Law and Policy of Relevance to the Management of Plant Genetic Resources - 5.11.1

Session 11:

The Changing Structure of

Agricultural Research and Its

Implications for PGR

Law and Policy of Relevance to the Management of Plant Genetic Resources - 5.11.2

Identify changes in levels and scope of agricultural research investment by private and public institutions, in developing and developed countries

Discuss the role of market size, globalization and intellectual property rights on the development of plant breeding in developing and developed countries

Analyze the changes in research environments on the utilization of, access to, and conservation of PGR

Objectives of Session 11

Law and Policy of Relevance to the Management of Plant Genetic Resources - 5.11.3

Global Changes in Agricultural Researchby Private and Public Institutions

The rate of private investment in agricultural research is higher than public investment, in both developing and developed countries

The level of private investment is higher than public investment in developed countries, but it is the opposite in developing countries

The growth of public investment in developing countries is uneven: rapid in Asia, slow in LAC, stagnant in Africa

Law and Policy of Relevance to the Management of Plant Genetic Resources - 5.11.4

New technological and market opportunities related to scientific advances

Changes in intellectual property regimes that have allowed private-sector firms to capture more of the benefits that result from research

New institutional structures for public- and private- sector research collaboration and technology transfer

Increased globalization of markets for agricultural inputs

Contributing Factors to Increases inPrivate Investment in Agricultural Research

Law and Policy of Relevance to the Management of Plant Genetic Resources - 5.11.5

Utilization of, Access to and Conservation of PGR

Private sector focuses on commercial, appropriable crops

Increasing proprietary control of PGR tends to restrict global access to PGR

Long-term conservation of PGR requires the cooperation of the public and private sector, and of developing and developed countries

Law and Policy of Relevance to the Management of Plant Genetic Resources - 5.11.6

Agricultural R&D Expenditures (excluding Eastern Europe, Former Soviet Union)

0

5000

10000

15000

20000

25000

Developing Industrialized Developing Industrialized Developing Industrialized

mil

lio

ns

of

199

3 i

nte

rna

tio

na

l d

oll

ars

Public Private

1976 1985 1995

private sector totals not available

Source: Pardey and Beintema (2001); Alston, Pardey, and Smith (1999).

Law and Policy of Relevance to the Management of Plant Genetic Resources - 5.11.7

Natural Domains for Public and Private Plant Breeding Programmes

Degree of commercial orientation

Germplasmconservation

Basicresearch

Linedevelopment

Cultivardevelopment

Seedproduction

Privatesector

PublicSector

(high)(low)

Source materialdevelopment

Source: Morris and Ekasingh (2002).

Law and Policy of Relevance to the Management of Plant Genetic Resources - 5.11.8

Real Public- & Private-Sector Expenditures onPlant Breeding, U.S., Research Deflator

0.0

100.0

200.0

300.0

400.0

500.0

600.0

1955 1960 1965 1970 1975 1980 1985 1990 1995 2000

1993

U.S

. do

llars

--re

sear

ch d

efla

tor

Public--Biological Efficiency, Pest & Disease Control, Field Crops Private Sector (all plant breeding)

Source: Heisey, Srinivasan and Thirtle (2001).

Law and Policy of Relevance to the Management of Plant Genetic Resources - 5.11.9

Total CGIAR Investment Compared to Approximate CGIAR Investment in Plant Breeding

0.0

50.0

100.0

150.0

200.0

250.0

300.0

350.0

400.0

1970 1975 1980 1985 1990 1995 2000 2005

mill

ion

s 1

99

3 d

olla

rs--

U.S

. GD

P d

efl

ato

r

Total CG Productivity + Biodiversity

Source: CGIAR Annual Reports; Alston, Pardey and Smith (1999).