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Seminar on
Sound & Vibration MeasurementInstrumentations, Techniques & Applications
Chua Hock AnnChua Hock Ann
Mechanical Metrology
National Metrology Centre, A*STAR
09 September 2011
A*STARAgency for Science, Technology and Research
Copyright © 2009 All rights reservedNational Metrology Centre
Agency for Science, Technology and Research
ChairmanMr Lim Chuan Poh
Dy ChairmanProf Tan Chorh Chuan
Managing DirectorProf Low Teck Seng
Managing Director’s
Office
BMRCSERC
Mission: Fostering world-class scientific research and
talent for a vibrant knowledge-based Singapore
Objectives: Enhance Singapore’s industrial
competitiveness and strengthen Singapore’s R&D
capabilities.
Copyright © 2009 All rights reservedNational Metrology Centre
3
A*STAR Graduate Academy
A*STARJointCouncil
Corporate Group
BII - Bioinformatics InstituteGIS - Genome Institute of
Singapore IBN - Institute of Bioengineering
& NanotechnologyIMCB - Institute of Molecular
and Cell BiologyBTI - Bioprocessing
Technology InstituteIMB - Institute of Medical
Biology
SICS - Singapore Institute for
Clinical Sciences
DSI - Data Storage Institute
I2R - Institute for Infocomm Research
ICES - Institute of Chemical and
Engineering Sciences
IHPC - Institute of High
Performance Computing
IME - Institute of Microelectronics
IMRE - Institute of Materials
Research & Engineering
NMC NMC -- National Metrology CentreNational Metrology Centre
SIMTech - Singapore Institute of
Manufacturing Technology
NMCNational Metrology Centre
Copyright © 2009 All rights reservedNational Metrology Centre
National Metrology Centre
Institute of Microelectronics (IME)
Institute for Infocomm Research (I2R)
(merger of KRDL,
Institute of High Performance
Computing (IHPC)
SERC Research Institutes and Centre
National Metrology Centre
(NMC)
Data Storage Institute (DSI)
(from Magnetic Technology Centre)
(merger of KRDL,CWC & CSP)
Institute for Chemical and Engineering
Sciences (ICES)
Computing (IHPC)
Institute of Materials Research
and Engineering (IMRE)
Singapore Institute of Manufacturing
Technology (SIMTech)
(NMC)
Executive DirectorDr Lee Loke Chong
Dy Director Dr Chua Sze Wey
Industry Development Office Director: James Ling
AdministrationHead
Ms Leow Guat Hiong
Optical MetrologyHead
Ms Tan Siew Leng
Mechanical MetrologyHead
Chua Hock Ann
Electrical MetrologyHead
Dr Chua Sze Wey
Research and Development UnitHead: Dr Tung Siew Kong
Standards and Infrastructure UnitHead: Victor Tan
NMC Organisation
Fu
nc
tio
ns Technology Development
Industry Services
Custodian of Metrology Standards
Staff Milestones Laboratories International Linkages
Bunkering
Technology Development
Bunkering Mass Flow Metering
LED/SSL Radiometry
Solar Radiometry
Submillimeter-wave
Others
Industry Services
Measurement & Calibration
Services
R&D for Measurement
Solutions
Technical Assessments
Training Courses
Electrical Metrology (EM)
Electrical
RF & Microwave
Mechanical Metrology (MM)
Acoustics & Vibration
Gas
Mass & Force
Pressure & Flow
Optical Metrology (OM)
Length & Dimensional
Optical Radiation
Time & Frequency
Measurement & Calibration Services
Flow
Temperature & Humidity
Custodian of Metrology Standards
Primary Level
Secondary Secondary Level
Working Level
SIInternational System of Units
Copyright © 2009 All rights reservedNational Metrology Centre
International System of Units
Conceived around 1790’s in France
“Metric” system based on decimal
Advantageous over British Imperial system
Accepted by scientific communities worldwide
International System of Units
Copyright © 2009 All rights reservedNational Metrology Centre
• An international diplomatic treaty among 54 Member States and 31 Associate States & Economies , first
signed on 20 May 1875.
• To promote & propagate the SI in commerce, trade,
science & engineering.
• Established the International Bureau for Weights and
Measures (BIPM) to enable world-wide uniformity of measurements and their traceability to the
International Metrology Framework
measurements and their traceability to the International System of Units (SI).
• NMC signed the Metre Convention in 1994.
• NMC was delegated by MFA to represent Singapore at the General Conference on Weights and Measures
(CGPM).
• NMC is a member of the Consultative Committee for: Electricity & Magnetism; Length; Photometry &
Radiometry; and Temperature to provide expert advice for the industry and government agencies on related matters.
Letter signed by Prof S. Jayakumar, Minster for Foreign
Affair, on 14 Oct 1994
• Initiated in 1999 for mutual recognition of
national measurement standards and
calibration & measurement certificates
issued by national metrology institutes
(79 signatories)
• To provide technical basis for wider
agreements negotiated for international
trade.
Global Mutual Recognition Arrangement
trade.
• NMC signed the MRA in 1999 under the
Metre Convention framework.
• NMC participates in international &
regional comparisons to verify
capabilities.
• International recognition of Singapore’s
national metrology infrastructure.MRA signed on 14 Oct 1999
Base Quantity SI base unit
Name Symbol
Length metre m
Mass kilogram kg
Time second s
SI Base Units
Time second s
Current ampere A
Temperature kelvin K
Luminous intensity candela cd
Amount of substance mole mol
Length (the meter)
The metre is realised at NMC by wavelength of He-Ne laser stabilised against a
spectral line of iodine and the optical frequency synthesiser
Optical frequency synthesiser
Primary laser standard (633 nm) Primary laser standard (543 nm)
Length & Dimensional Standards
Laser Frequency Standard
Nano-scale Standards
Standard Artefacts
2-D vision Standard on Image Pattern
Aspherical & Free Form Surface Standards
Spherical Surface StandardSpherical Surface Standard
Large Range Stylus Form Standard
Roundness & Cylindricity Standards
Laser Confocal Microscope for Surface Standards
Materials 90% Pt - 10% Ir
Size Ø 39 mm; Ht 39 mm
Mass (the kilogram)
NMC is the custodian of the primary mass standard, the Singapore’s prototype
kilogram No. 83, directly traceable to the international kilogram in BIPM in Paris
Size Ø 39 mm; Ht 39 mm
Mass value 1 kg + 0.340 mg
Mass uncertainty 0.006 mg (k = 1)
Coeff of cubical expansion (25.869 + 0.00565 t90)××××10-6
ºC-1
Density at 0 ºC 21554.72 kg m-3
Density uncertainty (rel) 5××××10-6 (k = 1)
Singapore’s prototype kilogram No. 83
Vacuum Comparator for Mass Standards
Primary Force Standard
High Vacuum Standard
Micro- to Nano-Fluid Flow Standard
Air Velocity Standard
Pressure Standards
Mechanical Standards
Gas Flow Standards
Acoustic Standards
Vibration Standards
Time (the second)
The second is realised at NMC via Coordinated Universal Time, UTC(SG) using
weighted average from an ensemble of five atomic clocks
Singapore Standard Time (SST)
Cesium beam (left) and Cesium beam (left) and
• Frequency/Universal counter is usually used to measure
the time or frequency against UTC(SG). A more precise
frequency measurement method is by phase time
• The realisation of the second is via Coordinated Universal
Time of Singapore, UTC (SG) using weighted average
from an ensemble of four cesium atomic clocks and one
hydrogen maser atomic clock in accordance with the
definition of the second.
Time & Frequency Standards
• NMC is able to calibrate various frequency standards like cesium, rubidium, quartz, as
well as GPS disciplined oscillators at frequency of 1/5/10 MHz with an expanded
measurement uncertainty of 5.0x10-14 .
Cesium beam (left) and hydrogen maser (right)
frequency standard
Cesium beam (left) and hydrogen maser (right)
frequency standard
Cesium atomic clock
Cesium atomic clock
GPS frequency standard
GPS frequency standard Rubidium
standardRubidium standard
Quartz standardQuartz
standard
Frequency counters
Frequency counters
frequency measurement method is by phase time
comparison using a dual mixer time difference
measurement system.
fnV
⋅=
Bias Current
DC VoltageMicrowave source
Electric Current (the ampere)
The ampere is realised in NMC via Ohm's Law from the units of electromotive
force and resistance, the volt and the ohm. The volt and ohm are realised using
Josephson effect and quantum Hall effect, respectively.
2)(
ie
h
i
RiR K
H ==
0
Magnetic Flux Density (T)
4 6 8 10 12 142
0
4
6
8
10
12
14
2
Res
ista
nce
(kΩ
)
RH
RX
I
T=0.3K
I=10µA
RH
RXX
i=2
i=4
i=3
i=6
i=8
i=5
i=7
A Josephson array voltage standard Voltage standards
Quantized Hall resistance standard Resistance standards
JK
fnV
⋅=
e source
Microwave frequency
f A Josephson array Chip
DC Voltage Standards
DC Resistance Standards
DC Current Standards
AC-DC Difference Standards
AC Voltage and Current
Electrical Standards
RF Voltage Standards
Microwave Power Standards
Microwave Scattering Parameters
Microwave Attenuation Standards
Signal and Pulse Standards
Impedance Standards
Power and Energy Standards
High Voltage Standards
Thermodynamic Temperature (the kelvin)
NMC realises temperature standards by using primary temperature fixed point
standards, such as triple-point of water, and pure Tin and Zin, and fixed point
blackbodies
Furnaces that contain the primary temperature fixed
point standards
Primary standard temperature fixed point
blackbodies
Primary standard temperature fixed point
Temperature Fixed point Standard
Mini Temperature Fixed Point Cells
Primary Standard Radiation Thermometer
Standard Humidity Generator
Standard Low Humidity Generator
Temperature & Humidity Standards
d T-controlled V(λλλλ)- filter
Luminous Intensity (the candela)
The candela is realised at NMC by trap reference photometers and reference
standard lamps
Trap reference photometer
Precision aperture
CIE Asource
Reference standard lamp
Primary Standard for Optical Power
Reference Solar Cells
UV Broadband Radiometry Standard
Reference Spectrophotometer
Fibre Optic Standards
Optical Radiation Standards
Fibre Optic Standards
Amount of Substance (the mole)
The mole is realised at NMC by preparation of gas standards with accordance
to ISO 6142
Filling gas component and
matrix
Weighing cylinder with component
Gas standards
Computation of mole fraction
Computation of the uncertainty
Gas Standards
Analysis of Gas Standards
Primary Ozone Standard
Gas Standards & Analysis
Evacuation
• Gas standards are prepared by gravimetric (“weighing”) method based on ISO
6142:2001(E) within the concentration range of 10 x 10-6 to 0.9 mol/mol (10 ppm to
90%).
• Mass of each component is computed using mole fraction given by:
• Special internal coating in aluminum cylinders to prevent the reaction of gaseous components.
• Filling method e.g. direct method, injection, multiple dilution.
Preparation of Gas Standards
Homogenized mixing
Weighing cylinder
Filling gas component
• Target the desired mass of each gas component by use of a rough balance (resolution of 0.1 g).
• Precise weighing with smallest weight of 5 g in a total load of 10 kg (resolution of 1mg) and an uncertainty of
weighing 2 mg.
• Composition expressed as a mole fraction (mol/mol).
dilution.
Gas analysers with various detectors, e.g., Ultra-Violet (UV); Non-Dispersive Infrared absorption(NDIR); paramagnetic behaviour potentiometric.
Gas species: O2, CO2, CO, SO2, NO & NO2.
Analyse up to 16 mixtures (specified in ISO6143).
Gas Analysis
Analysis of Gas Standards
Purity Analysis
Cavity ring down spectroscopy
Gas chromatograph
Multi-component gas analyser based on CavityRing Down Spectroscopy (CRDS) for traceconcentrations of H2O and O2 .
Gas Chromatograh with Pulsed DischargeHelium Ionization Detector (PDHID) and FlameIonisation Detector (FID) for H2, N2, Ar, O2, CO2,CO and hydrocarbons.
Multi-component gas analyzers
Sampling system
• Stratospheric ozone protects the Earth from harmful UV radiation.
• Tropospheric ozone is a major health concern and contributes toglobal climate change as a greenhouse gas.
SRP 46SRP
27
Primary Ozone Standard
National Environment Agency (NEA)
Comparison of NMC SRP 46 with SRP 27 at the International Bureau of Weights and Measures (BIPM), in France.
Agency (NEA)air-monitoring
setup
luminousintensity
cd
thermodynamictemperature
K
electriccurrent
A
SI
amount ofsubstance
mol
SI Base Units
mass
kg
time
s
cd
length
m
SImol
Derived quantity Derived unit Unit symbol In terms of base units
area (A) square metre - m2
velocity (v) metre per second - m/s
acceleration (a) metre per second squared - m/s2
magnetic field strength (H) ampere per metre - A/m
Concentration (c) mole per cubic metre - mol/m3
plane angle radian rad m/m = 1
frequency hertz Hz s-1
SI Derived Units
Copyright © 2009 All rights reservedNational Metrology Centre
frequency hertz Hz s-1
force newton N m kg s-2
pressure pascal Pa N/m2 = m-1 kg s-2
energy, work, amount of heat
joule J N m = m2 kg s-2
power, radian flux watt W J/s = m2 kg s-3
electric potential difference volt V W/A = m2 kg s-3 A
electric resistance ohm Ω V/A = m2 kg s-3 A-2
Celsius temperature degree Celsius °C K
luminous flux lumen lm cd sr = cd
illuminance lux lx lm/m2 = m-2 cd
kg/m3
kg/mol m/s2
kg/(m⋅⋅⋅⋅s2) = Pa
Density Pressure
Gravimetry, gMolar Mass, NA
Solid
HighMedium
Si
mkg
smol
Copyright © 2009 All rights reservedNational Metrology Centre
kg/m3
kg/s
m3/s
kg⋅⋅⋅⋅m/s2 = N
kg/(m⋅⋅⋅⋅s2) = Pa
N/m2
Hardness
Force
Fluid Flow
m3
N⋅⋅⋅⋅m Torque
SolidLiquid
Volume
Low
Gas
WaterOil
m/sAir Speed
VickersRockwell
Shore…
property of a measurement result or the value of a measurement standard whereby it can be related to a stated reference, usually national or international standards, through an unbroken
Reference standard accelerometer
1 %
Traceability of Vibration Measurement
SI
standards, through an unbroken chain of comparisons, each contributing to the measurement uncertainty
Transfer standard accelerometer
3 %
Working standard accelerometer
5 %
ProductionTest &
evaluationQC & safety
STANDARDS AND CONFORMANCE FRAMEWORK
MEASUREMENTSTANDARDS CONFORMANCE
Enhance & Assure Quality of Products and ServicesFacilitate Trade
National S&C Framework
MEASUREMENTSTANDARDS CONFORMANCE
• Primary Standards
• Calibration
• Voluntary
Standards
• Regulatory
Standards
• Accreditation
• Quality Assurance *
• Certification *
• Testing & Inspection *
SPRING is the National Standards Body & National Accreditation Body
A*STAR is now the National Metrology Authority
* Provided by private sector
• Legal metrology
Acknowledgement
Thank you!
Copyright © 2009 All rights reservedNational Metrology Centre