seminar on study of ict pilot projects in india k. venkateshwar rao 06427803 pavan kumar thatha...

Seminar onSeminar on

Study of ICT Pilot Study of ICT Pilot projects projects in Indiain India

K. Venkateshwar RaoK. Venkateshwar Rao0642780306427803

Pavan Kumar ThathaPavan Kumar Thatha06927805 06927805

CS671: ICT for Socio-Economic DevelopmentCS671: ICT for Socio-Economic Development

Seminar Seminar Plan…Plan…

Background of study areaBackground of study area

ICTs in Development AgendaICTs in Development Agenda

ICTs interventionsICTs interventions

ICT Experiments in IndiaICT Experiments in India

ICTs role on key issuesICTs role on key issues

Review of Literature on ICTsReview of Literature on ICTs

ConclusionConclusion

Background of the studyBackground of the study

Rural India: profile at a glanceRural India: profile at a glanceSource: 2001-Census of India report. Source: 2001-Census of India report. http://planningcommission.nic.in/

Total Population : 1.028 billion

Households : 191.9 million

Districts : 593

Sub-districts : 5470

Towns : 5161

Villages : 638,588

Rural Population : 85 per cent

Population density : <400 per sq km

Work Area : 75 per cent in Agriculture

Village population : <5000 on average


ICT Tools for Rural development Areas:ICT Tools for Rural development Areas: Provide decision support to public Provide decision support to public

administrators for administrators for

improving planning and monitoring of programs.improving planning and monitoring of programs. Improve services to citizens and bring in Improve services to citizens and bring in

Transparency.Transparency. Empower citizen’s through access to information Empower citizen’s through access to information

and and

knowledge.knowledge. Provide Training to improve the functioning of Provide Training to improve the functioning of

developmental organisations.developmental organisations. Expand employment opportunities in rural Expand employment opportunities in rural

areas.areas.

Attention paying key factors:Attention paying key factors:

for whom?for whom? what bundle of (multi-purpose) services?what bundle of (multi-purpose) services? how well they are managed?how well they are managed?


ICT enabled Rural development (major) Services:ICT enabled Rural development (major) Services:

Online services for information, transaction, Online services for information, transaction,

processing, processing,

education, training and monitoring.education, training and monitoring.

Market linkages between producers, traders, Market linkages between producers, traders,

retailers and retailers and

suppliers.suppliers.

Facilitation among Researchers, Knowledge Facilitation among Researchers, Knowledge

workers and workers and

Farm communities.Farm communities.

Facilitation of Land records and on-line Facilitation of Land records and on-line

registration services. registration services.

Tele-education for rural citizens of all age groups Tele-education for rural citizens of all age groups

and and

gender.gender.


Capturing Technologies:Capturing Technologies:Devices that collect and convert information Devices that collect and convert information

into digital form. Ex: Input devices.into digital form. Ex: Input devices.

Storage Technologies:Storage Technologies: Devices that store and retrieve information Devices that store and retrieve information

in digital form.in digital form. Ex: Memory DevicesEx: Memory Devices

Processing Technologies:Processing Technologies: Creating systems & applications Creating systems & applications

software for software for

the performance of digital ICT. Ex: S/W tools.the performance of digital ICT. Ex: S/W tools.

Communication TechnologiesCommunication Technologies:: Producing the devices, methods and Producing the devices, methods and

Networks to Networks to

transmit information in digital form. Ex:LAN, transmit information in digital form. Ex:LAN,

WAN.WAN.

Display Technologies:Display Technologies: Creating a variety of output devices for the Creating a variety of output devices for the

display display

of digitised information. Ex: output devices.of digitised information. Ex: output devices.

Functionaries of knowledge transmission TechnologiesFunctionaries of knowledge transmission Technologies


Spread of ICTs presence in India w.r.to other Asian Spread of ICTs presence in India w.r.to other Asian neighbours neighbours * (per 100 persons) Source: TRAI (2004:10)* (per 100 persons) Source: TRAI (2004:10)

Parameters * India Korea Malaysia

China

No of PCs 0.8 78.6 15.0 2.8

No of Cable TVs 6.0 43.0 -- 9.0

NO of Fixed Telephone lines 3.9 51.0 18.5 18.0

No of Mobile Phones 2.6 75.0 43.9 18.3

No of Internet connections 0.4 26.0 12.0 2.5

No of Broadband connections 0.02 25.0 0.4 1.4

No of Users (Internet) 1.0 65.5 34.0 6.2

GDP (US $ per capita) 465 10,000 4,000 965


Year-wise Teledensity of Rural & Urban India

0

5

10

15

20

Years

Tele

dens

ity Rural

Urban

Rural 0.51 0.68 0.93 1.21 1.49

Urban 6.92 8.33 10.16 12.2 14.32

1998-99 1999-00 2000-01 2001-02 2002-03

Development is directly proportional to Tele-density or Development is directly proportional to Tele-density or Broad-band connectivity spread: Broad-band connectivity spread: As per World Telecom development As per World Telecom development report (2003).report (2003).

Connecting rural people through ICTsConnecting rural people through ICTs

Existing process implications to be eliminated, Existing process implications to be eliminated,

such as NOsuch as NO

loss of Timeloss of Time

loss of Incomeloss of Income

loss of Opportunityloss of Opportunity

non-availability of Information in-time as non-availability of Information in-time as

per need, requirement to the rural per need, requirement to the rural

livelihoodslivelihoods



Bridging the divide through ICTs Bridging the divide through ICTs

In New Economy:In New Economy:

Metcalfe’s formulaMetcalfe’s formula states that, states that,The value of a network = (nxn) = nThe value of a network = (nxn) = n22 , ,where n -> no of people connected.where n -> no of people connected.

Kelly’s New lawKelly’s New law states that, states that,The value of a Network = nThe value of a Network = nnn , , where n-> people make multiple, simultaneous connectionswhere n-> people make multiple, simultaneous connectionsbetween groups of people.between groups of people.

Example:Example: B2B – where buyers and sellers come together, communicate B2B – where buyers and sellers come together, communicate and trade with each other.and trade with each other.


Steve’s SIX-Cs for on-line services: Steve’s SIX-Cs for on-line services: (with respect to Marketing)(with respect to Marketing)

Content: Content: trading data, pricing, product info, etc.trading data, pricing, product info, etc.

Context: Context: specialization on a vertical.specialization on a vertical.

Community:Community: value added services that hold & attract users.value added services that hold & attract users.

CommunicationCommunication:: the ability for members to meet & communicate each the ability for members to meet & communicate each

other other on-line.on-line.

Connectivity:Connectivity: use of open, web-based applications so that members use of open, web-based applications so that members

connect to each other.connect to each other.

Commerce:Commerce: the Centralised marketplace.the Centralised marketplace.

ICTs interventionsICTs interventions

ICT kiosks interventions: Initiator basedICT kiosks interventions: Initiator based National Government initiated ProjectsNational Government initiated Projects

Ex: CICs in NE and J&K states. Ex: CICs in NE and J&K states.

State Government promoted ProjectsState Government promoted ProjectsEx: e-Seva of AP, Bhoomi of Karnataka, Setu of Maharastra.Ex: e-Seva of AP, Bhoomi of Karnataka, Setu of Maharastra.

Private corporate Sector promoted ProjectsPrivate corporate Sector promoted ProjectsEx: Chiraags of n-Logue, e-Chowpals of ITC, EID’s Parry corners.Ex: Chiraags of n-Logue, e-Chowpals of ITC, EID’s Parry corners.

Non-Government Sector promoted Projects Non-Government Sector promoted Projects Ex: Wired Villages of WARNA, DRISTI, MSSRF, TARAHAT, Agri-watch. Ex: Wired Villages of WARNA, DRISTI, MSSRF, TARAHAT, Agri-watch.

Upcoming Large scale ICT initiatives in IndiaUpcoming Large scale ICT initiatives in India Panchayat Raj MinistryPanchayat Raj Ministry :: 2,37,0002,37,000 Department of ITDepartment of IT :: 1,00,0001,00,000 Private sector (by 2007)Private sector (by 2007) :: 1,00,0001,00,000 ITC e-ChowpalITC e-Chowpal :: 1,00,0001,00,000 Department of PostsDepartment of Posts :: 8,00,0008,00,000 State Govt. initiativesState Govt. initiatives :: @3000-5000 per state@3000-5000 per state

Interventions of ICT experiments in IndiaInterventions of ICT experiments in India

Source:Source: http://www.ictforchange.org/ visited on: 23rdrd Sep., 2007. Sep., 2007.Till date, Till date, 174174 total pilot projects are registered under EIGHT categories. total pilot projects are registered under EIGHT categories.

Type of ICT Pilot Projects in India

30%

24%10%

18%

9%

4%

5%

Application/Content e-Governance

Tele-Centers CBT/Employment

Hardw are radio, Video and TV

Research/Advocacy/Projects

Zone wise ICT pilot projects in India

45%

20%

13%

4%

0%

1%

17%

South North West Central

East NEast National


Application/Content

South40%

North23%

West12%

Central2%

East0%

NEast2%

National21%

South

North

West

Central

East

NEast

National

e-Governance

South53%

North19%

West14%

Central10%

East0%

NEast2%

National2%

South

North

West

Central

East

NEast

National


CBT/Employment

South42%

North26%

West16%

Central3%

East0%

NEast0%

National13%

South

North

West

Central

East

NEast

National

Tele-Centers

South55%

North16%

West17%

Central6%

East0%

NEast0%

National6%

South

North

West

Central

East

NEast

National


State wise e-Gov pilot Projects

29%

12%

10%7%7%

7%

5%

2%

21%

AP GOI/Central Depts. Karnataka

Kerala Maharastra MP

Chatisgarh Industry (keltron) Others (each)

Sate wise ICT projects underCBT/Employment

Industry/NGOs

85%

Karnataka6%

AP3%

Maharastra3%

Universities3%

Industry/NGOs

Karnataka

AP

Maharastra

Universities


State wise ICT pilot projects under Application/Content

NGOs/Orgs.42%

Industry27%

Universities13%

GOI/Central Depts.10%

State Govt. Depts.

6%

AP2%

NGOs/Orgs.

Industry

Universities

GOI/Central Depts.

State Govt. Depts.

AP

ICTs role on Key IssuesICTs role on Key Issues

Management of Rural Development Programs: Management of Rural Development Programs: Key IssuesKey Issues

Targeting about development of People rather than Targeting about development of People rather than

Poverty Poverty

elevation methods.elevation methods.

Problems in implementation of development Problems in implementation of development

programs:programs: Centralised PlanningCentralised Planning Multiplicity of AgenciesMultiplicity of Agencies Bureaucratic and Administrative setupsBureaucratic and Administrative setups Monitoring Large ProgramsMonitoring Large Programs Inadequate ResourcesInadequate Resources

Contributions of ICTs to Rural developmentContributions of ICTs to Rural development

Offer opportunities for two-way horizontal communication among Offer opportunities for two-way horizontal communication among

communities as communities as

well as supporting agencies.well as supporting agencies.

Support bottom-up articulation of development needs and perceptions.Support bottom-up articulation of development needs and perceptions.

Facilitating the merging of local, national and global information and Facilitating the merging of local, national and global information and

knowledge.knowledge.

Support, create and strengthen interactive and collaborative networks.Support, create and strengthen interactive and collaborative networks.

Support policy and advocacy by meeting information needs of all members Support policy and advocacy by meeting information needs of all members

of society.of society.

Help build consensus through the provision of information on programs, Help build consensus through the provision of information on programs,

policies, policies,

decisions and issues to advocates.decisions and issues to advocates.

Literature on ICTs says……Literature on ICTs says……

Establishing micro-enterprisesEstablishing micro-enterprises in Agriculture, food in Agriculture, food

processing, processing,

animal husbandry, handicrafts, IT-based services in animal husbandry, handicrafts, IT-based services in

villages, one villages, one

can achieve significant impact on rural economy.can achieve significant impact on rural economy.

Roger’s FrameworkRoger’s Framework for analysing the observed for analysing the observed

characteristics of characteristics of

kiosk users in terms of:kiosk users in terms of:

Adopter categoriesAdopter categories

Innovation attributesInnovation attributes

Adoption decisionAdoption decision

Communication channelCommunication channel

Nature of Social systemNature of Social system


Roman’s Perceived attributes of innovations in the Roman’s Perceived attributes of innovations in the

context of context of

Tele-centers are:Tele-centers are:

Relative advantageRelative advantageInnovation of benefit-cost effects.Innovation of benefit-cost effects.

CompatibilityCompatibilityPotential adopters to technologies.Potential adopters to technologies.

ComplexityComplexity

Understanding and using the technologies.Understanding and using the technologies.


Kenneth Keniston’s preliminary hypothesis on Indian Kenneth Keniston’s preliminary hypothesis on Indian

ICT ICT

projects: projects: Major gaps areMajor gaps are

Financial sustainabilityFinancial sustainability

Scope of ITScope of IT

Grassroot consultationGrassroot consultation

Information usesInformation uses

Local relevant contentLocal relevant content

Local standardization of codeLocal standardization of code

Commercial fundingCommercial funding

Wishful thinkingWishful thinking

e-Commerce / e-Governancee-Commerce / e-Governance

Impact of technical decisions on Common man!Impact of technical decisions on Common man!

Kenneth’s hypothesis on Indian ICT projects……Kenneth’s hypothesis on Indian ICT projects……

HOPE: “HOPE: “The use of ICT’s could enable even the poorest of The use of ICT’s could enable even the poorest of developing nations to “leapfrog” traditional problems of developing nations to “leapfrog” traditional problems of developmentdevelopment like: like:

PovertyPoverty IlliteracyIlliteracy DiseaseDisease UnemploymentUnemployment HungerHunger CorruptionCorruption Social inequalities, so as to Social inequalities, so as to move rapidly into the Modern Information move rapidly into the Modern Information

AgeAge.. Hopes built on an Hopes built on an empirical vacuumempirical vacuum.. Does Not know the factorsDoes Not know the factors that make for effectiveness or that make for effectiveness or

ineffectiveness of grassroots ICT projects in developing nations.ineffectiveness of grassroots ICT projects in developing nations. ICTs introduction into communities otherwise unchanged will ICTs introduction into communities otherwise unchanged will

merely merely heighten existing inequalitiesheighten existing inequalities.. Instead of comparative research to counter or address such Instead of comparative research to counter or address such

claims, we have “claims, we have “Success StoriesSuccess Stories” – from which ” – from which trustworthy trustworthy generalisations are impossiblegeneralisations are impossible..


Kenneth’s observations on Indian projects:Kenneth’s observations on Indian projects: Few Few projects are projects are publicisedpublicised. Eg: Dhar, SF’s Pondichary.. Eg: Dhar, SF’s Pondichary. Great Great majority NOTmajority NOT and these projects have rarely been and these projects have rarely been

studied.studied. NO comparisonsNO comparisons have been made between them. have been made between them. They are They are NOT in touchNOT in touch with each other. with each other. Lessons learnedLessons learned in one project are in one project are NOT shared with othersNOT shared with others.. Appropriate technologies are Appropriate technologies are rarely evaluatedrarely evaluated.. Financial SustainabilityFinancial Sustainability, S, Scalabilitycalability and and Cost recoveryCost recovery are are

seldom addressed.seldom addressed. The opportunity to learn from the The opportunity to learn from the Diverse, Creative Indian Diverse, Creative Indian

ExperienceExperience is so far almost entirely wasted. is so far almost entirely wasted.

Cost of creating a working Internet connection in developing Cost of creating a working Internet connection in developing nation is the nation is the same assame as --- ---

Providing immunization against SIX factor childhood diseases Providing immunization against SIX factor childhood diseases to thousands of children.to thousands of children.


Kenneth’s Preliminary Hypothesis on Indian ICT projects:Kenneth’s Preliminary Hypothesis on Indian ICT projects:

1.1. There is more Talk than Action: There is more Talk than Action: Plans abound; on the ground realities are much fever. Plans abound; on the ground realities are much fever. Few Conferences, only a few have substance so far.Few Conferences, only a few have substance so far.

2.2. Nothing is anywhere nearly as simple as it seems:Nothing is anywhere nearly as simple as it seems: Almost every project is late and runs into unexpected Almost every project is late and runs into unexpected difficulties. Eg: Land records where dead or illegible etc.difficulties. Eg: Land records where dead or illegible etc.

3.3. The Goal of Financial Sustainability is rarely achieved:The Goal of Financial Sustainability is rarely achieved: Granting the initial start-up costs have to be Granting the initial start-up costs have to be borne by borne by someonesomeone, , VERY FEWVERY FEW projects even projects even plan for long-term plan for long-term sustainabilitysustainability, and even fewer achieve it. Once the initial , and even fewer achieve it. Once the initial public or NGO funding disappears, simply projects disappear public or NGO funding disappears, simply projects disappear as well.as well.

4.4. IT should not be simply identified with computers and IT should not be simply identified with computers and Internet:Internet: Some inventive uses of IT involve radio, TV, satellite Some inventive uses of IT involve radio, TV, satellite inventories etc. Eg: Automated butterfat assessment inventories etc. Eg: Automated butterfat assessment equipment – radically simplified the process of evaluating equipment – radically simplified the process of evaluating milk & paying dairy farmers.milk & paying dairy farmers.



5.5. Starting by consulting at the Grass-roots is essential:Starting by consulting at the Grass-roots is essential: Top-down projects simply do not work, and end up by Top-down projects simply do not work, and end up by providing information that people don’t really need or use.providing information that people don’t really need or use.

6.6. The information people initially say they need, may not The information people initially say they need, may not always be what they end up using:always be what they end up using: Eg: MS Swaminathan’s project – male Eg: MS Swaminathan’s project – male farmers ask originally about agriculture; in fact, they farmers ask originally about agriculture; in fact, they started looking about government programs. started looking about government programs.

7.7. Local language content is a pre-requisite for any successful Local language content is a pre-requisite for any successful project:project:

Standardization of Code for the major Indian languages in NEED Standardization of Code for the major Indian languages in NEED

of the hour. Every major Indian language suffer from multiple of the hour. Every major Indian language suffer from multiple

scheme of coding and fonts, since scheme of coding and fonts, since absence of inter-operabilityabsence of inter-operability

between programs involving between programs involving distinct codesdistinct codes. . This Technical problem dramatically complicates the This Technical problem dramatically complicates the

development of local S/W and of local IT usedevelopment of local S/W and of local IT use throughout India. throughout India.



8.8. The development of Locally relevant content is essential, and The development of Locally relevant content is essential, and the nature of that content varies from region to region: the nature of that content varies from region to region:

ICT for the common man projects are bound to fail, without ICT for the common man projects are bound to fail, without

accessible accessible local contentlocal content that addresses the real problems of that addresses the real problems of local local

peoplepeople in their in their own languageown language, so they can understand better., so they can understand better. This is evident from Radio programs success in spreading massage This is evident from Radio programs success in spreading massage

in the areas of Agriculture practices, family planning services etc.in the areas of Agriculture practices, family planning services etc.

9.9. E-governance is one of the most promising uses of ICTs:E-governance is one of the most promising uses of ICTs:

i.i. Computerisation of Govt. functions themselves:Computerisation of Govt. functions themselves:

Eg: Linking Central State Govts. To district officials, and Eg: Linking Central State Govts. To district officials, and

computerising registrations, legal proceedings, land records etc computerising registrations, legal proceedings, land records etc

for the benefit of administrators.for the benefit of administrators.

ii.ii. Govt.-to-People and People-to-Govt. Connections:Govt.-to-People and People-to-Govt. Connections:

Citizens can obtain direct access to records, rules, and Citizens can obtain direct access to records, rules, and

information about entitlements that they need or what in their information about entitlements that they need or what in their

daily lives.daily lives.



10.10. E-Commerce, in the sense of Customer-to-Business on-line E-Commerce, in the sense of Customer-to-Business on-line buying buying within Indiawithin India, is probably many years away for a majority , is probably many years away for a majority of Indians: of Indians:

Success is seen in railway reservation system and banking sectors.Success is seen in railway reservation system and banking sectors. If small business S/W packages were made available in local If small business S/W packages were made available in local

languages, there is a chance of small & medium size merchants languages, there is a chance of small & medium size merchants

would quickly adopt them.would quickly adopt them.

11.11. Commercially funded ICT networks have considerable promise:Commercially funded ICT networks have considerable promise:

Commercial interests may justify the experience of Commercial interests may justify the experience of

establishing rural info-kiosks, which can, also provide much establishing rural info-kiosks, which can, also provide much

general information in addition to specify product information.general information in addition to specify product information.

12.12. The markets for “The markets for “indigenous craftsindigenous crafts” is a niche market in a few ” is a niche market in a few rich countries:rich countries: E-commerce from India to Europe, US or Japan has E-commerce from India to Europe, US or Japan has enormous logistic problems. Applying IT for poverty alleviation enormous logistic problems. Applying IT for poverty alleviation for any but a tiny fraction of Indians isfor any but a tiny fraction of Indians is NOT NOT realistic. realistic.



13.13. A successful commercial IT sector does not necessarily “A successful commercial IT sector does not necessarily “trickle downtrickle down” ” to ordinary Indians: to ordinary Indians:

It for massesIt for masses places emphasis on developing STPs, improving education at the places emphasis on developing STPs, improving education at the

higher levels of IT etc..higher levels of IT etc.. It make astonishing growth rate is IT, but what about general/ordinary Indians It make astonishing growth rate is IT, but what about general/ordinary Indians

impact such as: improved living conditions, more schools, greater justice, impact such as: improved living conditions, more schools, greater justice,

better health, more jobs or other benefits for ordinary Indians.better health, more jobs or other benefits for ordinary Indians.

14.14. Apparently “TApparently “Technical decisionsechnical decisions” concerning IT regulations, ” concerning IT regulations, bandwidth allocation, pricing mechanisms, transmission standards bandwidth allocation, pricing mechanisms, transmission standards etc, can have profound effects on whether or not IT benefit ordinary etc, can have profound effects on whether or not IT benefit ordinary Indians:Indians:

Compared to the Compared to the speed of satellite televisionspeed of satellite television rapidly in India, rapidly in India, ISP spreadISP spread is is

not that encouraging.not that encouraging. Analysing of the impact of technical, regulatory, and technological decisions Analysing of the impact of technical, regulatory, and technological decisions

on “IT for the Common Man” is largely absent.on “IT for the Common Man” is largely absent.

15.15. The wheel is constantly reinvented:The wheel is constantly reinvented:

The people of the projects are The people of the projects are NOTNOT usually in usually in touch with each othertouch with each other, , rarely rarely publishpublish or write anything about or write anything about what they are doingwhat they are doing..

Little possibilityLittle possibility of learning from the success or failure of projects. of learning from the success or failure of projects.



16.16. You cannot believe a lot of what you are told: You cannot believe a lot of what you are told:

A visit to a project site can be found that--A visit to a project site can be found that-- Project have closed.Project have closed. Project NOT yet to be in operation.Project NOT yet to be in operation. Project to have deteriorated from the stated original GoalsProject to have deteriorated from the stated original Goals

17.17. Until the costs of the “Until the costs of the “Last MileLast Mile”, of basic IT devices, and of ”, of basic IT devices, and of local languages S/W are brought down, the goal of “local languages S/W are brought down, the goal of “Wiring Wiring IndiaIndia” will remain unachieved:” will remain unachieved:

Low cost technological solutionsLow cost technological solutions above are off-course not solutions above are off-course not solutions

to the problems of development, but they are pre-requisites for IT in to the problems of development, but they are pre-requisites for IT in

India. Eg: Simputore, India-Linux movement etc.India. Eg: Simputore, India-Linux movement etc.

18.18. The “The “IT for the MassesIT for the Masses”, “”, “Bridging the Digital DivideBridging the Digital Divide” ” movement has an inordinate amount of exaggeration and movement has an inordinate amount of exaggeration and wishful thinking:wishful thinking:

We need to define the characteristics of those projects (meet poor’s We need to define the characteristics of those projects (meet poor’s basic needs & assets fundamental rights) and try to spread the word basic needs & assets fundamental rights) and try to spread the word about what works and what does NOT.about what works and what does NOT.

ConclusionConclusion

The challenge is to learn if, when, how and where ICTs (of all kinds) can be The challenge is to learn if, when, how and where ICTs (of all kinds) can be

most most

cost-effective means to help rural people.cost-effective means to help rural people.

Pilots highlighted the multi-sectorial development interventions using Pilots highlighted the multi-sectorial development interventions using

different different

technology options.technology options.

How the benefits of pilots to be integrated is the study of the future.How the benefits of pilots to be integrated is the study of the future.

Have to be found the sustainability mantra for ICT projects in India to Have to be found the sustainability mantra for ICT projects in India to

deliver needed deliver needed

objectives.objectives.

An integrated ICT model as accepted by people to be found using SWOT An integrated ICT model as accepted by people to be found using SWOT

analysis on analysis on

pilot projects experiences.pilot projects experiences.

Rogers, Roman and Kenneth proposals are measured for further studies.Rogers, Roman and Kenneth proposals are measured for further studies.

Thank youThank you

seminar on study of ict pilot projects in india k. venkateshwar rao 06427803 pavan kumar thatha...

Documents