session1 2010 fmhs_recognising language functions

S 1_10_1_Recognising LangFunctions

1

FMHS 2009

Recognising language functions in academic texts


2

Recent statistics show significant differences between

men and women in survival following a heart attack. For

example, 42 percent of women who have heart attacks

die within 1 year compared with 24 percent of men. The

reasons for these differences are not well understood.

We know that women tend to get heart disease about 10

years later in life than men, and they are more likely to

have coexisting chronic conditions. Research also has

shown that women may not be diagnosed or treated as

aggressively as men, and their symptoms may be very

different from those of men who are having a heart

attack.


3

Recent statistics show significant differences between

men and women in survival following a heart attack. For

example, 42 percent of women who have heart attacks

die within 1 year compared with 24 percent of men. The

reasons for these differences are not well understood.

We know that women tend to get heart disease about 10

years later in life than men, and they are more likely to

have coexisting chronic conditions. Research also has

shown that women may not be diagnosed or treated as

aggressively as men, and their symptoms may be very

different from those of men who are having a heart

attack.


4

The precipitated gutta percha is dried to constant weight

in a desiccator. The chloroform-insoluble precipitate is

washed with acetone and dried to constant weight. The

dried residue is then washed with hydrochloric acid,

separating the insoluble heavy metal salts (mainly

barium sulphate) from the soluble zinc oxide. The

insoluble salts are washed with distilled water and

acetone and dried to constant weight.

The percentage of zinc oxide is then calculated on the

difference between the original known weight, and the

sum of the measured weights of gutta percha,

waxes/resins, and heavy metal salts.


5

The precipitated gutta percha is dried to constant weight

in a desiccator. The chloroform-insoluble precipitate is

washed with acetone and dried to constant weight. The

dried residue is then washed with hydrochloric acid,

separating the insoluble heavy metal salts (mainly

barium sulphate) from the soluble zinc oxide. The

insoluble salts are washed with distilled water and

acetone and dried to constant weight.

The percentage of zinc oxide is then calculated on the

difference between the original known weight, and the

sum of the measured weights of gutta percha,

waxes/resins, and heavy metal salts.


6

Roxithromycin (14), an oxime derivative of erythromycin,

is an acid-stable orally administered antibacterial

macrolide. The conformational studies have established

that the drug exists as a single conformer in solution

(Gharbi-Benarous et al., 1990; Gharbi-Benarous et al.,

1991). Roxithromycin is active against Gram-positive

and Gram-negative cocci, Gram-positive bacilli and

some Gram-negative bacilli. Atypical pathogens like

Mycobacterium avium and Helicobacter pylori are also

affected but it has no significant effect on the

predominant faecal flora (Bryskier, 1998).


7

Roxithromycin (14), an oxime derivative of erythromycin,

is an acid-stable orally administered antibacterial

macrolide. The conformational studies have established

that the drug exists as a single conformer in solution

(Gharbi-Benarous et al., 1990; Gharbi-Benarous et al.,

1991). Roxithromycin is active against Gram-positive

and Gram-negative cocci, Gram-positive bacilli and

some Gram-negative bacilli. Atypical pathogens like

Mycobacterium avium and Helicobacter pylori are also

affected but it has no significant effect on the

predominant faecal flora (Bryskier, 1998).


8

Table 3 shows a comparison of patients clustered by DNA analysis

to those nonclustered according to various demographic and clinical

characteristics. Factors significantly associated with clustering were

HIV infection and birth in the United States. There was no difference

in proportion clustered by year. Patients with histories of prior

treatment and Asian patients were significantly less likely (odds ratio

[OR] = 0.40, 95% confidence interval [CI] = 0.17 to 0.98 and

OR=0.18, 95% CI-0.06 to 0.53, respectively) to be in a cluster.

Patients in clusters were 3 times more likely to have epidemiologic

links than those not in clusters. In a subanalysis that included only

non-U.S.-born patients who had a known date of entry to the United

States, clustering was significantly associated (OR=1.09, 95%

CI=1.02, l.16; p=0.01) with longer time of residence in the United

States.


9

Table 3 shows a comparison of patients clustered by DNA analysis

to those nonclustered according to various demographic and clinical

characteristics. Factors significantly associated with clustering were

HIV infection and birth in the United States. There was no difference

in proportion clustered by year. Patients with histories of prior

treatment and Asian patients were significantly less likely (odds ratio

[OR] = 0.40, 95% confidence interval [CI] = 0.17 to 0.98 and

OR=0.18, 95% CI-0.06 to 0.53, respectively) to be in a cluster.

Patients in clusters were 3 times more likely to have epidemiologic

links than those not in clusters. In a sub analysis that included only

non-U.S.- born patients who had a known date of entry to the United

States, clustering was significantly associated (OR=1.09, 95%

CI=1.02, l.16; p=0.01) with longer time of residence in the United

States


10

There are many different autoimmune diseases, and

they can each affect the body in different ways. For

example, the autoimmune reaction is directed against

the brain in multiple sclerosis and the gut in Crohn's

disease. In other autoimmune diseases such as

systemic lupus erythematosus (lupus), affected tissues

and organs may vary among individuals with the same

disease. One person with lupus may have affected skin

and joints whereas another may have affected skin,

kidney, and lungs. Ultimately, damage to certain tissues

by the immune system may be permanent, as with

destruction of insulin-producing cells of the pancreas in

Type 1 diabetes mellitus


11

There are many different autoimmune diseases, and

they can each affect the body in different ways. For

example, the autoimmune reaction is directed against

the brain in multiple sclerosis and the gut in Crohn's

disease. In other autoimmune diseases such as

systemic lupus erythematosus (lupus), affected tissues

and organs may vary among individuals with the same

disease. One person with lupus may have affected skin

and joints whereas another may have affected skin,

kidney, and lungs. Ultimately, damage to certain tissues

by the immune system may be permanent, as with

destruction of insulin-producing cells of the pancreas in

Type 1 diabetes mellitus


12

Initially LiF:Mg,Cu,P was developed and used in powder

form until 1986 when Wang et al(24) at the Central

Research Laboratory in Bejing, China produced the first

LiF:Mg,Cu,P chips called GR-200A. Now it is possible to

produce the TLD in a variety of forms such as

polycrystalline hot pressed chips, sintered chips,

accurately machined, optically transparent disks, rods,

cubes, chips, as single crystals and as thin films on

kapton substrates as well as in powder form. There

have been several papers published in which the

composition of the TLD and the manufacturing

procedures have been discussed in great detail5


13

Initially LiF:Mg,Cu,P was developed and used in powder

form until 1986 when Wang et al24 at the Central

Research Laboratory in Bejing, China produced the first

LiF:Mg,Cu,P chips called GR-200A. Now it is possible to

produce the TLD in a variety of forms such as

polycrystalline hot pressed chips, sintered chips,

accurately machined, optically transparent disks, rods,

cubes, chips, as single crystals and as thin films on

kapton substrates as well as in powder form. There

have been several papers published in which the

composition of the TLD and the manufacturing

procedures have been discussed in great detail5


14

Ambient temperature has also been shown to affect lung

function. When investigating the effects of various

environmental factors on children's lung function, Kagawa and

Toyama demonstrated that ambient temperature highly

affected respiratory function tests (Kagawa and Toyama,

1975). An increase in temperature was related to an increase

in airway resistance. One explanation for their findings might

relate to the effects of ozone which correlates highly with air

temperature. In our study change in air temperature

confounded the relationship between FVC (Forced vital

capacity) and change in NO2 but was not significant itself. No

effect of O3 on FVC was observed when the analysis was

performed for those 217 children where O3 measurements

were available.


15

Ambient temperature has also been shown to affect lung

function. When investigating the effects of various

environmental factors on children's lung function, Kagawa and

Toyama demonstrated that ambient temperature highly

affected respiratory function tests (Kagawa and Toyama,

1975). An increase in temperature was related to an increase

in airway resistance. One explanation for their findings might

relate to the effects of ozone which correlates highly with air

temperature. In our study change in air temperature

confounded the relationship between FVC (Forced vital

capacity) and change in NO2 but was not significant itself. No

effect of O3 on FVC was observed when the analysis was

performed for those 217 children where O3 measurements

were available.


16

Standard protocol AP radiographs were taken of all

patients who were in the supine position and slightly

turned to the image side (20°), with the arm in external

rotation and palm facing forward.23 The film focus

distance was measured at 115 cm, and a 15°

craniocaudal tilt was used to project the undersurface of

the acromion perpendicular. This created a true AP

projection 90° toward the shoulder (Fig 1). All

radiographs were taken in a clinical setting in the

presence of the principal investigator (MS) who

controlled for image quality and positioning.29


17

Standard protocol AP radiographs were taken of all

patients who were in the supine position and slightly

turned to the image side (20°), with the arm in external

rotation and palm facing forward.23 The film focus

distance was measured at 115 cm, and a 15°

craniocaudal tilt was used to project the undersurface of

the acromion perpendicular. This created a true AP

projection 90° toward the shoulder (Fig 1). All

radiographs were taken in a clinical setting in the

presence of the principal investigator (MS) who

controlled for image quality and positioning.29


18

Although it is often thought of as a single disease diabetes can in

fact be subdivided into two main diseases. Traditionally diabetes

has been classified into IDDM or Insulin Dependent Diabetes and

NIDDM for Non Insulin Dependent Diabetes. Although this

classification has been in use for many years it is not the most

correct as many people that suffer from what was known as NIDDM

are also dependent on insulin for survival and management of their

disease. This has led to a recent re-classification of the disease into

type 1 (previously IDDM) and type 2 diabetes (previously NIDDM).

Type 1 is mainly a disease of young age of onset, and is due to the

destruction by the immune system of the insulin secreting ß-cells in

the pancreas …… ……. Type 2 diabetes is the most common of

these two diseases accounting for 90-95% of all diabetes cases

diagnosed worldwide. It is mainly characterised by …..


19

Although it is often thought of as a single disease diabetes can in

fact be subdivided into two main diseases. Traditionally diabetes

has been classified into IDDM or Insulin Dependent Diabetes and

NIDDM for Non Insulin Dependent Diabetes. Although this

classification has been in use for many years, it is not the most

correct as many people that suffer from what was known as NIDDM

are also dependent on insulin for survival and management of their

disease. This has led to a recent re-classification of the disease into

type 1 (previously IDDM) and type 2 diabetes (previously NIDDM).

Type 1 is mainly a disease of young age of onset, and is due to the

destruction by the immune system of the insulin secreting ß-cells in

the pancreas …… ……. Type 2 diabetes is the most common of

these two diseases accounting for 90-95% of all diabetes cases

diagnosed worldwide. It is mainly characterised by …..


20

In the literature there is good evidence of an association

between various sports and postural deviations. Among

athletes who experience asymmetrical load on the trunks

and the shoulders, such as tennis players (Sward et al.,

1990), hurling players (Watson, 1983), javelin throwers

(Helstrom et al., 1990) and rowers (Woynarowska and

Bojanowska, 1979), scoliosis has been detected. Becker

(1986) reported the results of a study carried out by

Krahl and Steinbruk between 1974 and 1978 on 571 top

athletes, in which they found a 33.5% incidence of

functional scoliosis and a 1.6% incidence of idiopathic

scoliosis.


21

In the literature there is good evidence of an association

between various sports and postural deviations. Among

athletes who experience asymmetrical load on the trunks

and the shoulders, such as tennis players (Sward et al.,

1990), hurling players (Watson, 1983), javelin throwers

(Helstrom et al., 1990) and rowers (Woynarowska and

Bojanowska, 1979), scoliosis has been detected. Becker

(1986) reported the results of a study carried out by

Krahl and Steinbruk between 1974 and 1978 on 571 top

athletes, in which they found a 33.5% incidence of

functional scoliosis and a 1.6% incidence of idiopathic

scoliosis.


22

A number of possible future studies using the same

experimental set up are apparent. It would be interesting

to assess the effects of mood altering drugs such as

alcohol, amphetamine and cocaine on performance and

brain activation patterns of subjects playing Pac-Man.

Furthermore, it would be interesting to compare the

results of subjects who were playing for a performance-

related financial reward with the results of subjects

playing the game under normal conditions.


23

A number of possible future studies using the same

experimental set up are apparent. It would be interesting

to assess the effects of mood altering drugs such as

alcohol, amphetamine and cocaine on performance and

brain activation patterns of subjects playing Pac-Man.

Furthermore, it would be interesting to compare the

results of subjects who were playing for a performance-

related financial reward with the results of subjects

playing the game under normal conditions.


24

There is no published data in Western Australia to

indicate on what demographic basis doctor dispensing

licences have been granted. Further, there is no

research to indicate whether residents of towns receiving

pharmaceutical care through the doctor are receiving the

same level of service as residents with access to a

pharmacy in their town. Nor is there any data as to the

level of patronage of doctor dispensing services relative

to pharmacy services in rural areas.


25

There is no published data in Western Australia to

indicate on what demographic basis doctor dispensing

licences have been granted. Further, there is no

research to indicate whether residents of towns receiving

pharmaceutical care through the doctor are receiving the

same level of service as residents with access to a

pharmacy in their town. Nor is there any data as to the

level of patronage of doctor dispensing services relative

to pharmacy services in rural areas.

session1 2010 fmhs_recognising language functions

Education

recognising langfunctions

constant weight

percent of men

insoluble salts

percent of women

insoluble heavy metal

heart disease

heart attacks