seminar report- electronic toll collection system

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NATIONAL INSTITUTE OF TECNOLOGY SRINAGAR Seminar Report ELECTRONIC TOLL COLLECTION SYSTEM :: Submitted By :: RAJAN BAIRASRIYA ECE/07/13 7 th Semester Electronics and Communication Engineering

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Page 1: Seminar report- Electronic Toll Collection System

NATIONAL INSTITUTE OF TECNOLOGY SRINAGAR

Seminar Report

ELECTRONIC TOLL COLLECTION SYSTEM

:: Submitted By ::

RAJAN BAIRASRIYA

ECE/07/13

7th Semester

Electronics and Communication Engineering

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Table of Contents

Table of Contents...................................................................................................2

Abstract .................................................................................................................3

Introduction .......................................................................................................... 4

RF TAG........................................................................................................... 4

RF READER…................................................................................................9

Technology Used................................................................................................. 11

Automated Vehicle Identification.....................................................................11

Automated Vehicle Classification ....................................................................12

Transition Processing........................................................................................12

Violation Enforcement .....................................................................................13

Working of ETCS...............................................................................................15

Vehicle Identification........................................................................................15

Vehicle Classification ......................……………….........................................16

Transition Processing........................................................................................17

Violation Handling ...........................................................................................18

Basic Block Diagram.........................................................................................19

Advantages...........................................................................................................20

Summary..............................................................................................................21

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ABSTRACT

Electronic Toll Collection is a generally mature technology that allows for

electronic payment of highway tolls. It takes advantage of vehicle-to-roadside

communication technologies to perform an electronic monetary transaction

between a vehicle passing through a toll station and the toll agency. This system is

implemented using the innovative technology of Radio Frequency Identification

(RFID).

Radio-frequency identification (RFID) is a technology that uses

communication via electromagnetic waves to exchange data between a terminal

and an electronic tag attached to an object, for the purpose of identification and

tracking.

Each vehicle will be provided with an RFID tag. This tag stores the unique

ID of the vehicle and related information. When interrogated by a reader, it

responds with that data over a radio frequency link. The readers are fixed in the toll

gates. So when the vehicle comes near the reader, the data from the tags can be

easily read by the readers. This data is passed to the computer and thus the cash

can be deducted from the user’s account

.

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INTRODUCTION

Electronic Toll Collection system is implemented using the technology of

Radio Frequency Identification (RFID).

RFID is a wireless link to uniquely identify tags. These systems

communicate via radio signals that carry data either unidirectional or bidirectional.

The tag is energized by a time-varying electromagnetic radio frequency (RF) wave

that is transmitted by the reader. This RF signal is called carrier signal. When tag is

energized the information stored in the tag is transmitted back to the reader. This is

often called backscattering. By detecting the backscattering signal, the information

stored in the tag can be fully identified. RFID systems are comprised of two main

components RF reader and RF Tag.

RF TAG

The RFID tag, or transponder, is located on the object to be identified and is

the data carrier in the RFID system. Typical transponders (transmitters/responders)

consist of a microchip that stores data and a coupling element, such as a coiled

antenna, used to communicate via radio frequency communication. Transponders

may be either active or passive.

Active transponders have an on-tag power supply (such as a battery) and

actively send an RF signal for communication while passive transponders obtain

all of their power from the interrogation signal of the transceiver and either reflect

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or load modulate the transceiver’s signal for communication. Most transponders,

both passive and active, communicate only when they are interrogated by a

transceiver.

Active RFID and Passive RFID are fundamentally different technologies.

While both use radio frequency energy to communicate between a tag and a reader,

the method of powering the tags is different. Active RFID uses an internal power

source (battery) within the tag to continuously power the tag and its RF

communication circuitry, whereas Passive RFID relies on RF energy transferred

from the reader to the tag to power the tag. While this distinction may seem minor

on the surface, its impact on the functionality of the system is significant

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Passive RFID either (1) Reflects energy from reader or (2) Absorbs and

temporarily stores a very small amount of energy from the reader’s signal to

generate its own quick response.

In either case passive RFID operation requires very strong signals from the

reader and the signal strength required from the tag is constrained to very low

levels by the limited energy. On the other hand active RFID allows very low level

signals to be received by the tag, and the tag can generate high level signals back to

the reader, driven from its internal power source. Active RFID tag is continuously

powered, whether in the reader field or not.

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The selection of active or passive tag affect factors like range of

communication, data storage capacity, sensor ability etc. If the tag is active the

reader can spot more tags within seconds than the passive tag, but as the cost is

compared the passive tags are cheaper than the active tags. The life of the passive

tags are more than the active tag because, active tag requires tag power supply

within the chip.

The different frequencies that the tag can work are:-

Low frequency (LF) - These tags work at a frequency of around 132 kHz

and have a reading range of less than 50 cm. The reading speed is relatively low

and the tags are relatively insensitive to interference. This band enjoys relative

freedom from regulatory limitations because it has not been reserved as an ISM

frequency range, although in this frequency interval other systems operate typically

for aeronautical and marine navigational services. Tags in this frequency range

have been using now in applications such as access control and animal tracking.

High frequency (HF) - Operate worldwide at 13.56 MHz and can be read at

distances of around one meter, but tags use more energy than low frequency tags.

Existing uses include tracking books in libraries and baggage at airports. At around

13.56MHz, electromagnetic fields can propagate through water and tissue but

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cannot penetrate metals. Antennas are made simply of turns of coils of small

radius.

Ultra-High frequency (UHF) - These tags work at a range between 315 and

915 MHz and can be read from further away and at higher speed than HF tags.

This makes this frequency the most appropriate for supply chain applications, such

as tracking pallets and case.

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RF READER

The interrogator consists of a reader and data processing subsystem. The

RFID reader, or transceiver, which may be able to both read data from and write

data to a transponder. The data processing subsystem which utilizes the data

obtained from the transceiver in some useful manner.

Typical transceivers (transmitter/receivers), or RFID readers, consist of a

radio frequency module, a control unit, and a coupling element to interrogate

electronic tags via radio frequency communication. In addition, many transceivers

are fitted with an interface that enables them to communicate their received data to

a data processing subsystem, e.g., a database running on a personal computer. The

use of radio frequencies for communication with transponders allows RFID readers

to read passive RFID tags at small to medium distances and active RFID tags at

small to large distances even when the tags are located in a hostile environment

and are obscured from view. The figure shows handheld and stationary reader

modules.

The basic components of an RFID system combine in essentially the same

manner for all applications and variations of RFID systems. All objects to be

identified are physically tagged with transponders. The type of tag used and the

data stored on the tag varies from application to application.

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The RF field generated by a tag reader (the energy transmitter) has three

purposes:

1. Induce enough power into the tag coil to energize the tag:

2. Provide a synchronized clock source to the tag:

3. Act as a carrier for return data from the tag:

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TECHNOLOGY USED

Electronic toll collection systems rely on four major components: automated

vehicle identification, automated vehicle classification, transaction processing, and

violation enforcement.

1. Automated vehicle identification

Automated vehicle identification (AVI) is the process of determining the identity of

a vehicle subject to tolls. The majority of toll facilities record the passage of

vehicles through a limited number of toll gates. At such facilities, the task is then to

identify the vehicle in the gate area.

Some early AVI systems used barcodes affixed to each vehicle, to be read optically

at the toll booth. Optical systems proved to have poor reading reliability, especially

when faced with inclement weather and

dirty vehicles.

Most current AVI systems rely on radio-

frequency identification, where an

antenna at the toll gate communicates

with a transponder on the vehicle

via Dedicated Short Range

Communications (DSRC). RFID tags have proved to have excellent accuracy, and

can be read at highway speeds.

Figure: - Many ETC systems use transponders like this

one to electronically debit the accounts of registered

cars without their stopping

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2. Automated vehicle classification

Automated vehicle classification is closely related to automated vehicle

identification (AVI). Most toll facilities charge different rates for different types of

vehicles, making it necessary to distinguish the vehicles passing through the toll

facility.

The simplest method is to store the vehicle class in the customer record, and use

the AVI data to look up the vehicle class. This is low-cost, but limits user

flexibility, in such cases as the automobile owner who occasionally tows a trailer.

More complex systems use a variety of sensors. Inductive sensors embedded in the

road surface can determine the gaps between vehicles, to provide basic information

on the presence of a vehicle. Treadles permit counting the number of axles as a

vehicle passes over them and, with offset-treadle installations, also detect dual-tire

vehicles. Light-curtain laser profilers record the shape of the vehicle, which can

help distinguish trucks and trailers.

3. Transaction processing

Transaction processing deals with maintaining customer accounts, posting toll

transactions and customer payments to the accounts, and handling customer

inquiries. The transaction processing component of some systems is referred to as a

"customer service centre". In many respects, the transaction processing function

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resembles banking, and several toll agencies have contracted out transaction

processing to a bank.

Customer accounts may be post-paid, where toll transactions are periodically billed

to the customer, or prepaid, where the customer funds a balance in the account

which is then depleted as toll transactions occur. The prepaid system is more

common, as the small amounts of most tolls makes pursuit of uncollected debts

uneconomic. Most post-paid accounts deal with this issue by requiring a security

deposit, effectively rendering the account a prepaid one.

4. Violation enforcement

A violation enforcement system (VES) is useful in reducing unpaid tolls, as an

unmanned toll gate otherwise represents a tempting target for toll evasion. Several

methods can be used to deter toll violators.

Police patrols at toll gates can be highly effective. In addition, in most

jurisdictions, the legal framework is already in place for punishing toll evasion as a

traffic infraction. However, the expense of police patrols makes their use on a

continuous basis impractical, such that the probability of being stopped is likely to

be low enough as to be an insufficient deterrent.

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A physical barrier, such as a gate arm, ensures that all vehicles passing through the

toll booth have paid a toll. Violators are identified immediately, as the barrier will

not permit the violator to proceed. However, barriers also force authorized

customers, which are the vast majority of vehicles passing through, to slow to a

near-stop at the toll gate, negating much of the speed and capacity benefits of

electronic tolling.

Automatic number plate recognition, while rarely used as the primary vehicle

identification method, is more

commonly used in violation

enforcement. In the VES

context, the number of images

collected is much smaller than

in the AVI context. This

makes manual review, with its

greater accuracy over fully

automated methods, practical. However, many jurisdictions require legislative

action to permit this type of enforcement, as the number plate identifies only the

vehicle, not its operator, and many traffic enforcement regulations require

identifying the operator in order to issue an infraction.

Figure 1:-Ontario's Highway 407 use automatic number

plate recognition

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WORKING OF ETCS

ETC system relies on four major components: automated vehicle identification

(AVI), automated vehicle classification (AVC), transaction processing, and

violation enforcement.

(i) Vehicle identification: When a vehicle approaches the ETC lane, the system

installed at the plaza communicates with FASTag and checks for card validity and

account balance.

Vehicles with valid tag (Tag registered with ETC program) and positive

account balance are allowed to cross the intersection.

Other vehicles entering ETC lanes are guided out via ejection lane

mechanism to adjacent manual cash lanes, where they would be allowed to

pass after paying toll fee and a penalty.

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(ii) Vehicle classification: Toll charges levied on a vehicle depend on its class-

Car/Jeep/Van, Truck, Bus, LCV, Multi Axle vehicles. AVC (automatic vehicle

classification) is a key element for assessment of the correct toll tax at toll plazas

and ensures accurate vehicle detection and classification.

The classification is based on axles, distance between axles, single and

double wheels and multiple vehicle heights. This is done using infra-red sensors

installed at the toll plaza.

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If the AVC class matches the vehicle class associated with that FASTag the

vehicle is successfully classified, else there is a class mismatch. Class mismatch is

verified by looking at video recording captured by lane camera.

(iii) Transaction Processing: This requires setting up of a Central Clearing

House (CCH) for clearing and settlement of toll transactions.

ETC transaction file is generated for all vehicles that cross the plaza with

valid tag and positive account balance.

These ETC transaction files are relayed to CCH (Central Clearing House)

for debiting appropriate toll fee from the pre-paid account of registered

vehicle and crediting the same to respective toll collection agency.

Text message is sent to the vehicle owner for each transaction.

(iv) Violation handling: Stolen vehicles, vehicles with class mismatch,

vehicles with insufficient balance and those that run through (cross without

payment in cash lane) are blacklisted. List of blacklisted vehicles is shared with

all toll plazas. These vehicles are stopped when they cross the next toll

collection point and appropriate steps are taken.

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BASIC BLOCK DIAGRAM

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ADVANTAGES

Entire process takes a matter of seconds to complete.

Electronic system records transaction, including the time, date, and plaza

and toll charge of each vehicle.

Allow drivers to pass through the system at 55 miles per hour (88 kph).

99.95% accuracy as said by toll plaza authority.

Vehicles equipped with ETC require less time than all other vehicles to

conduct a toll transaction.

An increase in a toll lane service rate causes a decrease in the average

waiting time of vehicles at the toll plaza.

Vehicle emissions are reduced because vehicle speeds through the toll plaza

are increased and accelerations and decelerations reduced.

ETC requires far less roadside infrastructure than manual tollbooths.

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SUMMARY

Here I have discussed various types of ETC systems applied in some

countries. The proposed ETC system discussed in this work applies RFID

technology. By doing so, increased efficiency will be guaranteed since RFID is

known as a highly stable technology. With the elimination of human interaction in

the entire toll collection process, we can create a better ETC system to be

implemented. It can also significantly improve the efficiency of toll stations and

the traffic abilities of the toll road.