Serotonin synthesis , role and disorders

Serotonin Biosynthesis, regulation, role and disordersBy:Noureen abdelhalim Nada Adel Rana ElmonayriT20

-Serotonin (5-hydroxytryptamine, 5-HT)-Discovered in Rome by Vittorio Erspamer in 1935-Derived from Tryptophan amino acid ,Its a monoamine

What is Serotonin !

Key enzyme 5 hydroxytryptophan

Biosynthesis of serotonin

By MAO-A enzyme and ALDH2 enzyme

Metabolism

Role of serotonin in both invertebrates and vertebrates

1-Invertebrates:In insects: it regulate heart beat,regulate growth and memory

In parasites and worms: it regulate movement

2-Role of serotonin in vertebrates:

1-regulation of adrenocorticotropin (ACTH),Prolactin and growth hormone secretion

2-Serotonin is a mood regulator :

Because of activation of 5HT1A

3-In Brain: Serotonin have several important functions including : Sleep, appetite, feeding, and body weight

4-serotonin is the most implicated in treatment of various disorders ,including anxiety, depression,obssessive,schzophrenia ,stroke,obesity,pain,hypertension,vascular disorders and nausea The linkage of serotonin to depression:

In case of depression ,the value of serotonin is decreased in brain

So anti depressant work to Increase serotonin level By blocking serotonin reuptake

Causes: Behavioral Causes:Lack of sufficient sleepNot managing your stress levelsLack of exercise/physical activity

b) Environmental Causes:Insufficient exposure to sunlightExposure to toxic chemicals found in plastics such as bisphenol-A (BPA)Consuming pesticide-laden meat and produceExposure to pesticides without sufficient protective gear

Symptoms and Causes of Serotonin Deficiency:Dietary Causes:Insufficient consumption of high-protein non-processed food.Consuming too much caffeine and alcohol.Food allergies.Multiple vitamin and mineral deficiencies.Omega-3 deficiency.

Physiological Causes:Insulin resistance.Progesterone deficiency.Chronic infections.Glutathione deficiency.Human growth hormone deficiency.Insufficient blood flow in the brain.Inborn abnormalities in serotonin receptors.

Symptoms and Causes of Serotonin Deficiency:Symptoms:Anxiety in typically low stress situationsImpatience without explanationFatigue when you should feel rested and energizedCognitive impairment (inability to focus, poor memory, lack of mental clarity)Negative thoughts with no apparent causeAgitationMania/obsessionMood swingsStrong sugar cravingsIndifference to situations you typically would care deeply aboutExcessive worryingInability to fall and stay asleepModerate to overwhelming sadnessFeeling worse and agitated during bad/dark weather

Symptoms and Causes of Serotonin Deficiency:

How to Increase Serotonin Levels?

Here are a few tips on how to increase serotonin levels without resorting to prescription medication.Exercise:Exercise has three key properties that help increase serotonin levels.It reduces stress, which in turn means you deplete less serotonin.It actually increases the amount of serotonin released in your system. Scientists are unsure why this is the case, but the effects are well documented.It helps you sleep better which is when amino acids are converted into Serotonin stores within the central nervous system.

How to Increase Serotonin Levels?

Diet:The foods below all have varying amounts of tryptophan, an essential amino acid that is converted to 5-htp and then used by the brain to produce serotonin.Foods high in l-tryptophan (a precursor to serotonin) such as turkey or duck, dairy products such as milk and cheese, peanuts, legumes, chickpeas, tree nuts (almonds, pistachio, pine nuts, pecan, Brazil nuts, cashews, hazelnuts, walnuts, macadamia nuts), brown rice, whole grains, spinach,avocado, blue-green algae, potatoes, radish, beets, fennel, bananas, figs, pineapple, and soy products such as soy milk, tofu, tempeh, natto, and miso.Foods with high levels of omega-3 fatty acids. Flax seeds/oil, hem seeds/oil, chia seeds, walnuts, and fatty fish such mackerel and sardines.Foods that contain glutathione: garlic, walnuts, carrots, potatoes, squash, okra, asparagus, broccoli, spinach, purslane, tomatoes, apples, avocado, and grapefruit.How to Increase Serotonin Levels?

Iron rich food: organic, grass-fed beef, spinach, bok choi, collards, swiss chard, kale, lettuce, broccoli, nuts, seeds, sprouts, and dried fruits.Magnesium rich food: Leafy greens, cacao, seaweed, bananas, orange, tree nuts, peanuts, whole grains, corn, cheese, eggs, milk, and white fishFood sources of folate: such as wheat germ, black-eyed peas, peanuts, tree nuts, bananas, orange, kiwi, strawberries, avocado, cantaloupe, bananas, blackberries, tomatoes, dark green vegetables, asparagus, green bell pepper, carrots, and liver.Foods rich in vitamin C : such as dark green vegetables (leafy and cruciferous), cauliflower, cabbage, sweet peppers, potatoes, black currants, guava, strawberries, cherries, mango, berries, parsley, raw cacao, rosehips, nettle, and citrus fruits such as lemon, orange, and grapefruit.Foods that have sufficient levels of vitamin B6: Wheat germ, bananas, watermelon, avocado, Brussels sprouts, carrots, potatoes, whole grains, beans, green leafy vegetables, chicken, and fish.

How to Increase Serotonin Levels?

18One of the most important neurotransmittersMain Precursor : Tryptophan

Its important not for only humans and animals but also for Insects many types of food are involved to maintain our serotonin level

Conclusion

Less Carbs , more protein.antidepressants asantidepressantsincludeTricyclic antidepressants (TCAs)

Monoamine oxidase inhibitors (MAOIs)

Selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs).

Serotonin and norepinephrine reuptake inhibitors (SNRIs)

http://www.sigmaaldrich.com/technical-documents/articles/biology/rbi-handbook/non-peptide-receptors-synthesis-and-metabolism/serotonin-synthesis-and-metabolism.htmlhttp://articles.mercola.com/sites/articles/archive/2013/10/10/melatonin.aspxhttp://www.webmd.com/depression/symptoms-depressed-anxiety-12/antidepressants

Refrences