST ORDER KINETIC MODEL

On the basis of measurement of residual weight and the weight of TPA obtained, the first order kinetic

model has been used. First order kinetic model on the basis of measurement of weight has been given

as The values of velocity constants k obtained by various depolymerisation reactions -2 -1were found to be constant and of the order of 10 min . Hence the proposed model has found to be fit

for the reaction under study.

Variation of sodium hydroxide

t

o

w

wtk log303.2. =

Material And Methods

Analytical grade chemical such as sodium hydroxide, pyridine, hydrochloric acid, terachloro-

ethane, phenol were used as received. The double distilled water was used for depolymerisation of

PET waste. The PET bottle sample used to study depolymerisation was of Asli Health and Food

Industries Private Limited, Jalgaon.

Study of depolymerisation kinetics of PET waste

1 g of PET waste in the form of small pieces and 100 ml water were charged in a three naked 0 flask which is provided with water condenser and thermometer. The reaction was carried out at 100

0 C and 80 C temperatures and for different time intervals of one, two and three hours etc. After the

definite time intervals the reaction mixture was filtered. The residue gives the un-reacted PET. The

filtrate is allowed to cool and reprecipitated by adding concentrated hydrochloric acid slowly. A pure

white precipitate of TPA was obtained, which was filtered, dried and weighed. The same procedure

was repeated using 3 ml pyridine.

Determination of Molecular weight:


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Depolymerization with catalyst0 0a) Time (t) =60 min and temp=100 C b) Time (t) = 60 min and Temp= 80 C

The velocity constant values obtained by first order kinetic model have been found to be constant -1which is nearly 0.08 min for 4 ml of pyridine.

The energy of activation obtained for depolymerisation of PET waste by using catalyst and without -1 -1catalyst was found to be 1.243 k cal mole and 1.11 k cal mole respectively. The lower value of energy

of activation for the reaction indicates low energy is required in presence of catalyst.

Energy of Activation (Ea)

ODepolymerization without catalyst at 100 C

Conclusions

1) First order kinetic mathematical model has been found to be fit for depolymerization of PET

waste and it is given as

-12) The velocity constant values obtained by first order kinetic model have been found to be 0.08 min -1for 4 ml of pyridine, 0.0773 min for 3 g of sodium hydroxide.

t

o

w

wtk log303.2. =


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3) The average molecular weight determined by Ostwald viscometer was found to be 758.57.

4) The energy of activation for the Depolymerization reaction with and without catalyst were found -1 -1to be 1.1185 Kcal mole and 1.243Kcal mole respectively.

References

1) Czernik S. Elam CC, Evans RJ, Meglen RR, Moens L, Jatsumoto K. Catalytic Pyrolysis of

Nylon-6 to recover caprolaltum. J Anal. Appl. 1998; 46 : 51-64.

2) Sukha SR, Harad AM, Mahato D. Depoly Merization of nylon-6 waste fiores, J-Appl. Polym. Sci

2006; 100 : 186-190.

3) Tagaya H, Suzuki Y-1, Kadokawa J-1 Karasu M Chiba K. Decomposition of model compounds of

phenol resin waste with supercritical water. Chem. Lett 1997 26 : 47 – 48

4) Polymer Hand book, J Bandrop, John Welly and sons, IMC.


Page : 08

Synthesis of 2, 3-epoxy-1-phenyl-3-aryl-1-propanone with H O - NaOH2 2

Puja B. Patil, Bharti R. Patil and G. R. Chaudhari*Department of Chemistry, M.J. College, Jalgaon. (M.S.), India

e-mail: [email protected]

Abstract

Condensation of acetophenone with aromatic aldehydes gave chalcones. 2, 3-epoxy-1-phenyl-3-aryl-

1-propanones were synthesized by epoxidation of the corresponding 1-phenyl-3-aryl-2-propen-1-

ones with 30% aqueous hydrogen peroxide and 5% NaOH.

Key words: Chalcones, epoxidation, H O - NaOH.2 2

*Address to whom the correspondence should be made

Introduction

1Epoxy carbonyl compounds are very important synthetic intermediates and can serve as versatile 2precursor in synthesis of many natural product and drug molecules , which are usually prepared via

3epoxidation of alpha-beta unsaturated ketones . Hydrogen peroxide has recently regained

importance as an oxidant in both industrial and academic community .The main reason are related to

'regulatory forces causing the chemical industry to reduced, and in some instances eliminate 4environmental pollution'. Significant amount of work has been done on the preparation,

5characterization and industrial applications of epoxides. α, β Epoxy ketone undergo oxidative

cleavage with H O - NaOH and this reaction has synthetic utility and is mechanistically related to 2 2

6,7several other fragmentation reactions. Epoxidation reaction has recently been the subject of

numerous investigations and a number of useful methodologies involving different types of catalyst-

reagent combinations have been reported by various researchers. We hereby report the synthesis of

few chalcones and epoxides by known methods


All reagents used were of analytical grade, Solvents were distilled and dried before use. Melting

points were determined using paraffin bath in open capillaries and are uncorrected. I. R. spectra were

recorded on Shimadzu FTIR 8400 (model SI 118675A) using KBr pellets. Thin layer chromatography

plates were obtained by using silica gel G (containing 13% calcium sulphate as a binder) suspension

prepared in chloroform. The TLC was performed using benzene as a solvent. Visualization of the

spots was achieved by exposure to iodine vapors.

Epoxidation of Chalcones 2a-2f.:

To the solution of appropriate chalcone 1 (1a-1f,4mmol) in ethanol (20ml) and 30% hydrogen

peroxide (7.5ml), 5% sodium hydroxide solution (12.5 mmol) was added dropwise at


Page : 09

Results and Discussions

8The required chalcones used for epoxidation were synthesized by known methods.

The authenticity of the compounds was established by comparing their melting points and IR

spectral data with the data reported in literatures. The results are summarized below01a) 1 - p h e n y l - 3 - a r y l - 2 - p r o p e n - 1 - o n e : m . p . 5 0 C , Y i e l d 2 4 . 5 6 % ,

-1 I.R. 3057, 1676,1604,1579,1213,892 cm01b) 1 -(4-methoxy phenyl) -3-aryl -2-propen-1-one: m.p .72 C , Y ie ld 30 .15%,

-1I.R. 3016, 1658,1572,1512,1018,823 cm01c) 1- phenyl-3-(4-chloro aryl)-2-propen-1-one: m.p.102 C, Yield 97.14%,

-1 I.R. 2962, 1658, 1489, 1259, 1016, 819cm0 2a) 2, 3 Epoxy -1,3 Diphenyl -1 Propanone: m.p. 90 C, Yield 49.30%,

-1 I.R. 2962, 1687,1411,1259,1026, 800 cm0 2b) 2, 3Epoxy-1(4 Methoxy Phenyl)-3-phenyl-1 Propanone: m.p. 84 C,

-1 Yield 29.92%, I.R. 2960, 1662, 1514, 1259, 1030, 808 cm02c) 2, 3 Epoxy -1 phenyl-3(4 chloro phenyl)-1propanone: m.p.72 C, Yield 24.36%,

-1 I.R. 2962,1687,1440,1251, 1091, 808 cm02d) 2, 3 Epoxy -1, 3(4Dimethoxy phenyl)-1proponone: m.p.112 C, Yield 87.93%,

-1 I.R. 2960, 1664, 1510, 1257, 1101, 804 cm02e) 2, 3 Epoxy-1(4 Methylphenyl)-3phenyl -1- proponone: m.p.120 C, Yield 89.61%,

-1 I.R. 2960, 1660, 1512, 1257, 1105, 806 cm02f) 2, 3 Epoxy - 1 phenyl -3 (4 Nitrophenyl)-1- proponone: m.p.140 C, Yield 64.39%,

-1 I.R. 3117, 1678, 1516, 1236, 1006, 850 cm

0C 30 The mixture was stirred for 1 hr. The solid separated was filtered, and dried, washed with water

and recrystallisation from ethanol gave epoxides 2a-2f.


Page : 10

Conclusion

From the mentioned experimental details it is clear that the yield of 1-phenyl-3- (4-chloro aryl)-2-

propen-1-one in very good (97.14%) which indicates that the presence of electron withdrawing

group (-Cl) in aromatic aldehyde facilates the rate of synthesis of chalcone, while in synthesis of

epoxides the presences of electron donating group in aromatic ring of chalcone enhances the rate

of formation of epoxide. This method of synthesis of epoxide is superior due to the simpler

isolation of the products, economical and eco-friendly as no other byproduct was formed and no

toxic material was used during synthesis.

References

1. Lattanzi A. Russo, A. Tetrahedron, 2006, 62, 12264-12269.

2. Adger, B.M. Barkley, J.V. Bergeron, S. Cappi, M.W. Flowerdew, B.E. Jackson, M.P.

McCague, R.Nugent,T.C. Rorberts, S.M J. Chem. Soc. Perkin Trans.1. 1997, 3501-3507.

3. Porter, M.J.Skidmore, J. Chem. Comm. 2000, 1215-1225.

4. Ji-Tai Li, Xian-Feng Liu, Ying Yin, Chao Du,. Org. Commun. 2:1 (2009) 1-6.

5. Alcindo A. dos Santos, Edison P. Wendler, Francisco de A. Marques and Fabio Simonelli,

Letters in Organic Chemistry, 2004, 1, 47-49.

6. D.R Guta, Kmaluddin and Shobha Nathani,. Current Science, September, 20, 1989, vol.58,

No.18.

7. ROBERT D. TEMPLE. The Journal of Organic Chemistry, Vol. 35, No. 5, May 1970

8. Wattanasin.s. and Murphy.W.S, Synthesis,647(1980).


Page : 11

Introduction

1Esters are valuable building blocks in organic, medicinal and material industries . Esters are 2extensively used in flavorings essences, cosmetic ingredients, artificial scents, industrial solvent

(This solvent used for drugs and antibiotics, oils, paints varnishes and gum). Now, a day's Esters mark 3 their importance in the field of anesthesia such as Benzocaine and Procaine. Some of the esters are

4also show antidepressant like activity. Esterification of carboxylic acids is one of the most important 5reactions in organic synthesis , more environmentally benign alternatives to those are currently used

by the chemical industry in great demand. Conventional esterification is conducted with excess

carboxylic acids (or alcohols) against a counterpart in the presence of Homogeneous acid catalysts

such as, sulfuric acid, methane sulfonic acid, and p-toluene sulfonic acids are the most conventional 6catalysts for this purpose . Application of these catalysts causes some difficulties such as corrosion,

7and environment problems . The use of excess substrates wastes these compounds, and the use of 8stoichiometric dehydrating reagents or activated carboxylic acid derivatives produces significant

amounts of byproducts from the reagents. Therefore, development of new stratergies involving more

efficient catalysts has been noted. Ionic liquids (ILs), also known as molten salts have attracted an

increasing attention in the context of green synthesis in recent years. Although ionic liquids were 9initially introduced as an alternative green media because of their unique properties such as this

room temperature molten salts that are nonvolatile, thermally stable, recyclable, and easy to handle, 10they have marched far beyond showing their significant catalytic activities for many reactions .

In this paper, we report a new method for synthesis of esters. This work was originally

performed with the aim of simplifying the esterification process by using catalyst , easier work-up,

cleaner reaction, lower cost, and reducing the amount of acidic waste, which has great importance

from environmental and economical points of view. This reaction was cleanly carried out in the

presence of ionic liquid (N-butyl pyridinium bromide).

Synthesis of esters by using ionic liquid as catalysts

*G. E. Mali. P. T. Patil and G. R. Gupta .Department of Chemistry, M. J. College, Jalgaon, India.

e-mail- [email protected]

Abstract

A series of esters were prepared in good to excellent yields by the reaction of Carboxylic acids with

methanol, ethanol and Iso propanol in the presence of N-Butyl pyridinium Bromide. This new ionic

liquid was successfully used as a suitable catalyst for the esterifications of carboxylic acids with

aliphatic alcohols.

Key Words: Ionic Liquid, Esterification, Pyridine.

* Address to whom the correspondence shall be made


Page : 12

Experimental

All chemicals (AR grade) were commercially available and used without further purification

unless otherwise stated. Infrared spectra on KBr pellets were recorded. Readily available Ionic Liquid

is used. Esterification was carried out with and without using ionic liquids by using 1mole of

carboxylic acid, 1mole of alcohol and 1 mole ionic liquid in catalytic amount was added to round

bottom flask with magnetic stirrer. The mixture was left to stir until the solid dissolve. 2ml of conc.

sulfuric acid was slowly added and the mixture was allowed to gently boil under the reflux for about

75 min – 4 hrs. The progress of reaction was monitored by TLC.

Result and Discussion

A convenient eco-friendly procedure for the quantitative synthesis of esters by using ionic

liquids is described in this communication. Esterification of carboxylic acid with alcohol is an

equilibrium reaction performed in the presence of an ionic liquid catalyst. The equilibrium is shifted

to the product side by continuously removing the water formed in the reaction to get high

conversions. The use of ionic liquid in this reaction serves two purposes: It acts as a catalyst for the

reaction and also provides a medium which effectively solvates the water formed such that it may not

be available for the reverse reaction. The reaction was generalized using a variety of carboxylic acids

and alcohols to gives the esters in nearly quantitative yield as shown in Table 1.

Conclusion

Esterification using catalytic amount of ionic liquids gave high substrate conversion and

product selectivity. The use of catalysts that can simplify stepwise synthetic procedures with cleaner

reagents is in principle more environmentally friendly. Some of the major objectives of green

chemistry like waste minimization, enhancement of intrinsic selectivity of any process and atom

economy can be accomplished by catalytic processes.


Page : 13

References:

1. Weiliang Bao and Zhiming Wang, Green chem, 1028-1033, 2006.

2. Mohinder singh malik, Dissertation submitted to the Swiss Federal Institute of Technology for

the degree of Doctor of Natural Sciences. 163-166, 1978.

3. Francisco Torrens, and Gloria Castellano. Int. J. Mol. Sci.7, 12-34, 2006.

4. Shahnaz Perveen, Arfa Yasmeen, Muhammad Aitmaud Khan, Ahsana Dar, Rehana Jafri, Amir

Ahmed, Letters in Drug Design and Discovery, Vol.7, 14-17, 2010.

5. a) Parviz Rashidi-Ranjbar and Farideh Piri, molecule, 135-138, 1995.

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2126, 2009.

d) Shang Yan-mei, LI Jing, Song Zhi-guang, LI Ye zhi and Huang Hua-min. Chinese journal of Chem,

430-432, 2007.

6. Feng zewang, Zhao XinQi and Bi hua.science china sec 1 chem.vol. 51,(10), 990-992, 2008

7. Yagoub Mansoori, Firdovsi Seyidov Tataroglu mitra Sadaghian , Green chem.870-873, 2005.

8. Alireza R.Sardarian,Maryam Zandi and Soghra Motevally.Acta Chim.Slov.56, 729–733, 2009.

9. Zhiying Duan, Yanlong Gu, Youquan Deng., Journal of molecular Catalysis A: Chemical, 246,

70–75, 2006.

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120, 481-483, 2008.

11. a) R. Minard (Penn State Univ.) from Introduction to Organic Laboratory Techniques: A

Microscale Approach, Pavia, Lampman, Kriz and Engel, 1989.

b) Brian S. Furniss Antony J. Hannaford, Austin R. Tatchell. Vogel's Textbook of practical organic

chemistry Fifth edition.

LIFE SCIENCES


Page : 14

Fungal biodiversity studies in the soils of Padmalay Model Watershed district Jalgaon

Shweta Patil, Megha Bhole and Gauri Rane*Department of Botany, Moolji Jaitha College, Jalgaon, India.

ABSTRACT

Soil is a complex ecosystem, delimited by physio-chemical parameter that holds enormous numbers

of diverse living organisms. Several soil organisms offer benefits to crop growing in an ecosystem, but

are not well understood. Fungi and bacteria play a focal role in nutrient cycling by regulating soil

biological activity. The present study deals with the study of soil fungi in some cultivated and non-

cultivated soils of Padmalaya Model Watershed of Jalgaon district. Total 23 and 19 fungi were isolated

from cultivated and non-cultivated soils respectively showing generic and species diversity. The

members of Deuteromycotina were dominant and frequently encountered during the studies. The

dominant genus was Aspergillus.

Keywords: - soil fungi, cultivated soils, non-cultivated soils, diversity.


Introduction

Fungi play an important role in soil fertility. Being saprophytes, they are responsible for various decay

processes releasing the locked up nutrients from the dead and decaying materials but the growth of

these soil fungi governed by may physical and chemical factors of soil.Extensive floristic lists have

been prepared for many soils by many mycologists all over the world.( Waksman (1916, Pugh (1966)

Tulsi Reddy and Manoharachary (1977), Rane and Gandhe (2000 a and b ) etc. There is difference in

soil characters of cultivated and non-cultivated soils. Therefore, the soil mycoflora of cultivated and

non-cultivated soils is different. To demonstrate this present study was undertaken.

Methodlogy

The study area is Padmalaya Model Watershed an area of about 1000 ha lies in Jalgaon district of

North Maharashtra. It is 30 km from Jalgaon city. 5 soil samples at the depth of 6 inches each from

cultivated and non-cultivated soils were collected in sterile polythene bags and brought to the

laboratory. Temperature, texture and pH moisture,% carbon,% nitrogen, C/N of the soil was

recorded. They were inoculated on Czapek Dox and Lactose Yeast Extract Agar media within 24 -6 hours. The dilution plate method (Waksman 1922) technique was used and dilution 10 was used to

0inoculate the soil samples. The inoculated Petri plates were incubated at room temperature (28 C) for th5 days and observations were made on 6 day. The TVC has been recorded. The topography, surface,

diameter, pigmentation, texture, surface and reverse colors of the colony were recorded. The semi

permanent slides were prepared using cotton blue and lacto phenol. The camera Lucida drawing and


Page : 15

were done by using ERMA camera Lucida and photomicrographs of these slides were taken by Motic

Digital microscope helped in identification of each fungus up to species. The fungi were identified

using relevant literature.


In cultivated soils, total 23 species of fungi were isolated. Deuteromycotina were the

dominant group and represented by 16 species belonging to 7 genera. Aspergillus was the dominant

genus represented by 7 species. 2 species each of Cladosporium, Curvularia and Penicillium were

encountered while Alternaria,Fusarium,and Humicola were represented by single species.

Zygomycotina was represented by single species each of Mucor and Rhizopus. 5 members of mycelia

sterilia were observed during studies.

In non-cultivated soils total 19 species of fungi were isolated. All species except 5 were

belonging to Deuteromycotina. Aspergillus was the dominant genus with 7 species. 2 species of

Curvularia were occurred. While Cladosporium, Fusarium, Drechslera, Paecilomyces and

Scopulariopsis were only represented by single species. One member of Ascomycotina i.e.

Chaetomium represented by single species was isolated. 4 members of mycelia sterilia were

observed.

Total numbers of species in each cultivated soil are more than that of each non-cultivated soil.

Deuteromycotina members multiply and grow luxuriantly in both these soils. This is also observed by

Waksman (1916) and many others. Aspergillus was the dominant genus in both types of soils which is

similar to majority of the reports from tropical soil fungi like Pugh (1966), Reddy and Manoharachary

(1977), Rane and Gandhe (2000 a and b ) and many others have reported that Aspergilli are more

frequently occur than Penicillia in soils and warmer climate.

The mycoflora of cultivated and non-cultivated soils is different. Some forms are isolated only

from cultivated soils. While non-cultivated soils also their unique mycoflora, but still there are some

fungi which are encountered from both the soil types. eg. Aspergillus candidus, A. humicola,

cladosporium herbarum, Curvularia maculans and Gray white yellow sterile mycelia.

CONCLUSION: Each of cultivated and non-cultivated soils shows distinct mycoflora. More diversity of

fungi was observed in cultivated soils than non-cultivated soils.


Page : 16

References

1. Pugh, G.J.F., 1966. Cellulose decomposing fungi isolated from soils near Madras. Jour. Ind. Bot.

Soc., 45: 232-241

2. Rane Gauri M. and Gandhe R.V. (2000 a) Root mycoflora of rabi sorghum from Jalgaon district,

Maharashtra, BRI'S JAST III (1andII), June, Decem., 2000, 23-28

3. Rane Gauri M. Gandhe R. V.(2000b) Rhiozsphere mycoflora of kharif sorghum from Jalgaon

district, Maharashtra. BRI'S JAST III (I and II), June, Decem., 2000., 49-54.

4. Tulsi Reddy, V.R. and Manoharachary, C., 1977. Study of mycoflora of certain soils of Andhra

Pradesh. M.V.M Patrika, 12(2): 50-51.

5. Waksman, S.A., 1922. A method for counting the number of fungi in the soil. Jour.Bot.,7:339-341.

Curvularia

PenicilliumHumicolFusarium


Page : 17

Floristic studies in Moolji Jaitha College campus, Jalgaon

S. K. Patil, D. N. Patil, T. A. Khan* and G. M. Rane*Department of Botany, Moolji Jaitha College, Jalgaon, India.

Abstract

The present work deals with the taxonomic survey and collection of plants from Moolji Jaitha

College, campus. Over 170 plant species were collected, critically studied with respect to the

flowering season color of flower, fruit type, girth and height. Trees are represented by 41 species

belonging to 37 genera and 30 families. While shrubs are represented by 21 species and large number

of herbs (128 species) have been recorded from the campus.

Key words: Taxonomic survey, Moolji Jaitha College, Girth, Height, Species.


Introduction

Floristic is the branch of botany dealing with kinds and number of plant species in particular

areas and their distribution. As plant biodiversity has become a topic of serious consideration

throughout the world, the subject is discussed a lot but very few serious attempts are being made to

understand it. Much noise is made with regard to loss of biodiversity in mass scale especially in the last stfew decades and it is estimated that about 50 % of it will be lost by the end of 21 century. Therefore, it

has become very important, especially for developing countries to know what, where and how much is

existing in the world, so that efforts can be made to conserve it. To know the plant diversity of our own

campus the present investigation has been carried out. Moolji Jaitha College is one of the oldest colleges

in North Maharashtra region established in “1945”, having sprawling campus of 25 acres.

Methodology

The study area is divided into 10 (A-J) sections. During the actual field work, the counting height and

girth measurement, identification of plants with the help of flora is done (Kshirsagar and Patil, 2008,

Naik et al. 1998, Patil 2003, Singh and Karthikeyan, 2000). Unidentified plants are brought to the

laboratory for identification. Simultaneously, the data of flowering season, fruiting type and their uses

were recorded using different reference material. The field work for trees, shrubs and herbs include

identification and their counting. The photographs of these plants were taken. Well labeled herbarium

sheets have been prepared and preserved in the department.

Results and Discussion

Diversity of Trees

The present floristic study of Moolji Jaitha College, Campus reveals that there are total 41 tree

species belonging to 37 genera of 30 families of flowering plants. The trees belonging to family

Caesalpinaceae are dominant in the campus. During the present investigation Azadirechta indica A. Juss


Page : 18

is commonly found in all sections and there are 149 plants of it. Peltophorum ferrugianum Benth. is

another species which is found in all section except one, its total number of individuals are 156. There

are many trees which are represented by single individual in the campus. Commonly occurring trees

are, Azadirechta indica A. Juss, Leucaena leucocephala Roxb., Peltophorum ferrugianum Benth, Polyalthia

longifolia B and H., Tectona grandis L.f., Acacia nilotica L., etc. After calculating the girth and height of trees in

Moolji Jaitha College, campus, the result shows that the tallest plant is Eucalyptus globulus L. of 97 feet found in

section “F”. The Ficus bengalensis L. is recorded as tree with largest girth of 113 cm present in section “J”.

While comparing the current tree data with the tree data collected during 2005 noteworthy differences have

been observed.

1. Many species which were represented by several individuals in the campus are reduced. In 2005 there were

53 plants of Albezia lebbek L. however, currently there are only 31 individuals in the study area. Similarly

species Cassia siamea Lamk. is reduced from 46 to 28, the number of Dalbergia latifolia Roxb. is also critically

lowered from 23 to 8, species of Tectona grandis L. f. is reduced to half that is from 84 to 42. There are several

reasons for the decrease in number of species. This is mainly because many construction activities are taken

place and taking place in the campus during last few years and for this the trees were cut and hence their

number is reduced.

On the other hand, there are some species found in the campus which has been increased in number because

of their purposeful plantation in the campus through tree plantation activities in last years. This includes, trees

like Azadirechta indica A. Juss., Dalbergia sisoo Roxb., Delonix regia Roxb., Milingtonia hortensis L.f.,

Peltophorum ferrugianum Benth., Syzygium cumini L..

2. While some plants which were not recorded earlier were also encountered during this survey. These are

Terminalia catapa L., Spathodea campanulata Beauv., Saraca indica L., Acacia nilotica (L.) Willd., Cassia fistula L.

, Butea monosperma Kuntze., Gliricidia sepium (Jacq.), Muntingia calabura L. etc. These plants are newly

planted in the campus.

Diversity of Shrubs and Herbs

Along with tree diversity the study on shrubs and herbs in the campus is also made. There are total 21 species

of shrubs belonging to 19 genera of 16 families. Total 128 species of herbs belonging to 19 genera and 34

families are recorded. Among shrubs Duranta repens L. and plants belonging to family Apocynaceae is

dominant. While in all herbaceous plants grasses of family Poaceae are dominant.

Conclusion

Moolji Jaitha College campus shows great diversity of trees, shrubs and herbs. Total 170 species of trees,

shrubs and herbs are recorded from the campus. Trees are represented by 41 species belonging to 37 genera

and 30 families. Shrubs are represented by 21 species belonging to 19 genera and16 families. Large numbers

of herbs are recorded from the campus. Total128 species belonging to 19 genera and 34 families. Comparison

between the tree species in the year 2005 and 2010 shows that numbers of tree species have been increased

from 33 to 41 species.


Page : 19

References

1. Kshirsagar S. R. and D. A. Patil, 2008. Flora of Jalgaon district Maharashtra. Bishen Singh

Mahendra Pal Singh, Dehradun. 231-376.

2. Naik V. N. and Associates. 1998. Flora of Marathwada, Amrut Prakshan Aurangabad. 161-183.

Patil D. A. 2003. Flora of Dhule and Nandurbar Districts Maharashtra. Bishen Singh Mahendra Pal

Singh,

3. Dehradun. 628-649.

4. Singh N. P and S. Karthikeyan, 2000. Flora of Maharashtra State.Vol. I. Botanical Survey of India,

Calcatta. 18-40.


Page : 20

Antipyretic activity of isolated flavonoid fraction of the root of Ziziphus jujuba Mill

Y. T. Pimpale, P. G. Godbole and R.T. Mahajan*Department of Zoology, Moolji Jaitha College, Jalgaon

[email protected]

Abstract

Antipyretic effect of flavonoid fraction of root of Ziziphus jujuba was investigated. Intramuscular

administration of 20% (W/V) aqueous suspension of Brewer's yeast in albino rat leads to pyrexia.

Orally administration of flavonoid fraction of the root of Z. jujube at the doses 25 and 50 mg/kg body

weight were shown significantly reduced the elevated body temperature of rat which was compared

with standard paracetamol (50mg/kg) orally. The present study proved the claims of traditional

medicine practitioners as an antipyretic remedy.

Key words: Ziziphus jujuba, Antipyretic, Paracetamol, Flavonoid fraction.


Introduction

0 0 0 0Elevation of temperature above the normal range of 36.5 C-37.5 C (98 F- 100 F) due to an increase in

body temperature regulatory set point causes Pyrexia. It is caused by an in trying to destroy harmful

microbes, a physiological response to illness. It has been suggested by Bailey (1937) that 'antipyretic

substances are in general aromatic, many of them phenolic, and quite possibly lower the

temperature of body by reducing the rate oxidation, conceivably by interfering with H O metabolism. 2 2

A natural anti pyretic agent with reduced or no toxicity is therefore, essential. As roots of L. crenulata

is old medicaments used in ailments that cause fever (Bhattacharya, 1990). Several plants and their

products are claimed and proved to possess analgesic and antipyretic property (Nanda et al., 2009).

The most important bioactive constituents of medicinal plants are alkaloids, tannins, flavanoids and

phenolic compounds. Moreover, in many studies, flavonoids have been reported to exhibit antipyretic

effect (Vimala et al., 1997). A number of researchers have been investigated various medicinal plants.

The members of Rhamnaceae family are reported for biological activities (Chopda and Mahajan,

2009). Since it possesses wound healing, antimicrobial and antioxidant activity, here in present

investigation the study was undertaken of antipyretic activity of the Ziziphus jujuba Mill.


The plant Ziziphus jujuba Mill was collected from Moolji Jaitha College Campus, in the period of May

2010. This was identified by Taxonomist of the Department of Botany, Moolji Jaitha College, Jalgaon.

Preparation of extract

The root was cleaned and shed dried and pounded pulverize into coarse powder. One kg of dried

powdered plant material was exhaustively extracted in Soxhlet apparatus with methanol. The solvent


Page : 21

extract so obtained was then filtered to remove any suspended impurities. The extract was 0 0separately concentrated under reduced pressure and controlled temperature (55 C to 60 C). The

extract of plant was preserved in dry, cool condition in a desiccator. Phytochemical investigation was

carried out by adapting method of Harborne, (1984).

Adsorption Column chromatography

After the collection of extract, fractionation was carried out on the basis of phytochemical

constituents. Column chromatography method was adopted for isolation of active ingredients along

with grades of chloroform and methanol. The flavonoid rich fraction was selected and labelled as 'C'.

Animal used

The albino Rat (Ratus novergicus) of either sex and of approximately the same age, weighing between

180-200gm were procured and treated as per the guideline of Committee for the Purpose of Control

and Supervision on Experiments on Animals (CPCSEA).

Antipyretic activity:

Antipyretic activity was carried out by using method as described by Mutalic (2003).

Statistical Analysis

The data are expressed as mean ± SD using analysis of variance (one way ANOVA) followed by

Bonferroni's Multiple Comparison Test by using GraphPad softaware. Significance is calculated by

compairing test versus control. The value of p<0.05 were considered significant.

Phytochemical investigation of fractions of root of Z. jujuba has been carried out to search the

alkaloids, flavonoids, phenols, terpinoids, tannins, glycosides, saponins by the method of Harborne,

(1984). The bioactive constituents of medicinal plants are alkaloids, tannins, flavanoids and phenolic

compounds are reported by various researchers for various ailments (Chopda and Mahajan, 2009).

The flavonoids are reported for their antipyretic activity.

0The experimental rats showed a rise in 1.59 C rectal temperature after the 18 hrs yeast injection. At a 0dose of 25 mg/kg body weight, fraction 'C' reduced (38.46 ± 0.30 C after 3 hr) of elevated rectal

0temperature compared to Paracetamol (38.78 ± 0.25 C after 3 hr) at a dose 50 mg/kg body weight 0(Table 1). Whereas, at a double dose, i.e., 50 mg/kg body weight, flavonoid reduced (38.27 ± 0.09 C

after 3 hr) of elevated rectal temperature compared to Paracetamol fed group of animals (38.78 ± 00.25 C) at a dose of 50 mg/kg body weight. After 5 hr treatment, significant (P<0.001) reduction was

0 0occurred in both doses of flavonoid in temperature 37.57 ± 0.16 C and 37.56 ± 0.03 C respectively as 0compared with control group of animals (39.15 ± 0.29 C). At the end of 24 hr reduction in

0temperature observed significantly (P<0.01) in fraction 'C-1' (37.33 ± 0.06 C), whereas, (P<0.05) in 0 0fraction 'C-2' (37.41 ± 0.04 C) as compared with control group of animals (38.51 ± 0.16 C). The results

revealed that by increasing the dose (50 mg/kg) fall in temperature is consistent up to 3 hr.

Results and Discussions:


Page : 22

Table 1 Antipyretic activity of fraction 'C' of MeOH of root of Z. jujuba

Search for safe herbal remedies with potent antipyretic activity received momentum recently as the available antipyretic, such as paracetamol, aspirin, nimusulide etc. have toxic effect to the various organs of the body (Guyton and Hall, 1998). Adithan et al., (2000), have evaluated the activity of aqueous extract of bark of stem of Ziziphus jujuba against intravenous injection of E.coli endotoxin as a biological pyretic agent. Responses were significantly decreases fever. The phytochemical analysis of the fractions showed the presence of phenolic compounds, terpenoids, glycosides and flavonoids. In present study we use fraction of methanolic extract of root of Ziziphus jujuba Mill. and result corroborated with that of Adithan et al., (2000) experiments. Therefore we conclude that the root has potent antipyretic activity. Reduction of rectal temperature of tested animals by the fraction 'C' at 50 mg/kg appeared to be due to the presence of a single bioactive principles that is flavonoid or mixture of compounds in them as fraction 'C' showed two spots on TLC. Moreover, in many studies, flavonoids have been reported to exhibit antipyretic effect (Vimala et al., 1997). The present study, therefore, supports the claims of traditional medicine practitioners as an antipyretic remedy. Complete characterization of natural product will be carried out by spectroscopy.

References

1. Adithan C.: Indian Journal of Pharmacology. 32:S67-S80, (2000).rd2. Bhattacharya S., Chrinjib Banoushadi. 3 ed.,Vol. 2, Anand Publishing Ltd., Calcutta-9, 236-237, (1990).

st3. Bailey K. C., Retardation of Chemical Reaction 1 ed., P.115. London. E. Arnold and Co. (1937).

4. Chopda M.Z. and Mahajan R.T.: The wound healing plants of Jalgaon District, Maharashatra State, India. Ethanobotanical leaflets. 13:1-32, (2009).

5. Guyton A. C. and Hall J. E.: Textbook of Medical Physiology. 9th ed. W.B. Saunders Company, Philadelphia. 920-922, (1998).

6. Horborne J. B.: phytochemical methods. London (UK): Chapman and Hall publishers.(1984).

7. Nanda B. K., Jena J., Rath B. and Behara B. R.: Analgesic Antipyretic activity of whole plant of Sphaeranthus indicus Linn. Journal of chemical and Pharmaceutical Research. 1(1): 207-212, (2009).

8. Vimala R., Nagarajan S., Alam M., Susan T., and Joy S.: Anti-inflammatory and antipyretic activity of Michelia champaca Linn. (White variety), Ixora brachiata Roxb. And Rhynchosia cana (wild.) D. C. flower extract. Indian Journal of experimental Biology. 35: 1310- 1314, (1997).


Page : 23

Repellent and Antifeedant activity of Methanolic extract and Alkaloidal fraction of Sphaeranthus indicus in stored

grain pests Tribolium castaneum (Herbst)K. B. Badgujar, S. S. Kasar and N.V.Nemade*

Department of Zoology, Moolji Jaitha College, [email protected]

Abstract

Plant, Sphaeranthus indicus found throughout in India, were evaluated for their repellent and

antifeedant activity against adult red flour beetle, Tribolium castaneum [Herbst] . Repellancy was

assessed after 1,2,3,4 and 5 hr. of treatment and antifeedant activity were calculated after 24, 48, 72

hr. at 0.1 to 0.5% concentration respectively. Both MeOH extract and alkaloidal fraction exhibit

increasing antifeedant activity with increasing concentration.

Key words: Antifeedant, Repellent, Alkaloid fraction.


Introduction

Stored food grains face severe infestation due to insects. The insect damages stored food grains are

ranging from 5-30% of the world's total agricultural production. In the rural areas of India, farmers

traditionally mix leaves, barks, seeds, roots or oils of certain plants with stored grains to keep them

free from insect attacks. The use of chemical insecticides in the control of insect pests on crops has

increased problems of pollution, contamination, the development of insecticides resistance by pests.

Hence more attention is being paid to natural products as insecticides. The genus Sphaeranthus

belongs to Family Astraceae, this ornamental herb commonly known as Gorakhmundi. Its

phytochemical constituent are extensively studied by various workers for antibacterial activity,

immunostimulating activity, Haemolytic and anti-inflammatory activity (Nemade et al., 2010). In

present investigation the repellent and antifeedent properties of methanolic extract and alkaloidal

fraction of flower of Sphaeranthus indicus was evaluated against red flour beetle, Tribolium

castaneum a store grain pest of maize.

Material and method

The plant Sphaeranthus indicus was collected from Shiragad, Near bank of Tapi river, in the period

of February 2010. This was identified by Taxonomist of the Department of Botany, Moolji Jaitha

College, Jalgaon.

Preparation of Extracts

Flowers of Sphaeranthus indicus were dried under shade. Coarsely powdered of flower head of

Sphaeranthus indicus extracted with various solvent system, petroleum ether, chloroform, methanol 0by Soxhelt apparatus. The extract was dried at 55 to 60 C in water bath and kept in desiccator.

Phytochemical investigation was carried out by adapting method of Harborne, (1986).


Page : 24

Repellent activity

Methanoilcs extract and alkaloidal fraction of flower of S. indicus are used at desired concentration

against Tribolium castaneum for repellency activity test. The repellency percentage was calculated

using formulas used by (Patole, 2008).

Insects in untreated trap - Insects in treated trap

Repellency percentage = X 100Insects in untreated trap

Antifeedant activity

Methanoilcs extract and alkaloidal fraction of flower of S. indicus are used at desired concentration

against Tribolium castaneum for antifeedant activity test (Patole, 2008).

Results

In fraction repellency decreased with increasing concentration while both MeOH extract and fraction

showed increasing repellency with increasing time intervals. From Tables 1 and 2 it appears that both

MeOH extract and alkaloidal fraction exhibit increasing antifeedant activity with increasing

concentration. The active ingredients present in MeOH extract and alkaloidal fraction may be inhibits

sensory receptors of mouthparts, resulting in disorientation of normal probing, feeding and intake of

food in Tribolium castaneum.

Discussion

Recently, Versha, (2007) evaluated repellent activity of crude extract and purified compound of

Agratum conyzoides against cotton pest, Dysdercus cingulatus. Patole et al., (2008) reported

antifeedant properties of Cestrum Nocturnum against Tribolium castaneum and our observation are

almost parallel to their findings. We conclude further investigation is needed to characterize the

bioactive principle present in Sphaeranthus indicus.

Table 1 Repellant effect of Methanolic extract and Fraction of S. indicus against T. castaneum.


Page : 25

Table 2 Antifeedant activity of MeOH extract and Fraction of S. indicus against T. castaneum


Page : 26

References

• Naqvi S. B: Studies on antibacterial activity of compounds of plants origin and isolation of active

components from Sphaeranthus indicus Linn. Ph D thesis, University of Karachi, (1997).

• Nemade N.V., Talele B. D., Chopda M. Z., Mahajan R. T.: In vitro haemolytic activity of

semipurified alkaloidal fraction of flower of Sphaeranthus indicus in human red blood

corpuscle, Bioresources for Rural Livelihood: Edited by G. K. Kulkarni, B. N. Pandey and B. D.

Joshi, Narendra Publishing House, 1: 175-180, (2010).

• Patole S. S. and Mahajan R. T., Patil M.: Repellent and antifeedant properties of Cestrum

Nocturnum against red flour beetle Tribolium castaneum (Herbst). National J. life sciences, 5(1):

19-22, (2008).

• Shekhani M. S., Shah P. M., Yasmin A., Siddiqui R., Perveen S., Khan K. M., Kazmi S. U. and Atta Ur r.:

An immunostimulant sesquiterpene glycoside from Sphaeranthus –indicus Phytochemistry

(Oxford), 29: 2573-76, (1990).

• Versha Rai: Repellent activity of Ageratum conyzoides (Linn.) against Dysdercus cingulatus

(cotton pest). Him. J. Env. Zool., 21 (2): 345-348, (2007).

• White N. D. G.: Insect, mites and insecticides in stored grain ecosystem. In: Stored grain

ecosystem (Jayas D. S., White N. D. G., Muir W. E., Eds). Marcel Dekker, New York, USA, 123-168,

(1995).


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Insect diversity Campus of Moolji Jaitha College

S. S. Sonawane, S. P. Deshmukh and M. Z. Chopda*Department of Zoology, Moolji Jaitha College, Jalgaon

Abstract

With around one million named species perhaps several times that number unnamed, insect account

for a great majority of the species of animals on earth. They are a tremendously successful group.

Insects can be found in almost all terrestrial and freshwater habitats, from the driest desert to

freshwater ponds, from the canopy of a tropical rainforest to the artic west. Hence, our aim is to

search out the diversity of insects of campus of Moolji Jaitha College, Jalgaon. The results of our study

suggest that 50 number of individuals of insects can be survived even at the peak temperature of 0study area, that is 49 C. Their active life cycle says that they have adapted in such hot climatic

condition instead of going into dormant stage.

Keywords: Insect Diversity, M. J. College Campus


Introduction

“The variability among living organism on the earth, including the variability within and between

species and within and between ecosystems”. The biological diversity or biodiversity, the number of

species in a given habitat. Scientists have variability estimated that there are from 3 to 30 million

extent species ,of which 2-5 million have been classified, including 900,000 insects ,41000

vertebrates and 250,000 plants, the remainder are invertebrate, fungi, algae, and microorganism,

although other species remain to be discovered, many are becoming extinct through deforestation

pollution and human settlement. Biodiversity is very important to humans because we feel a certain

obligation to nature. The study of food webs might help understand total insect richness. We review

some of the current approaches to this problem, and discuss how future progress may be made recent

calculation that there may be more than 30 million species of insect on earth have focused attention

on the magnitude of this problem and stimulated several new lines of research (although the true

figure is now widely thought to be between five and ten million species). They are discussing the work

based on insecticidal fogging surveys. With around one million named species perhaps several times

that number unnamed, insect account for a great majority of the species of animals on earth. They are

a tremendously successful group. Insects can be found in almost all terrestrial and freshwater

habitats, from the driest desert to freshwater ponds, from the canopy of a tropical rainforest to the

artic west. Hence, our aim is to search out the diversity of insects of campus of Moolji Jaitha College,

Jalgaon.


Page : 28

STUDY AREA

Methodology

The best insect collect on is often in unique and diverse habitats. A vegetable or flower garden or

landscaped facility such as a park or zoo will usually have multiple varieties of various types of plants.

However, make sure that you have permission to collect first since it is illegal to collect in a federally

sponsored facility or national park without a collecting permit. Always be careful not to damage

plants when collecting. You should not cause more damage to the plants than the pests themselves. Be

reasonable and don't hack off side branches, limbs of trees or entire shrubs or flowers unless they are

already dead or dying. When collecting insects, don't forget to dig deep into soil. Most plants have a

characteristic group of “specialist” insects which feed on them. Other insects may be more general

feeders and will attack a large group of plants. .

Insect Collecting Equipment

The general types of equipment necessary for collecting is net, one or more storage boxes, pins,

pinning blocks, spreading boards, light and pitfall traps, killing jars, killing and preserving chemicals,

several vials of varying sizes, plastic bags and various containers. A small collecting bag made of

canvas or other strong material is helpful to carry equipment, plant cuttings and insects when out in

the field. After collection and identification following formula was used to calculate the Abundance

index.

AI= ---------------------------------------

N x Total x ICU or ACU

AI = Abundance index

n (k) = Number of individuals of the species caught at the study site.

N = Number of individuals of animal species caught at the study cycle.

ICU or ACU = Collecting Unit.

Total number of individuals was recorded = 50, are of different species given in table 1

n (K)


Page : 29

RESULT


Page : 30

Conclusion

• The study area Campus of Moolji Jaitha College, Jalgaon is supporting certain population of

insects during summer. The occurrence of 50 numbers of individuals was noted in the study area

from May- 2010 to July – 2010.

• The results of our study suggest that 50 number of individuals of insects can be survived even at 0the peak temperature of study area, that is 49 C. Their active life cycle says that they have

adapted in such hot climatic condition instead of going into dormant stage.

• We can also conclude that there are chances of more number of insect species will be occurred

during the monsoon season, as they are more active during that time period for feeding and

breeding.


Page : 31

References

• Southwood, The number of species associated with various trees T.R.E. 1978.

• Hammond, practical approaches to be estimated of the extent of biodiversity in special to,

Phil Trance, R.Soc.Land.1994.

• Morse, D.R, Stork, N.E. and Lawton, J.H. species no. species abundance low land rain forest

trees.Ecol.Entamol 1988.

• Cohen, J .E, Briand, F and Newman.C.M.Community food web, data and theory 1990.

• Hammond.P.M,Stork,N.E and Rendell M.J.D.Tree Crown betters in context a coparision of

canopy and other ecotona assemblages in a low land tropical forest in sulawes.

• Erwin, T.L. How many species are three revisited conserve. 1901

• Green, Robert Sampling Design and Statistical Methods for Environmental biologist john

Wiley and sons, 1979.

• Huston, Michael A. Biological Diversity: The Coexistence of Species on Changing Landscapes:

Cambridge University Press, 1994.

• Kato, M. Ed. The Biology of Biodiversity: Springer, 1999.

• Kovacs, Magrit Ed. Biological Indicators in Environmental Protection: Ellis Horwood Limited,

1992.

• Patuxent Wildlife Research Center: United States Geological Survey- Biological Research.

• Hickman, C.P. and L. S. Roberts Animal diversity. 1994.

• Phil Myerws (author), Museum of Zoology, University of Michigan animal diversity web.

• Godfray,H.C.J. Parasitoids.Parasitioids.Princeton University Pess 1994.

Pearse, V. J. Pearse M, Buchsbaum, and R, Buchwsbaum. Living Invertebrates. Blackwell

1997.


Page : 32

Use of polyherbal preparation against gentamicin induced kidney toxicity

P. R. Sodhi, V. J. Patil and B. D. Talele*Department of Zoology, Moolji Jaitha College, Jalgaon


ABSTRACT

In rats, renal damage after administration of gentamicin is indicated by several folds increase of BUN

(blood urea nitrogen) and creatinine were noticed in gentamicin alone treated in wistar rat. In rat

damage would have occurred around eight days after gentamicin dosing and the administered of

herbal mixture would have enhanced the recovery rate of kidney damage as indicated by decrease in

BUN and creatinine compared to control group of rat showed a decrease in body weight in gentamicin

administrated group. Following the administration of herbal mixture at 250mg/kg and 500mg/kg

body weight, there was a marginal improvement in gain of body weight.

Key words: Gentamicin , Toxicity , Nephrotoxicity , Andropogen muricatus, Bahunia racemosa.

*Address to whom the corresponding should be made

Introduction

Kidney, which comprises about one percentage of the total adult body weight, is primarily concerned

with the excretory activity of an organism. It is a complex organ, both anatomical and functionally and

play an important role in the control and regulation of homoeostasis. Some chemicals cause an acute

injury and others cause chronic renal changes, which are detected at a very late stage when

therapeutic intervention is impossible. The extent and cost of clinically relevant nephrotoxicity has

only started to become apparent during the last decade A number of indigenous plants have been

reported in the literature to cure kidney damage. Polyherbal preparation was reported as diuretic

also to improve renal and vesicle calculi. In addition to this it is reported for another biological activity

as piles, boils, skin eruption, colic, bronchitis, snake bite(Chopra etal,1980).hence the present studies

focused to evaluate the nephrotoxtective potential of the polyherbal preparation against gentamicin

induced kidney in the Wister rat.


The plant Andropogen muricatus was identified. The plant material were collected from the

local and forest area. Andropogen muricatus (Family: Graminea) commonly known as

ushrium/Kalawala. . The plant Bauhinia racemosa was identified by the taxonomist, Dr.G.S

Choudhary of Department of Botany M.J. College, Jalgaon. The plant material were collected from the

local and forest area. Bauhinia racemosa (Family: ceasalpenia) commonly known as Apata.


Page : 33

The plant Tephrosia purpura was identified .The plant material were collected from the local and

forest area. Tephrosia purpura (Family: papilionaceae) commonly known as Sharpunkha. The plant

Tectona grandis was identified .The plant material were collected from the local and forest area.

Tectona grandis (Family: Verabinaceae) commonly known as Sag. The plant Tribulus terrestris (fruit)

was identified .The plant material were collected from the local and forest area. Tribulus terrestris

(Family: Zygophylleacea) commonly known as Gokshur. Laboratory breed adult Wister rat were used

in the experience of both sex weight 150-160gm and same age. The rats were maintained in the

animal house of M.J.college, Jalgoan. They were housed in separate polypropylene cages containing

sterile paddy husk as the bed material. Animal were provided with standard pellet diet and water

throughout the study. Rats were maintain under normal day/night schedule (12L:12D) at room o Otemperature 27 C ± 1 C. Gentamicin administered intraperitoneally at dose 80mg/kg/day for 8 day.

Following the gentamicin administration animal belonging to test group 3, 4, 5 received the thpolyherbal preparation by weight respectively. Animal were sacrificed in the 9 day. The results of

this experiment are expressed as Mean ± S.D. of six animals in each group. The data were statistically

evaluated by one way ANOVA followed by Bonferrorni's multiple comparison tests.

Results and Discussion

In present study, we investigated the effect of potent antioxidant and nephroprotective

polyhebral mixture on gentamicin induced renal failure. In rats, renal damage after administration of

gentamicin is indicated by several folds in increase of BUN (blood urea nitrogen) and creatinine in

gentamicin alone treated in wistar rat. In rat damage would have occurred around eight days after

gentamicin dosing. The administration of herbal mixture enhances the recovery rate of kidney

damage as indicated by biochemically inducing in BUN and creatinine level in blood. Following the

administration of herbal mixture at 250mg/kg and 500mg/kg body weight, there was a marginal

improvement in body weight gain as compared to control group of animals. Result of this study

confirmed that gentamicin at a dose of 80mg/kg produces significant nephrotoxicity as evidenced by

increase in blood urea nitrogen, serum creatinine and protein. Significance is calculated by

comparing test versus control. The values of P<0.001 were considered as statistically significant.


Page : 34

GM=Gentamicin, HM=Herbal mixture, RBC=Red blood corpuscles, WBC=White blood corpuscles,

Hb=Hemoglobin, PCV=Packed cell volume, N=Neutophils, L=Lymphocytes, E=Esinophils,

M=Monocytes *P<0.001

References

• A.A Adeneye,BS fagbohunka,NA Bisuga.,: Nephroprotective activites of aqueous seed extract of

carica papaya linn in carbon tetrachloride induced renal injured wistar rats i.e,dose dependent

study, 11-19(2009)

• Abraham P, Wilfried G.: Oxidative damage to the lipids and protiens of the lungs,testis and

kidneys of rat during carbon tetrachloride intoxication. Clin chim Act, 177-179(1999)

• Chopra R. N., Chopra I.C., Handa K.L.,: Indigenous Drugs of India, Academic Publisher, New Delhi.

223-229(1982)

• Gerson M.,: Acetaminophen nephrotoxicity in rat has renal metabolic activation in vitro, 433-

444(1993)

• Harvison P J.,: Nephrotoxic potential of succinimide and succinimide acid in fischer rats, 221-

226(1992)


Page : 35

• Hanigan MH and Devarajan P.,: Cisplatin nephrotoxicity:molecular mechanisms, 47-61(2003)

• K.Vijay Kumar, M.U.R. Naidu, Anwar A.Shifow.,:Probucol protects against gentamicin induced

nephrotoxicity in rats, 108-113(2000)

• Lu Kl, Tsai CC , Chang YS.,: Preventive effect of the taiwan folk medicine lxeris laevigata var

oldhami on α-naphthyl-isothiocyanide and carbon tetrachloride induced acute liver injury in

rats, S45-S50(2002)

• Lakshmi Prasad,Tajdar Husain Khan.,: Effect of luteolin on nickel chloride-induced

hyperproliferation and biotransformation prarameters in wistar rat,116-123(2007)

• M.Ogeturk,I.Kus, N.Zaraesiz.,: Caffeic acid phenethyl ester protects kidneys against carbon

tetrachloride toxicity in rats, 273-280(2005)

• Nasim A.Begum,Zesmin F.Dewan.,: Effect of n-hexane extract of nigella sativa on gentamicin

induced nephrotoxicity in rats, 16-20(2005)

• Spencer JP,Chowirmootoo G,Coudhary R,Debanam ES,Srai SK.,: The small intestine can both

absorb and gluuronidate luminal flavinoid, 224-230(1999)

• Symonik-Lesiuk S,Czechowska G.,: Catalase,superoxidedismutase and gluthathione peroxidase

activites in various rat tissues after carbon tetrachloride intoxication, 309-315(2003)

• Wiseman H, Lim P, O'Reilly J.,: Inhibition of liposomal lipid peroxidation by isoflavonoid type

phytoestrogens from soyabeans of different countries of origin, 391-392(1996)

• Zanetta G, Fei F,Parma G, Balesterino M, Lissoni A, Gabrelie A and Mangioni C.,: chemothreapy

for recurrent or persistent squmaous cell cervical cancer, 1171-1174,(1999)


Page : 36

Solid State Fermentation (SSF) of sugarcane bagasse using plastic bioreactor

2, M.A. Chaudhari, R.R. Chaudhari, P.R. Zawar, , M.N. Lidhure and 1. Department of Microbiology, Moolji Jaitha College, Jalgaon, India.

2. Department of Physics, Moolji Jaitha College, Jalgaon, India.

1,K.P. Narkhede *

Abstract

Bioreactor is basically a device in which the organisms are cultivated and motivated to form

the desired products. It is a system design to give right environment for optimal growth and

metabolic activity of the organism. In the present investigation two types of bioreactor were designed

for solid state fermentation of agro waste bagasse. One bioreactor is made by plastic drum and

another is from steel. Arrangements for measurement of temperature and humidity are facilitated

with probes, shaft and impellers is integrated for agitation. The results of cellulose and lignin

degradation obtained by these bioreactors are compared with plate experiments and observed that

bioreactor gives better result than plate experiment.

Key words Bioreactor, Solid state fermentation, bagasse


Introduction

Solid state fermentation has emerged as potential technology for the production of

microbial products such as feed, fuel, food, enzymes, industrial chemicals and pharmaceutical

products etc. (Dashtban et al., 2009; Sarnthima et. al., 2009; Pandey et. al., 2003). There are various

types of Bioreactor such as stirred tank fermentor, air lift fermentor, tower fermentor, cylindro-

conical vessels etc. SSF mainly carried out in drum reactor or forced aeration reactor, it is the aerobic

growth of microorganism on solid substrates under limited water conditions. This fermentation is

carried out in the absence of free water but about 15% of moisture required for growth of micro-

organisms. The most common used solid substrates for SSF are cereal grains wheat bran, sawdust,

wood shavings and serial plant materials like sugarcane bagasse banana and cotton stalk etc. Fungi

are most commonly used to SSF it is carried in the non aseptic conditions this saves sterilization costs

(Cuto and Sanroman, 2005; Durand, 2003; Mitcheel et al, 2000).

Methodology

Organism

The culture of the local isolate of white rot Fungi were cultivated on Potato Dextrose Agar and o maintained at 4 C.


Page : 37

1. Design of bioreactor

Simplest bioreactor was design in a plastic drum with the facility to measure temperature and

humidity. It was also fitted with agitator drive with motor. The dimensions and design of reactor is as

described in Figure 1a. An attempt has also made to construct the steel bioreactor with mechanical

agitation and temperature and humidity measurement facility Figure1b.

2. Solid state fermentation (SSF) in bioreactor

Five hundred grams sugar cane baggases was mixed with 1% Jaggry and (0.1M) Urea (1:4) with

streptomycin (10µg/ml). it is supplemented with 10% Trace element solution, (MgSO , 0.3 gm; 4

MnSO , 0.05 gm; NaCl, 0.1 gm; FeSO , 0.01 gm; COCl , 0.01 gm; ZnSO 0.01 gm; CuSO , 0.01gm; Alk 4 4 2 4 4

(SO ) .12H O, 0.001 gm; H BO , 0.001gm; Na MO .H O, 0.001 gm; Nitriloacetate, 0.15 gm). It was 4 2 2 3 3 2 4 2

inoculated with 100 disc of fungal biomass from cultivation media using 5 mm cork borer and 0incubated at 30 c in plastic bioreactor with intermediate agitation (twice a day for 5 min).

3. Plate experiment for Solid state fermentation

Stationary SSF was done using 7 inch glass plate having 25 gm of sample and 5 disc of inoculums. It th 0was then incubated for 15 and 30 day at 30 c.

4. Lignin and cellulose estimation

thEstimation of Lignin and cellulose is performed after 15 and 30 day as per method described by

earlier researchers. Lignin estimated using alkaly digestion method while Cellulose by Anthrone

reagent (Kuforji and Fasidi, 2009).

Result and discussion

The bioreactor provided sterile environment for growth and activity for the fungus which cause effect

utilization of agro residues. The parameters such as agitation, temperature, humidity are measured

and maintained successfully in indigenously designed plastic bioreactor. The Initial concentration of

cellulose was found to be 292.66µg/ml which reduces subsequently after 15 days to 122.58 µg / ml

using plate experiment and 79.833 µg/ml with bioreactor. Similar pattern of degradation was found

after 30 days. It was 8.583 µg/ml with bioreactor i.e 97.07 % of reduction was noted. The lignin was

also reduced by 54.34 % after 30 days of incubation using bioreactor. The Initial concentration of

Lignin was found to be 0.219 gm after 15 days it decrease to 0.121 gm with bioreactor and 0.140 with

plate experiment. After 30 days incubation lignin in bioreactor was 0.101gm.

Conclusion

In the present investigation Agro residue, bagasse was utilized for the SSF. Plastic bioreactor was

designed successfully with facilitation of temperature, humidity measurement and agitation with

motor. Steel Bioreactor was designed successfully with Mechanical agitation and facility to measure

Temp and Humidity. SSF was studied using Plate technique and Bioreactor. Lignin and Cellulose was

found to be decreased successively with in 30 days. In nutshell solid state fermentation using plastic

bioreactor is successfully carried out.


Page : 38

References

1. Cuto, S. R. and Sanroman M. A (2005) Application of solid state fermentation to ligninolytic

enzyme production, Biochemical engineering Journal 22: 211-219.

2. Durand, A (2003) Bioreactor design for solid state fermentation. Biochemical engineering

Journal 12: 113-125.

3. David A. Mitcheel, Nadia Kriger, Deidre M.Stuart, Ashok Pandey (2000), New developments in

Solid State Fermentation Rational approaches to the design, operation and Scale up of

Bioreactors process Biochemistry 35:1211-1225.

4. Karin Fackler, M. Schwanninger, Barabara H, Thomas Ters , K. Messner . C. Ladinger (2006),

Lignin degradation by White Rot fungi on Spruce wood shaving during short time solid state

fermentation Monitered by near IR technique. Enzyme and Microbial Technology 39:1476-

1483

5. Narkhede K. P, Mahajan N.V, Borse M.V., Warke D.T (2007) Studies on Saprophytic ability of P.

Chrysosporium using Agrowaste for Biopulping, M.Sc Dissertation 11-13

6. Kuforji O.O and Fasidi I.O. (2009) Biodegratation of Agro Industrial Waste by edible mashroom,

J. Environ. Biol. 30(3): 355-358.

7. Mehdi Dashtban, Heidi Schraft, Wensheng Qin, (2009) Fungal Bioconversion of

Lignocellulosic Residues; Opportunities and Perspectives, Int. J. Biol. Sci. 5(6):578-595


Page : 39

A Biosorption process for removal of heavy metal from wastewater using fungi

P.D. Jaiswal, B.Y. Phuse, P.D. Wani, S. J. Chandratre*Department of Microbiology, Moolji Jaitha College, Jalgaon, India

Abstract

The removal of heavy metals from environment especially wastewater is now shifting from the use of

conventional adsorbents to the use of biosorbents. The presence of heavy metals in the environment

is of major concern because of their toxicity, bioaccumulating tendency, and threat to human life and

the environment. In recent years, many low cost sorbents such as algae, fungi bacteria and

lignocellulosic agricultural by-products have been investigated for their biosorption capacity

towards heavy metals. In the present study ten species of metal resistant fungi were isolated from all

three collected samples. Among these isolates, Aspergillus spp. was selected for further studies of

Biosorption. This fungus shows higher absorption for Copper than Lead in collected samples.

Key words: Biosorption, biosorbents, heavy metal


Introduction :

Heavy metal(s) are wide spread pollutants of great environmental concern as they are non

degradable and thus persistent. It is well perceived that there is a permissible limit of each metal

above which they are toxic (Gupta et al., 2000). Industrial uses of metals such as metal plating,

industrial processes utilizing metal as a catalyst, have generated large amounts of aqueous effluent

that contain high levels of metals. Microbial populations in metal polluted environments contain

micro-organisms which have adapted to toxic concentrations of heavy metals & become metal

resistant (Oboh et al.2009., Das et al.2008). Metal polluted industrial effluents are treated by

chemical precipitation, electrochemical treatment & ion exchange. The alternative use of fungal-

based biosorbents for the removal and recovery of toxic metals can be economical and ecofriendly.

Biosorption is a metabolism independent binding or adsorption of metal(s) thus providing a cost

effective alternative for industrial waste water management. The present study was carried out for

detection of metal biosorption behavior of metal resistant fungi isolated from industrial effluent and

soil.

Methodology :

1. Isolation and Identification :

Soil and industrial effluents were collected from local industries, collected samples were serially

diluted and cultivated on potato dextrose agar (Hi-media). The isolated fungal colonies were

identified by colonial morphology and microscopic observation using slide culture technique.

Identified cultures were maintained at 40C.


Page : 40

2. Biosorption :

Each of ten isolates were screened for metal resistant characteristics and biosorption of Copper and

Lead with concentration 80 to 120 ppm. These isolates (5-8% inoculums) were suspended in potato

dextrose broth containing different metal concentrations. After 72 hrs of incubation at pH 6.0 and

280C, inoculated broths were filtered using Whatmann filter paper no.1 and filtrates were analysed

for residual metal using Atomic Absorption Spectroscopy (Chemito).

3. Biosorption and desorption using dried fungal powder :

Biomass (cells) of Aspergillus spp. with final concentration at 1.5gm dry cells per lit. were suspended

in 25ml deionised water containing 80 ppm to 120 ppm Cu2+. The pH of the resulting mixture was

adjusted to 6.0 by HCl. The mixture was shaken at 120rpm and 280C for 60min. The Cu sorbed

biomass was filtered, rinsed with deionised water and resuspended in 0.05 M H2SO4 for 45 min. in

order to recover the Copper ion from the cell. The metal concentration during desorption process

was measured by checking the samples using Atomic Absorption Spectroscopy (Chemito).

Results and Discussion :

Ten species of metal resistant fungi were isolated from all three collected samples. The isolate

Aspergillus spp. was found to tolerate maximum 120 ppm of Copper and 80 ppm of Lead. Among the

10 isolates tested Aspergillus spp. have the higher biosorption capacity. Among microorganisms,

fungal biomass offers the advantage of having a high percentage of cell wall material which shows

excellent metal binding properties (Akar et al., 2006). Three repeated biosorption and desorption

operations were performed to examine the reusability and metal recovery efficiency of the biomass.

In desorption process with 80 ppm initial Copper concentration, 84.38% Copper was sorbed by

fungal dry powder, 73.32% with 100 ppm initial concentration and 67.19% with 120 ppm initial

concentration. These results indicated that Aspergillus spp. posses high potential for removal and

recovery of Copper(II) ions from waste water.

Conclusion :

Total ten metal resistant fungi from industrial effluent and soil were isolated and identified. Among

these isolates, Aspergillus spp. was selected for further studies of biosorption and desorption due to

its maximum Copper tolerance than that of Lead. Cells of Aspergillus spp. could be used for atleast

three alternate biosorption and desorption cycles without loss of Copper removal capacity. Thus

Aspergillus spp. may have potential applications in removal of carbon from industrial effluents.

References :

1. Innocent Oboh, Emmanuel Aluyor and Thomas Audu (2009). Biosorption of Heavy Metal Ions

from Aqueous Solution Using a Biomaterial, Leonardo Journal of Sciences, Issue 14, 58-65.

2. Nilanjana Das, R Vimala and P Kartika (2008). Biosorption of Heavy Metals- An Overview,

Indian Journal of Biotechnology, Vol 7, 159-169.


Page : 41

3. Churchill S A, Walters J V (1995). Sorption of Heavy Metals by Prepared Bacterial Cell Surfaces.

Environ. Eng. 121:706-711.

4. Akar T, Tunali S (2006). Biosorption Characteristics of Aspergillus flavus biomass for removal of

Pb(II) and Cu(II) ions from an aqueous solution. Bioresour. Technol. 97: 1780-1787.

5. Dacera D, Babel S (2008). Rmoval of heavy metals from contaminated sewage sludge using

Aspergillus niger fermented raw liquid from pine apple wastes. Bioresour. Technol. 99(6):

1682-1689.

6. Gadd GM (1992). Microbial control of heavy metal pollution. In Microbial Control

Of Pollution, (eds. Fry JC, Gadd GM, Herbert RA, Jones CW and Watson IA). Cambridge:

Camberdge University Press. 59-88


Page : 42

Bacterial biodiversity from the soil samples of Pathri and Samner, Maharashtra, India.

M. U. Kolhe, M. B. Bhoi, C. R. Sharma and M. L. Sushir* Department of Microbiology, M. J. College Jalgaon, India.

Abstract

Microorganisms and soil fauna have an important contribution to the conversion of organic matter in

the soil. The soil of different location in Pathri and Samner was collected for checking the biodiversity

of microbes. Agriculturally important species of nitrogen fixing bacteria was considered to check

diversity with regards to morphological, biochemical character and carbon to nitrogen ratio. Also

physical character of soil such as pH, moisture, texture were analysed. It was shown that the isolate of

different location shows variations in characters. Study also suggest that agriculturally important

organism in soil also change soil properties.

Key words: Biodiversity, PH , Temperature, Moisture , texture ,TVC


Introduction

Biodiversity is the variability among living organisms from all sources, including terrestrial, marine,

and other aquatic ecosystems and the ecological complexes of which they are part; this includes

diversity within species, between species, and of ecosystems. Soil is a dynamic, living matrix that is an

essential part of the terrestrial ecosystem. It is a critical resource not only to agricultural production

and food security but also to the maintenance of most life processes. The soil represents a favorable

habitat for microorganisms and is inhabited by a wide range of microorganisms, including bacteria,

fungi, algae, viruses and protozoa. microorganisms are responsible for the decomposition of the

organic matter entering the soil (e.g. plant litter) and therefore in the recycling of nutrients in soil.

Other soil microorganisms can increase the amount of nutrients present in the soil. Bacteria are the

most dominant group of micro organisms in soil. They are present in all types of soil but their

population decreases as depth of soil increases.

Methodology

Collection of soil samples from Pathri and Samner field from different grid were done and labeled

with place initial i.e P1,P2 , P3 and S1, S2 respectively. Remote sensing imege and GIS software was

use for identifying the sampling spots. Sampling grid is co-ordinated with GPS instrument while

sampling in the filed. Measurement of pH, temperature, moisture , texture of soil samples were done

using pre-describe methods.. Microbes were Enumerated from soil samples by serial dilution. Total

viable count (T.V.C)of bacteria and Gram staining were done .The Rhizobium sp. And Azotobacter sp.

was isolated by using Yeast Extract Mannitol Agar ( YEMA) and Ashby's agar respectively.

Biochemical characterization and Enzyme activity of bacteria were determined.


Page : 43


0The temperature and pH of sample S1 were found to be 29 C and 8.35 with 1.04 moisture content. 0While sample S2 were found to be 29 C and 8.75 with 0.05 moisture content. This samples were

spread on nutrient agar plate and shows colonies of whitish and irregular shape. The sample S1 had

opaque colonies, while S2 had translucent colonies. The Gram staining of that samples were done and

observed that both sample shows Gram positive cocci. The Amylase, Catalase , and Caseinase activity

shown by colonies of sample S1 while the Amylase , Catalase , and cellulase activity shown by

colonies of S2 sample. The C:N ratio of sample S1 and S2 was found to be 18.18 and 35.70 respectively. 0 0 0The temperature of sample P1, P2 and P3 were found to be 29.5 C 29 C and 32 C with 0.1, 0.1 and 0.5

moisture content respectively. While pH of sample P1, P2 and P3 were observed 7,10 and 10

respectively. This samples were spread on nutrient agar plate and shows colonies of creamy coloured.

and circular shape. The Catalase , Caseinase and Urease activity with glucose fermentation were

shown by colonies of sample P1.The Amylase , Catalase , cellulase and Caseinase activity with

glucose fermentation were shown by colonies of sample P2. While Amylase, Catalase , Cellulase and

Caseinase activity with glucose fermentation were shown by colonies of sample P3 . C:N ratio of

sample P1, P2 and P3 was found to be 32, 100 and 20 respectively.

Conclusion

1. Gride base sampling with use of GIS-RS image is effective approach.

2. Variation of C:N ratio was noted with variation in total viable count of microorganisms.

3. The soil with nitrogen fixing microbes was found to be rich in nitrogen content.

References

1. Aneja, K. R. (1996) Experiments in Microbiology, Plant pathology, Tissue culture andMushroom

cultivation, 2nd Ed., Wishwa Prakashan, New Delhi (New Age International, Pvt. Ltd.). 245

2. Parija S. C., Textbook of Practical Microbiology, Ahuja Publishing House New Delhi 62-71

3. Jayaraman, I (1981) Laboratory Manual in Biochemistry, Wiley Eastern Ltd., New Delhi.

4. Martin Alexander, Introduction to Soil Microbiology, 2nd Ed., Wiley Eastern Ltd.

5. ArcGIS Manual

6. Hawth's Tool Manual N.S.Subba Rao ,Soil microbiology,fourth edition of soil microorganisms

and plant growth


Page : 44

Evaluation of Antioxidant Properties of Endophytic fungi from Catharanthus roseus (L.) G. DON

S.G Meghani., S.A Tekale, S.A. Hattiwale and R.E Jalgaonwala*Department of Biotechnology M .J .College, Jalgaon (M.S.), India.

email: [email protected]

Abstract

Evaluation of some endophytes have been carried for their possible antioxidation and enzymatic

activity from leaves of Catharanthus roseus belonging to Jalgaon Maharashtra (India).A total of

twenty four fungal endophytes were isolated from the leaves samples . Fungal isolate SF 24 showed

potent antioxidation activity The isolate SF24 is able to produce amylase casinase, catalase, laccase

urease and tyrosinase enzymes.

Keywords: Endophytes, Catharanthus roseus, antioxidation activity, enzyme activity.


Introduction

Endophytes are those Microorganisms that inhabit interior of plants especially leaves, stems, roots

shows no apparent harm to host and are found in nearly all plant families (1). Endophytes have been

found in nearly all plant families . There may be at least one million species of endophytic fungi alone.

Recently endophytes are viewed as outstanding source of bioactive natural products.


Mature healthy plant materials ( leaves, stem and roots) were collected by sampling leaves of

Catharanthus roseus and endophytic fungi were isolated according to method described by Petrini

(2).Enzyme extract of different isolates were used to screened out antioxidation activity by catalase,

peroxidase ,glutathione peroxidase(GPx) and ascorbate oxidase assay. Qualitative estimation of

enzymes was done using plate assay for, amylase, casinase, chitinase, lipase, cellulase, Catalase,

laccase, urease and tyrosinase enzymes.


Page : 45

A:Amylolytic;C:Casinolytic;CT:Chitinolytic;E:Esterasic;L:Lipase;CC:Cellulolytic;CA:Catalytic;

LC:Laccase; U:Urease; T:Tyrosinase., +++: Potent enzyme activity, ++: Less potent enzyme activity , _

:NegativeO

.D a

t 4

30

nm

Time in Seconds

Graph1.Peroxidase activity by endophytic fungi SF24 Change in Optical density was measured at

430nm at intervals 30 seconds up to 120 minutes

O.D

at

41

2 n

m

Time in Seconds

Graph 3.Glutathione activity by endophytic fungi SF24 Change in Optical density was measured at 412 nm at interval of 30 seconds up to 90 seconds


Page : 46

Results and discussion

Leaf sections of Catharanthus roses have been screened for presence of fungal endophytes. A total of

twenty four endophytes were isolated. Endophytic organisms were screened for antioxidation

activity and production of extracellular enzymes. The results of this study showed that catalytic

activity was comparatively high than peroxidase and glutathione activities. Catalase activity was thsignificantly high on 6 day and decreases on 7th day of incubation. On the other hand peroxides

activity was maximum after 30 Seconds while activity decreases from 60 to 120 seconds.

Glutathione activity was less at 30 seconds and it increases up to 60 Seconds. Table 1 shows enzyme

activity, isolate was highly active for amylase, casinase and catalase enzymes. It is well established

that free radicals are generated as by products of normal metabolism, especially under pathological

conditions (3). Catalase is one of the most important antioxidant enzyme scavenging the active

oxygen species (4).The method of radial diffusion in solid media indicated the activity in qualitative

form, directly correlating the diameter of the zone of degradation and colony growth, which is

practical tool that facilitates and speeds the selection and comparison of the enzymatic production

of different isolates .Fungal enzymes are gaining importance in agriculture, industry, and human

health ,as they are often more stable (at high temperature and extreme pH) than the enzymes

derived from plants and animals.

Conclusion

1. Results indicate prevalence of endophytic fungi in plant tissues under taken for investigation.

2. These findings explain the variable pattern of antioxidation

3. Endophytic fungi SF24 demonstrate secretation of enzymes casinase, catalase, laccase urease

and tyrosinase.

References

1. Azevedo J. L., Maccheroni W., Pereira J .O. and Araujo W. L.(2000) Endophytic microorganism a

review on insect control and recent advances on tropical plants. Elc J 1-36.

2. Petrini O, Sieber T.N.,Tooi L and Vivet O. (1992)Ecology,metabolite production and substrate

utilisation in endophytic fungi.Natural Toxin 1: , 185-196.

3. Abassi, N.A., M.M.Khushad and Endress,(1998).Active oxygen scavenging enzyme activities in

developing apple flowers and fruits.Scientia Horticulturae, 74:183-194.

4. Huang, R., R.Xia, L.Hu, Y.Lu and M.Wang,(2007).Antioxidant activity and oxygen scavenging

system in orange pulp during fruit ripening and maturation .Scientia Horticuturae,113:166-

172.


Page : 47

Isolation of phenol degrading bacteria and characterization of its catabolic pathway

S.P. Pawar, A.R. Morankar, M. P. Padhye and B. V. Mohite*Department of Biotechnology, Moolji Jaitha College, Jalgaon, India.

ABSTRACT

Microbes plays a major role for saving our environments by degrading chemicals wastes, which are

toxic either in their native form or modified to be toxic. In present study, three aerobic bacterial

strains designated as OCS-A, OCS-B, OCS-C were isolated from oil contaminated soil using enrichment

technique, purified and screened for their ability to degrade phenol as the sole carbon and energy

source. The soil bacterial isolates were identified as Citrobacter freundii, Streptococcus epidermis,

Proteous mirabilis based on primary characterization. Microbial strains were able to tolerate phenol

up to 200mg/l concentration. The intermediates metabolites were determined, suggesting a

possibility of meta - pathway of degradation. Hence these isolates can be effectively used for

bioremediation of phenol contaminated sites.

Keywords- meta- pathway, phenol, Catechol, 2, 3 deoxygenase.


Introduction

Among all aromatic compounds, phenol and their derivatives are known as a common constituent of

soil originating from many industries. The toxicity of phenol has been widely documented and their

disastrous effect toward human and environment is greatly concerned. The present study aimed to

evaluate the potential of phenol degraders from environment.

Materials And Methods

Isolation and Identification- The soil sample collected from Manas oil- Industry, station road

Pachora, Dist- Jalgaon was suspended in 100ml of MP and MS medium containing 10mg/l of phenol as 0sole source of carbon and incubated at 37 c on rotary shaking at 120 rpm for the week [Nagamani

etal, 2009]. 5ml of enriched media transferred into freshly prepared media on each week

supplemented with 10mg/l phenol. The isolate were identified based on morphological observation

and biochemical characterization according to Bergey's manual of determinative of bacteriology

[Nagamani etal, 2009; MacFaddin, 2000].

Acclimatization and degradation study- The isolates were inoculated medium containing 10mg/l

phenol as carbon source for 48 hrs shaken at 150rpm.The acclimatized isolates further exposed to

higher concentration of phenol subsequently. The residual amount of phenolic compounds were

measured by colorimetric assay 4-amino antipyrine method [Yang and Humphery, 1975; APHA,

1992]. The cell growth was monitored at 600nm.The degradation intermediates were also

determined [Chen et al, 2003].


Page : 48


Isolation and identification - According to Bergey's manual of Determinative of Bacteriology, 90%

of results showed the similarity in characteristics and were identified as Citrobacter freundii(OCS-A),

Streptococcus epidermis(OCS-B) and Proteous mirabilis(OCS-C)[ Goodfeelow,1992].

Degradation, determination of intermediates and cleavage pathway - Serial exposure to

increasing level of phenol concentration can be used to determine acclimatizability of an isolate.

Acclimatization of the microorganisms overcomes the substrate inhibition problems that normally

occurred in phenol biodegradation at high concentration [Lab and Tar, 2000]. The time dependant

changes of phenol concentrations in the media were evaluated. The bacterial isolates were able to

degrade phenol almost completely within a relatively short time. Cells growing at high phenol

concentration showed a longer lag time compared to those growing at low concentration. It was well

documented in Fig. 1with OCS-B as representative. The 200mg/l phenol concentration was the

highest tolerance level. The decrease in phenol concentration accompanied with increase in biomass.

Figure 1: Biodegradation profile of OCS-B at 200mg/l phenol with biomass (A )600

Determination of intermediates and cleavage pathway Production of hydroxymuconate

semiladehyde as a result of meta ring cleavage of many aromatic hydrocarbons have been reported

[Hollender et al, 1997, Mohite et al 2010]. The respective increase and decrease in absorption as

270nm and 375nm indicated the formation of 2-hydroxymuconic semialdehyde as a result of

extradiol

ring cleavage of phenol [El-Sayed et al, 2003]. The same pattern was followed for OCS-A, OCS-B and

OCS-C.


Page : 49

Conclusion

We report here a three isolates as a potential strain to utilize phenol as sole source of carbon and

energy. This work has provided a useful guideline in evaluating potential phenol degraders isolated

from environment.

References

1. Nagamani, A., Soligala, R., Lowry, M., “Isolation and characterization of phenol degrading

Xanthobacter flavus”, African Journal of Biotechnology, 8 (20), 5449-5453 (2009).

2. MacFaddin, J.F., Biochemical tests for identification of medical bacteria. Williams and Wilkins.

London (2000).

3. Yang, R. D., Humphery, A.E. “Dynamic and steady sate studies of phenol biodegradation in pure

and mixed cultures”, Biotechnol . Bioeng., 17, 1211-1235 (1975).

4. APHA (American Public Health Association). Standard methods for the examination of water and thwastewater (18 ed.). Washington, DC, USA (1992).

5. Chen, Y, Liu, H, Chen, H., “Characterization of phenol degradation by Comamonas testosteroni

ZD4 – 1 and Pseudomonas aeuroginosa ZD4 – 3”, Biomedical and Environmental sciences,

16,163-172 (2003).

6. Goodfeelow, G., Herrera, G., Garcia, M.T., Pena, M., Bergey's Manual of Determinative Bacteriology th(9 ed.). Williams and Wilkins. London (1994).

7. Lob, K.C. and Tar, P.P., “Effect of additional carbon Source on biodegradation of phenol”,

Bulletin of Environmental Contamination and Toxicology, 64,756-767 (2000).

8. Hollender, J., Hopp, J., Dott, W., “Degradation of 4-chlorophenol via the meta-cleavage pathway

by Comamonas testosteroni JH5”. Appl Environ Microbiol., 63, 4567-4572. (1997).

9. El-Sayed, W, Ibrahim, M.K., Abu- Shady, M., El-Beaith, F., Ohmura, N., Saiki, H., Ando, A., “Isolation

and characterization of phenol-catalyzing bacteria from a cooking plant”, Biosci. Biotechnol.

Biochem, 67 (9), 2026-2029 (2003).


Page : 50

Biodegradation Kinetics of azo dyes by indigenous isolate.

S. S. Wagh, Y. J. Rajput, S. S. Ujjainwal and M. N. Chavan*Department of Biotechnology, M. J. College, Jalgaon, India.

ABSTRACT

Biodegradation activity of mix culture and isolated microbial strains was checked after every 24

hrs till 8 days, and the percent decolorization was calculated with all the10 isolats. Each isolate

showed more than 50% decolorization after 48 hrs at on rotators shaker (120 rpm) while the mix-

culture shows 95% and 68% decolorization of Methyl Orange and Coomossie Brliliant Blue G dyes

respectively. Finally, kinetic study of dye decolorization was done successfully.


Introduction

Synthetic organic colorants are used for several purposes in the textile. Cosmetic, paper making, 1food and pharmaceutical industries . Dye process exhibit highly colored waste water in large

amounts, which is let into the natural water streams. It results in the color persisting in the receiving

body for a long distance. When discharged into water bodies these dye pigments and its derivatives

impart a color to the water, which is not only aesthetically unacceptable, but also inhibit the natural 2process of photosynthesis in the contaminated area due to inhibition of penetration of sunlight .

Toxicity and carcinogenicity of such dyes is also health hazardous because of recalcitrant nature.

Disposable on land is equally detrimental, causing a reduction in soil alkalinity and management 3availability, of seed germination depletion of vegetation .

Azo dyes are the largest and most versatile class of dyes and account for more than 50% of the

produced annually. Approximately 40,000 different dyes and pigments are used industrially

presumably more than 2,000 different azo dyes are currently used and over 7 X 10 tones of these dyes 4,5are produced annually worldwide . Desirable criteria of these dyes are that their high stability in

light and washing, and resistant to microbial attack. Since they are not easily remove from waste 6water by conventional waste water treatment methods . Large amount of azo dyes are used in the

dying of textile and it had been estimated that about 10% of the dye stuff in the dying process do not 7bind to fibers and are therefore, reliared to the environment .

Materials and methods

• Dyes and Sewage sample :

Dye (Methyl Orange and Coomassie brilliant blue G) used in present investigation were

procured from Hi-media laboratories, Mumbai. Sewage samples were collected from disposal site of

Chemistry laboratory of M. J. College, for screening of microorganisms having dye degrading ability.


Page : 51

• Screening and Isolation of dye decolorizing microorganisms:

Screening of the microorganisms having the ability to degrade and thereby decolorizing the dyes

was done by enrichment technique. Sewage sample of Chemistry laboratory waste (M..J. College,

Jalgaon) was taken as a primary source of microorganisms. The tubes showing decolorization were

subsequently sub cultured three times and isolation of microbial culture was carried out on nutrient

agar medium by spread plate technique. The pure cultures of each different bacterial isolates were

maintained on nutrient agar slants containing 50 ppm of respective dyes

• Decolonization assay:

Decolonization of the dyes was measured as decrease in optical density of the culture supernatant

obtained upon centrifugation (6000 rpm for 20 min) of 5 ml culture against uninoculated effluent, at

475 nm, on Shimadzu 1601uv–visible spectrophotometer.

• Growth studies of bacterial isolate:

Bacterial growth in presence of both dyes was measured by taking OD of the growing culture of

different time intervals at 600 nm. Optical density was monitored on Shimadzu UV-1601, UV-Visible

spectrophotometer.

• Kinetic studies:

For kinetic studies of dye degradation by isolated its whole cells were used as an enzyme system and 8studies carried out as per standard method .

Results and Discussions

• Sewage sample collection: Sewage sample collection was done from the disposal site of

Chemistry laboratory of our college for isolation of microflora bearing capacity of dye

decolorization. Chances of microbes having this ability to degrade dye are very high at such

places. Random sampling method was followed for collection of samples, because at many

contaminated sites, microorganisms naturally exist, that have developed the capability of

degrading available substrate molecule.

• Screening and isolation of bacterial culture: Several sets of enrichment culture were initiated

before isolating some bacterial strains capable of various degrees of decolonization of dyes

(Photo plate 3.1 and 3.2). Repeated sub-culturing, and purification lead to obtain nine bacterial

isolates.The isolate D6 showing high dye degradation activities were characterized by routine .

microbial and biochemical tests. From the data obtained, it was possible to identify the strains

as Pseudomonas up to genus level.

• Kinetics of biodegradation:

Kinetics of cell growth in varied dye concentration: In a batch culture, growth in the log

(increasing) phase is proportional to the mass of the microorganism.

dX = x = rg


Page : 52

Where, x is concentration of the organisms and dX is r = rate of increase of microbial growth. g

Growth rate disturbs when a necessary requirement for growth is missing, including exhaustion of

nutrients, depletion of dissolved oxygen., change in the environment and production of toxic

substances.

In a continuous culture, growth is limited and the effect of limiting nutrients can be described by the

expression proposed by Monod. Where, is specific growth rate/ time, is maximum m

specific growth rate / time, S is concentration of the substrate in medium, K = Saturation constant s

(concentration of substrate at one/halfm

This is an equation of a rectangular hyperbola which fits the data from Monod's experiment In order

to determine saturation constant for cell growth (K ) pre-grown cell biomass was added in different s

dye concentration (20 ppm-100 ppm)

The Isolated Pseudomonas species showed highest % decolorization of methyl orange dye

(99.84%) and Comassie brilliant blue G dye (91.62%) at the dye concentration of 40 ppm , while at

100ppm it should 94.52% and 91.44% decolorization respectively, hence 40 ppm the dye

concentration was selected for further studies. Specific growth rate (), maximum specific growth rate

( and saturation constant (K ) were determined. At these concentrations, pattern of dye m) s

-1 -1 -1decolorization drawn as dye concentration (%) versus decolorization % h g weight of biomass L

were hyperbolic in shape . Hence, the apparent K value of Methyl orange dye decolorization by our s

isolate was Knowledge obtained from such data can enhance the treatment feasibility at dye disposal

site.

SK

S

s

m

+=µµ

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

20 40 60 80 100

Dye Degradation

rate

Dye concentration (ppm)

Fig 1: Michelis-Menten curve for Methyl orange dye degradation rate by Pseudomonas

isolate a function of dye concentration


Page : 53

interpretation of kinetic data from natural ecosystem. We had demonstrated the effects of both low

and high concentration of substrate (dyes) on the kinetics of dye degradation by indigenous isolate.

Study shows the enhancement of the degradation of azo dyes at waste disposal sites.

Refrences

1. A .Bras, A. Gomes, M.I. Ferra, H.M. Pinheiro and I.C. Goncalves, 2005. Monoaz and diazo dye

decolourization studies in a methanogenic UASB reactor.J. Biotechnol., 115: 57-66.

2. A. Kasinath, C. Novotný, K. Svobodová, K. C. Patel, V. Šašek, Enzyme and Microbial Technology

2003, 32, 167–173.

3. A.A Osuntoki, O. D. Okekanni and G. O. Benle, textile effluent adopted and nonadapted bacteria

4. A. Stolz, Applied Microbiology and Biotechnology 2001, 56, 69–80

5. A. Daneshvar, A.R. Khataee, M.H. Rasoulifard and M. Pourhassan,2007. Biodegradation of dye

solution containing Malachite Green: Optimization of effective parameters using Taguchi

method. J. Hazar. Mater., 143: 214-219.

6. A. Heinfling, M. J. Martinez, A. T. Martinez, M. Bergbauer, U. Szewzyk, Applied and Environmental

Microbiology 1998, 64, 2788–2793.

7. A. Schafer, H . Harms and A. Zahnder, Biodegradation of 4 –nitrosole by Rhodococcus.sp.,

Biodegradation ,(1996) 249-255 M. A. Kulkurni and A. B. Chaudhary, 2006, Kinetic studies on

mineralization of P-nitrophenol by pseudomonas putida at low and high concentration.


Page : 54

Isolation of alpha amylase inhibitor from plants

S. M. Mahajan, K. P. Songire , P. R. Gavit*

Department of Biochemistry, M. J. College,Jalgaon

Abstract

Plant alpha-amylase inhibitors show great potential as tools to engineer resistance of crop plants

against pests. They are also drug-design targets for treatment of diabetes & digestion disorders.

These inhibitors also known as sensitizing agents in human. The numerous forms of alpha-amylase

inhibitors were reported. In this study the alpha amylase inhibitor was extracted from Phaseolus

lunatus. Pre-incubated & purified by HPLC & dialysis method. The alpha-amylase inhibitor protein

which inhibits the activity readily observed by the presence of clear lysis zone. Celosia argentea &

Amaranthus tricolor shows less alpha-amylase inhibitor activity as compared to Phaseolus lunatus

seeds.

Key words:--amylase inhibitor, Celosia argentea, Amaranthus tricolor, Phaseolus lunatus.

* Address to whom communication should be made.

Introduction

Many edible plant seeds contain substances that inhibit enzymes, especially hydrolases. Most of

these compounds are proteins by nature, which specifically inhibit enzymes by forming complexes

that block the active site or alter enzyme conformation, ultimately reducing the catalytic function.

Plant alpha amylase inhibitor show potential as control to engineer resistance of crop plants against

pest. Amylase inhibitor also known as starch blockers, because it contains substance that prevent

dietary starches being from absorbed by the body. The physiological role of alpha amylase inhibitor is

that they act as storage or reserve proteins, as regulators of endogenous enzyme or a defensive agent

against the attacks of animal predators and insect or a microbial pest. Celosia argentea, Amaranthus

tricolor, & Phaseolus lunatus are the plants which are used for extraction of alpha amylase inhibitor. In

the present study of α-AI from Phaseolus lunatus has been isolated from seed.

Materials & Methods

Plant collection

The plants namely Celosia argentea, Amaranthus tricolor & Phaseolus lunatus were collected from

Jalgaon district, India & identified by taxonomist of Botany department.

CONCLUSION

Plants procured from local market & identified by taxonomist of Botany department. Finally

grounded seed powder of Phaseolus lunatus was homogenized with 100 ml of 0.1M HCl containing

0.15N NaCl. The supernatant having 50% saturation with ammonium sulphate is collected by

centrifugation. The 80 ml of 0.02M phosphate buffer (pH-5) was dialyzed against same buffer and


Page : 55

dialyzate was obtained from centrifugation at 1500rpm for 30 min which is used for further process.

The sample was fractionated on C18 HPLC column. The profile showed 3 major & 2 minor peaks.

Assays of major peaks revealed that the only peak with retention time 3.4 minutes was strongly

inhibited. For HPLC mobile phase 70 Acetonitrile: 30 TFA 0.1%, flow rate 0.7ml/ min, wavelength

280nm, column C-18.

Method

Plants procured from local market & identified by taxonomist of Botany department. Finally

grounded seed powder of Phaseolus lunatus was homogenized with 100 ml of 0.1M HCl containing

0.15N NaCl. The supernatant having 50% saturation with ammonium sulphate is collected by

centrifugation. The 80 ml of 0.02M phosphate buffer (pH-5) was dialyzed against same buffer &

dialyzate was obtained from centrifugation at 1500rpm for 30 min which is used for further process.

The sample was fractionated on C18 HPLC column. The profile showed 3 major & 2 minor peaks.

Assays of major peaks revealed that the only peak with retention time 3.4 minutes was strongly

inhibited. For HPLC mobile phase 70 Acetonitrile: 30 TFA 0.1%, flow rate 0.7ml/ min,

wavelength 280nm, column C-18.


The inhibitory activity of the alpha amylase inhibitor was determined & found that, as the

concentration of alpha amylase inhibitor increases the enzyme activity also increases. Amylase

activity readily observed by the presence of clear lysis zone following treatment of starch agar plate

with lugol solution.(fig:2) This lysis zone (A) has diameter 0.4 cm and second alpha amylase standard

zone (B) does not lysis with diameter 0.9 cm. From the above experiment, amylase inhibitory activity

present in Phaseolus lunatus seeds are much more as compared to Celosia argentea & Amaranthus

tricolor plant parts. (root, stem, seed & leaf). The profile showed 3 major & 2 minor peaks. Assays of

major peaks revealed that the only peak with retention time 3.4 minutes was strongly inhibited by

alpha amylase inhibitor.(fig:1).


Page : 56

Fig 2: Clear degradative zone of starch: Amylase activity

Table: Amylase activity in different plants.


Page : 57

Symbol: st stem, rt root, l leaves, s seed, c: control

Table shows comparative account of three plants as amylase inhibitor.

Best candidate is Phaseolus lunatus seed

Conclusion

From the above entitled project we can conclude that the plants Amaranthus, tricolor, Celosia

argentea & Phaseolus lunatus show most potent inhibitory activity of alpha amylase.Among these

Phaseolus lunatus seed extract shows high inhibitory activity as compaired to Amaranthus tricolor &

Celosia argentea.

References

1. Bernfeld P. (1955): α and β amylase method in Ezymol, 1, 149-158.

2. Alam, N and S. Gourinath, 2001. Substrate-inhibitor interaction in the kinetics of alpha amylase

inhibition by ragi alpha amylase / trypsin inhibitor (RATI) and various N-terminal fragments.

Biochem, April, 10:40:4229-33.

3. Berk, J.E., D. Simon and L. Friedlander, 1981. Inhibitor test for amylase isoenzyme comparision

with simplified chromatographic method. AM. J. Gastroentrol. ,Feb,75:128-31.

4. Oneda, H., S. Lee and K. lnouye, 2004. Inhibitory effect of 0.19 alpha amylase inhibitor from

wheat kernel on the activity of porcine pancreas alpha amylase and its stability. J. Biochem.,

(Tokyo). Mar., 135:421-7.

5. Payan F., 2004. Structural basis for the inhibition of mammalian and insect. –amylase by plant

protein inhibitors. Biochemica et biophisica acta (BBA) – protein and proteomics. VO 1696, I1,

12 Feb., P:171-180.


Page : 58

In-vitro antimicrobial and antioxidant activity of Abrus precatorius seed

V.A.Patil, U.V. Kulkarni, S.V.Birhade*Department of Biochemistry, M.J.College, Jalgaon, (M. S.), India.

Abstract

Antimicrobial activity of plant Abrus precatorius L was evaluated by bacterial strain Staphyloccus

aureus, Escheria coli and Aspergillus flavos. The ethanolic extract of seed is found to be most sensitive

than chloroform and aqueous extract. The total phenolic content in ethanolic seed extract was found

to be 45 g/ml and flavonoid content are 26 g/ml and it also possesses potent antioxidant activity

when compared with Butylated hydroxyl toluene.

Key words Abrus precatorius ethanolic extract, Butylated hydroxyl toluene.


Introduction

Fabaceae is a tropical and temperate family which is economically very important. The species of

these family are rich in biologically active compounds like alkaloids coumarins, flavonoids,saponins,

tannins, phenolic compounds and amino acids. The species of genus Abrus taken during the

investigation was Abrus precatorius L. It contains a wide range of active ingredients and research is

still under way in finding uses for them and most sources of antioxidants originates from plant

material, but the content of polyphenolic compounds in seed and the pericarp of tropical and

subtropical flora have sparseil reported. The present study was undertaken to evaluate the in-vitro

antioxidant effect of ethanolic extract of Abrus precatorius seeds. The main constituent present is the

alkaloids, isoflavonoids, flavonoids, proteins, carbohydrate and triterpenoids.

Materials and methods

Extraction and phytochemical analysis : The extraction is done by Soxhlet method. The solvents

used are ethanol, chloroform and distilled water. The antimicrobial activity was performed by agar

disc diffusion and agar well diffusion method and phytochemical analysis is done by using

phytochemical tests.

Estimation of total phenolic compounds : Total phenolic content of Abrus precatorius ethanolic

extract( ASEt )was estimated according to the method of Makkar et al.(1997) the total phenolic

content was calculated and expressed as gallic acid equivalent in mg/ml of extract.

Estimation of total flavonoid content : Total flavonoids content was estimated as rutin

equivalent.Evaluation of in-vitro antioxidant activity .The in-vitro antioxidend activity of ASEt was

estimated by hydroxyl radical scavenging activity by the method of Halliwell et al., (1987), reducing

power activity by the method of Yen and Duh(1993) and hydrogen peroxide scavenging activity by

the method of Ruch et al.,(1989)


Page : 59


As seen from Table 1 it was found that the secondary metabolites are distributed in both aerial and

under ground part of Abrus precatorius plant.And more concentrated in seed of that plant .Seed is rich

in most of the secondary metabolites.Chemical analysis data shows that

1. The total phenolic content in ASEt was found to be 45 g/ml calculated as gallic acid equivalent.

2. Total flavonoids in ASEt was found to be 26 g/ml and was estimated as rutin equivalent

3. Butylated hydroxyl toluene(BHT) and ASEt showed hydroxyl radical scavenging activity

with about 35.50 to 55.60 and 37.72 to 60.79 at concentration of 500 g/ml

4. The composition of hydrogen peroxide in water may according to the antioxidant compounds as

the antioxidant components present in extract are good electron donors, they may accelerate

the conversion of HO to H O2 2

5. As concentration 500 g/ml ,BHT and ASEt showed absorbance with about 0.36 and 0.43

respectively, thus ASEt exhibited reducing activity. The reducing power might be due to

hydrogen donating ability.

Table 1 Phytochemical analysis


Page : 60

Table 2 Antimicrobial activity


Page : 61

References

1. Dastoor, J.F., 1962 medical plants of India and Pkisthan, Tarw Parewala and company Mumbai.

2. international journal of pharmacy and pharmaceutical sciences, Vol.1. issue 2, Oct.-Dec. 2009

3. shri Leuva Patel Trust Mahila Pharmacy College, Amerli, GujratDept. of Pharmacology, KMCH

College of Phamacy, Combatore,tamilnad.

4. Rabe T, VAN Staden J. Antibacterial activity of south African plants used for medicinal

pourposes. J Ethnopharmocoogy 1997:56:81-7.

5. Zaika LL Spices and herbs :their antimicrobial activity and its determination.j food safety

1975;9:97-118.


Page : 62

Bioprospecting of Karanja and Tobacco SeedsS. D. Chaudhari,S. G. Naik, J.D.Narkhede*

Department of biochemistry, M.J.College, Jalgaon

Abstract

Biodisel production and its awareness is ecofriendly. Pongamia pinnata & Nicotina Tobaccum have

been selected in order to aspects. seed oil has been extracted by using petroleum ether as a solvent.

Further experiment investigation show that both seed oil has exhibit potent antimicrobial activity &

pesticidal activity. Oleic acid & linoleic acid is detected from karanja & Tobacco seed oil by using TLC.

Transesterification had been carried out to find out their suitability for used as petro-disel. Attempt

has been made to cultivate in vitro Tobaccco artificially supplemented with proper ratio of 10

micromolar BAP&12 micromolar NAA.

Keyword: Antimicrobial activity, Pesticidal activity,Transesterification Shoot tip culture,

Slurry, Extraction of oil.

* Address to whom correspondence should be made

Introduction

Due to depletion of Non-renewable source like petrol,disel. We focus on production of clean

burning, population free biofuel So we have to choosen Pongamia pinnata and Nicotina Tobaccum to

exploit their capability in different ways Pongamia pinnata belong to family fabaceae. It is commonly

called Karaj. It can grow under wide range of agro climatic condition. Tree bear Green pods, which

after 10 to 11 month get matured & changes to tan color. Oil extracted from seed is yellowish orange

which has bitter test and contain several furanoflavonoid such as karanjin, pongapin, kanjone &also

contain saturated unsaturated fatty acid i.e. Oleic acid, Stearic acid, Palmictic acic. It having

pharmacological activity like antiinflamentary, antioxidant, antidiarrhoel, antiulceretc. Karanja is

promising one for biodisel production & oil shows antibacterial activity against Escherichia

coli,Staphylococcus areus and pesticidal activity against harmful pest in farm.Tobacco plant it is an

agricultural product Genus- Nicotina it can be consumed as orgainc pesticide & used in some

medicine .it has antibacterial pesticidal activity. It is promisingly used for production of biodisel.

Methods and materials

1) Attempt has been made to cultivate in vitro Tobaccco artificially supplemented with proper

ratio of 10 micromolar BAP&12 micromolar NAA.

2) Extraction of seed oil : Seed oil is extracted by using soxhlet apparatus by using petroleum ether

as solvent at 40 degree c.

3) Physicochemical analysis : is done by determing saponification value and acid value of seed

oil.


Page : 63

Table 1 Phytochemical test of Tobacco and karanja seed oil

Pesticidal Activity

Pesticidal activity determine by adding 25 pest in each petridish & subjecting it to various

concentrartion of seed oil using 0.5,1.0,1.5 upto 5ml & measure LC by ploting graph of mortality 50

v/s dose. Healthy Callosobruchus chinensis collected from department of zoology.

Antibacterial activity:

Antibacterial activity is determine by spreading loopfull suspension of micro organism on nutrient

agar plate & making well by cork & add 50microliter drop of oil in the well allow to incubate for 24 hrs.

at 37 degree c &observe zone of inhibition.

Table 2 Antibacterial activity


Page : 64

Results and discussion

1) After extraction of oil from seed of karanja & Tobacco .We observed that it contain 27-30% &

40% of oil respectively, physiochemical properties of oil are shown in table 1

2) Further experimental work shows that karanja seed oil & tobacco seed oil not only exhibit good

antimicrobial activity against E.coli, S.aureus .On the basis of graph of mortality of pest and LC 50

has found to be 3.7 of tobacco and 2.8 of karanja.

3) Biodisel which can be used as a fuel in disel engine is also produced from tobacco & karanja

seed oil by transesterification.

4) In vitro regeneration of Nicotina tobaccum plant is observed at the 10um BAP+12um NAA.

5) From table 2 it was found that tobacco seed oil show greater antibacterial activity than karanja

seed oil.

Conclusion

Forgoing efforts leads us to conclude that, karanja &tobacco seed have a multidisciplinary approach

in every field.

Petroleum ether extract of P.pinnata and N. tobaccum shows significant antimicrobialactivity than

metanolic extract.It has been also observe that petroleum ether extract of karanja& tobacco seed has

potent pesticidal activity .

Karanja & Tobacco plant being an important petro crop is indespensible to produce biodisel as well

as to fulfill the increasing demand of disel fuel.

References

1) Allon ON , Allon EK . The leguminose. The University of Wisconsin Press; 1981 p.812

2) Biodisel production technology – Dr. Satish kumar Mehla, pointer publication ; 2007 p.124.

3) Experiments in microbiology Plant pathology and biotechnology K.R.Aneja Fourth Edition 2003

4) clinical pharmacology review of S R Saif

5) S.Sadashivan , A Monickam “Biochemical method” 2001p.78-79.

MATHEMATICS STATISTICS


Page : 65

ON ARTINIAN QUOTIENT SEMIRINGSIsharat P. A. Khan, Yogita T. Rathod and J. N. Chaudhari*

Departmentment of Mathematics, M.J. College, Jalgaon.(M.S.), IndiaE-mail: [email protected]

Abstract

In this paper we have introduced the concept of closed right ideal, right quotient semiring, T-

reflective semiring and proved various results on it.

Key words: Right quotient semiring, closed right ideal, regular element, Artinian semirings,

Noetherian semirings.


Introduction

The concept of semirings was first defined by H. S. Vandiver in 1934 in his research paper namely

"Note on a simple type of algebra in which cancellation law of addition does not hold". In 1958,

Henricksen M. defined k-ideals in his research paper namely "Ideals in semirings with commutative

addition". J. C. Robson [7], have studied closed right ideal, right quotient ring, T-reflective ring in his

paper namely “Artinian Quotient Rings”. In this paper we have introduced the concept of closed right

ideal, right quotient semiring, T-reflective semiring and proved various results on it.

Results

Lemma 1.1: Let a semiring R have right quotient semiring Q and I be a right ideal of R and I be a right

ideal of Q. Then I) (I' R)Q = I. ii) IQ R = J I and J is a right ideal of R. iii) IR is a closed right ideal of

R, in particular so is J. iv) If I is closed then IQ R = I.

Theorem 1.2 Let a semiring R have right quotient semiring Q. Then the following are equivalent:

i) Q is a right Noetherian semiring. ii) R satisfies the maximum condition for closed right ideals.

Theorem 1.3: Let a semiring R be T-reflective and R have right quotient semiring Q. Then R/T has

a right quotient semiring.

Lemma 1.4: Let Q be a right artinian semidomain and c Q. Then the following conditions are

equivalent: i) r(c) = 0. ii) c is regular . iii) c is unit.

Theorem 1.5: Let Q be a right artinian semiring. Then R is a right order in Q if and only if Q is the right

quotient semiring of R.

Theorem 1.6: Let Q be a right artinian, right quotient semiring of semiring R and a, b R. Then ab is

regular if and only if a, b are regular.


Page : 66

Conclusion

As the additive inverse is absent in the algebraic structure semiring, it is a big challenge to work in the

theory of semirings. Since the theory of semirings is not too old topic and have wide applications in

Mathematics and theoretical computer science, the researchers have wide scope to study theory of

semirings and then to give applications in theoretical computer science.

References

[1] P.J. Allen, A fundamental theorem of homomorphism for semirings, Proc. Amer. Math .

Soc.,21(1969),412-416.

[2] Shamik Ghosh, A note on regularity in matrix semirings, Kyungpook Math. Journal,44

2004),1-4.

[3] J. S. Golan, The Theory of semirings with applications in Mathematics and Theoretical

computer science, John wiley and sons, New York, 1992.

[4] J. S. Golan, semiring and their Applications, Kluwer Academic publishers, Dordrecht, 1999.

[5] Visnu Gupta and J.N. Chaudhari,On Partitioning ideals of semirings, Kyungpook Math. Journal.,

46(2006),181-184

[6] T. Y. Lam, A First Course in Non-Commutative Rings, Springer Verlag, New York, 1980.

[7] J. C. Robson, Artinian Quotient Rings, Proc. London. Math. Soc. (3) 17 (1967) 600-616.


Page : 67

ON ISOMORPHISM THEOREMS OF SEMIRINGS

Vinita P. Bendale, Rizwana N. Nadaf and K. J. Ingale*Department of Mathematics, M.J. College, Jalgaon.(M.S.), India

E-mail: [email protected]

Abstract

In this paper we have introduced the concept of subhypersemiring, hyperideal, normal hyperideal of

a hypersemiring, strong homomorphism of hypersemiring and proved various results on it.

Key words: Hypersemiring, subhypersemirng, normal hyperideal of a hypersemiring,

homomorphism of hypersemirings.


Introduction

The concept of semirings was first defined by H. S. Vandiver in 1934 in his research paper namely

"Note on a simple type of algebra in which cancellation law of addition does not hold". In 1958,

Henricksen M. defined k-ideals in his research paper namely "Ideals in semirings with commutative

addition". B. Davvaz [2], have studied subhyperring, hyperideal , normal hyperideal of a hyperring,

strong homomorphism of hyperring and isomorphism theorems in hyperrings. In this paper we have

introduced the concept of subhypersemiring, hyperideal , normal hyperideal of a hypersemiring,

strong homomorphism of hypersemiring and proved various results on it.

Results

]

]

u

Theorem 1.1: If S , S are subhypersemiring of a hypersemiring R then, S S is a subhypersemiring 1 2 1 2

of R.

Lemma 1.2: Let R be a hypersemiring. A non-empty subset I of R is left (right) hyperideal of R i) a, b

IY a + b f I. ii) r R, a I Y ra I (ar I).

Theorem 1.3: Let A, B be hyperideals of hypersemiring R such that B normal in R then, i) A B is a

normal hyperideal of A. ii) B is a normal hyperideal of A + B.

Theorem 1.4: If A is a normal hyperideal of a hypersemiring R, then the relation defined on R as, x * y (i.e. xA y) A + x = A + y is an equivalence relation on R.

*Lemma 1.5: If A is a normal hyperideal of hypersemiring R, then A + x = A [x], x

Lemma 1.6: If A is a normal hyperideal of hypersemiring R, then A + x + y = A + z, z x + y.

* * *Lemma 1.7: If A is a normal hyperideal of hypersemiring R, then A [A [x]] = A [x], x R.

* *Theorem 1.8: If A is a normal hyperideal of hypersemiring R and [R : A ] = {A [x] : x R}= Set of all *equivalence classes of hypersemiring R. Define the hyperoperation and multiplication as: A [x]

R.


Page : 68

* * * *A [y] = {A [z] : z A [x] + A [y]},

Conclusion

As the additive inverse is absent in the algebraic structure semiring, it is a big challenge to work in

the theory of semirings. Since the theory of semirings is not too old topic and have wide

applications in Mathematics and theoretical computer science, the researchers have wide scope to

study theory of semirings and then to give applications in theoretical computer science.

[1] P.J . Allen, A fundamental theorem of homomorphism for semiring, Proc.

Amer.Math.Soc.,21(1969),412-416.

[2] B. Davvaz, Isomorphism theorems in hyperrings, Indian J. Pure Appl. Math., 35(3), 321-331,

2004.

[3] J. S. Golan, The Theory of semirings with applications in Mathematics and Theoretical

computer science, John wiley and sons, New York, 1992.

[4] J. S. Golan, semiring and their Applications, Kluwer Academi publishers, Dordrecht, 1999.

[5] Visnu Gupta and J.N. Chaudhari, On Partitioning ideals of semirings, Kyungpook Math. Journal,

46(2006),181-184.

[6] T. Y. Lam, A First Course in Non-Commutative Rings, Springer Verlag, New York, 1980.

* * * * * * * * *A [x], A [y] [R : A ] A [x]u A [y] = A [xy], A [x], A [y] [R : A ], then *([R : A ],r,u is a hypersemiring.

Theorem 1.9: If R and R are hypersemirings and R R strong homomorphism, then is one-one 1 2 1 2

Y Ker = {0}.

References

Theorem 1.10: If R and R are hypersemirings and R R strong homomorphism such that K = Ker1 2 1 P 2

* * * *is normal hyperideal of R , then : [R : K ]6Im defined by, (K [x]) = (x), K [x] [R : K ], is onto , 1 1 1

strong homomorphism.


Page : 69

Computation of Probability and Identification of Statistical Distribution Using Simulation

K.N. Narkhede, N.N. Shukla, K.P. Amrutkar & K. G. Khadse*Department of Statistics, M. J. College, Jalgaon, Email: [email protected]

Abstract

In this project we have used simulation technique using SYSTAT and MINITAB software to

solve computation of probabilities and identification of distribution problems considering univariate

as well as multivariate distributions. The treatment of simulation and use of SYSTAT/MINITAB is

carefully motivated to suit many applications of Statistics. We have solved problems with traditional

mathematical approach as well as using simulation technique to clear understanding of proposed

approach and to see capability of proposed technique.

Key Words: Simulation, MINITAB, SYSTAT, Monte Carlo Method, discrete probability distribution,

continuous probability distribution, parameter/s, process capability indices.

*Address to whom the correspondence should be made.

Introduction

Today the science of Statistics is an indispensable part of any and every sphere of human activity

and is extensively applied in framing policies and formulating decisions in a large number of

diversified fields covering natural, economic, physical and social sciences. According to Prof. P. C.

Mahalanobis “Statistics is essentially an applied sciences”. As in all applied sciences, experimentation

is an easy and valuable technique. Keeping in mind applied sciences problems, computation of

probabilities and identification of statistical distribution is very important topic. Traditionally

computation of probabilities and identification of distribution problem solved using mathematical

approach. For example

(a) If random variable X follows standard normal distribution then probability of X is less than 0

is 0.5, we can prove this using solving required integral.

2(b) If X follows standard normal distribution then mathematically we can prove X follows

gamma distribution with

In reality computation of probabilities and identification of distribution using mathematical

approach is too difficult task especially when we consider multivariate distribution problem.

Additionally there are various multivariate distribution problems which cannot be solved using

mathematical approach.

5.05.0 == βαand


Page : 70

The objective of this project is to make our knowledge extensive by studying some additional topics of

simulation to solve computation of probabilities and identification of distribution problems.

Additional objective of this project is to develop computational skill using SYSTAT 12 and MINITAB 15

statistical software.

Methodology/Experimental

Step by step procedure to compute probability:

1. Generate large sample ( ) from given probability distribution with specified parameters

using SYSTAT 12/ MINITAB 15.

2. From generated random sample construct Bernoulli random sample on the basis of occurrence

of event (success) and non occurrence of event (failure).

3. To note the required probability just find the average value of constructed Bernoulli random

sample.

Step by step procedure to identify probability distribution of given function (say, ):

1. Generate large sample ( ) from given probability distribution of X with specified parameters

using SYSTAT 12/ MINITAB 15.

2. From generated sample construct and then use any distribution identification tool to note

distribution of

Conclusion:

It is found that simulation technique is very easy and also capable to solve computation of probability

problem as well as to identify distribution of function of given random variable. Industrial application

of computation of multivariate probabilities is also given under application of multivariate normal

distribution. Here we have estimated Multivariate Process Capability Indices (MPCIs) using

simulation which measures process capability based on probability of conformance. By the strong

law of large numbers we claim that computation of probability using simulation is reliable.

References

1) A First course in Probability by Sheldon Ross.

2) Operation Research by Hamdy A. Taha.

3) SYSTAT 12 and MINITAB 15 Manuals.

4) Khadse, K. G. and Shinde, R. L. (2009). Probability based Process Capability Indices,

Communications in Statistics — Simulation and Computation, 38, 884 – 904.

∞→n

()xg

∞→n

()xg

()xg


Page : 71

Statistical Approach to Describe Bird Species Diversity in Jalgaon District

I. Lalwani, M. R. Maniyar, Y. V. Jadhav, R. D. Pathak and A. Kumar *Department of Statistics, M. J. College, Jalgaon, India

Abstract

We performed statistical analysis on primary field data on bird species from various forest and non-

forest habitats in Jalgaon district, Maharashtra, India. This data was collected by JalaSRI research

team following standard sampling design and data collection techniques. The objective of present

article is to demonstrate the appropriate usage of statistics to understand the diversity and

distribution of bird community in Jalgaon district. Overall findings suggest that habitats, with more

scrub growth, grassland and water bodies provide better habitat for bird species diversity and such

conditions could be managed to help conserve the birds of this region.

Keywords: Bird, Habitat, Species Diversity, Analysis of Variance, Rarefaction Analysis

. *Address to whom the correspondence should be made

Introduction

Habitat surveys contribute towards the protection of biodiversity and semi-natural habitat resources

and in a broader sense, help in the characterization and evaluation of habitats. Recently, JalaSRI -

Watershed Surveillance and Research Institute, Jalgaon has carried out a wildlife habitat study a part

of international collaborative project on defending biodiversity and promoting sustainable

agriculture in Jalgaon district. We used a portion of project field data to examine the bird species

diversity and distribution among various habitats represented by distinct forest and non-forest

conditions broadly characterised by (1) Forest, (2) Scrub Mixed, (3) Agriculture, and (4) others

including grasslands, barren land, wetlands and other waterbodies. We hypothesise that habitat

characteristics influence the bird species diversity. The objective of present study is to demonstrate

the appropriate usage of statistical procedures and analytical techniques to examine bird species

diversity for managing wildlife habitats.


We used habitat wise data on bird species for 246 survey plots, which was collected by JalaSRI

research team using standard sampling design and procedures (Anon. 2010). We used PAST software

to compute several diversity indices such as Shannon Diversity Index, Simpson Index, Dominance,

Evenness, Menhinick Index, Margaref Index (Brown and Rothery 1993; Harper 1999). We performed

the rarefaction analysis to minimise the effect of unequal sample sizes on species diversity

computations (Hammer et al. 2001). We tested following null hypothesis using Analysis of Variance

(ANOVA) using abovementioned diversity indices along with the number of species and population

density as variables:


Page : 72

H0: There is no influence of distinct habitat types on the bird species diversity.


We recorded 124 bird species during present survey. Other habitat category, which includes

grassland, barren land, and wetlands, has been recorded for maximum number of species (Table 1).

All the four habitats were largely dominated by graminivorous followed by insectivorous species (See

detailed project report, i.e., Anon. 2010). Most commonly recorded bird was red-vented bulbul,

parakeets, swallows, yellow throated sparrow. However, the species like black necked stork, desert

wheatears, bush chat and Eurasian black bird were sighted only once during our surveys. Most

diversity includes suggest that other habitat category, which includes grassland, barren land,

wetlands and water bodies are the most species diverse. Further, rarefaction analysis revealed that

habitats consisting water bodies showed the maximum bird species diversity at all stages of sampling

(Fig. 1). ANOVA results suggested that these habitats varied significantly for three variables

including Number of species (F=4.903, df=3, p<< 0.05), Shannon diversity (F=3.577, df=3, p<0.05),

Margalef species richness (F=3.357, df=3, p<< 0.05) (Fig. 2).

Table 1: Distribution of bird taxa in various habitats

Specific areas, which provide favourable habitat conditions to bird species include Protected Areas of

Yawal and Gautala Wildlife Sanctuaries and managed forests in beats namely Junori West, Waghziri

East, Bor Ajanti, Garbardi, Mohmandi North, and Vitner.


Page : 73

Conclusion

The result of the present study suggests that the population of bird species is dominated by two

groups, i.e. insectivorous and graminivorous belonging to passeridae family. Diversity in habitat

among the habitate has significantly impact on diversity and distribution pattern of bird species.

Maximum species richness for birds was recorded from other habitat category, which includes the

grasslands, barren land, wetlands and other water bodies. Grassland and wetland are the habitats

that support large populations of residential as well as migratory species of birds. Specific sites as

mentioned above can be focussed from bird species conservation and their habitat management

point of view. The wildlife managers may need to develop and improve forest and non-forest areas to

provide mosaic of habitat conditions with patches of grasslands, wetlands and water bodies in select

sites within identified forest reserves and wildlife sanctuaries for maintaining better bird species

diversity.

References

Anon. 2010. Defending Biodiversity and Promoting Sustainable Agriculture in Jalgaon District

(India) Integrating New Methodologies and Advanced Technologies: Hotspot Geoinformatics,

Remote Sensing, Geographical Information Systems, Global Positioning Systems and Smart

Ground Sensors. Project Technical Report (year 1: april 2009-march 2010). JalaSRI -

Watershed Surveillance and Research Institute, Jalgaon, Maharashtra, India. pp. 150.

Brown, D.and P. Rothery. 1993. Models in biology: mathematics, statistics and computing. John

Wileyand Sons.

Harper, D.A.T. (ed.). 1999. Numerical Palaeobiology. John Wiley and Sons.

Vermeulen, S. and Koziell, I. 2002. Integrating Global and Local Values: A Review of

Biodiversity Assessment. International institute for Environment and Development, London,

UK.

PHYSICAL SCIENCES


Page : 74

Fabrication, Testing and Data Collection Using Sun Photometer

Patil Rupesh A., Patil Sujata J. and O. H. Mahajan*Department of Physics, M. J. College, Jalgaon, India.


Abstract

A sun photometer is an electronic device that measures direct sunlight over a narrow range of

wavelengths. Some sun photometers use "interference filters" to limit the amount of light reaching a

photosensitive detector. The other type of Sun photometers respond to a wide range of colors or

wavelengths of sunlight, most of them include special filters. In recent years, light-emitting diodes

(LEDs) have found applications in fields like, space science instrumentation in addition to its use in

illumination. LED alone replaces both the interference filter and the detector and works as a

spectrally selective photo-detector. This paper presents the constructional details of the Sun

photometer along with the prerequisite adjustments.

Keywords : Photometer, Light Emitting Didode , Field of Veiw


Introduction

The modern era of Sun photometry began with the development of hand-held instruments by

Frederick E. Volz ( Volz 1974). Who has made important discoveries about the effects of natural and

volcanic haze on the environment. The use of light-emitting diodes as light detectors in an

inexpensive Sun photometer was described by Forrest M. Mims III ( Mims III 1992,1996). A new kind

of inexpensive, hand-held sun photometer has been developed that exhibits much better long-term

stability than instruments that use interference filters (Mims 1992,1995). More than 100 prototype

versions of this instrument have been assembled and tested by students and teachers in various pilot

studies. Recently, the technology behind this new instrument was selected by the Global Learning and

Observations to Benefit the Environment (GLOBE) Program for use in haze monitoring by an

international network of students(Brooks et. al., 1998).

LEDs are inexpensive and extremely stable, but have wider bandwidths. Hewlett-Packard

emerald green (HLMP-D600) and high-efficiency red (HLMP-3762) LEDs have half-maximum widths

of about 75 nm and 30 nm (Mims III, 2000) . The fundamental property of LEDs is their emission

color, although emission spectra are readily available, the response spectra or the absorption spectra

of LEDs used as light detectors are not.

The transparency of the atmosphere is modulated by aerosols that absorb and scatter sunlight.

Natural and anthropogenic processes can increase the abundance of aerosols and appreciably reduce

the atmosphere's transparency by increasing its optical depth. Optical depth is a dimensionless


Page : 75

measure of the attenuation experienced by a direct beam of sunlight during its passage through the

atmosphere. Increased optical depth reduces visibility and photosynthetic radiation and alters the

radiation balance. As the purpose of a sun photometer is to measure the transmission of direct

sunlight, instruments should have the smallest practical field of view (FOV) in order to minimize the

contribution of scattered light.

Methodology

The present Sun Photometer uses a light-emitting diode (LED) as a light detector. The

rounded, lens-like end of the LED must be removed simplify to minimize the focusing effect of sun

rays on the detector area. It also minimize solar heating that would result from the sun shining onto

the LED's active element through this lens, it is therefore necessary to flatten this end of the epoxy

case. Circuit diagram of LED sun photometer is shown in Fig. 1. The sun photometer fabrication

process involves following steps: 1 ] Preparing the light detector, 2] Assembling and checking the

circuitry, 3] Preparing the case and installing the hardware, 4]Testing and aligning the sun

photometer.

In operation, light from the Sun causes the LED detector to generate a tiny electrical current much like

a solar cell does. This current goes to the operational amplifier, the triangle marked "741" is an

operational amplifier which is connected so that the LED current is transformed to a voltage and

boosted by the amount of the feedback resistance in ohms between the input (pin 2) and output (pin

6) of the amplifier. So if the feedback resistor has a resistance of 3.9 M ? , the amplifier boosts the

signal from the LED by a factor of 3,900,000. The voltage from the amplifier is measured with a digital

voltmeter.

Conclusion:

Sun photometer using LED as sun light detectors have been fabricated. It has been found working

satisfactory.

References

?(Brooks et. Al., 1998) Brooks, D. R., Mims III F. M., Nguyen T., and Bannasch S., Characterization of

LED-based sun photometers for use as GLOBE instruments. Proc. Third Annual GLOBE Conf.

Snowmass, CO, GLOBE, 217–222,1998.

?(Mims III, 1992) Mims III F. M.. Forrest M. Mims III ,"Sun Photometer with Light-Emitting Diodes

as Spectrally Selective Detectors" Applied Optics, 31, 33, 6965-6967, 1992.


Page : 76

?( Mims III, 1995) Mims III F. M.. Forrest M. Mims III "Science Fair: Ticket to Your Future" Radio

Shack, 30- 31, 1992 and "Engineer's Mini-Notebook: Environmental Science Projects" Radio

Shack, 37-41, 1995.

?(Mims III,1996) Mims III F. M. TERC Visible Haze Sensor-1 (VHS-1) sun photometer. [Available

online http://www.concord.org/haze/.],1996.

?(Mims III, 2000) Mims III, F. M.. Solar Radiometer with Light-Emitting Diodes as spectrally-

Selective Detectors. Opt. Photon. News 11, S3-S4, 2000.

?(Volz, 1974) Frederick E. Volz , "Economical Multispectral Sun Photometer for measurement

of Aerosol Extinction from 0.44 um to 1.6 um and Precipitable Water" Applied Optics, 13, 8,

1732-1733, 1974.


Page : 77

Measurement of aerosol optical thickness using haze photometer at Jalgaon (Maharashtra)

*Sagar G.Gujar, Ketan V.Mali and H. B.GajareDepartment of Physics, M. J. College, Jalgaon, Maharashtra

Abstract

Light-emitting diodes (LED ) are not only the great light emitters but also the excellent light

detectors at specific wavelengths. Sun photometers that use LED detectors in place of optical

interference filters and photodiodes have significant potential advantage, including low cost ,

durability and long term optical stability. In present study we have fabricated sun photometer

using LED, which measures the direct sun intensity . This photometer measures sunlight with and

without sunlight conditions. The changes in data calculates various properties of atmosphere such

as Haze and aerosol optical thickness .These parameters are of atmospheric pollution interest .

Key words : Sun photometer, Haze , Aerosol optical thickness.

* Address to whom the correspondence should be made.

Introduction

A sun photometer is an electronic device or a kind of light meter that measures direct sunlight over a

narrow range of wavelengths i.e. it measures light of a particular discrete colour or wavelength. The

detector used to measure sunlight is sensitive to the wavelengths selected.

All Sun photometers measure only the sunlight arriving directly from the Sun and not the sunlight

scattered from molecules and aerosols (or particles) in the sky. Therefore a Sun photometer must be

pointed directly at the Sun. Since the sun photometer is supposed to measure only direct sunlight, the

detectors are placed inside a case and is oriented towards the sun so that the direct sunlight can

enter only through a small hole above the detector. Otherwise the sky light scattered by air

molecules in the atmosphere may be detected.

Under these conditions one can imagine sunlight passing through the atmosphere in a straight line to

a detector on the ground. Depending on how high the sun is above the horizon (its elevation angle),

there is more or less atmosphere in between the observer and the sun. The more atmospheres

between the sun and the detector, the smaller the current produced in the photometer and hence

there is a smaller output from the photometer electronics. Molecules in the atmosphere scatter some

of the light coming from the sun. This effect, called Rayleigh scattering, can be calculated for what is

called a "standard atmosphere". Sun photometers are ideal for monitoring natural haze and air

pollution. The transmission (T) of sunlight through the atmosphere is inversely proportional to the

optical thickness (or optical depth) of the atmosphere. If T is slightly reduced the optical thickness

slightly increased when sunlight is scattered from molecules of air.


Page : 78

Transmission T is also reduced by natural haze and air pollution. Natural haze can be caused by

water vapour, natural forest and brush fires, dust, pollen, gases emitted by plants and trees, sea salt

and volcanic eruptions. Air pollution is a by product of automobile emissions, coal-burning power

plants, intentional burning of forests and rangelands, certain industrial and mining operations and

dust from unpaved roads and agricultural fields.

Methodology

The general methodology for obtaining the optical aerosol thickness is to measure light intensity at

particular wavelength with and without sunlight using photometer designed by Forrest . The data (

output voltage of the amplifier ) are recorded by tracking the sun throughout the day after 1 hr

interval. The photometer used in present study consists of following parts,

1. Sunlight Detector.

2. Amplifier Circuit.

3. Out-put Measuring Unit.

4. Sunlight Detector: Light emitting Diodes (LED) are used as a selective narrow band detectors .

Light-emitting diodes can function as spectrally selective detectors in a miniature, inexpensive

sun photometer that measures atmospheric parameters like AOT , turbidity and humidity.

5. Amplifier Circuit Amplifier circuit consist of following electronic parts. IC 741, LED and Mega

ohm register For more details on amplifier please refer to the project “Fabrication, testing and

data collection using Sun photometer” by Dr. O.H. Mahajan et.al.

6. Out-put Measuring Unit.

Light incident on the LED produces current which is amplified in the sun photometer's

electronics and measured in terms of output voltage .This output voltages are measured with

and without sunlight from sunrise to sunset after 1 hr interval. Change in the output voltages

measures the AOT .

Result And Discussion

The main objective of this project was to fabricated a sun photometer and calculate the atmospheric

parameters of environmental interest. Accordingly the photometer was fabricated and was

successfully used to record the observations. However, to calculate AOT, we need clear sky conditions.

Since the period observations were made in the month of June , the sky conditions were not favorable.

Due to this we were unable to obtain the calibration constant of our instrument and secondly the data

obtained was not reliable.

Conclusion

A sun photometer using LED defectors was successfully fabricated for Red and white

wavelengths and observation from sunrise to sunset were recorded for 2 days. Further recording

was not possible due to sky conditions. Procedure to measure atmospheric attenuation is outlined.

Estimation of the Aerosol optical thickness was not possible due to software support.


Page : 79

References

1. V.F Voltz (1959), Arch Metweor. Geophysics. Bioklim, B 10 ,100-131.

2. Shaw,G.E.,j.A.Reagan ,B.H.Herman ,( 1973 ), J .Appl. Meteor., 12,374-380 .

3. Deluisi , J.J et.al (1976 ) ), J .Appl. Meteor . , 15 ,441 -454 .

4. Frolich C, (1959 ) WMO report No . 549 .

5. Forrest M .Mims III (1992 ) Applied Otics , 31 ,33, 6965 -6967

6. http://www.concord,org/haze/faq_ science.html (Last updated: 18 – Apr 1997 )

http://www.pages .drexel.edu/~brooksdr/DRB_web_page/Aerosols/AOT.html

EARTH SCIENCES


Page : 80

Development of integrated water softening and purification system using Moringa oliefera seed powder

V. S. Tripathi, N. H. Mahajan and P. A. Pawar*Department of Environmental Science, M. J. College, Jalgaon, India.

Abstract

Moringa oliefera is a small or medium-sized tree, about 10 m high, cultivated throughout India. It is a

multipurpose tree, used as vegetable, spice, a source of cooking, cosmetic oil and as a medicinal plant. It

possesses anti-inflammatory, antioxidant, antimicrobial, anticancer, antihepatotoxic and antiulcer

activities. Further, activity guided Moringa oliefera seed powder studies may lead to development of water

softening agent for the reduction of the hardness.

Keywords- Moringa oliefera, Medicinal plant, Multipurpose tree, Softening properties.


Introduction

Palatable and potable drinking water is essential to the health and welfare of a community, but water

from all sources having different concentration of pollutants, ions, salts etc. Polluted water causes the

health problems among of living beings as well as corrosion of property. About 1.2 billion people still

lack safe drinking water and more than 6 million children die from diarrhea.

One of the parameter of impure water is “Hardness”. This refers to presence of dissolved ions mainly +2 +2Ca and Mg . This dissolved ion causes intestinal diseases in human beings and corrosion to the

metals.

Methodology

The main parameters estimated are pH, hardness and Total Dissolved Solids (TDS). pH is estimated

by using calibrated digital pH. Hardness of water sample estimated by using standard method of

APHA (1992). By using EDTA as a titrant and EBT as a indicator. Here we use different concentration

of Moringa oliefera seed powder for reducing hardness. Total dissolved solids determined by

gravimetric method.

All this parameters are calculated before and after the addition of Moringa oliefera seed powder.

Before the use of Moringa oliefera seed powder oil is extracted from the seed powder


Page : 81



Page : 82

Conclusion

The increasing concentration of Moringa oliefera seed powder causes drastic reduction in the

hardness of water.

References

Moringa oliefera as natural coagulant- J.P.Sutherland, G.K.Folkard, M.A.Mtawali, and

W.D.Grant, University of Leicester, U.K.

Innovative physico-chemical treatment of waste water incorporating Moringa oliefera seed

coagulant- Hitendra Bhuptawat, G.K.Follkard, Sanjeev Chaudhari.

Application of Processed Moringa oliefera seeds in Drinking Water Treatment,

Bioenvironmental Engineering Research Unit(BERU) Faculty of Engineering International

Islamic University Malaysia.

?Environmental Chemistry by B.K.Sharma.

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Land Use / Land Cover Mapping and Change Detection of Jalgaon District-A Geoinformatics Approach

R. M. Patil, P. S. Mali, V. Mahendran, and C. D. Mahajan*Department of Environmental Sciences and JalaSRI – Watershed Surveillance and

Research Institute, M. J. College, Jalgaon, India

Abstract

In the present paper Remote Sensing and GIS techniques have been used to prepare different Land

use Land Cover classes using IRS-P6 LISS III data relating to November 2007 and November 1998

images of the same sensor. A change detection study is also carried out to demonstrate the changing

pattern of various classes in the Jalgaon district. The 'land cover' corresponds to the physical

condition of the ground surface (for example, forest, grassland, human settlements and others), while

'land use' reflects human activities over certain land covers (such as the use of the land for specific

purposes by native society, for example, industrial, residential, agricultural fields and other

activities). Both LULC maps have been prepared on a 1:50000 scale.

Keywords: Remote Sensing, GIS, GPS, Landuse and Landcover


Introduction

As the population increases and resources are becoming limited, a proper Landuse and land cover

planning is needed. This helps us for best planning, conservation and utilization of available

resources for a longer period. Natural ecosystems is manipulated to a high degree by humans for

human ends, and is therefore not self sustaining. Urban growth in towns has altered natural

vegetation cover, due to anthropogenic activities. The results of these have left significant effects on

local weather and climate. The goal of fast economic growth, equity and sustainable development

demands that resource monitoring and management be done with the most modern and scientific

tools available. In this area remote sensing has established their predominant role in monitoring the

changing pattern of vegetation. Remote sensing captures digital and accurate signature and using

Geographical Information system like ArcGIS and ERDAS softwares calculate the accurate change

detection phenomenon.

Methodology

1. First we collected the satellite image IRS-P4-LISS III for January 1998 and IRS-P6-LISS III for

November 2007 of Jalgaon district.


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2. Then georeferencing both the satellite images with the help of SOI toposheets of 1:50,000 scale

of Jalgaon district is done in ERDAS Imagine software 9.2.

3. Classification using Arc GIS 9.2 software – In this presses firstly we completed digitization of

various layers of images 1998 and 2007 such as Agriculture land, Settlement, Water body,

Forest, Barren/ Open land, Harvested land in Arc GIS environment.

4. Ground Truthing - We carried out an exhaustive ground truthing of study area for the prepared

themes and made some correction in subsequently.

5. Area calculation- After digitization and correction we calculate the class wise area of image

1998 and 2007.

6. Change Detection- After completion of calculation and analysis we detect change during 1998-

2007.

7. After change detection we prepared final LULC map.

8. Maps interpretation helped writing results and conclusion for the present report.


Agriculture is the major land cover class and also the main land use practice in Jalgaon district. Mostly

all semi-arid climatic crops are practiced. Land along Tapi river basin is the most productive one.

Banana is the major crop and majority of Banana fields are confined in the north-east part of district.

Important sub categories of agriculture delineated through present mapping efforts include

agriculture fallow, agriculture within forest, Kharif crops, annual crops, and harvested land. A few

patches of seasonal grass land were also delineated in eastern part of the district. Forest is the

important repository of biodiversity; therefore, meticulous attempts were made to map and

delineate various forest cover classes. Major forest type identified and delineated during present

study are Teak Forest, Teak Mixed Forest, Salai Forest, Anjan Forest, Anjan Mixed Forest, and Bamboo

growth.

Among other land cover classes, inhabitation is the prominent cover. Main urban settlement where

minimum population is 5000 and 75% of income is being generated from non-agricultural activities.

Main urban settelements in the district are Jalgaon, Pachora, Jamner, Yawal, Chopada, Bhadgaon,

Bodwad, Bhusawal, Raver, Chalisgaon, Muktainagar, Dharangaon, Erandol, Parola and Amalner.

Rural habitats, where agriculture and animal husbandry are the main sources of income and at least

80% of total people get their livelihood from such activities. It is quite difficult to distinguish small

rural built up areas because it has the similar reflectance and spectral signature as of exposed or

barren soil surface.

All the stagnant water containing bodies like ponds, reservoirs, dams either perennial or seasonal

were classified under this category. Only handful water bodies are perennial and rests of them are

seasonal, which bears water during monsoon period that hardly last up to November. Major rivers


Page : 85

, which could be mapped are Tapi, Girna, Waghur, Anjani and Purna. A large portion of land belongs to

land where no vegetation cover or landuse or any other land cover class under consideration during

present mapping could be observed. Such lands are referred as waste land by district administration.

However, ecologically, such nomenclature cannot be justified. All wasteland of landscape was

delineated for subcategories that include barren hilly terrain, barren land, gullied land, saline land.

Change Detection: In the present land use and land cover study most of the classes remain same but

minor changes occur in agriculture land and barren land. Agriculture/Kharif crop class shows an

increase of 2.55 % and agriculture fallow increases with a 0.59 %. Agriculture within the forest

witnesses a 0.34 % more area over the period of this ten year interval. Thus annual crop shows a more

sowed area of 5.1 % in year 2007 when compared to 1998. The increase can be contributed to the

better irrigation facilities and better seeds availability to farmers. Barren land has also increased with

a percentage of 2.99 over this past 10 years. Some other classes also witnessed the change but that is

very minute. It is really difficult to map this small amount of change as well in need time and

experience in the subject too.

Conclusion

The present study revealed using the satellite imagery confirm that Jalgaon still retain more

agricultural land when compared to all other land use/land cover features, though the rate of

conversion of agricultural land for other purposes like industries and building construction were

increased alarmingly for the past few years. The present study also found that remote sensing

coupled with GIS can be effectively used for real time and long term monitoring of the environment.

The baseline information generated on analysis for agricultural management of the area would be of

immense help in formulation of policies and programmes required for developmental planning. In

the study area the rate of change is not really that much fast, but now due to more urbanization it is

becoming faster.

Reference

Michael Pidwirny (other articles)Article Topics: Remote sensing and Environmental

monitoring

Land-use and land-cover change and future implication analysis in Manas

National Park, Indiausingmulti-temporal satellite data Pranjit Kr. Sarma1

Land-use and land-cover change by Robert Pontius www.jalasri.kces.in, www.usgcrp.gov, www.earth_policy.org, www.esri.com

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