session 6 managing hardware and software assets. computer hardware and information technology...

SESSION 6SESSION 6

MANAGING HARDWARE MANAGING HARDWARE ANDAND

SOFTWARE ASSETSSOFTWARE ASSETS

COMPUTER HARDWARE AND INFORMATION TECHNOLOGY INFRASTRUCTURE

Hardware Components of a Computer System

Figure 6-1

The Computer System

bitbit

Binary digitBinary digit

Represents smallest unit of data in the form of either 0 or Represents smallest unit of data in the form of either 0 or 11

bytebyte

String of bits, usually eightString of bits, usually eight

Stores one number or character Stores one number or character


Bits and Bytes

Figure 6-2


The CPU and Primary Storage

Central Processing Unit (CPU)Central Processing Unit (CPU)

Manipulates symbols, numbers, and lettersManipulates symbols, numbers, and letters

Controls other parts of the computer Controls other parts of the computer systemsystem


Arithmetic-logic unit (ALU): Arithmetic-logic unit (ALU): performs the performs the computer’s principal logic and arithmetic computer’s principal logic and arithmetic operationsoperations

Control Unit: Control Unit: coordinates and controls the coordinates and controls the other parts of the computer systemother parts of the computer system

The CPU and Primary Storage


Primary Storage

StoresStores

Software program being executedSoftware program being executed

Operating system programs Operating system programs

Data being used by program Data being used by program


Computer storage capacity is measured in Computer storage capacity is measured in bytes:bytes:

Kilobyte Kilobyte 1,000 bytes1,000 bytesMegabyteMegabyte 1,000,000 bytes1,000,000 bytesGigabyteGigabyte 1,000,000,000 bytes1,000,000,000 bytesTerabyte Terabyte 1,000,000,000 bytes1,000,000,000 bytes

Primary Storage


Computer Processing

Parallel ProcessingParallel Processing

Problem broken down into smaller partsProblem broken down into smaller parts

Multiple instructions processed Multiple instructions processed simultaneously with multiple processorssimultaneously with multiple processors


Sequential and Parallel Processing

Figure 6-4


Magnetic disk:Magnetic disk: Floppy disk, Hard disk Floppy disk, Hard disk

Optical disks:Optical disks: CD-ROM, DVDs CD-ROM, DVDs

Magnetic tape:Magnetic tape: Inexpensive, older secondary- Inexpensive, older secondary-storage mediumstorage medium

New storage alternatives:New storage alternatives: Storage Area Networks Storage Area Networks (SANs)(SANs)

STORAGE, INPUT AND OUTPUT TECHNOLOGY

Secondary Storage Technology

Batch processingBatch processing

Transactions accumulated and stored until Transactions accumulated and stored until processingprocessing

On-line processingOn-line processing

Transactions are entered directly into computer Transactions are entered directly into computer and processed immediatelyand processed immediately

Batch and On-Line Input and Processing

STORAGE, INPUT AND OUTPUT TECHNOLOGY

Supercomputer:Supercomputer: Highly sophisticated and powerful, performs Highly sophisticated and powerful, performs complex computationscomplex computations

Mainframes: Mainframes: Largest computer, massive memory, rapid Largest computer, massive memory, rapid processing powerprocessing power

Midrange computers: Midrange computers: Less powerful, less expensive, and Less powerful, less expensive, and smaller than a mainframesmaller than a mainframe

Network Server: Network Server: Provides software and other resources to computers Provides software and other resources to computers over a networkover a network

Minicomputers: Minicomputers: Middle-range computer, used inMiddle-range computer, used in universities, factories, universities, factories, or research laboratoriesor research laboratories

Classifying Computers

CATEGORIES OF COMPUTERS AND COMPUTER SYSTEMS

Personal Computer (PC): Personal Computer (PC): Small desktop Small desktop or portable computeror portable computer

Workstation: Workstation: Desktop computer with Desktop computer with powerful graphics and mathematical powerful graphics and mathematical capabilitiescapabilities

Classifying Computers


Computer Networks and Client/Server Computing

• Distributed processing:Distributed processing: Distribution of Distribution of

processing work among multiple computersprocessing work among multiple computers

• Centralized processing:Centralized processing: Accomplished by Accomplished by

one large central computerone large central computer

• Client/server computing:Client/server computing: Splits processing Splits processing

between “clients” and “servers” on networkbetween “clients” and “servers” on network


Network Computers and Peer-to-Peer Computing

• Network computer (NC):Network computer (NC): Simplified Simplified desktop computer, does not store data desktop computer, does not store data permanentlypermanently

• Peer-to-peer computing:Peer-to-peer computing: Distributed Distributed processing that links computers through processing that links computers through Internet or private networks Internet or private networks


• Software program:Software program: Series of statements Series of statements or instructions to the computeror instructions to the computer

• System software:System software: Generalized Generalized programs, manages computer’s resourcesprograms, manages computer’s resources

• Application softwareApplication software: : Programs written Programs written to perform functions specified by end to perform functions specified by end usersusers

TYPES OF SOFTWARE

Figure 6-9

TYPES OF SOFTWARE

Functions of the operating systemFunctions of the operating system

• Allocates and assigns system resourcesAllocates and assigns system resources

• Schedules use of computer resources Schedules use of computer resources

• Monitors computer system activitiesMonitors computer system activities

• Provides locations in primary memory for Provides locations in primary memory for data and programsdata and programs

• Controls the input and output devicesControls the input and output devices

TYPES OF SOFTWARE

• Programming languages:Programming languages: Consists of Consists of 1s and 0s of binary code1s and 0s of binary code

• Assembly language:Assembly language: Resembles Resembles machine language, substitutes machine language, substitutes mnemonics for numeric codesmnemonics for numeric codes

• Third-generation languages:Third-generation languages: FORTRAN, COBOL, BASIC, Pascal, and CFORTRAN, COBOL, BASIC, Pascal, and C

Application Software and Programming Languages

TYPES OF SOFTWARE

• Fourth-generation language:Fourth-generation language: Employed directly by end users Employed directly by end users

• Natural languages:Natural languages: Close to human Close to human languagelanguage

Fourth-Generation Languages and PC Software Tools

TYPES OF SOFTWARE

MiddlewareMiddleware

• Allows two disparate applications to Allows two disparate applications to communicate to exchange datacommunicate to exchange data

Web serverWeb server

• Manages requests for Web pages on the Manages requests for Web pages on the computer where they are storedcomputer where they are stored

Software for Enterprise Integration: Enterprise Software and Middleware

TYPES OF SOFTWARE

Middleware

Figure 6-18

TYPES OF SOFTWARE

• Capacity planning:Capacity planning: Process of Process of predicting the computing power predicting the computing power

• Scalability:Scalability: Ability of a computer, Ability of a computer, product, or system to expand and to serve product, or system to expand and to serve without breaking downwithout breaking down

HARDWARE TECHNOLOGY REQUIREMENTS

Hardware Technology Requirements for Electronic Commerce and Digital Firm

• Designates the total cost of owning Designates the total cost of owning technology resourcestechnology resources

• Includes initial purchase costs, cost of Includes initial purchase costs, cost of hardware and software upgrades, hardware and software upgrades, maintenance, technical support, and maintenance, technical support, and trainingtraining

Total Cost of Ownership (TCO) of Technology Assets


On-Line storage service providersOn-Line storage service providers

• Third-party provider Third-party provider

• Rent out storage space to subscribers Rent out storage space to subscribers over the Webover the Web

• Allow customers to store and access dataAllow customers to store and access data

Rent or Build Decisions: Using Technology Service Providers


Application Service Providers (ASPs)Application Service Providers (ASPs)

• Provide software that can be rented by Provide software that can be rented by other companies other companies

Other Types of Service ProvidersOther Types of Service Providers

• Provide additional resources for helping Provide additional resources for helping organizations manage their technology organizations manage their technology assetsassets

Rent or Build Decisions: Using Technology Service Providers


session 6 managing hardware and software assets. computer hardware and information technology...

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