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SENSORY AND ANALYTICAL: WHERE SCIENCE MEETS ART

Room 314 | December 6 2017

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3

• Steve Lindsay, Almond Quality Food Safety Committee, moderator

• Guangwei Huang, Almond Board of California

• Ellie King, MMR Research Worldwide

• Alyson Mitchell, UC Davis

AGENDA

Sensory & Chemistry Profiling of Raw Almond Varieties (2015/16 & 2016/17 Seasons)Dr Ellie KingMMR Research Worldwide, Inc., Pleasantville NY

Dr Dawn ChapmanCovance Food Solutions, Livermore CADr Alyson MitchellUC Davis, Davis CA

Sensory:

Chemistry:

Content

• About MMR

• Background & Objectives

• Methodology

• Results

• Key Findings

MMR has 4 Sensory Science Centres in the UK, US, Singapore & China

Over 25 years experience and 15 trained sensory panels globally Each location is purpose built and fitted with:

• A kitchen/preparation area • Large training /discussion rooms• Light, temperature and odor controlled booths

equipped with tabletsThere are 3 sensory descriptive analysis panels in Pleasantville, NY and on-site client panels in the US:

• The first US panel was established in 2011• These sensory panels consist of 10-15 panelists,

who are screened, trained and calibrated to evaluate a wide range of food, drinks, personal and household care products

MMR also has a team of 8 statisticians all experts at analyzing and modeling sensory panel data, with consumer and or analytical data.

Background & ObjectivesBackground:

• Almond Board of California is interested in better understanding the sensory profiles and chemical composition of raw almond varieties

• 10 raw almond varieties were analyzed over two seasons, using sensory descriptive analysis and chemical analyses

Objectives:

Almond Varieties

2015-16 season

2016-17 season

Trends over 2 seasons

Monterey 4 4 xWood Colony 4 4 xAldrich 4 4 xPadre 1 0Carmel 2 4 xButte 4 0Price 4 4 xNonpareil 4 4 xSonora 4 4 xFritz 4 4 xMission 3 0Independence 1 4 xButte/Padre 3 4 xTOTAL 42 40 10 varieties

Raw and unpasteurized – samples were sorted and dusted before evaluation

• To determine the sensory signatures of raw almond varieties

• To relate the sensory and chemical analyses and identify trends across the two growing seasons

Methodology – Descriptive Sensory Analysis

• Descriptive testing was conducted by Covance (formerly The National Food Lab) using trained sensory panelists

• 10 panelists, 2 replications• Panelists participated in up to 3 orientation

sessions to discuss the samples and review the references

• Samples were blinded using 3-digit codes and served in a randomized and balanced order

• Panelists rated attribute intensities on a 15-point modified Universal line scale

• 40 sensory attributes were evaluated across all modalities

Methodology – Chemical Analyses

• 11 physical measures • 9 vitamins and metals• Gas Chromatography – measured

at UC Davis:Headspace Solid-Phase MicroextractionGas Chromatograpy/Mass-Spectrometry (HS-SPME-GC/MS)

− 52 volatile compounds, most confirmed with authentic standards

− 2 replicates

http://www.elcalabs.com/GCMS.html

Descriptive Sensory Results (2015/16 and 2016/17 seasons)

Total Aroma Intensity (O)

Fruity/Sour (O)Hay (O)

Hardness (T)

Fracturability (T)Crunchy (T)

Roughness (T)

Total Flavor Intensity (F)

Sweet (F)

Sweet Aromatic (F)

Marzipan/Benzaldehyde (F)

Woody (F)

Chewiness (T)

Cohesiveness of Mass (T)

Moistness of Mass (T)

Mealy Mouthcoating (T)

Amt of Residual Particulate (T)

Astringent (T)

PC2

(15%

)PC1 (53%)

Sensory profiles of raw almonds across 2 growing seasons


Sweet Aromatic (O)

Fruity/Sour (O)

Hay (O)

Unripe/Beany (O)

Rubber/Medicinal (O)

Hardness (T)Fracturability (T)Crunchy (T)

Roughness (T)


Sweet (F)

Sweet Aromatic (F)


Hay (F)

Woody (F)

Chewiness (T)




Awareness of Skins (T)


Astringent (T)

PC2

(16%

)

PC1 (41%)

2015/16 2016/17



Hardness (T)


Roughness (T)


Sweet (F)

Sweet Aromatic (F)


Woody (F)

Chewiness (T)





Astringent (T)

PC2

(15%

)PC1 (53%)

Key difference among samples is driven by TEXTURE (Hardness)


Sweet Aromatic (O)

Fruity/Sour (O)

Hay (O)

Unripe/Beany (O)


Hardness (T)Fracturability (T)

Crunchy (T)

Roughness (T)


Sweet (F)

Sweet Aromatic (F)


Hay (F)

Woody (F)

Chewiness (T)






Astringent (T)

PC2

(16%

)

PC1 (41%)Hardness, Fracturable, Crunchy, Astringent

Independence tends to be high in Hardness, Fracturability, Crunchy & Astringent across both seasons

Woody Colony tends to be high in Hardness,

Fracturability, Crunchy & Astringent in 2016/17 season

Sonora tends to be high inCrunchy & Fracturability in

2015/16 season

Sonora

Sonora Independence

IndependenceWood Colony

Wood Colony

2015/16 2016/17

Hardness, Fracturable, Crunchy, Astringent



Hardness (T)


Roughness (T)


Sweet (F)

Sweet Aromatic (F)


Woody (F)

Chewiness (T)





Astringent (T)

PC2

(15%

)PC1 (53%)

Key difference among samples is TEXTURE (Hardness to Chewiness)


Sweet Aromatic (O)

Fruity/Sour (O)

Hay (O)

Unripe/Beany (O)



Crunchy (T)

Roughness (T)


Sweet (F)

Sweet Aromatic (F)


Hay (F)

Woody (F)

Chewiness (T)


Moistness of Mass (T)Mealy

Mouthcoating (T)



Astringent (T)

PC2

(16%

)

PC1 (41%)Moistness, Chewiness, Sweet

Fritz tends to be high in Moistness, Chewiness &

Sweet across both seasons

Monterey tends to be highin Moistness, Chewiness & Cohesiveness of Mass

across both seasons

Sonora

Independence

Wood Colony

Sonora

Independence

Wood Colony

Fritz Fritz

Monterey

Monterey

2015/16 2016/17

Moistness, Chewiness, Sweet


Fruity/Sour (O)

Hay (O)

Hardness (T)


Roughness (T)


Sweet (F)

Sweet Aromatic (F)


Woody (F)

Chewiness (T)





Astringent (T)

PC2

(15%

)PC1 (53%)

Samples further differentiated by FLAVOR (Hay/Woody and Marzipan)


Sweet Aromatic (O)

Fruity/Sour (O)

Hay (O)

Unripe/Beany (O)



Roughness (T)


Sweet (F)

Sweet Aromatic (F)


Hay (F)

Woody (F)

Chewiness (T)






Astringent (T)

PC2

(16%

)

PC1 (41%)

Hay

, Hig

h ar

oma/

flavo

r

Woo

dy/H

ay, H

igh

arom

a

Low

aro

ma/

flavo

r

Mar

zipa

n, H

igh

flavo

r

Sonora

Independence

Wood Colony

Sonora

Independence

Wood Colony

Fritz Fritz

Monterey

Monterey

Nonpareil Nonpareil

Aldrich Butte/Padre

Butte/Padre

Aldrich Aldrich tends to be high in Hay, Unripe/Beany, Sweet

aromatic in 2015/16 season & highest in

Marzipan/Benzaldehyde in 2016/17 season

Carmel

Carmel

Carmel tends to be fairlyhigh in Marzipan/

Benzaldehyde in 2016/17 season

Butte

Butte tends to be low in aroma/flavor in 2015/16 season

2015/16 2016/17

Nonpareil is high in variability in 2016/17;

some samples tends to be more Sweet

Butte/Padre tends to be high in Hay, Fruity/Sour,

Woody in 2016/17 season



Hardness (T)


Roughness (T)


Sweet (F)

Sweet Aromatic (F)


Woody (F)

Chewiness (T)





Astringent (T)

PC2

(15%

)PC1 (53%)

Padre, Sonora and Mission have no distinct sensory profiles


Sweet Aromatic (O)

Fruity/Sour (O)

Hay (O)

Unripe/Beany (O)



Roughness (T)


Sweet (F)

Sweet Aromatic (F)


Hay (F)

Woody (F)

Chewiness (T)






Astringent (T)

PC2

(16%

)

PC1 (41%)Hardness, Fracturable, Crunchy, Astringent Moistness, Chewiness, Sweet

Hay

, Hig

h ar

oma/

flavo

r

Woo

dy/H

ay, H

igh

arom

a

Low

aro

ma/

flavo

r

Mar

zipa

n, H

igh

flavo

r

Sonora

Independence

Wood Colony

Sonora

Independence

Wood Colony

Fritz Fritz

Monterey

Monterey

Nonpareil Nonpareil

Aldrich Butte/Padre

Butte/Padre

Aldrich

Carmel

Carmel

Butte

Price Price

Mission Padre

Flavors tend to be more variable across seasons, whereas textures are more consistent

2015/16 2016/17

Relating Sensory & Chemical Analyses (2015/16 and 2016/17 seasons)



Hardness (T)

Fracturability (T)

Crunchy (T)

Roughness (T)


Sweet (F)

Sweet Aromatic (F)


Woody (F)

Chewiness (T)





Astringent (T)

PC2

(15%

)

PC1 (53%)

Descriptive sensory profile of 2015/16 and 2016/17 seasons


Sweet Aromatic (O)

Fruity/Sour (O)

Hay (O)

Unripe/Beany (O)



Crunchy (T)

Roughness (T)


Sweet (F)

Sweet Aromatic (F)


Hay (F)

Woody (F)

Chewiness (T)

Cohesiveness of Mass (T)Moistness of Mass

(T)




Astringent (T)

PC2

(16%

)

PC1 (41%)

2015/16 2016/17

Mapping the relationship of physical measures, vitamins & metals on the sensory space


Sweet Aromatic (O)

Fruity/Sour (O)

Hay (O)

Unripe/Beany (O)



Roughness (T)


Sweet (F)

Sweet Aromatic (F)

Hay (F)

Woody (F)

Chewiness (T)

Cohesiveness of Mass (T)Moistness of Mass (T)




Astringent (T)

Moisture (%)

Protein (%)

Dietary Fiber (%)

Insoluble Fiber (%)

Soluble Fiber (%)

Ash (%)

Sugars (%)

Fat (%)

MUFA (%)

PUFA (%)

SAFA (%)

α-Tocopherol (mg/100g(

Calcium (mg/100g)

Potassium (mg/100g)

Phosphorus (mg/100g)

Magnesium (mg/100g)

Zinc (mg/100g)Iron (mg/100g)

Copper (mg/100g)

Manganese (mg/100g)

Toluene

PC2

(16%

)

PC1 (41%)

2015/16



Hardness (T)


Roughness (T)


Sweet (F)

Sweet Aromatic (F)

Woody (F)

Chewiness (T)





Astringent (T)

Moisture (%)

Protein (%)

Dietary Fiber (%)Insoluble Fiber

(%)

Soluble Fiber (%)Ash (%)

Sugars (%)

Fat (%)

MUFA (%)

PUFA (%)

SAFA (%)

α-Tocopherol (mg/100g(

Calcium (mg/100g)

Potassium (mg/100g)

Phosphorus (mg/100g) Magnesium

(mg/100g)

Zinc (mg/100g)

Iron (mg/100g)

Copper (mg/100g)

Manganese (mg/100g)

PC2

(15%

)

PC1 (53%)

2016/17



Mapping the relationship of volatile compounds on the sensory space


Sweet Aromatic (O)

Fruity/Sour (O)

Hay (O)

Unripe/Beany (O)



Roughness (T)


Sweet (F)

Sweet Aromatic (F)

Hay (F)

Woody (F)

Chewiness (T)





Astringent (T)

Amygdalin (mg/kg)

Butanal

Ethyl Acetate

2-Butanone 2-methyl-Butanal3-methyl-Butanal

Isopropyl Alcohol

Pentanal Acetonitrile

2-Butanol Toluene

1-Propanol

3-Penten-2-ol Hexanal

2-methyl-1-Propanol

3-Pentanol

2-Pentanol

1-Butanol

2-methyl-3-Pentanol

1-Penten-3-ol

3-methyl-2-Butenal

3-Hexanol

3-methyl-1-Butanol

3-methyl-3-Buten-1-ol

1-Pentanol

Acetoin

Cyclopentanol

Prenol

1-Hexanol

Nonanal

2-butoxy-Ethanol

Acetic acid

1-Heptanol

Furfural

cis-Linaloloxide 2-Ethyl-1-hexanol Benzaldehyde

2-(methylthio)-Ethanol

[R-(R*,R*)]-2,3-Butanediol 1-Octanol 2,3-Butanediol

dihydro-3-methyl- 2(3H)-

Furanone

Benzeneacetaldehyde

5-ethyldihydro-2(3H)-Furanone 3-(methylthio)-

1-Propanol

2-methoxy-Phenol

Benzyl alcohol

Phenylethyl Alcohol

PC2

(16%

)

PC1 (41%)

2015/16



Hardness (T)


Roughness (T)


Sweet (F)

Sweet Aromatic (F)

Woody (F)

Chewiness (T)





Astringent (T)

Amygdalin (mg/kg)

Butanal

Ethyl Acetate

2-Butanone

2-methyl-Butanal

3-methyl-Butanal

Pentanal

Acetonitrile 2-Butanol Toluene

1-Propanol

3-Penten-2-ol

Hexanal

2-methyl-1-Propanol

3-Pentanol

2-Pentanol

1-Butanol

2-methyl-3-Pentanol

1-Penten-3-ol

3-methyl-2-Butenal

3-Hexanol

3-methyl-3-Buten-1-ol

1-Pentanol

Acetoin

Cyclopentanol

Prenol

3-methyl-1-Pentanol

1-Hexanol

Nonanal

2-butoxy-Ethanol

Acetic acid

1-Heptanol

Furfural

cis-Linaloloxide

Benzaldehyde

2-(methylthio)-Ethanol

[R-(R*,R*)]-2,3-Butanediol 2,3-Butanediol dihydro-3-

methyl- 2(3H)-Furanone

Benzeneacetaldehyde

5-ethyldihydro-2(3H)-Furanone

3-(methylthio)-1-Propanol

2-methoxy-Phenol

Benzyl alcohol

Phenylethyl Alcohol

PC2

(15%

)

PC1 (53%)

2016/17




Sweet Aromatic (O)

Fruity/Sour (O)

Hay (O)

Unripe/Beany (O)



Roughness (T)


Sweet (F)

Sweet Aromatic (F)

Hay (F)

Woody (F)

Chewiness (T)





Astringent (T)


Copper (mg/100g)

Amygdalin (mg/kg)

1-Propanol

3-Pentanol

1-Penten-3-ol

Benzaldehyde

Benzyl alcohol

Phenylethyl Alcohol

PC2

(16%

)

PC1 (41%)



Hardness (T)


Roughness (T)


Sweet (F)

Sweet Aromatic (F)

Woody (F)

Chewiness (T)





Astringent (T)

Potassium (mg/100g)

Amygdalin (mg/kg)

2-Butanone

3-methyl-Butanal

Pentanal Hexanal

Benzaldehyde

2-(methylthio)-Ethanol Benzyl alcohol

Phenylethyl Alcohol

PC2

(15%

)

PC1 (53%)



Marzipan/Benzaldehyde flavor is driven by benzaldehyde, amygdalin, phenylethyl alcohol & benzl alcohol across the 2 seasons

2015/16 2016/17

0.0

0.5

1.0

1.5

2.0

0.0 20.0 40.0 60.0 80.0 100.0 120.0

Mar

zipan

/Ben

zald

ehyd

e (F

)

Benzaldehyde (ppm)

0.0

0.5

1.0

1.5

2.0

2.5

0.0 20.0 40.0 60.0 80.0 100.0 120.0

Mar

zipan

/Ben

zald

ehyd

e (F

)

Amygdalin (ppm)

0.0

0.5

1.0

1.5

2.0

2.5

0.0 20.0 40.0 60.0 80.0 100.0 120.0

Mar

zipan

/Ben

zald

ehyd

e (F

)

Benzaldehyde (ppm)

0.0

0.5

1.0

1.5

2.0

2.5

0.0 20.0 40.0 60.0 80.0 100.0 120.0M

arzip

an/B

enza

ldeh

yde

(F)

Amygdalin (ppm)

2016/172015/16

2016/172015/16

Marzipan/Benzaldehyde flavor is positively correlated with Benzaldehyde & Amygdalin

Aldrich

Aldrich

r = 0.72

r = 0.90

r = 0.92

r = 0.96

Fritz

Fritz

Aldrich

Amygdalin

Benzaldehyde

Chewiness is driven by the presence of Moisture across the 2 seasons


Sweet Aromatic (O)

Fruity/Sour (O)

Hay (O)

Unripe/Beany (O)



Roughness (T)


Sweet (F)

Sweet Aromatic (F)

Hay (F)

Woody (F)

Chewiness (T)






Astringent (T)

Moisture (%)


Copper (mg/100g)

1-Propanol

Hexanal

Furfural

2,3-Butanediol

3-(methylthio)-1-Propanol

Phenylethyl Alcohol

PC2

(16%

)

PC1 (41%)



Hardness (T)


Roughness (T)


Sweet (F)

Sweet Aromatic (F)

Woody (F)

Chewiness (T)





Astringent (T)

Moisture (%)

Sugars (%)

PUFA (%)

Magnesium (mg/100g)

Ethyl Acetate

2-Butanone

1-Butanol

3-Hexanol

Acetoin

dihydro-3-methyl- 2(3H)-

Furanone

PC2

(15%

)

PC1 (53%)



2015/16 2016/17

0.0

1.0

2.0

3.0

4.0

5.0

6.0

0.0 1.0 2.0 3.0 4.0 5.0 6.0

Chew

ines

s (T

)

Moisture (%)

0.0

1.0

2.0

3.0

4.0

5.0

6.0

0.0 1.0 2.0 3.0 4.0 5.0 6.0

Chew

ines

s (T

)

Moisture (%)

Chewiness is positively correlated with Moisture

r = 0.87

Moisture (%)

r = 0.742016/172015/16

Fritz Monterey

Independence

Wood Colony

Price

Conversely, Fracturability is driven by the absence of Moisture and the presence of Phosphorus across the 2 seasons


Sweet Aromatic (O)

Fruity/Sour (O)

Hay (O)

Unripe/Beany (O)



Roughness (T)


Sweet (F)

Sweet Aromatic (F)

Hay (F)

Woody (F)

Chewiness (T)





Astringent (T)

Moisture (%)

Soluble Fiber (%)

Ash (%)


Zinc (mg/100g)

Hexanal

3-methyl-1-Butanol

Benzaldehyde 3-(methylthio)-

1-Propanol

Phenylethyl Alcohol

PC2

(16%

)

PC1 (41%)



Hardness (T)


Roughness (T)


Sweet (F)

Sweet Aromatic (F)

Woody (F)

Chewiness (T)





Astringent (T)

Moisture (%)PUFA (%)


Magnesium (mg/100g)

Ethyl Acetate

2-Butanone

1-Butanol

3-Hexanol

Acetoin cis-Linaloloxide

PC2

(15%

)

PC1 (53%)



2015/16 2016/17

0.0

2.0

4.0

6.0

8.0

0.0 1.0 2.0 3.0 4.0 5.0 6.0

Frac

tura

bilty

(T)

Moisture (%)

Fracturability is negatively correlated with Moisture

r = -0.86

Moisture (%)

r = -0.77

2016/172015/16

0.0

1.0

2.0

3.0

4.0

5.0

6.0

7.0

8.0

0.0 1.0 2.0 3.0 4.0 5.0 6.0

Frac

tura

bilit

y(T

)

Moisture (%)

Fritz

Independence

Wood Colony

Monterey Price

Sweetness is related to Sugars in 2015/16, but not in 2016/17


Sweet Aromatic (O)

Fruity/Sour (O)

Hay (O)

Unripe/Beany (O)



Crunchy (T)

Roughness (T)


Sweet (F)

Sweet Aromatic (F)

Hay (F)

Woody (F)

Chewiness (T)





Astringent (T)Protein (%)

Sugars (%)

Calcium (mg/100g)

3-Pentanol

2-Pentanol

Acetoin

Cyclopentanol

Furfural

Benzyl alcohol

Phenylethyl Alcohol

PC2

(16%

)

PC1 (41%)



Hardness (T)


Roughness (T)


Sweet (F)

Sweet Aromatic (F)

Woody (F)

Chewiness (T)





Astringent (T)

Moisture (%)

Sugars (%)

Amygdalin (mg/kg)

Ethyl Acetate

2-Butanone

Pentanal

2-methyl-1-Propanol

2-butoxy-Ethanol

cis-Linaloloxide

Benzaldehyde

PC2

(15%

)

PC1 (53%)



2015/16 2016/17

0.0

0.5

1.0

1.5

2.0

0.0 1.0 2.0 3.0 4.0 5.0 6.0

Swee

t (F)

Sugars (%)

0.0

0.5

1.0

1.5

2.0

0.0 1.0 2.0 3.0 4.0 5.0 6.0

Swee

t (F)

Sugars (%)

Sweetness is positively correlated with Sugars in 2015/16, but shows no relationships in 2016/17

r = 0.27

Sugars (%)

r = 0.61

No relationship

2016/172015/16

Climate differences may account for seasonal variation among varieties

• Samples grown in Central Valley, CA• Temperature was similar across the 2 growing seasons – 2016/17 is slightly colder than 2015/16• 2016 growing season was much wetter than 2015/16

0.0

20.0

40.0

60.0

80.0

100.0

Ave High Temp (F) Ave Low Temp (F) Ave Temp (F) Total Precipitation(inch)

Climate data across 2 growing seasons

Yearly (2015/16)

Yearly (2016/17)

Product Descriptions

Aldrich-2699 Aldrich-2703 Aldrich-2751 Aldrich-2763 Aldrich-3014 Aldrich-3044 Aldrich-3049 Aldrich-3064

Aldrich – high in flavor & marzipan/benzaldehyde, sweeter

Sensory Chemistry

2016/172015/16

Total Flavor Intensity (F) Marzipan/Benzaldehyde (F) Sweet (F)

Diversity of Shape/Size (Ap) Appearance of Ridges/Veins (Ap) Hay (F) Woody (F) Amt of Residual Particulate (T)

Hexanal Nonanal Manganese 2-butoxy-Ethanol Benzeneacetaldehyde 5-ethyldihydro-2(3H)-Furanone (3H)-

Furanon) 2-methoxy-Phenol

Amygdalin Benzyl alcohol Sugars % Ethyl Acetate Acetoin Prenol

Total Flavor Intensity (F) Marzipan/Benzaldehyde (F) Woody (O) Sweet Aromatic (F)


Hexanal Nonanal Soluble Fiber % Sugars % Potassium 2-Butanone 2-methyl-Butanal Isopropyl Alcohol Ethanol Pentanal 1-Heptanol Furfural [R-(R*,R*)]-2,3-Butanediol (R*,R*)]-2,3-

Butanedio)

Amygdalin Benzyl alcohol Toluene Cyclopentanol 2-butoxy-Ethanol Benzaldehyde 2-(methylthio)-Ethanol

(methylthio)-Ethano) 1-Octanol Benzeneacetaldehyde 2-methoxy-Phenol Phenylethyl Alcohol

2016/17

2015/16

Significant at 95% within each growing season: Has more Has less

2015/16

2016/17

Nonpareil – uniform with lighter color and ridges/veins, sweeter

Nonpareil-2727 Nonpareil-2731 Nonpareil-2735 Nonpareil-2739 Nonpareil-3035 Nonpareil-3099 Nonpareil-3101 Nonpareil-3104

Sensory Chemistry Phosphorus 3-methyl-2-Butenal Dietary Fiber % Insoluble Fiber % Ash % Manganese Toluene Nonanal 1-Octanol Benzeneacetaldehyde 5-ethyldihydro-2(3H)-Furanone

(3H)-Furanon)

2016/172015/16

Appearance of Ridges/ Veins (Ap) Diversity of Color (Ap) Sweet (F) Fruity/Sour (O) Hay (O) Unripe/Beany (O) Average Darkness of Color (Ap) Roughness (T) Astringent (T)

Sugars % MUFA % 2-butoxy-Ethanol

2016/17

2015/16

Appearance of Ridges/ Veins (Ap) Diversity of Color (Ap) Sweet (F) Cohesiveness of Mass (T)

Phosphorus 3-methyl-2-Butenal Isopropyl Alcohol 2-Butanol 1-Butanol Benzyl alcohol

Dietary Fiber % 2-methyl-3-Pentanol cis-Linaloloxide

Significant at 95% within each growing season: Has more Has less

2015/16

2016/17

Key Findings

Key Findings – Varietal Sensory ProfilesMore consistent sensory profiles across seasons:• Aldrich – high in flavor & marzipan/benzaldehyde, sweeter• Fritz – darker, moist, chewy & marzipan/benzaldehyde• Wood Colony – hard, fracturable, crunchy & astringent • Independence – ridges/veins, hard, rough & fracturable• Sonora – larger & lighter-colored, sweet & hay aromas, crunchy• Butte (2015/16) – low aroma & flavor• Price – intermediate sensory profile• Mission (2015/16) – intermediate sensory profileHigher variability in sensory profiles among samples/ across seasons:• Monterey – high in moistness, roughness, & chewiness• Carmel – woody & marzipan/benzaldehyde flavors, toothpacking• Butte/Padre – smaller with fruity/sour aroma • Nonpareil – uniform with lighter color and ridges/veins, sweeter• Padre (2015/16) – intermediate sensory profile

Key Findings – Sensory & Chemical Data

• Sensory & chemical differences between almond varieties are greater than variation among replicates/ samples

• There is high seasonal variation within variety, seen both in the chemical and sensory data• Flavors tend to be more variable across seasons, whereas textures are more consistent• Climate differences may account for seasonal variation among varieties – 2016/17 was a wetter

season than 2015/16

• Key differences in the sensory profile of the 13 raw almond varieties are found in texture –hardness/fracturability/crunchy vs. moistness of mass/chewiness/cohesiveness of mass

• Appears to be driven by moisture content• Almond samples are further differentiated by flavor – hay/woody vs. marzipan/benzaldehyde

• The perception of marzipan/benzaldehyde is highly correlated to amygdalin and benzaldehyde

Contributors

Ellie King, Ph.D.Sensory Research Manager,MMR Research Worldwide, [email protected], 914-239-4013

Guangwei HuangAssociate Director, Food Research and TechnologyAlmond Board of [email protected], 209-343-3239

Dawn Chapman, Ph.D.Senior Technical ManagerCovance Food Solutions [email protected], 925-551-4243

Alyson Mitchell, Ph.D.ProfessorUC Davis [email protected], 530-304-6618

Thank you!

Understanding the Chemistry and Aroma of California Almonds

Alyson Mitchell PhDFood Science Department,University of California [email protected]

The Almond ConferenceSacramento CA Dec 5-7th

Flavor

•Flavor is the sensory impression of a food •Composite quality involving the sensations of aroma, taste, chemical irritation, as well as temperature, texture and sound

•Taste: Humans can distinguish 5 basic flavors• Sweet, sour, salty, bitter, and savory (umami)• Reactions with taste receptors on the tongue

•Aroma: Involves the interaction of volatile molecules with olfactory receptor neurons located in the nasal passageways

Raw Almond Flavor• Taste• Aroma

Raw Almond Taste

Fat, protein, sugars and starch◦ Fat creates a rich taste, and lack of acid enhances sweetness of the

sugar in raw almonds◦ Fats, protein and sugars are similar in CA almond varieties◦ Contribution to taste will be similar in all varieties

Bitterness◦ Bitterness is derived from amygdalin◦ Almonds can be classified based upon their level of bitterness

Astringency

Derived from tannins located in the skin◦ 2.1 mg/g skin◦ isorhamnetin-3-O-rutinoside, catechin, epicatechin, kaempferol-3-O-rutinoside etc.,

◦ Bolling et al., J. Food Science 2009

MacronutrientRange in CA-grown

almonds(% g/g almond)

Lipids 44.7-54.1

Protein 18.5-24.0

Sugars 7.9-16.0

Fiber 9.4-15.1

Yada et al., J. Food Composition Analysis 2013 (30) 80-85

Lipid Composition of Almonds

•The primary fatty acids in almonds are “Heathy fats”• Unsaturated fats

•Oleic (18:1, 62−80%) and linoleic acid (18:2, 10−18%)•Create a rich taste in almonds, carry volatile aroma compounds•When oxidized create off odors

Name Number ofCarbons:Double

bonds

Percent in Almond Oil

Oleic 18:1 60-80%

Linoleic 18:2 10-18%

Palmitic 16:0 0.5-8%

Stearic 18:0 1-3%

•Non-bitter (Sweet)• Sweet snacking almonds (creamy nutty flavor)

•Semi-bitter• Often used in processing for their “marzipan-like taste”

•Bitter • Middle East and Asia• Oils and flavorings• Contain amygdalin (3-5%) and develop a cyanide aroma when moistened (chewed)• Can be toxic

Almond Bitterness (Phenotypes)

A diglycoside (2 sugars attached)

The disruption of almond tissue (e.g. chewing) enables amygdalin to come into contact with enzymes (b-glycosidase) and form benzaldehyde and trace levels of HCN

Amygdalin

Benzaldehyde = amaretto flavor

Amygladin = bitter

β-glycosidase

Chemical defensefor the plant

•Developed a sensitive method (UHPLC (ESI)-MS/MS) to measure amygdalin in almonds • Understand levels in CA varieties and breeding stocks

•Commercial non-bitter (sweet) varieties• Average amygdalin content 63.13 ± 57.54 mg/kg

•Semi-bitter (UCD)• Average amygdalin 992.24 ± 513.04 mg/Kg

•Bitter (UCD)• Average amygdalin 40,060.34 ± 7,855.26 mg/kg

•Additional applications alcoholic bitters•USDA recall of almonds

Amygdalin in California Almonds

Lee et al., J. Agric. Food Chem. 2013, 61, 7754−7759

Amygdalin in California Almond Varieties

Lee, et al., J. Agric. Food Chem., 2013, 61 (32), pp 7754–7759

•Volatile molecules are responsible for the aroma of almonds•The predominant almond aroma compound is benzaldehyde

• Cherry, almond flavor• Artificial almond aroma

•Comes from the breakdown of amygdalin

Raw Almond Aroma

Measuring Volatile Aroma Compounds in Almonds HS-SPME GC/MS

Gas Chromatography

Samples are agitated at 500 rpm and pre-equilibrated at 40ºC for 45 min, after which they were extracted with a 1 cm 30/50um StableFlexDVB/CAR/PDMS fiber exposed for 45 mins at 250 RPM

5 g sample is placed in a 20-mL SPME vial

Chromatogram

Amygdalin and Benzaldehyde in California Almonds

•Strong correlation between amygdalin levels and benzaldehyde levels

Under review with Acta Horticulturae

Benzaldehyde Flavor and Variety

•Benzaldhyde ranges between 0.587-17.995 mg/kg in commercial almonds

Variety Classification type Average amygdalin (mg/kg)

Average benzaldehyde(mg/kg)

Aldrich California 76.50 ± 23.99 a 17.995 ± 5886.7 aFritz California, Mission 59.71 ± 12.37 ab 11.315 ± 2795.5 bPadre California, Mission 53.24 ± 16.74 bc 8.806.8 ± 4101.5 bcMonterey California 46.76 ± 15.21 bc 8.654.3 ± 2137.3 bcWood Colony California 41.49 ± 14.41 bcd 7.703.4 ± 3394.5 bcMission Mission 40.24 ± 18.40 cd 6.489 ± 2503.4 cdCarmel California 26.42 ± 14.30 de 5.656.9 ± 1845.3 cdeButte California 18.56 ± 20.77 ef 2.768.3 ± 1783.2 defNonpareil Nonpareil 9.11 ± 4.42 ef 1.939.5 ± 1318.9 efSonora California 5.56 ± 2.20 f 1.936.4 ± 1602.1 efAvalon 3.00 ± 4.17 f 1.179.6 ± 488.1 fIndependence 2.07 ± 1.66 f 1.062 ± 871.4 fWinters California 1.62 ± 2.10 f 0.730.6 ± 633.3 fPrice California 1.77 ± 1.74 f 0.587.7 ± 272.9 f

Samples ~18 months old

Raw Almond AromaLiterature review

Type Compound Aromaa Sourceb

Alcohol 1,2-propanediol nd 2, 31-butanol medicine, fruit, wine 2, 3, 41-heptanol herb 2, 71-hexanol resin, flower, green 1, 2, 3, 7, 41-Nonanol aldehydic, waxy, citrus 7, 31-octanol chemical, metal, burnt 2, 3, 7, 41-pentanol fruity 1, 2, 3, 5, 62-ethyl-1-hexanol sweet, floral, oily 1, 3, 2-heptanone cheesy, banana, fruity 1, 22-methyl-1-propanol wine, whisky 2, 3, 7Benzyl alcohol floral, phenolic 1, 3, 4, 5, 6, 72-phenylethanol floral, hyacinth/gardenia 5, 7, 6, 1, 3

3-methyl-butanol malt 2, 3, 7

3-methyl-2-Butenol fruity, alcoholic, green 5, 7, 6 ,33-Methyl-3-Butenol nd 3, 5, 6

Pyrazine 2-Methylpyrazine roasted 1, 4Acids Acetic acid sour 8, 3

hexanoic acid sweaty, rancid 2, 3Terpenes alpha-pinene piny 7, 2

limonene orange peel 2, 7Aldehydes Benzaldehyde sweet, marzipan 1, 3, 2, 7, 5, 6, 4

heptanal ranid, pungent 1, 2, 7, 4Hexanal green fatty aldehydic grass 1, 8, 2, 3, 5, 7, 6Nonanal soapy, fatty, rancid 8, 2, 3, 7, 4Octanal soapy, fatty, rancid 8, 2, 7pentanal almond, malt, pungent 1, 2

Lactone butyrolactonec creamy, oily, fatty 2, 3Alkane Toluene painty 4, 7, 5, 6Sulfur-containing Methional cooked potato 8, 4

• Volatile compounds identified in raw almonds and reported in 2+ studies

• Benzaldehyde, benzyl alcohol and hexanal are the most widely detected volatiles in raw almonds

• Other key volatiles include: pentanol, hexanol, 2-phenylethanol, 3-methyl-1-butanol, 3-methyl-2-buten-1-ol, and nonenal

Raw Almond Aroma & Variety 2017

Aldrich Fritz Carmel Monterey Butte/Padre Wood Colony Nonpareil Sonora Price IndependenceVolatile Aroma Characteristics

2-methyl-2-butenalPungent green ethereal sharp nutty 163.2 ± 73.91 155.19 ± 83.44 70.27 ± 22.82 118.7 ± 26.03 145.67 ± 57.79 84.05 ± 8.7 88.76 ± 31.6 105.87 ± 10.57 114.74 ± 19.35 64.08 ± 8.73

3-methyl-2-butenal

Sweet fruity pungent brown nutty almond cherry 93.54 ± 61.85 166.48 ± 86.96 81.2 ± 24.67 118.67 ± 25.92 152.52 ± 59.24 85.87 ± 9.31 88.77 ± 31.6 105.91 ± 10.63 113.7 ± 18.81 81.03 ± 9.74

3-methylbutanalAlcoholic, fruity, whiskey, banana 20.72 ± 2.62 21.57 ± 4.29 22.29 ± 3.48 26.91 ± 4.09 48.28 ± 6.89 27.94 ± 2.4 36.57 ± 8.68 28.49 ± 4.83 31.1 ± 5.27 29.82 ± 8.82

Acetoin buttery, creamy-fatty 199.87 ± 30.02 67.4 ± 10.51 69.25 ± 11.35 132.21 ± 43.39 97.59 ± 24.59 381.83 ± 109.72 163.66 ± 47.27 197.94 ± 85.08 120.21 ± 16.94 270.29 ± 101.38

Benzaldehyde Almond, sweet, marzipan 34506.1 ± 8774.15 16427.9 ± 2412.43 14376.16 ± 3690.11 9193.43 ± 1000.88 6656.89 ± 1520.41 8575.98 ± 837.29 2847.85 ± 340.79 2265.31 ± 979.56 720.66 ± 720.37 714.19 ± 736.06

Benzeneacetaldehyde

Green sweet floral hyacinth clover honey cocoa 65.29 ± 12.38 36.63 ± 5.67 26.82 ± 5.26 42.81 ± 7.07 57.29 ± 8.42 27.27 ± 3.67 36.84 ± 6.22 20.93 ± 0.61 32.39 ± 5.14 43.57 ± 3.8

Ethyl Acetate Ethereal fruity sweet 31.47 ± 6.96 31.76 ± 12.15 28.56 ± 13.67 62.66 ± 36.31 34.28 ± 9.06 85.62 ± 27.25 43.1 ± 14.02 22.52 ± 7.39 47.84 ± 26.45 125.31 ± 67.42

FurfuralSweet woody almond fragrant baked bread 36.26 ± 17.61 54.59 ± 31.01 40.46 ± 12.82 71.58 ± 22.61 134.93 ± 46 30.91 ± 14.32 67.15 ± 27.04 86.75 ± 9 39.74 ± 33.22 55.45 ± 4.83

Hexanal

Fresh green fatty aldehydic grass leafy fruity sweaty 37.21 ± 3.56 40.21 ± 6.48 45.67 ± 8.5 52.51 ± 2.59 74.08 ± 9.27 60.77 ± 2.19 71.66 ± 5.86 68.48 ± 15.18 106.32 ± 14.54 103.33 ± 11.86

2,3-Butanediol Fruity creamy buttery 618.11 ± 104.18 779.46 ± 65.2 409.68 ± 105.82 651.49 ± 138.11 777.91 ± 151.21 635.17 ± 42.41 712.27 ± 167.41 536.06 ± 79.92 807 ± 49.74 2508.47 ± 340.931-butanol Sweet apricot 39.22 ± 5.53 47.48 ± 6.07 49.24 ± 8.03 32.43 ± 6.78 42.69 ± 3.78 60.23 ± 11.09 37.14 ± 7.66 37.93 ± 8.07 42.15 ± 10.06 53.17 ± 3.112,3-Butanediol Fruity creamy buttery 173.18 ± 23.89 255.23 ± 24.3 95.57 ± 22.48 216.02 ± 34.42 182.9 ± 30.59 202.73 ± 44.41 147.19 ± 19.47 245 ± 17.37 803.65 ± 67.64

3-methyl-1-butanolFusel oil alcoholic whiskey fruity banana 601.04 ± 140.64 1135.28 ± 154.66 505.52 ± 136.05 2799.3 ± 506.02 711.6 ± 118.24 328.05 ± 11.41 914.48 ± 358.21 518.6 ± 43.56 848.02 ± 136.02 2221.38 ± 763.22

Benzyl alcoholFloral rose phenolic balsamic 676.91 ± 101.07 231.59 ± 139.95 260.91 ± 151.55 215.97 ± 82.24 143.94 ± 35.63 146.69 ± 86.51 68.27 ± 33.19 24.71 ± 5.63 44.83 ± 17.39 134.27 ± 5.16

ug/kg

Samples ~3 months old

Averaged

2017 GC-MS analysis of almond volatiles

VarietySampleLot2-butanone2-methyl-2-butenal2-methylbutanal3-methyl-2-butenal3-methylbutanal4-hydroxybutanoic acidAcetoinBenzaldehydeBenzeneacetaldehydeEthyl AcetateFurfuralHexanalNonanalPentanalPropanoic Anhydride3-methylfuranToluene[R-(R*,R*)]-2,3-Butanediol1-butanol1-Hexanol1-Octanol1-pentanol1-penten-3-ol2-butanol2-butoxyethanol2-Ethyl-1-hexanol2-methoxyphenol2-methyl-1-propanol2-methyl-3-pentanol2-pentanol2,3-Butanediol3-hexanol3-methyl-1-butanol3-methyl-1-pentanol3-methyl-3-buten-1-ol3-pentanol3-penten-2-olAcetic AcidBenzyl alcoholcis-LinaloloxideCyclopentanolEthanolIsopropyl alcoholOxime-, methoxy-phenyl-Phenylethyl alcoholPrenol1-Heptanol2-(methylthio)-ethanol2-Furanmethanol2-methyl-3-hexanol

Aldrich3016184127.5502625376117.11441255519.141005284163.059475686518.803747874217.2876160846206.687553934133525.745907557963.089966078235.599088687528.589743435432.093037286819.650537290522.0740380049386.223149943129.542708556251.6235723493586.459774043643.35036683268.099734897311.805353975628.5506810487.029462935196.448357053212.376007234662.897733849410.111390296202.98738788311.310123993794.8177577022165.468366409713.0592141148654.906463213.0850273088216.792713942341.004365998429.812551549832.3603023888568.605838573611.822414022822.5861833907138.8114578882147.6357085903257.85229243256.0018585333.40783775810.576105715318.301677736810.851373716110.8476516137

Aldrich3046185133.6135732114272.954888842624.5729363565185.969621724624.400789414520.3961689759194.877074772246721.228406822283.416220858635.42142586662.560311730138.347532834732.671532676421.3544483838481.798357763540.90957134156.8570277544770.893937060543.915608272984.777615095311.914766863137.7904486438120.6460200419128.261924319311.5242244123119.462440979610.3124254486189.062493772911.4054141115120.7200354731206.248396775314.9734664678772.3876596515.1003818306293.923346521657.028211218128.186359976346.2929751624812.339945381212.416926977321.8457007265168.0400823088150.7310950132332.262726954606.364175314.25081860913.156135695308.961377732410.246049945611.2483496651

Aldrich3048185227.3616692553141.105982235119.626513666369.142895543318.89878953918.3603456344162.685538582631861.625219261857.273210866321.110506491728.833302417140.342719111723.030202296823.5896603525297.326206845232.293562236555.0874150903536.615028671332.1934861745112.8886303212.557392200541.785097821982.48428735881.385613242912.263210811580.604443580612.7201860215182.646898048712.291447856188.8332493024149.612451879713.8047169855459.1675528513.194553905198.830468769640.178144072531.706397149933.7312229532673.505761191411.740281882424.495617866598.9662687771129.5236367598224.21332882846.4141435280.097548133311.342646195316.904436511310.883674758410.6482126515

Aldrich3062185726.6168707389121.617261662321.241627621255.991995234120.786422055821.5995475131235.220270818725915.795220786357.389031001833.74449765225.073539575738.043765515421.77519780521.4736423598346.243630889737.571792530339.7049539552578.471274812337.435974433485.31947209311.480414224436.060368290577.370321896566.088628414811.943135387667.53970738129.964181287187.653694741311.616693660475.1254538022171.383023462113.4224706442517.6787428512.8630639104177.449268721335.069623469525.893114403542.304230841653.199609437911.022790065821.90746317121.0386804105.5593500031212.5458352667.364174265.139459063311.17988571265.225378476911.827612770710.7412590508

AldrichAveraged28.7855939358163.198136323721.14552073293.540997047120.722437220919.410919552199.867609526934506.098688607165.292107201231.468879674336.264224289637.206763687224.281867517222.1229472752377.897836360435.07940866650.8182422873618.110003646939.223858928287.771363101411.939481815936.04664894991.882523057993.046130757612.026644461582.626081447710.7770457632190.587618611511.655919905494.87412407173.178059631713.8149670531601.035104637513.5607567387221.748949488743.320086189628.899605769938.6721828363676.91278864611.750603237122.7087412884131.7141223435133.3624475916256.71854578753344.03608775298.223915890911.5636933288302.348217614410.952177797710.8713682453

Std. Dev.3.243781196473.90824656242.455054584861.85296731872.61670458121.947043224230.02073804878774.148376669912.38405201916.955946618117.61468984783.55838635865.76442422751.027266078378.22703156165.11920444927.7211074422104.17505637655.527605009318.55464331260.45135256125.542573287919.577382938226.54808129420.381845368525.67625871411.30326665968.71288769760.442629431119.100754424323.8861646980.8301489611140.63961827231.035638886950.73271900339.50819273332.46706693236.7211399761101.06900764590.57124503161.237582856229.190949014720.761700290953.90122509876.876027656731.18715793581.111661235625.08808130590.6531607930.2641996032

Butte/Padre3018184231.2520286538170.970610447345.9343391063179.081414748952.464673496318.7301550893123.53410326678279.676013923654.068206092730.7821864828162.382376360967.960938251524.412042267421.7406452287495.42460627638.955497448628.2791463877794.042950631342.370378227288.415556639811.241061666141.569716253984.4896159466109.120515097718.98844807660.187657690810.216200599370.139927415811.002858621587.7074709627218.517601177314.3862501934844.915913596515.2814800801241.039930464755.39782889720.757735888753.1597393048119.28521628311.279797734911.8553217152124.8624357685251.9218465242182.4571605212315.8415177784201.792500983212.110427980138.28538776879.982076351649.6657999874

Butte/Padre3050185332.544007649475.456146555239.884141397280.892367016455.745257105520.44229171265.08492684415827.566032619347.483376968425.220039609973.482919031166.918427045620.422151415320.2170113999498.313050092427.702372943630.297389244566.443751938441.905938956889.144840657810.50099649638.461140367880.1383810082128.873536602214.835845729162.342724182810.143939648786.358178895710.976212567390.1826616649143.748338003613.9968664142768.023798229314.5055192116244.062221206956.239622351123.191101989446.2758885146160.550471530411.546102127512.9773886947125.6258189143253.9338036362181.3082979598274.1608095657358.017819757111.033288745729.6705115439.801896391948.0022137483

Butte/Padre3054185434.7810380621209.59503282136.8793367325217.91947477241.714427274220.445723549595.26348770364975.848542748160.542424369646.6112385926176.849912245774.357301949122.801765183720.5723890787416.742754393937.027818918226.7045082027827.967029054247.7957401539106.91622416710.778855942847.816114844782.2644598617141.1050188716.232082251460.429049554210.131526500382.552050980711.217890131998.5741593699184.44437929413.7344605886578.106462175513.4507508698276.842633345751.544258365723.785754010643.310064572109.932906694512.561852917912.7426491257126.1074626302316.8017790439211.6217501571317.3519904984224.685105108211.154629595126.45170350659.857766280160.15030448

Butte/Padre3065185832.8785394391126.670955827540.9739306601132.187346887943.187228744420.5722008583106.45924941967544.47183903367.073650172134.5175812169127.016485198687.084217987421.441699517322.1791042577422.036300299230.996727014528.8233146352923.192749044438.6859594196112.113280828211.134073227453.075053061383.9377857299114.9265892759.97709079867.880025739410.052829954266.201949952311.154369277992.4950070637184.880428001814.9415419946655.362459897314.2148123874271.636994904851.945889233124.364033460255.9820735214185.994409907211.954183180913.1815840518101.4744730054276.7139112091179.4436463591323.4955945366302.935952652411.226690647135.37183974069.744806797966.1559214765

Butte/PadreAveraged32.8639034511145.673186412840.917936974152.520150856348.277896655120.047592802297.58544180856656.89060708157.291914400734.2827614756134.932923209174.080221308422.269414595921.1772874913458.129177765433.670604081228.5260896174777.911620167142.689504189499.147475573210.913746833145.23050613282.7075606366123.506414961215.008366713662.709864291810.136124175676.313026811111.087832649792.2398247653182.897686619214.2647797977711.602158474714.3631406372258.395444980553.781899711723.024656337249.6819414782143.940751103811.835483990312.6892358968119.5175475796274.8428351033188.7077137493307.7124780948271.857844625211.38125924232.44486063979.846636455455.9935599231

Std. Dev.1.457862935457.78546404473.765919580159.23550355216.88681354730.880369441624.58829285661520.40724718068.4231401829.063359223346.00463546389.27213793221.7293297350.932566536544.80038848885.22718505661.4837997268151.20739563313.777910899912.16130954940.33874135316.51787246271.956714692914.36528660743.77191499543.57905961860.06691382819.66387662690.1169354524.653423968930.59288224280.5246516853118.23699838850.756764020518.45979948282.38254772431.585332065.887522217535.63154926960.55804133470.584153112312.039633561930.147488655715.326412700522.611374064671.93471541730.49261985425.3632673230.10138834738.6497452206

Carmel3022184333.242107193588.589791621427.7791006134102.214561979524.996082129815.987312726383.56326648829332.260091826427.610977384642.704529774941.710166735151.06117273522.140383295418.6720929337320.337878650627.77290287920.8981681683424.464270991956.083540751960.75371918410.328464588530.65436328198.9474298364142.70864171239.682168546949.576785765510.183476606852.65582359710.8330600961102.539143680189.644717666716.0916436792523.511375686212.3568054526237.002265111157.73003023525.864169090327.37797034204.710944374911.176215653414.1380331243243.777937395243.777937395163.9152771674323.68867847257.930851634811.242187048742.950015020618.42114209938.7530043075

Carmel3056185529.220856516747.617003308824.84293987657.206420132225.106240062118.725318352871.987299072317434.923321375233.959057582512.185294400123.392584665249.023675535918.321751705318.2872862319407.752745976520.901897588124.0409390232533.281011231451.74924162669.738134766510.348566925632.18899007481.272900463683.54764842349.750470734260.794932210210.511463042890.285488162810.802445971299.6696884738128.261790985816.8870412679681.322162044813.7164581746239.075474858153.566346877820.036864924943.69102693483.184189968710.711015461913.1978463113148.0633008514152.2406230935160.7031792422538.3459396413366.932655921110.582344361378.100447150817.573785862940.4495625183

Carmel3060185631.047310612953.676144249818.716014554462.638054449417.830995293215.132745579856.962468704516797.620511050222.729541602422.96335945542.233189908432.988455627713.936661360216.7997879608230.653001515221.322112934218.8386491777275.217904298237.607689428956.616374827710.297348931928.187944769683.6875538549107.726382514210.00469591825.276919425817.296601213253.458629426510.917493908112.253201352676.962348833114.118505768356.065915827611.752280174192.724252542952.721957833220.568113050924.35612839213.567930481910.128734281513.351793633579.4117188926165.4588759527184.7633153245616.6532684884270.050155978211.86449613175.196740252419.497119305934.5768895403

Carmel3068185930.426440555491.189643962821.3650797119102.739416408621.212138766815.357075594364.474528309813939.838114194522.976811967836.386845705454.504885526849.600241084925.158171213319.2207852363280.413877549230.447030328621.5698059046405.773251757551.523787597170.399067169510.258864020236.56015476994.460683434893.09149783089.627982621575.741804186110.034186488965.594172476610.951964128398.982273234187.428859337314.3474852867461.177747784411.5874474448204.888051415875.743989056722.706618300931.03206789142.190275104310.545628292313.250316078177.3503059547177.3503059547158.3814410897436.773835118181.536153964912.042446756562.022273117618.851231975746.6160219113

CarmelAveraged30.984178719670.268145785723.175783688981.199613242422.28636406316.300613063369.246890643714376.160509611626.819097134328.560007333840.460206708945.668386245919.889241893518.2449880907309.789375922925.110985932521.3368905685409.684109569849.24106485164.376823986910.308311116631.897863223489.5921418974106.76854262029.766329455252.847610396912.006431837965.498528415710.8762410259103.361076685295.574429205715.3611690004505.519300335712.3532478115218.42251098259.940581000722.293941341731.6142983875260.913334982510.640398422313.4844972868162.1508157734184.706935599166.940803206478.8654304294269.112454374811.432868574464.567368885318.585819810940.0988695694

Std. Dev.1.685487434922.8163725033.963925919524.66979240093.47843564041.65645507611.34535030023690.11323830185.262880367313.672120112612.82266996148.49667062824.85522036181.036820647374.90789553664.74802256792.144746682105.81603917658.03443991076.79123272540.03912321323.51811996868.471482497425.94147041250.166626302921.27710293293.532409055617.55274675580.07010965536.124968613722.48247423631.3458140057136.05495015390.967120718823.204412388710.76063229182.6451027518.5012522936151.54734569370.4331544920.440351742368.162129552340.694194920812.0963683059126.984180166476.07958058980.66273141616.01993803130.80668908674.99666145

Independence3030184638.73409603360.542518225518.27710738775.900319941923.79060312819.9752348048147.3245835515225.822394219646.374603557366.340862515252.803644397186.682585915936.985922482223.51591864561315.828329990227.139331448423.07612696482376.014477671556.4491350472131.0014915611.756827467451.0524051372107.767297838168.806674954917.951988112797.41695928149.8308544403183.993677797810.2528641597.3325203125803.044470984913.08179199162563.103900770723.7562043594267.107705730555.177324825817.245556319347.0917356944139.730583712210.310167762811.6328101402171.8637130085171.8637130085187.2448212046259.2827020574517.283916106113.551271656929.47669407539.846383987672.8289804781

Independence3080186339.676123170859.510319280324.435835068677.50228911828.716092248920.7443685852321.6111849154437.736199333543.5284003852107.494204304552.6097875661114.683366888931.574966855727.31111431021011.046226095331.393798648424.44232555242869.561518007254.9771856364122.440277799911.640647564752.9757302243114.578236506883.837462500920.203048841587.861139101510.2660924143270.473007790810.4719726896124.6737592539897.583915671714.91077193711676.278981900825.5175929979299.262577193459.887429079520.319989645937.7935900967137.132217700110.351972824712.742660147177.9958085777177.9958085777174.9716005959305.4255429965559.709411331511.93725088738.88757073359.721903536572.0963127646

Independence3083186441.215094770759.129214752221.276070080375.155861494324.151441618926.9024582802233.6151688496383.177915279538.2091046093105.015298216353.7077394424106.961438175230.138108282527.87530663841575.501952481926.848440394123.03590076682689.637747717649.6164380113118.442533533911.700414145644.076739959687.660362227871.170665208219.674450375774.7963903210.5936456518258.443884217110.2880972069104.5239513471773.493414994813.50782151523133.294978019232.2914130519279.578760368446.881198972916.580746616471.6092597075128.18255403210.048999048511.0115679924167.4938901161167.5637750146183.0740539906243.9240242806509.080639837612.310361053934.46530575619.844561724866.8272154822

Independence3086186542.209688279477.154899934634.627069221795.561986998542.6044509324.8176031117378.62218782221810.017013118746.157067468222.406824365962.6606733021104.973415702861.195907094326.3554428556929.274131295630.098997456526.90376204632098.652643510551.6173370776103.350446156711.955883065550.610509733397.118797597469.313283135121.3212701774120.73182381119.827425245213.982932002610.188389746499.8832028595740.467125962114.4125041891512.860311252719.9837434938261.73256247652.760335814716.509020168382.992469653132.042610756310.006851943311.6363641032139.4387728341136.3099631131169.484607539286.6313709423431.978305709217.255638427529.27494392639.722328258763.8789480584

IndependenceAveraged40.458750563564.084238048124.654020439481.030114388229.815646981523.1099161955270.2932812847714.188380487843.5672940049125.314297350555.4454611769103.325201670739.973726178726.26444561251207.912659965828.870141986924.36452883262508.466596726753.1650239431118.808687262611.763443060849.6788462636101.781173542673.282021449819.787689376895.201578128510.1295044379231.723375452110.3003309482106.6033584433803.647231903413.97822240822221.384542985925.3872384758276.920401442153.676572173217.663828187559.8717637879134.271991550110.179497894811.7558505957164.1980461341163.4333149285178.6937708325273.8159100692504.513068246113.763630506333.02612862289.783794376968.9078641958

Std. Dev.1.55185677288.73420422277.10832553139.73725681468.81564712833.3026056877101.3825490879736.05603617753.799106027567.41520575394.833880551711.85922147114.45206411221.9367558436296.17759438872.23322719851.8146615436340.93184471333.112186396311.56062589290.13678243013.87331467411.8424880027.10996415891.403212476119.38173618710.371719877340.03484718340.121647689912.409300947967.63983623830.8332894217763.21674961675.149195703816.665324675.41121021681.801554171621.00087872585.16489787030.17669068010.720454870117.058965374818.58202309847.978524985827.496326435253.2036506632.42809048554.58612424140.07122426964.2879852986

Monterey3032184731.6642522788109.06932376231.3285548159109.099140889727.712012886616.1698057725113.1055542779145.057760691640.790907697353.877835723989.755205318849.184273182117.880365569717.25320463851137.759608078225.982576187825.5051885738495.065046508834.751561493269.084723795910.663156878627.264018246581.958760479487.270313930818.038963094236.321708798710.426509090477.876919843510.793035577101.5046454085180.297266082519.60020962562474.269558783526.1421385018241.27771060661.966331755517.546146600631.102373199149.56661049799.963555139413.0329779048101.1208740081199.3938399518161.0887475768270.9348420471251.327678072710.392243295642.353832784215.717894910.412663101

Monterey3090186628.5988831493157.387811418226.339424043157.389035095525.409090864618.9001641148117.314374406610572.013937872235.784607447924.599798172992.150394810353.481545078516.190544073117.77333753841267.523770267430.157265863122.0057721587818.168265884840.8346579647108.246761085811.330165653932.524969089677.803934205989.418511814617.113356241135.351545963710.896617000391.756142083511.0664844289100.5869495743261.886131621918.60814153722698.64673009929.0445380097280.765017295261.492617968217.542691945837.9461703741143.08028348989.896124427412.7639536933191.0981387555219.8669207073163.8531352199280.6012556216271.165867124710.580200189947.658711047818.047548834710.6390294556

Monterey3094186730.7464795634107.411491317432.1682312782103.537332204732.112108645219.6992496729196.55641308578198.403494715152.6029353991111.891382194256.064396478352.064263928418.461743611717.93450555331174.046976438425.66054256824.45156702695.974517510828.591450997388.535401445910.907758925135.693865598591.2411535516103.186420413616.840720180941.351364106411.374891473576.925975085111.3026953736123.4904092372218.804307484821.06814627232482.152519684332.2333804024292.689960953467.512819230119.676149978238.1989787449306.45327387610.042189187313.4592080703148.4420079666243.846540238172.8443606047289.9595185358453.888216236110.394917968139.012457440818.581984843610.8937322576

Monterey3097186830.5299722133100.915930003723.1190945466104.663336680122.399196769516.7253214126101.86475070268858.242784345442.048338760560.25516709548.343535058755.310708203623.591959675717.93467468771595.80973322824.400042401227.5553570476596.769693900725.554410272882.606285716810.961846221731.253768935372.632485222390.343531268518.942463514654.849889114310.477826004364.670877359710.961113464899.843366721203.091987965618.1044313893542.14296574337.4974310167259.698222159763.294615644718.245371154837.1669157108264.785242932810.148658022912.7909895926201.3621860754232.552425867162.8633986527312.7758008733451.401573951510.308253639340.891068172716.425173183110.9340060804

MontereyAveraged30.3848968012118.696139125328.238826171118.672211217526.908102291517.8736352432132.2102731189193.429494406142.806697326262.656045796571.578382916552.510197598219.031153232617.72393060451293.78502200326.55010675524.8794712651.494380951332.43302018287.118293011110.965731919831.684155467580.909083364892.554694356917.733875757741.968626995810.793960892177.80747859311.0308322111106.3563427352216.019923288719.3452322062799.302943577431.2293719827268.607727753663.566596149618.252589919936.1036095072215.971352699210.012631694313.0117823152160.5058017014223.914931691165.1624105135288.5678542694356.945833846210.418903773242.479017361417.193150440310.7198577236

Std. Dev.1.288200834826.03331321864.274187172125.9226365384.09492444531.693939106443.39030052831000.87657631567.069053264836.309858734722.61376038452.58502131763.18949083560.3228925816208.63821068962.4998525922.3089056187138.1105770926.783216526316.26845811140.27552348293.48843749657.87395547577.20377582880.9550801028.98111674110.440825252911.07425506380.213376508111.442901086934.42238424731.3059269614506.02175989084.863127969422.76007302352.73915325261.00492000463.362964341482.24449666880.10856527830.321873428345.742904684619.05733155435.247435699317.9104366432110.80479812420.11481301623.71409559081.34474602220.2428947765

Nonpareil3036184831.987403431198.768395157129.776091128998.768395157134.281380999515.6417902267230.87395909863104.091304268930.506286530537.869028393769.808218014376.46432181423.209576713521.4198784343677.875338687442.996843550422.7102542056784.317648241136.414022018567.523618767910.803247083634.607512874494.070743334976.636748128920.417874575450.468851051610.110599239158.435953337211.330188463899.4377350752214.674481840114.81565094511205.552478056919.0764869162212.232225196613.226832031818.877491825827.194286275752.705720596911.656565959610.5879464359143.4975792562146.4575612497157.5595395242151.0729966917120.642572991510.85971039320.216795785219.216232344344.7906068281

Nonpareil3100186930.7267103522127.978654356738.3409440125127.978654356747.824788288820.199565946155.14403518743177.225963493538.214458878330.2439340205103.236106042275.207841953326.480382327220.6902908132377.650265689349.25824007223.7191084898817.566291732648.118894957101.749377770511.089069220242.1717126662100.018757017884.341841495318.948681613364.38641135689.9368622507143.887605220911.336604474992.2775163549250.804677596914.8845648397484.5186426813.9668957505226.130671664613.461680644517.587304223650.910942831329.268448268611.309562239111.1696941768120.6260721911123.9382983589153.744458135189.4554062374131.501726141611.916577107320.327978092718.778165897152.8166925486

Nonpareil3102187030.9990030772.695517685425.03593168772.717198462126.881664141814.2679560611120.33713789852592.428563287333.766640254341.324523352339.595437377963.451201319921.315830778720.4539207293646.871575257831.730325207424.519286723784.977568608233.06308112974.095780910110.793057179136.529033888894.651437376368.032911094820.229384687143.149238317610.0043018418115.036865132411.4836151798101.6312994984201.557621723415.63677044111213.826318244719.395330568226.027462381712.292406544818.782471951731.2237488336100.693872138211.084476880410.2886378613104.0136139485124.1458384904145.896984364183.0170260584243.903824071610.70687033818.480309636117.475896255945.1665427692

Nonpareil3106187131.973442778255.603463846832.350549017155.60633285337.275416103918.1443805066148.27577773882517.662857036844.874479025562.948041836355.94924942371.521438017839.902295829220.3677287793454.017048333530.114014847525.2248032932462.235210042330.965207706795.123058120711.540125963437.804589651382.76481431467.926589671319.23823147586.743409492310.1075425348130.85092858411.784893846489.9908843347143.898611238915.3990422395754.029203515214.2574843348184.627362550513.190707813517.435374315844.733923604590.400042207711.401433666710.5853511147135.8511975114137.0780555374111.61306401200.0099739401198.53021943510.856938173718.8674045117.916662403544.5780231471

NonpareilAveraged31.421639907988.761507761531.375878961488.767645207236.565812383517.0634231851163.65772748082847.852172021636.840466172143.096381900767.147252714371.661200776327.727021412220.732954689539.10355699238.524855919324.0433631779712.274179656137.140301452884.622958892311.056374861637.778212270292.876438010774.234522597619.708543087761.186977554510.0398264666137.052838068611.483825491295.8343588158202.733848099815.1840071164914.481660624216.6740493924212.254430448313.042906758618.170660579238.515725386368.267020802811.363009686510.6579073972125.9971157268132.9049384091142.2035115083180.8888507319173.644585659911.08502400319.47312200618.346739225246.8379663232

Std. Dev.0.654757908431.60007539965.544257252231.59539901028.68464986422.635623699647.2714946135340.78917775876.218345331614.020681463627.04307598935.86152028198.3924983980.4778194756146.26281412139.16718975251.0808368057167.41361884267.655335949316.3989350910.35047297733.21026077777.25338179847.87778703780.724110858119.17990148180.084573202918.50331867710.21285406785.579311906444.40852766320.3985752452358.20973027862.963418342119.54057191790.51455346220.764825490711.160276432833.18842191610.23670575360.368982677217.468940157310.927197835420.963605489421.07540041858.14031678010.55894845560.93744327930.79277588413.9932379525

Price3028184533.5241966744137.846291033730.7079554694137.846291033733.105155971118.5213262312136.34477831161758.742461115835.511687151545.100259342188.5689631525128.019394193621.898676906925.3174520762514.212432563962.827666047620.8710828175806.903878274233.7984066953104.168767044610.945268913947.28417700195.533413313579.129218430323.717505679456.98109701249.6741816958139.547836621110.6630664844130.9949593859242.607075716116.9053346296745.815916550814.6083968724206.854771662112.9921558917.548463880227.475828944634.006692462410.243300197113.5163659597141.6838245651155.9049012375154.6965394751153.735112003796.805910775111.399198176115.402708177718.729905467958.9744525686

Price3107187235.567745622494.492321632428.447664998394.492321632430.007480750818.3561998163110.0039155141165.685501990730.929144929545.60978825116.8023068202100.510902367115.703061256723.096124558523.622279188129.74325919621.4279841631826.32275346540.359339504173.864170816410.276589314539.339292137995.9432495580.624558802421.068616027352.37080308529.5161416406170.227461090110.9717708482121.1662184204249.791358184617.510162395724.33295003315.70245915209.663285115213.580074374818.629317265424.419495143744.39001219319.558073204513.0804654263120.0214083231137.652627191133.8569546744127.6003286144347.996230598212.268852998814.304975317719.574630567749.1716209915

Price3110187331.724222117103.933371303824.5761466627104.261603878324.413825866415.6689601756132.721031988314.045996370525.815751936782.528401948521.060449767399.757552053725.853825667322.9688898425592.037058558231.082417537825.183889088855.961176995237.774505350690.106491852310.765642693341.9015209333110.332755394870.181440042523.855076825660.16617800899.7389419649161.021596703810.889176616130.34798533264.705654004616.4423678141007.042514964815.7428997266230.322629402113.512897206817.368202130423.169395054869.52062776829.650842650112.3932776229121.8893335845122.9996281027128.8131177777110.2313321189336.276286583911.511903104316.415950121917.718034333644.7923464504

Price3114187432.2174517157122.672587219527.4004118777118.184907136236.883551014820.0194978251101.7703124099644.146149916937.30789101318.125333598432.516089065696.995717234419.602107004827.1048174985594.382326525945.784083614824.7691034625738.796527867156.6871137126109.518004252110.731352622453.906635345895.103339156877.848271839822.389753280768.837042949.8578910766127.115415366210.9528169062123.5154172447222.910824713615.1102981142914.876466664714.4704447401180.074618265312.485067089514.878526521838.948740529131.40466620939.569723743211.7045440992145.5504066949145.4927845886128.8460038419115.0682214148140.27526890310.510429124116.234404551317.005241258466.8291139201

PriceAveraged33.2584040324114.736142797327.783044752113.696280920231.102503400818.141496012120.2100095559720.655027348532.391118757747.84094578539.7369522014106.320891462220.764417708924.6218209938556.06352420942.359356599123.0630148828806.996084150442.154841315694.414358491310.67971338645.607906354599.228189353876.945872278822.757737953259.58878026169.6967890945149.478077445310.8692077137126.5061450952245.003728154716.4920407382848.016962053315.1310501223206.728826111213.142548640317.106127449528.50336491844.83049965829.755484948712.673663277132.2862432919140.51248528136.5531539423126.6587485379230.338424215111.422595850815.589509542218.256952906954.9418834827

Std. Dev.1.716682865619.35267654942.544761026718.80758656325.27157821391.810220335716.9414996534720.37055432615.140862859426.44949053633.224066878714.54438371144.2488003251.975610053543.075027703515.45979425352.227609875349.740286968910.056972879715.95970477950.28465137286.44752157137.41098229224.6501470731.30560998376.94653288040.142449184219.68491890250.14189509874.911498756117.36785928921.0196508597136.01728856650.685670986720.62152000180.51104037611.5860493657.194695468817.38969293680.32781719980.794448214413.200687770513.863727312812.325586552419.4783329264130.39490554530.72035235230.96329582311.12800322439.8974220902

Sonora3040184931.870980162105.894866499716.9478427311105.894866499722.55664084124.2950495618126.44678593091542.997554426620.32381967826.658986876878.898813075867.976617449417.488404814924.4671561559359.737711892632.815632903526.1153637429493.987605679928.288622503180.718552119310.635920934936.117181358865.928985601393.232284139721.388132403941.889380489510.545863757368.282479078810.53070934965.9430987825147.434123116914.6179647649583.90676796912.7496774212163.995850612538.941633520314.924640434727.080872113529.594654553210.371924291111.07547807138.1733994704144.8421088699186.1614662431115.30596343843.030394779210.639545920714.750825350219.27645996339.8278171441

Sonora3116187531.040293058292.958273959424.676297477692.960216359829.660954682623.0621738904132.65002215073700.718529150520.666938634916.632339293879.312440917755.651253792222.104731416323.7105606032303.588736644527.17928298335.1521028523450.765595719647.689878149484.311652758710.763312843837.869062133679.74584215199.630641496321.040801883750.07091244189.897495480164.431977615810.367253213773.8421876752120.313891827515.6451248285496.05536283712.6529954081169.930759478545.901696757115.930625421828.540799767329.159561935310.556495509611.5260694146165.5209369511168.2449902706179.3777043143117.740988520177.947454595311.614808563122.123784321821.02975250169.7654974991

Sonora3120187631.6218810163118.859168252923.083758663118.999078415627.552789482223.2356085748227.71140042662054.062699293420.98559789515.95816430892.234020758689.937067499519.019556359525.7729248931319.786484769331.43361198430.1484140869568.043942965339.766686099377.294787892510.561758229939.443871897570.603270513990.810242381618.481009958441.43568906269.99275045479.440984474810.328778787975.7906298722154.986399998415.2207328119495.911675191312.1050592842187.583951872643.161428927415.13586151131.92830383318.039524528510.50057689711.2843523402149.0994639864150.8717201945185.0758220135131.79137378952.160889506310.805638232916.4495095519.39886605389.9140582415

Sonora3124187735.7963271146105.78583512726.6005197948105.786719793734.20525834321.9320865092304.96577586811763.453576763921.754934489330.836134954596.542774590760.362612621722.372112114524.5924828485308.816726782139.757300221326.3923774954631.426971984235.969616426273.752028627910.605502970235.704092751579.967757136885.354211827922.2887087748.92188899359.908024167466.028421769711.047623904475.0147220551166.012423795316.2415329225498.521487980612.2164396614177.619996030943.268692815616.432004503131.088815387322.050456848110.388209574313.8144810547153.0179725604156.4529087345179.8028447695107.927263346345.149575168411.177366107115.43389863099.75112978759.9609610291

SonoraAveraged32.5823703378105.874535959822.8271046666105.910220267228.493910837223.131229634197.94349609412265.308089908620.932822674322.521406358386.747012335768.481887840720.246201176324.6357811252322.982415022132.796457022929.4520645444536.056029087237.928700794579.019255349610.641623744737.283552035474.061463850792.256844961420.79966325445.579467746910.086033464769.545965734810.568591313772.6476595962147.186709684515.431338832518.598823494512.4310429437174.782639498642.818363005115.605782967729.659697775324.711049466310.45430156811.9250952199151.4529432421155.1029320174182.6044593351118.191397273454.572078512311.059339705917.189504463217.36405207659.8670834784

Std. Dev.2.17072462710.57416318234.174915885910.63071488564.83454120820.96748552485.078226357979.56082100990.61107338137.39395116028.998727750515.17814033982.38633123210.852337586525.4161844935.22378204444.22179252979.92299138418.07109852834.53190707450.08664865781.71900321566.95923273245.91786448331.63277406414.5509156950.30950471176.78316013920.33113660034.540898584919.47179356370.685091523243.55510429090.317863042710.19509268872.87845269140.70070107072.24285719125.63402934280.0889553731.272975669511.28779445769.96199072183.51287744219.980654670616.06462025810.433230943.36273786515.13782435250.087333039

Wood Colony3042185032.353991463896.329416639326.083480900696.1684571526.002887772224.4451996299400.08695619398067.582698632724.871929714774.471007749824.365207811959.832230207418.247552420821.4368663753284.489284108520.444216644924.1835528345643.95383508555.715223477839.491644677110.447254208530.721024732194.796401809969.238999738124.676937907142.62294423679.8698086419133.671670355411.000695288181.0197544741208.634465371212.7159233209335.155955928613.2054471308179.195312937736.516628233217.071496598326.5635988114107.68783113029.689934693510.8389350299154.1111413359154.246533148166.6154282057183.4272081991219.369665649710.529772559438.507920036720.309219447810.9186982506

Wood Colony3125187832.156239332379.480444186930.94342126479.500732569731.272251621920.1007336761256.57605533089555.36643405632.280866517154.345936608125.133071905758.915251061118.903555329721.2215239821275.409905792318.978600174525.2870157541622.03310953276.725920311152.783002199911.512476413729.554708373796.667956633870.163184883430.196438414341.053083843810.4930578969131.030164710610.863494695782.9127018835198.07944925514.7744335444335.992592695912.6538140427202.726416848936.36075903618.671011620225.0051545472221.71438339029.784214105511.0175325288157.0680300233160.7039293899137.7358068331205.9406968871285.645137865910.409994129544.075475844220.264170030911.6937661406

Wood Colony3128187934.268058164576.624254949927.271034619276.638269116426.375252857921.0306951491350.54920338688962.805921721524.2086051533117.458661729221.873741531963.923095699520.151222329521.9669343304273.966156067118.55079873325.3380703142586.675361339155.838869965866.309249660510.37732169534.5648501765103.552640877363.092215717423.770399089156.573693385110.629053180199.789585956811.396574394299.1274528336167.341614007614.0301065538329.573104409312.1180958829203.273892974441.635970236317.769498343320.8548928581214.27420382549.649495446110.7848403214145.4307605669147.7655747702164.5283014325209.061053308295.979603927710.601373927441.879763987619.182589907811.5162399807

Wood Colony3132188031.438951636383.750977365730.570840549691.154456529428.101013202919.9033355304520.09445777077718.153910188927.703398823696.214698912352.287819202760.391189001627.469848673320.9639913103249.013645111518.916789829524.0015443709688.022708133152.655489153837.013827906910.432073545926.66496705389.082981892859.142983343823.041781318967.221901173210.061968362197.650747411410.89856656977.8992726148185.046256111213.6504357319311.484472361112.3265422111180.767239791430.609117340416.043279108421.835168566743.09030210549.699936144810.4787254598122.4756307131135.2909902005137.3767336331198.157414157743.403310446810.372912758737.252938264818.471148866411.5936789343

Wood ColonyAveraged32.554310149284.046273285528.717194333485.865478841427.937851363721.3699909964381.82666817058575.977241149827.266200052285.622576249930.91496011360.765441492421.193044688321.3973289995270.719747769919.222601345524.7025458184635.171253522360.233875727248.899431111110.692281465830.376387583896.024995303465.409345920725.421389182451.867905659710.2634720202115.535542108511.039832736885.2397954515189.775446186313.7927247877328.051531348712.5759748169191.490715638136.280618711517.388821417623.5647036959146.69168011289.705895097510.780008335144.7713906598149.5017568771151.5640675261199.146593138211.099429472510.478513343840.429024533319.556782063211.4305958265

Std. Dev.1.20824181128.69666529692.4096967319.3054829972.40351444472.1082474722109.7230081913837.29037123653.670578498227.253838068814.31633362692.19126546034.25837795080.426107339415.20188335590.83600636850.708579150442.406258891611.092847115913.51490430890.54762089323.2716862495.96601037335.22499204363.252875893812.38708062140.356807062219.46623995420.2448452479.486383459217.79757602010.856319597711.40637149440.474047846413.30731768164.50584216041.1105712922.670994640586.50693474880.05658336420.224116648915.662843107210.846839612116.197901673511.4387339645116.83619844050.1057805853.11872936730.89166117660.3489167827

Fritz3024184429.5594546307266.948885112321.1627835753282.996685406320.179086208216.05356749565.375126160518864.057898589935.585158515232.350489411697.100334559240.78097843432.458691351217.1867981728521.254809502636.713308684824.4953733789740.049444568450.595455990770.409669025310.656541031634.245160635755.686419829793.252772784632.610972514472.102850823810.621974049278.154002485810.133687620282.6003442494224.377302551413.2234287412943.08268075213.5526712864243.73697564654.448224836815.162042105427.7806783979226.052378728310.294167081811.8795003019164.2814717639161.1707594277183.9819580079577.4139866925144.4257188413.164133263283.213544821820.28323817242.849503848

Fritz3073186030.9911271305155.736429610523.3935544578168.221394736721.784028824720.860821697780.858897686814731.762550061538.201406439746.99669391652.702888860940.51890226921.749804992417.932991889680.427350716632.07236518624.7356975388876.928793160454.509072399346.735069133410.318839850827.236431124251.013590301398.450395242128.370865254548.46751104079.924731877199.736513426910.1915186987116.9304690052282.812347911713.71867510841258.79617239815.4685203142240.535229286950.127575471917.096898291127.4717007144134.69476292810.2377378312.7926957709195.6842438915195.6081282307170.2050619685444.2680332608250.964217335210.887111698164.864161249620.03274852232.0974438468

Fritz3076186128.7484043075131.367968774126.0353438032139.867246921427.298815034117.740789346368.0401247114011.695727672543.180568854530.345157626445.468851926647.692894032321.264901224216.8521432891570.685060610132.509336334225.4498769181753.240939719642.403589766559.02942004210.413832163727.816805340443.831288278981.622992510128.685067660351.053770530510.3982666585100.263646052210.132423430775.1531176743262.060939292712.56810869851076.871523107812.9836527011194.591028026743.853825791715.160959935637.0874516565134.3321007410.478251990611.9512508865110.448584132110.4411277628177.4218009603409.1626382321217.569023380111.108703305262.087896470219.560153592929.6650253566

Fritz3077186229.077892361466.722246854217.309769404374.844414108417.037869734416.498409993755.336638054618104.101123697829.571943510117.337410671423.102105058131.860668513519.04336735215.2114606044633.846931717222.503190024326.1421285195747.628717578642.414742291863.953141605710.396974931527.812787597841.381354313780.713870174526.095084604346.670331877410.264111348595.001199419410.099509070787.4742588892251.652705991313.07691082881262.353282424713.4740062254193.642484117942.688777989315.691246464627.2501102848431.294541669310.25905873711.5515833715135.54121326139.7215094389178.5640141003493.661491122359.819149569610.976086708580.643635778320.796408289529.720878741

FritzAveraged29.5942196075155.193882587821.9753628101166.482435293221.574949950417.788397133267.40269665316427.904325005436.634769329931.757437906454.593545101240.213360812223.629191229916.7958484888601.553538136630.949550057325.2057690888779.461973756847.480715112160.031824951610.446546994429.277796174547.978163180988.510007677828.940497508454.573616068110.302270983393.288840346110.139284705190.5395474545255.225823936813.14678084421135.275914670613.8697126318218.126429269447.779601022415.777786699229.8974852634231.593446016410.317303909912.0437575827151.4888782618151.735381215177.5432087593481.1265373269243.194527281211.534008743772.7023095820.168137144133.5832129481

Std. Dev.0.989032621483.43536309623.693361614986.95686600864.29495354832.169159583710.50676723192412.42898676635.665304777712.145209684831.01275303576.48399134216.00310511021.148824158469.91587875186.0070946490.744308838865.20231889176.070164722910.01473752050.14598431393.32278122996.56621395368.74673012572.705456626711.82384318980.291785968610.36365272560.038248728218.308922262124.30455067440.4735262122154.65577215471.095199674527.75747998755.51699549610.91417745644.7982466588139.95279573350.10979201360.528734907436.767352152635.88589683965.667529550272.951468038589.57978674251.090556960210.76495956040.51508800426.2806973178

Sheet4

VarietyAldrichButte/PadreCarmelIndependenceMontereyNonpareilPriceSonoraWood ColonyFritz

SampleAveragedStd. Dev.AveragedStd. Dev.AveragedStd. Dev.AveragedStd. Dev.AveragedStd. Dev.AveragedStd. Dev.AveragedStd. Dev.AveragedStd. Dev.AveragedStd. Dev.AveragedStd. Dev.

2-butanone28.793.2432.861.4630.981.6940.461.5530.381.2931.420.6533.261.7232.582.1732.551.2129.590.99

2-methyl-2-butenal163.2073.91145.6757.7970.2722.8264.088.73118.7026.0388.7631.60114.7419.35105.8710.5784.058.70155.1983.44

2-methylbutanal21.152.4640.923.7723.183.9624.657.1128.244.2731.385.5427.782.5422.834.1728.722.4121.983.69

3-methyl-2-butenal93.5461.85152.5259.2481.2024.6781.039.74118.6725.9288.7731.60113.7018.81105.9110.6385.879.31166.4886.96

3-methylbutanal20.722.6248.286.8922.293.4829.828.8226.914.0936.578.6831.105.2728.494.8327.942.4021.574.29

4-hydroxybutanoic acid19.411.9520.050.8816.301.6623.113.3017.871.6917.062.6418.141.8123.130.9721.372.1117.792.17

Acetoin199.8730.0297.5924.5969.2511.35270.29101.38132.2143.39163.6647.27120.2116.94197.9485.08381.83109.7267.4010.51

Benzaldehyde34506.108774.156656.891520.4114376.163690.11714.19736.069193.431000.882847.85340.79720.66720.372265.31979.568575.98837.2916427.902412.43

Benzeneacetaldehyde65.2912.3857.298.4226.825.2643.573.8042.817.0736.846.2232.395.1420.930.6127.273.6736.635.67

Ethyl Acetate31.476.9634.289.0628.5613.67125.3167.4262.6636.3143.1014.0247.8426.4522.527.3985.6227.2531.7612.15

Furfural36.2617.61134.9346.0040.4612.8255.454.8371.5822.6167.1527.0439.7433.2286.759.0030.9114.3254.5931.01

Hexanal37.213.5674.089.2745.678.50103.3311.8652.512.5971.665.86106.3214.5468.4815.1860.772.1940.216.48

Nonanal24.285.7622.271.7319.894.8639.9714.4519.033.1927.738.3920.764.2520.252.3921.194.2623.636.00

Pentanal22.121.0321.180.9318.241.0426.261.9417.720.3220.730.4824.621.9824.640.8521.400.4316.801.15

Propanoic Anhydride377.9078.23458.1344.80309.7974.911207.91296.181293.79208.64539.10146.26556.0643.08322.9825.42270.7215.20601.5569.92

3-methylfuran35.085.1233.675.2325.114.7528.872.2326.552.5038.529.1742.3615.4632.805.2219.220.8430.956.01

Toluene50.827.7228.531.4821.342.1424.361.8124.882.3124.041.0823.062.2329.454.2224.700.7125.210.74

[R-(R*,R*)]-2,3-Butanediol618.11104.18777.91151.21409.68105.822508.47340.93651.49138.11712.27167.41807.0049.74536.0679.92635.1742.41779.4665.20

1-butanol39.225.5342.693.7849.248.0353.173.1132.436.7837.147.6642.1510.0637.938.0760.2311.0947.486.07

1-Hexanol87.7718.5599.1512.1664.386.79118.8111.5687.1216.2784.6216.4094.4115.9679.024.5348.9013.5160.0310.01

1-Octanol11.940.4510.910.3410.310.0411.760.1410.970.2811.060.3510.680.2810.640.0910.690.5510.450.15

1-pentanol36.055.5445.236.5231.903.5249.683.8731.683.4937.783.2145.616.4537.281.7230.383.2729.283.32

1-penten-3-ol91.8819.5882.711.9689.598.47101.7811.8480.917.8792.887.2599.237.4174.066.9696.025.9747.986.57

2-butanol93.0526.55123.5114.37106.7725.9473.287.1192.557.2074.237.8876.954.6592.265.9265.415.2288.518.75

2-butoxyethanol12.030.3815.013.779.770.1719.791.4017.730.9619.710.7222.761.3120.801.6325.423.2528.942.71

2-Ethyl-1-hexanol82.6325.6862.713.5852.8521.2895.2019.3841.978.9861.1919.1859.596.9545.584.5551.8712.3954.5711.82

2-methoxyphenol10.781.3010.140.0712.013.5310.130.3710.790.4410.040.089.700.1410.090.3110.260.3610.300.29

2-methyl-1-propanol190.598.7176.319.6665.5017.55231.7240.0377.8111.07137.0518.50149.4819.6869.556.78115.5419.4793.2910.36

2-methyl-3-pentanol11.660.4411.090.1210.880.0710.300.1211.030.2111.480.2110.870.1410.570.3311.040.2410.140.04

2-pentanol94.8719.1092.244.65103.366.12106.6012.41106.3611.4495.835.58126.514.9172.654.5485.249.4990.5418.31

2,3-Butanediol173.1823.89182.9030.5995.5722.48803.6567.64216.0234.42202.7344.41245.0017.37147.1919.47189.7817.80255.2324.30

3-hexanol13.810.8314.260.5215.361.3513.980.8319.351.3115.180.4016.491.0215.430.6913.790.8613.150.47

3-methyl-1-butanol601.04140.64711.60118.24505.52136.052221.38763.222799.30506.02914.48358.21848.02136.02518.6043.56328.0511.411135.28154.66

3-methyl-1-pentanol13.561.0414.360.7612.350.9725.395.1531.234.8616.672.9615.130.6912.430.3212.580.4713.871.10

3-methyl-3-buten-1-ol221.7550.73258.4018.46218.4223.20276.9216.67268.6122.76212.2519.54206.7320.62174.7810.20191.4913.31218.1327.76

3-pentanol43.329.5153.782.3859.9410.7653.685.4163.572.7413.040.5113.140.5142.822.8836.284.5147.785.52

3-penten-2-ol28.902.4723.021.5922.292.6517.661.8018.251.0018.170.7617.111.5915.610.7017.391.1115.780.91

Acetic Acid38.676.7249.685.8931.618.5059.8721.0036.103.3638.5211.1628.507.1929.662.2423.562.6729.904.80

Benzyl alcohol676.91

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