Design Researchfor

Shopping Malls

Made by:

Khaled Mohamed Ahmed

Sara Hassan Sehab

Reham Hossam el din

Yasmine mohamed ali selim

Fatma el zahraa adel

Shehab Mohamed Magdy

Yomna Saad el ghazy

Hala mohamed hammad

Shehta el sayed

Asem Raouf khorshed

Cinemas and means of entertainment:Cinemas and means of entertainment:Made by:Made by: Yomna saad and shehab magdyYomna saad and shehab magdy

SitingSiting

Planning circulationPlanning circulation

Projection room and screensProjection room and screens

Data for auditoriums and sittingsData for auditoriums and sittings

Exits and means od escapeExits and means od escape

Indoor sports Indoor sports

Intelligent spacesIntelligent spaces

Places for playPlaces for play

The world of contemporary architectureThe world of contemporary architecture

ExamplesExamples

Commercial shops and stores:Commercial shops and stores:Made by: Yasmine mohamed selim

Main data

Layout and dimensions

Principles of shop design

Organization of shops

Examples

Structural systems and construction:Structural systems and construction:Made by:Made by: Fatma el zahraa and Hala mohamed hammadFatma el zahraa and Hala mohamed hammad

Kinds of structural systemsKinds of structural systems

ConstructionConstruction

FinishingFinishing

ExamplesExamples

CarCar parksparks andand securitysecurity::Made by:Made by: Sara hassanSara hassan

Standard design carStandard design car

ParkingParking

MultiMulti--storey garagesstorey garages

Fire securityFire security

Theft securityTheft security

Natural disasters securityNatural disasters security

Vertical and horizontal circulation elements:Vertical and horizontal circulation elements:Made by:Made by: Reham Hossam el dinReham Hossam el din

StairsStairs

RampsRamps

ElevatorsElevators

EscalatorsEscalators

External entranceExternal entrance

EntranceEntrance

Entrance hallEntrance hall

CorridorsCorridors

CoCo--ordinations for designordinations for design

ExamplesExamples

International ExamplesInternational ExamplesMade by: Made by: Khaled mohamedKhaled mohamed

SHOPPING MALLSSHOPPING MALLS

Layouts and Dimensions

There are two basic planning guidelines for laying out a retail ale

floor. Six basic plan can help the designer to carry them out.

The guidelines1 . 100 percent of the space allocated.2 . Do not sacrifice function for esthetics.Successful plan combine both to the fullest

Six basic plans1 . Straight 2 . Pathway

3 . Diagonal 4 . Curved

5 . Varied 6 . Geometric

This diagonal pattern permits angular traffic flow and creates perimeter design interest and excitement in movement. The central placement of the cash-wrap permitssecurity and vision

1 . Straight

A geometric plan can establish interest without excessive cost. if the store's product can accept it Ceiling and floors can be lowered or raised to create zones and departments.

People respond to circular and curved shapes such as here-shown here. which soften the angular and square plan

This pathway plan pulls patrons through the store to the rear without interruption by floor fixtures. The merits of such a layout are that the path can take any shape and that it creates a design pattern.

This varied plan illustrates added variety of forms which can work toa designer’s advantage.

This straight plan uses walls and projections to create smaller spaces and is economical.

3 . Diagonal

4 . Curved

6 . Geometric

2 . Pathway

5 . Varied

Merchandise is located according to classification staple good are unobtrusively yet accessibly placed; luxury items are spotted where the prospective customer cannot help but be attracted to them. White counter areas are allocated to services : cashier,wrapper , information, etc..

Attracting customers.

This can be accomplished by means of advertising : all media \ location\ exterior design\signs\ catalogue \ direct mail\colors\lighting\ entrance.

Interiors

1 . Merchandise and space must be organized to help the customer in making a selection

2 . Easy circulation and exposing the customer to max. amount of merchandise are part of good design.

3 . Avoid monotoy in circulation and display of merchandise

4 . The location and design of the cashier are important and provide for several persons to be serviced.

5 . Determine what customer accessories are required : seating,counters,tables, mirror, telephones,special lighting,floor covering.

6 . Accessories will vary , depending on the store’s location and type of customer.

7 . Fitting and dressing rooms should be located conveniently near the item being sold.

Customer flow

The customer sees more influenced by the arrangement of the space and the walking habits of customers than by the intrinsic quality of the objects exhibited

An important factor in display is the relation between the possible viewing distance and the scale of the merchandise.

1 . A stairway side wall or narrow passage is suited for small scale display only

2 . Displays opposite doorways have more carrying power and consequently can be bolder.

3 . It is possible to determine objects on display to make them stand apart from their neighbor and in this way they are more desirable.

4 . It is not always best to separate costly and inexpensive objects.

Scale

Principles of shop design

They are equipped with spotlights, most stores have few possibilities of adjusting niche size ,and definitely not the location. There is always a need to change the proportion of space used for new presentation.Differences in inventory levels, fabric density, and assortment width are not constants. They are best handled by a skilled merchandising and display staff on an hoc basis.

Niches DisplayDisplayThe segregation of displays in areas specifically designed for the purpose, and in locations selected with respect to entrance and customer traffic flow, is easily accomplished in departmentalized store

planning

Display surfacesLocating display surface perpendicular to the line of entrance may result in angular plans , or in the use of screens or freestanding display cases, Locations for display niches, may depend on space requirements of the various shop departments and upon the relationship to customer flow . This does not mean that every inch of space must be crowded with goods "on display," because such practice causes loss of customer interest.

Changing displays is important. Windows must be "dressed" quickly. Window dressing may be done in full public view in certain types of shops, as jewelry . Glazing of types which do not interfere with vision will materially increase the show window ‘value. Ease of window dressing may be aided in several ways. Access panels should be large enough for easy passage for men and materials Access passages, segregated from the shop's interior, may be provided. Dummy windows may be provided, sometimes on rolling platforms. Show window platforms should not be too deep, from 4 ft to 5 ft. and should be on the low side , from 6 to 24 in

on the exterior , provision must be made for protection when the store is closed by use of an overhead rolling grille or a folding gate. This protection should be over all show windows and the entrance door.

Show windowsShow-Window Lighting In many stores other than specialty shops, light intensities have been increased or above requirements for ordinary vision, in an effort to overcome reflections.

Diagrams optimum show-window depths. Within a 60° cone, the average human eye comfortably, without appreciable physical effort. Optimum viewing planes are those in which object on display can be seen in their entirety without causing the eye to encompass arcs greater than 60.

Diagram Diagram 1 1 illustrates a graphic method of illustrates a graphic method of determining optimum viewing planet for determining optimum viewing planet for given bulkhead heights.given bulkhead heights.

Diagram 2 shows the application of these principles to second floor window ; sight lines are limited by practicable window dimension .

Diagram 3 extends basic principles to include both basement and first-floor levels,seen through one window.

Fitting rooms

Lighting levels, color, direction, and diffusion play an enormous role on the attitude of the customer in a fitting room. Too many stores use a single overhead fluorescent which has these effects on the customer:

1 .The color turns the skin green. 2 . The direction of the light creates shadows under the eyes and accentuates wrinkles. 3 .The brightness hurts the eye and is compensated by the iris diaphragm which closes down, making it harder to see the details.

Dressing rooms are small. The amount of light equates to the temperature level ,the amount of heal from light sources must be balanced with air conditioning

Fitting Room in Grand Mall

Entrance

Stuff entraSeparate from customers ,if necessary in conjunction with goods delivery.

1.Display windowextended by havingshop entrance behindit & staircase to upperfloors set back:internal w shop min 2600

2 .Very deep shops often permit extensive display windows, impressive even if shop itself quite small

3 .shops may have wide vestibules with display windows at angle , attracting customers away from street traffic.

4 .Central doors suitable for shops > 6 000-6 200 wide ;counters may be installed on both sides , should be cash/wrap near door.

For narrow frontage recess entrance to provide larger display area & angles of view through offsets

By slanting entire window & having doors in same line. Idea of (5) is having developed to its logical conclusion

Automatic installation for opening &closing doors (1-leaf door with 2 - way passage, entrance &exit coupled ) : a photo-el cell & light barrier , b contact mat.

Courreges boutique

The first is the circular suspended tube—containing all the lighting fixtures and air-conditioning ducts

Another examples

Linear organization

double loaded

Court organization

Mean Data

The drawing illustrate the clearance Involved In hanging-type merchandise cases . Rod height should be related not only to human each limitation but in certain cases to the sizes of the merchandise displayed.

Shelving is probably used more than any other single interior component for the storage and/or display of merchandise. Not only must the merchandise be within reach anthropometrically, but it must be fairly visible as well. The height established must therefore be responsive to vertical grip reach dimension as well as to eye height. two sets of data are presented .One is based on the body size of the smaller female and the other on the body size of the smaller male.

Section through shop sales

The drawing shows the clearances required for a medium height display counter .the suggested seatheight of 21 to 22 in, or 53.3 to 55 8 cm, requires a footrest for the seatedcustomer. The counter height shown will allow the display to be viewed by both the seated customer and the standing sates clerk. The customer activity zone allows adequate space for the chair.

The drawing is of a low 30 in or 76.2 cm. Display counter also for use by aseated customer. For the standing user's optimum comfort, the counter height should be about 2 or 3 in, or 5 to 76 cm. belowelbow height. This will allow a person to handle objects comfortably on the countersurface or use the counter as support for his or her arms. The30-in height is too low to permit such use.

Data for supermarket

Good vision arc demand that topshelf be not over 5 ft high,permitting an angle of view notmore angle15° above the horizontal.Easy-to-reach zone starts at about 15In. above the floor, the minimumheight for the bottom shelf .face ofcans or pack ages should be asnearly at right Angles to eye aspractical. Cans for bottom shelvesare now designed to be legible lyingon their side.

Length of super Island units varies, 9 ft being the longest common use.Distance between shelf supports varies about a norm of 2 ft.

Shoes shop data

Shoes shop

Terraced organization in Arkadia Mall Linear organization in Genena Mall

Shops surrounding the atrium in Wonder Land Glass shops separated by columns in Arkadia Mall

Clothes shops in Grand Mall

Carpet shops in Grand

Mall

Watch shop in Arkadia Mall

CDs selling shop in Arkadia Mall

Supermarket in Arkadia Mall

Tie shops in Arkadia Mall

In Arkadia Mall

Genena Mall

Separated stands in the corridor of the Mall

Cinemas

SITINGGeneral considerationsThe siting of a commercial cinema must reflect the objective of_attracting the

attention of the public or being easily accessible to a well populated area. It must be able to take advantage of generators of activity such as communication centres, shopping centres and centres with evening amenities.

The commercial cinema consists basically of four sections:1. Auditorium with seating facing a screen on which a picture is projected from a

projection room.2. Adjoining public spaces to provide for access, circulation, essential services,

and ancillary functions depending upon the complexity of the project.3. Management spaces necessary for the administration and maintenance of the

cinema.4. Engineering services.

The largest of these functions is the auditorium and projection room. The auditorium requires reasonable proportions and acceptable means of access and exit. The relationship between access and the auditorium is particularly important when the cinema forms part of a complex in which other independent uses are included.

Although reasonable situations can be provided for gaining access to a cinema at basement level, ground level and first floor level, above first floor creates difficulties. It is unlikely that large numbers of people would accept lift access and lift exit from a cinema on an upper floor. Neither Hits nor escalator qualify as means of escape.

Access to auditoriums:(a) Cinema at ground floor. Deep foyer allows for ancillary uses over

front section of the building. (b) Cinema at ground floor. Ancillary uses in basement under

auditorium. Consider compatibility of structural solution, noise problem and access.

(c) Cinema at first floor level. Ancillary uses at ground floor. Consider ease of access to first floor.

(d) Cinema on upper floor. Ancillary uses below. Consider access and exits in relation to number of people concerned.

(e) Cinema at basement level. Consider compatibility of structural solution and location of exits.

(f) Two cinemas sharing entrance and foyer.(g) Four cinemas sharing foyer and projection room.(h) Two cinemas sharing foyer and projection room.

The basic planning of the normal commercial cinema consists of lour elements: auditorium and projection suite; entrance foyer and box office; administration offices; engineering services These are detailed in the following paragraphs.

Auditorium and projection suite:General circulation within the auditorium must be related to the best areas

for viewing the screen, control and the degree of disturbance to a seated audience that would be acceptable.Lavatory accommodation for the public should be available from the auditorium. Accommodation should also be provided in a refrigeration room for the administration of auditorium sales.The projection room should be on the axis of the center of the screen.

The entrance foyer:This accommodation should include ancillary rooms for the public; the

entrance foyer forms a baffle to reduce the transmission of noise and din from the street, to reduce heat loss in winter and heat gain in summer, and to provide a space for grading the lighting levels from street to auditorium. It provides a means of directing the public and also accommodates the box office and kiosk. It also provides access to cloakroom, bar and other facilities.

Administration and ancillary accommodations:Depending upon the size of the cinema and associated activities, the staff accommodation will consist of manager's office, assistant manager, clerical staff, female staff room and toilets, male staff room and toilets, administration stock room, cleaners’ room, and refuse store.

Stockrooms and refuse room should be accessible from the Street and the manager's office should be accessible from the foyer. The staff section could have separate access from the street, but this should not impair the general security of the cinema.

Planning (circulation)

Engineering services and plant roomThe plant rooms comprise boiler room, oil storage, plenum, electrical intake, switch room, water storage, and battery room store. Floor and ceiling voids should

provide adequate service ducts as the auditorium and projection room complex are heavily controlled by services to provide the appropriate environment. Public areas and stores will also require extensive dueled ventilation that must be accommodated.

Sales Kiosk:This consists of fixed sales counter to sell ice cream, confectionary, soft drinks, hot dogs and cigarettes .It may incorporate the main and/or secondary pay box. The kiosk should be located between pay box and auditorium entrances and positioned to give maximum sales impact without restriction to normal traffic flow.A suggested minimum length for auditoria up to 750 seats is 5.5 m with an additional 300 mm for every further 250 seats. The minimum working space of 900 mm is recommended and the floor raised 150 mm. A hand basin is required with cold water if protected food is served and both hot and cold water if unprotected food or drinks are served. Ventilation will be required for certain foods.Roll up or removable security grilles to protect merchandise should be available for simple installations when the kiosk is unattended.

Projection Room and Screens

Lighting, heating and ventilation of projection rooms Lighting has to be carefully arranged so that no unnecessary light is spilled onto the screen via the projection ports. Bracket fittings mounted on the front wall to the right of each projector or narrow beam spotlights on adjustable arms suspended from the ceiling are usually recommended.

When safety film is used and stored overnight, a minimum temperature of 7°C is required; tubular electric heaters worked by thermostat switches are normally used. The recommended, working temperature of projection rooms is 18°C.

Methods of projection:1-Direct Projection: where the light falls perpendicular to the screen plane.

2-Indirect projection: the light is reflected before falling on the screen plane using mirrors.

Screen position:Screens are usually spaced on the centerlines of auditoria and normal to them. In the case of curved screens centerlines are normal to the chord of the screen

arc. Screens may be tilted from the vertical plane according to the location of the projector, the type of auditorium and the system of projection.Ingeneral, the limits of deviation for flat screen projection can be stipulated thus:

α downward = maximum 12°α upward = maximum 5°where α is the angle of rake.

Data for auditoriums and sittings

Sound reflectors:When the auditorium is large and the maximum distance to an audience

seat is over 18 m. ceiling reflectors are a great help. They should bedesigned so that the reflections are concentrated more on the mostdistant seats. Materials for reflectors must be smooth and non-porous and should weigh not less than 5 kg/m2 for speech only, or25 kg/m2 for music.

One complication is that such reflectors will conflict with lighting positions.

Loudspeakers:In cinemas loudspeakers are usually housed behind the screen. For monophonic sound only one speaker unit is required but for multi­channel and stereophonic sound reproduction from 35 mm film, three units are used with one on the center line and the other two spaced equally on either side.

Sittings:Sizes depend on type of chair and determine chair spacing. Decide on chair style at outset. Traditional chairs require min spacing at 840 and are 500 wide —> (1); most common USA dimension 530. Modern chairs vary considerably: can need 1400 spacing and width of 750. Standing Space —>(2) formerly normal not usual in modern theatres. Seating usually laid out in straight or curved rows; in some theatres angled seating tried —>(3). Seating radius centre point best established by trying alternative positions. Short radius enables whole audience face centre of stage but this must be drawn to ensure adequate circulation space at front stalls sides.

Minimum dimensions:A back-to-back distance between rows of seats with

backs: 760 mm (minimum)B back-to-back distance between rows of seats

without backs 610 mm (minimum)C width of seats with arms 510 mm (minimum)D width of seat without arms 460 mm (minimum) E

unobstructed vertical space between rows (seat way) 305-mm.

F Rows with more than twenty-two seats could be possible, pro­vided that the audience was net imperiled.

G minimum width of gangway 1070 mm.

Rise R —»(2): difference in height between adjacent seating platforms

Floor slope:

Arrival point of sight : intersection of highest sightline at focal plane positioned 50 above stage platform

Distance: horizontal distance from eye of seated spectator to APS

D1= distance from eye of first row to APS

Dn = distance from eye of given row n to APS

Elevation: vertical height of eye of seated spectator above focal plane

E1 = vertical height of eye of first row above focal plane

En = vertical height of eye of given row n above focal plane

E1 = 0 establishes max stage height allowable, ie 1060

Sight lines:Typical seated spectator—»(1)

Eye height: 1120± 100

Tread of seating tier (row spacing) T: 800-1150

Head clearance C:

C1 = 65: min clearance/row, assuming spectator will see between

heads row in front (every-other-row vision)

C2 = 130 allows av spectator see over head av specator in front

(every-row vision)

Constant rise floor slope —>(2): sight lines from rows parallel; APSdetermined by intersection of sight line from last or highest row atfocal plane:

R = t/d1 [E1+(N-1)+C]

D1= t/r-c [e1+(n-1)c]

E1= d1/t (r-c) – c(n-1)

N = number of rows in seat bank.

Heating and ventilation of auditorium:

The auditorium requires an air temperature of 65°F (18.3°C) and air should be moved at the rate of 1,000 cu ft/hour (28 m²/hr) per person of which three-quarters should be fresh air from outside where complete air conditioning is not required. For comprehensive air conditioning, the humidity should be 55% in summer and 65% in winter.

Diagram showing Relationship between public spaces around the cinema

Exits and means of escape

Escape routes:At least two exits should be provided from each tier or floor and

they should be independent and remote from one another.Two exits close together would not in some circumstancesprovide an alternative means of escape, nor would theyprovide an alternative if they both joined into one commonspace such as a foyer. Exits from the auditorium must bedistributed with safety in mind, but they should also berelated to the normal circulation of the public. In anemergency it is easier for people to make their way out ofthe building in an orderly fashion if the route is alreadyfamiliar to them. It is better to avoid special emergencyexit routes if it is possible. If the building has to beevacuated because of an outbreak of fire on the stage, thepublic would not naturally go in the direction of a fire,even if the safety curtain had shut it off, and it is thereforeinadvisable to place the only exits close to the proscenium.Another reason why it is better to have exits at the back ofthe auditorium is that in an emergency it is less dangerousto travel up steps than down. However, there are alsohazards in the foyer area especially as now these oftencontain restaurants and coffee bars where cooking is done.The possibility of an emergency arising in this area willprobably justify some exits near the front of theauditorium.

§ SR = The Building Standards (Scotland) (Consolidation) Regula­tions 1970

§ HO = The Manual of Safety Requirements in theatres and other places of public entertainment, issued by the Home Office

§ csr = The Cinematograph Safety Regulations, for 1955, 1958 and 1965

§ Glc = glc Places of Public Entertainment, Technical Regulations

Exit widths:The widths of exits should be related to their use. Some licensing and other authorities have fixed minimum widths. A recommendation given in Ministry of Works Post- War Building Study No. 20 is to allow for a rate of movement in cinemas and theatres of 45 per-sons per minute per unit width of 520-530 mm. In new buildings exit doorways should not be narrower than two such units, 1070 mm, but in existing buildings not less than 960 mm in width is at present tolerated.

Scissors escape stairs are an economic planning device which makes it possible to get two completely independent, fire separated staircases into one tower by using the maximum number of 16 permitted risers in each flight.

Doors and corridors:Widths must match exit requirements.doors to open outwards against exit flow in corridors and to be free of fastening except panic bolts. Projection for handrails up to 75 allowed into exit widths but doors must provide clear exit dimensions measured from door face to frame when standing open. Doors generally required to be free and self closing.

Staircases:Must also match exit requirements,clear width being measured between walls or wall and balustrade not less than 3 risers permitted; not more than 16 risers in straight flights. Maximum of 2 successive flights without turn allowed provided numbers of risers reduced to 12. Landings at top, bottom and between flights should equal width required. Stair risers (uk code) not to exceed 150, treads at least 280; usa codes vary.

MultiCinema

Italy

It includes audiovisual electronics, the video, which has become a vital, major element of visual presentation. Video has brought into the store motion, sound, special programs, promotions tied into marketing, advertising, and displays—all of the advances of striking electronics technology from Madison Avenue.

This development has challenged the store planner/designer and the visual merchandiser to integrate these devices imaginatively into store design. From point-of-purchase at the fixture level, from focal major presentations, from coordination with merchandise displays, to arresting video walls—all of these elements are competitively vital and provide an entirely new dimension, indeed a whole new universe, to creative and advanced ideas of store design.

Television has invaded the retail store. Many stores have established in-house production facilities to link sales campaigns with a face-to-face encounter with the customer.

Monitor displays

Multimonitor displays, called "video walls," have provided incredible variety and power to sales presentations and have brought into the store all of the impact, artistry, and potential of cinematography.

Internet cafe

It consists of main computer connected to the other computer by a network called LAN working (Local Area Network)

All the system is controlled by a huge electric power supply

The marketing concept was based on the observation that Internetenthusiasts stayed for hours surfing the World Wide Web in low-profilespecialist outlets, where they spent little on food and drink; here was amarket with clear potential for generating much higher revenues.

Reception area: in order to create an illusion of space in what is essentially an office area, MET have designed double-height areas at certain points. In the foreground there is a "smart-card" terminal.

The essence is to create an ambience to explore new software and surf the net.

The delights of computer-based information and entertainment products are presented in a series of seven educational displays with over one hundred pieces of equipment for visitor to use.

Cybersmith,White Plains,USA

Telecom world, Hong Kong

The new retail format givesconsumers the opportunity toexperiment with new technologies,offering them a mixture of effort-free learning and "infotainment",of inter- active enjoyment andshopping. Its aim is to attract abroader public to the world ofvirtual consumerism: the market ofthe future.

The 7-meter-high translucent dome contain the (Onto the web) exhibit which explores cyberspace.

It contains a 100-seat auditorium, and video-conferencing rooms and business suites.

The designers have used a restrained design vocabulary without excessive gimmickry, allowing the Technology to speak for itself in direct interaction with the visitor.

CAFÉCYBERIA, PARIS, FRANCEThe subject only became popular once multimedia and the Internet had begun to develop into communications technologies for the masses.

The cables of the 18 computer terminals are channeled through the "light

beam", a large, back-lit fixture which runs the full length of the ceiling.

Ten pin bowling centersCritical factorsConsult specialist companyCar parking provisionOverall space requirements as shown in the guide and table belowControl of noiseLightingVentilation.

Environmental factors and the form of construction.Efficient locations for, and local regulations for:(a) Food and drinks service(b) Retail sales area: pro shop, other merchandise(c) Coin operated games area(d) Nursery and meeting rooms(e) Billiards and snooker area(f) Other recreational areas(g) Storage for pins and other equipment (h) Mechanics work area.Facilities for those with disabilities, in the car park, at the entrance, cloakrooms and toilets and bowling areas.Requirements for bowls, control and scoring systems.Practical provisions for security.Expansion review and space allowances.

Environmental factors and the form of construction.Efficient locations for, and local regulations for:(a) Food and drinks service(b) Retail sales area: pro shop, other merchandise(c) Coin operated games area(d) Nursery and meeting rooms(e) Billiards and snooker area(f) Other recreational areas(g) Storage for pins and other equipment (h) Mechanics work area.Facilities for those with disabilities, in the car park, at the entrance, cloakrooms and toilets and bowling areas.Requirements for bowls, control and scoring systems.Practical provisions for security.Expansion review and space allowances.

SpaceAs a (rule of thumb) guide allow approximately 94 sq m of building area per lane, or for 16 lanes or more allow at least 85 sq m per lane.

A whole range of attractive facilities of high quality up-market bowling center. These should at least include a bar and a fast-food outlet with limited but good quality menu.A separate outside sales entrance may be considered are essential in a modern to bring in new business.

The lounge should be designed to invite bowlers in. Where permitted a pass-through service window to the concourse should be provided for waitress service to the concourse. Storage and access to an outside loading bay must be provided for all these facilities.

Staff rest room. Facilities to complywith the Health

•Storage and utility spaces. There must beadequate space for heating and air conditioningplant, utilities meters, cleaning equipment andsupplies storage for all service, managementand amenity rooms.

Lockers. There should be rental lockers,probably near the toilets or opening off theconcourse, where customers of both sexes canstore clothes and belongings. Five lockers perlane are recommended.

Schedule of accommodationA center consists of multiple parallel bowling lanes plus the following ancillary spaces to serve the lanes:

Concourse. This is essentially a passageway for access to the lanes and other bowling center facilities. The larger the number of lanes, the shallower the concourse needs be, but 3.65 m is a minimum. The concourse may also be used for tables and chairs (allow 2.5 m for each row of these), for food and vending drink sales, and for payphones. Unless the center is specifically planned as a tournament center spectator seating is not recommended here. See also Food and bar lounge, below.

Retail sales area and ball drilling.Provide a glassed-in area for the sale of bowling balls and other supplies. Install modern merchandising display systems. The sales facility should enhance the product being promoted and be located so that it faces potential retail customers. Power requirements for a ball driller are two 15-20 amp mains voltage circuits.

Bowlers sealing area. This is situated at the 'front end' of the bowling lanes and opening off the concourse. It should be at least 3.66 m deep and 0.15 m below concourse level. This contains the automatic scoring and control systems.Ball racks. A space behind the bowlers' seating area for the ball racks.

Control counter. This is rather like the bridge of a ship, and the floor must be raised to give the control clerk a commanding view of all entrances, all lanes, and the video area, regardless of the flow of traffic. The counter should accommodate all the sophisticated electronic scoring and business equipment, which forms part of a modem center, and must therefore have ample electrical points. A display area for rental show racking and other merchandise may be included.

If the racks are on the same level as the bowler seating area. Racks may be 16-ball mobile storage racks, or fixed built-in racks.Coat racks. These may be incorporated in the same area as ball storage, or provided for in a special check room near the control counter.Pins potter service area. This is at the far end of the bowling lanes.This should accommodate storage of pins and other supplies, plus aservice aisle at least 1.8 m wide for maintenance personnel. Ideally alarge service room and a mechanic's workshop should be accessiblefrom this service area.

Table tennisThe popularity of table tennis stretches across all ages and all socio-economic groups. It is normally played indoors by two or four players on a table of standardized size with a net across the center.

Critical factorsOverall playing area including specified clearances around and clear height above a table Colour, reflection, friction and resilience characteristics of the floorFloors and walls of dark and non-reflective colourUniform light over the playing area without any stroboscopic effectReduced lighting intensity over spectators outside the playing area Good ventilation but without draughts.

Space requirementsThe ideal venue is a purpose designed club facility or a dedicated space within a table tennis or sports center with tables and lighting permanently available for play

Lighting and all other obstructions must be totally above the increased clear height zone.Recreational play coaching purposes Though side by side is preferable, table layout should reflect space limitations with safety being the overriding factor.

Competitive playTables should be laid out side-by-side and not end-to-end. Movable barriersmark out boundaries. It is recommended in a multi-table venue to leavegangways between playing areas, both to enable easier player official access tocourts and to give courts total independence from each other and reducedisturbance by balls from other courts

Equipment Tables and netsA table tennis top measures 2.743 x 1.524 x 0.762 from the floor. Different types and qualities of tables are required for different levels of play from coaching recreational to international matches and tournaments.

Net and post sets should be sturdy, simple to assemble and easy to attach to tables of any thickness. Removable nets Land posts are recommended.

BarriersMore than one table is in use, each playing area should be divided by movable, dark-coloured, non-reflective barrier units about 50-75 cm height.The continuous side barrier is advisable, both to contain the ball and define gangway space

There may be much waiting for sports in a busy center, and the videogames help pass the time. Properly supervised and controlled video games and coin operated amusement machines contribute support for the operation and a welcome diversion for waiting list bowlers during peak periods. They should be concentrated in an area unobtrusive to bowlers on the lanes but in full view of the control counter.

The video game hall must be located near by the main entrance of the mall and in sight-level of the children

These photos are taken from Arkadia, Grand Mall and Family Land.

Video games

The main playground is divided into three sections: the adventure area, the ball game area,and the garden. The most important of these is the adventure area, which is the starting-pointand the heart of the whole scheme

The ball game area (65x45 feet) isdivided from the rest of theplayground by a 4-foot retaining wallof concrete blocks, with the excavatedmaterial from the building piledagainst it, shaped and graded. Thisbank was then surfaced with sprayedconcrete on steel mesh, and granitesetts were embedded in it to formsteps, climbing-stones and platforms.It is constantly used for climbing,running, sitting and watching.

Children/ Kinder Garden playing zones

In the most secluded corner, an ambitious garden was originallyplanned but then dropped, partly because of its cost and partly tooffer the children the opportunity to make the garden themselves.The garden site was left with banks surrounding it, and a grove ofsycamores was planted on small mound. This free growth of activitiesdepending on the children themselves is an essential feature of theplayground.

THE PLAYROOM

This is the largest room (20x30 feet); it is just inside the entrance to the building,and also has a door to the paved area on the other side. It is for games, meetings,dancing, Sable tennis and billiards. The tall narrow windows arc designed to allowchildren of all ages to see out and at the same time to reduce the glass area (andthus the breakages) to the minimum. The ceiling tiles provide heat insulation andsound absorption. Partly inset fluorescent ceiling lighting is used in continuousruns and with plastic diffusers. The well-equipped small kitchen enables the girlsto do some cooking, and snacks can be served through the hatch. This is so heavilyused that more space and a wider serving hatch would be fully justified.

THE ACTIVITIES ROOM

.

The Fun Planet is a children enjoying zone in Arkadia Mall

This room is linked to the playroom by a lobby lined with cupboards. It is designed for quieter and more sedentary activities, such as painting, clay-modeling and crafts

BilliardsCritical factors

• Overall area, including where appropriate officials sitting-out space around the tables

• A firm floor level and surface

• Tables must not be moved once they have been set up and adequately protected when not in use

• Match tables need adequate space for players and elevated spectators

• Uniform, shadow-free illumination provided by special separate lighting for each table

SpaceThe overall size of a full-sized billiard table is approximately 4 x 2 m depending on the particular design. The Billiards and Snooker Control Council introduced (with world agreement) the 3.50 m standard table and for the first time this specifies the actual playing area size (3.50 x 1.75 m)

A clear playing space of 2mall round the table isdesirable, so that a clear floorspace of 8 x 6 m is requiredfor actual play.

Seating must be positioned outside this area. If the clear playing space around the table is reduced to the absolute minimum of 1.6 m, the total playing area can be reduced to a minimum of 7.0 x 5.2 m

Table weight and installation

The weight of a full-size traditionally designed billiard table is approximately 1.5 tons spread on eight legs.

Siting and layoutTables have to be plumbed and leveled accurately before use and therefore cannot be moved to make room for other activities.It is best to arrange the tables end to end to limit the possible obstruction between players at adjacent tables.

Spectator facilitiesSpectator seating, if required, should be provided around at least three sides of one table but sufficiently distant from it to allow ample space for the players. Permanent or removable seating is acceptable.

A small cafeteria located beside the billiard hall

The reception counter

In Wonderland

In Family land

ICERINKSHosed ice rinks in some countries on tennis courts, roller skating rinks and similarlarge areas (surrounding wall approx 100-150); water layer 20; drainage for letting outwater.

Artificial ice rinks with refrigeration system 25 below screed. Pump system withdeep freeze salt solution or cold air chambers (usually ammonia compressionmethod) —»(3)-(5). Sometimes combination of roller skating rink summer and icerink winter. Refrigeration system 25-50 below top of rink surface (not possible onterrazzo).Photos of the ice skating rink in

Family-Land

It is a covered air-conditioned hall with special leveled spectator seating.

Curling (1): ground I 42 m; w 4000 (30x 3000 also possible); intermediate tracks (strips)1 m; pitch ends > 600. Starting and aiming areas surrounded with easily crossed woodenbarrier on 3 sides.

Scottish curling (2): field 142 m; target area (tee) 0 3650. To center point of tie 38.35 m.If ice poor, reduce to 29.26 m. Curling stone; weight as 19.958 kg, circumference 914,h>1/8 of circumference.

Ice hockey (3): ground x 26 x 56 m, as 30x 61 m. Goal 1830 w. 1220 h; may be playedaround back. Pitch requires wooden barrier 1200 h_(3).

ROLLER SKATING RINKS-

1 Sports tracks roller skating hockey: (4)15 x 30/ 20 x 40m 25x50m 10x 10/ 20 x 20 m.

Impact board 250 h. 30 above track. 800 parapets along all sides. 2000 chain-link grid at narrow end (to catch ball), surrounding walking areas 1200; 50-100 deeper. Joints< 5-6, slope as 02%. Surface water in gutters or ditches, frost protection layer > 200_(4).

Equipment storage

Stores must be immediately adjacent to the halls or rooms they serve with opening widths and heights, which do not inhibit the easy transfer of equipment. Extra area will be needed for non-sports use and for items of furniture, staging or exhibition stands

Main hall storagePortable equipment is kept in the storage zone until it is required.

The preferred location for equipment stores is centrally on the long side of the hall.This position has three advantages:

1-It allows access promptly to any pan of the sports hall.2-It saves staff time in setting out and retrieving equipment.3-It avoids the problems associated with the design of doors around goal areas where wall surfaces and fittings are particularly vulnerable to damage

A store is deep rather than shallow means that item, of equipment placed at the front have to be removed in order to reach equipment stored at the back and poor utilization of space and internal circulation may account for as much as 30-40% of

the floor area provided.

Store accessAdequately dimensioned openings are essential to facilitate easy loading and unloading of equipment. Door openings should give direct access to the hall or room

Any equipment which constitutes a fire hazard could fall into this category must be kept in a separate store constructed to give one hour's fire resistance with lockable self-closing doors. The store should be fitted with a smoke detector linked to main reception and the center’s alarm system. Small or valuable items of equipment. There should be a separate, lockable store or lockable cupboards for securing small-scale equipment,

which is easily mislaid or damaged.

Administration and staff provisionOffices will be needed for the manager of the center and his staff — secretarial and executive — with probably a meeting space for the tenants' association

A rest room and toilet facilities to statutory or recommended standards for the number of security and other staff employed will also be needed.

The shopping centre has to tempt shoppers to dally — providing points for rest and refreshment and varying degrees of entertainment, in addition to the primary aim of buying. It must have a very special appeal to women shoppers, who may represent up to 80% of the shopping population.

General provision for customers

An essential to long-stay shopping is adequate and pleasant lavatory accommodation (now universally re-styled toilet facilities'). This must be adequate for both sexes and must be conveniently situated and easily identified, remembering the large proportion of women and also children.

DIMENSIONS OF THE HUMAN FIGUREDIMENSIONS OF THE HUMAN FIGURE

TYPICAL COUNTER SERVICE DIMENSIONSTYPICAL COUNTER SERVICE DIMENSIONS

SEATING REQUIREMENTSSEATING REQUIREMENTS

LAYOUT OF SELF SERVING RESTAURANTLAYOUT OF SELF SERVING RESTAURANT

ASSISTED COUNTER SERVICEASSISTED COUNTER SERVICE

DIFFERENT TYPES OF SERVING AREAS:DIFFERENT TYPES OF SERVING AREAS:DAUL LINE SERVING AREA:DAUL LINE SERVING AREA:

ASSISTED SEPARATE SERVING AREAS:ASSISTED SEPARATE SERVING AREAS:

SELFSELF--SERVICE SEPARATE SERVING AREAS:SERVICE SEPARATE SERVING AREAS:

FOOD COURTS:FOOD COURTS:LAYOUT OF SEATING AREAS,LAYOUT OF SEATING AREAS,

RESTAURANTS IN MALLSRESTAURANTS IN MALLS

TYPES OF FOOD COURTS:TYPES OF FOOD COURTS:11-- “L” SHAPED“L” SHAPED

22-- LINEARLINEAR

33-- “U” SHAPED“U” SHAPED

44-- CIRCULARCIRCULAR

EXAMPLES FOR FOOD COURTSEXAMPLES FOR FOOD COURTS

EXAMPLES FOR RESTAURANTES IN MALLS:EXAMPLES FOR RESTAURANTES IN MALLS:

SAWGRASS MILLS (ARQUITECTONICA):SAWGRASS MILLS (ARQUITECTONICA):

CAMERON TOLL (MICHAEL LAIRED & PARTNERS):CAMERON TOLL (MICHAEL LAIRED & PARTNERS):

THE RIVERCHASE GALLERIA:THE RIVERCHASE GALLERIA:

RIO RETAIL CENTER (ARQUITECTONICA):RIO RETAIL CENTER (ARQUITECTONICA):

REFERENCES:REFERENCES:TIMETIME--SAVER STANDARDSSAVER STANDARDS

ARCHITECTS’ DATA SHEETSARCHITECTS’ DATA SHEETS

RESTAURANTS (FRED LAWSON)RESTAURANTS (FRED LAWSON)

SHOP DESIGN SERIES (COMMERCIAL COMPLEXES)SHOP DESIGN SERIES (COMMERCIAL COMPLEXES)

PRESENTED BY:PRESENTED BY:SHEHTA ELSAYED ELSAID SHEHTA ELSAYED ELSAID 22ndnd YEAR ARCH. SEC. YEAR ARCH. SEC. 22

DIMENSIONSDIMENSIONS OFOF THETHE HUMANHUMAN FIGUREFIGURE::TheThe dimensionsdimensions andand clearancesclearances shownshown forfor thethe averageaverage adultadult representrepresent

minimumminimum requirementsrequirements forfor useuse inin planningplanning buildingbuilding layoutslayouts andandfurnishingsfurnishings.. IfIf possible,possible, clearancesclearances shouldshould bebe increasedincreased toto allowallowcomfortablecomfortable accommodationsaccommodations forfor personspersons largerlarger thanthan overageoverage..

SinceSince doorwaysdoorways andand passagewayspassageways mustmust normallynormally bebe dimensioneddimensioned totopermitpermit thethe movementmovement ofof furniture,furniture, theythey shouldshould seldomseldom bebe designeddesigned merelymerelyonon thethe needsneeds ofof thethe overageoverage adultadult..

RESTAURANTS IN MALLSRESTAURANTS IN MALLSTYPICAL COUNTER SERVICE TYPICAL COUNTER SERVICE DIMENSIONS (mm.)DIMENSIONS (mm.)

SEATING REQUIREMENTSSEATING REQUIREMENTS

Dimensions for varies tables and local seating densitiesDimensions for varies tables and local seating densities

Seating and table arrangementsSeating and table arrangementsThereThere areare usuallyusually significantsignificant differencesdifferences inin thethe arrangementarrangement ofof seatingseating areas,areas, dependingdepending onon::

** customercustomer profilesprofiles averageaverage spendspend naturenature ofof meal,meal, expectations,expectations,

** CircumstancesCircumstances leisureleisure dining,dining, basicbasic meal,meal, refreshment,refreshment,

** tabletable serviceservice selfself--service,service, waitedwaited service,service, countercounter seating,seating,

** groupinggrouping tabletable sharing,sharing, flexibilityflexibility inin arrangement,arrangement,

** roomroom characteristicscharacteristics dimensions,dimensions, windows,windows, obstructionsobstructions..

The range of seating capacities, based on average requirements, is indicated below. The range of seating capacities, based on average requirements, is indicated below.

British Relay Ltd, CrawleyBritish Relay Ltd, Crawley

The plan illustrates a selfThe plan illustrates a self--service restaurant designed to serve service restaurant designed to serve 350 350 diners over diners over a a 1 1 11//22 hour period. An island salad bar has been provided to divide the flow hour period. An island salad bar has been provided to divide the flow and increase the speed of service, in addition to allowing a better presentation. and increase the speed of service, in addition to allowing a better presentation.

LAYOUT OF SELF SERVING RESTAURANTLAYOUT OF SELF SERVING RESTAURANTmobile benches and trolleys are used extensively in modern kitchens to mobile benches and trolleys are used extensively in modern kitchens to

reduce unnecessary walking and carrying, seats may be provided in reduce unnecessary walking and carrying, seats may be provided in work centers where the work is repetitive and restricts movement. work centers where the work is repetitive and restricts movement.

ASSISTED COUNTER SERVICEASSISTED COUNTER SERVICE

EXAMPLES OF DIFFERENT TYPES OF SERVING AREASEXAMPLES OF DIFFERENT TYPES OF SERVING AREAS

DAUL LINE SERVING AREA: DAUL LINE SERVING AREA: DIFFERENT MENUSDIFFERENT MENUS

ASSISTED SEPARATE SERVING AREAS: FULL ASSISTED SEPARATE SERVING AREAS: FULL MEAL AT THE POINT OF SERVICEMEAL AT THE POINT OF SERVICE

SELFSELF--SERVICE SEPARATE SERVING AREAS:SERVICE SEPARATE SERVING AREAS:

((A) High level register with cashier standing.A) High level register with cashier standing.

(B) Cashier sitting at (B) Cashier sitting at 9090°° to the customer and tray slide. The average rate of to the customer and tray slide. The average rate of serving is serving is 66--9 9 customers per minute depending on the menu.customers per minute depending on the menu.

Up to Up to 4 4 customers per minute may be served using credit type cards. Differentcustomers per minute may be served using credit type cards. Different

prices may be charged to dprices may be charged to diifferent categories of cardholder.fferent categories of cardholder.

Mini register: the easiest option where only a small range of items are Mini register: the easiest option where only a small range of items are sold (egsold (eg

snack bar). snack bar).

BRITISH HOME STORESBRITISH HOME STORES

early as possible as some items of catering equipment have long delivery early as possible as some items of catering equipment have long delivery periods, and some service items need to be integrated into the structure. periods, and some service items need to be integrated into the structure. Flexibility will be needed and adequate general facilities provided to allow Flexibility will be needed and adequate general facilities provided to allow future variations in the kiosk operation to happen with as little disruption as future variations in the kiosk operation to happen with as little disruption as possible.possible.

Catering operation servicing is specialized and complex to be tailored to the Catering operation servicing is specialized and complex to be tailored to the particular conditions of the food court in each center, and each project will particular conditions of the food court in each center, and each project will need careful and expert planning. It is worth pointing out certain general need careful and expert planning. It is worth pointing out certain general considerations.considerations.

Electricity, gas and water (hot and cold as appropriate) should be separately Electricity, gas and water (hot and cold as appropriate) should be separately metered to each kiosk, in positions accessible from outside the metered to each kiosk, in positions accessible from outside the kiosks.,Estimates for loadings and consumption will be needed for incoming kiosks.,Estimates for loadings and consumption will be needed for incoming services, allowing maximum tolerance for future alterations. Gas should be services, allowing maximum tolerance for future alterations. Gas should be available to all kiosks, even if not immediately required.available to all kiosks, even if not immediately required.

Direct main supply of cold water" must be provided to preparation sinks, Direct main supply of cold water" must be provided to preparation sinks, boiling kettles, mixer units and all outlets where the water is to be boiling kettles, mixer units and all outlets where the water is to be consumed, but the Water Authority must be consulted regarding tirnescale consumed, but the Water Authority must be consulted regarding tirnescale levels levels —— in case it is 'advisable to supply softened water to hot drinks, in case it is 'advisable to supply softened water to hot drinks, brewing equipment, ice makers and stonmers, etc. If so, the water softener brewing equipment, ice makers and stonmers, etc. If so, the water softener should preferably be in a plant room serviced by "the management, who should preferably be in a plant room serviced by "the management, who will be responsible for the replenishment and storage of salt.will be responsible for the replenishment and storage of salt.

Cold water for washing and other purposes may be supplied from the main Cold water for washing and other purposes may be supplied from the main tank system of the center. Certain pieces of equipment may require special tank system of the center. Certain pieces of equipment may require special pressures in which case pressure reducing valves, or pressure booster pumps pressures in which case pressure reducing valves, or pressure booster pumps will be needed, as appropriate.will be needed, as appropriate.

Drainage points within the kiosks should be sited to allow for future Drainage points within the kiosks should be sited to allow for future alterations, be of sufficient number at lower level and accessible from alterations, be of sufficient number at lower level and accessible from perimeter wails and counters, and should not be run to shared collection perimeter wails and counters, and should not be run to shared collection points. Grease traps may be demanded to washpoints. Grease traps may be demanded to wash--up sinks and dishwashers up sinks and dishwashers arid. if so, should be recessed into the floor in positions where they will not arid. if so, should be recessed into the floor in positions where they will not affect the equipment layout; this also applies to inspection chamber covers affect the equipment layout; this also applies to inspection chamber covers which should allow a flush floor finish.which should allow a flush floor finish.

FOOD COURTSFOOD COURTS

Condensate from cold rooms, and from steam discharge. highCondensate from cold rooms, and from steam discharge. high--pressure steamers and from ice makers. should discharge into tundish pressure steamers and from ice makers. should discharge into tundish galleys.galleys.

A dishwashers' area will need a A dishwashers' area will need a 5454--mm (mm (2 12 1//9 9 in) drain point and a in) drain point and a tundish for direct waste connections, as watt as an open drain tundish for direct waste connections, as watt as an open drain discharge from the dishwasher if allowed by the Environmental discharge from the dishwasher if allowed by the Environmental Health Officer, a stainless Health Officer, a stainless

steel floor galley could be provided, with the floor finish laid to falls steel floor galley could be provided, with the floor finish laid to falls for wash down. Trolley washing with hot water spray should for wash down. Trolley washing with hot water spray should alsoalso be be provided, and floor galleys are recommended in the cleaner's and provided, and floor galleys are recommended in the cleaner's and refuse stores, if permuted.refuse stores, if permuted.

SingleSingle--phase and threephase and three--phase supply should be provided to each phase supply should be provided to each kiosk, all electrical items used within the kiosk areas kiosk, all electrical items used within the kiosk areas —— including including light fittings light fittings —— to be water and vapor proof. An acceptable level of to be water and vapor proof. An acceptable level of lighting in production areas can be taken as lighting in production areas can be taken as 500 500 lux.lux.

Electrical equipment, isolators sockets and spur outlets should be Electrical equipment, isolators sockets and spur outlets should be recessed into the walls, and control panels and electrical equipment recessed into the walls, and control panels and electrical equipment generally, should be coordinated to offer an orderly appearance. generally, should be coordinated to offer an orderly appearance. Spare Spare 13 13 amp switchamp switch--socket outlets should be provided generally socket outlets should be provided generally throughout the area, and refrigerated storage equipment must be throughout the area, and refrigerated storage equipment must be connected to the building standby electrical generator plant.connected to the building standby electrical generator plant.

GasGas--fired cooking appliances must have flame failure devices. fired cooking appliances must have flame failure devices. Earthling tapes required under the Regulations, to items of fabricated Earthling tapes required under the Regulations, to items of fabricated equipment, should provide flexibility for future alterations.equipment, should provide flexibility for future alterations.

Service routing needs to be flexible for future modification, although Service routing needs to be flexible for future modification, although i( is preferable to conceal it as far as possible, in order to reduce the i( is preferable to conceal it as far as possible, in order to reduce the cleaning problem.cleaning problem.

Horizontal surface runs should be avoided; exposed pipe work and Horizontal surface runs should be avoided; exposed pipe work and conduit selfconduit self--finished and fixed approximately finished and fixed approximately 20 20 mm (mm (44//5 5 in.) clear of in.) clear of the wall where exposed. the wall where exposed.

LAYOUT OF SEATING AREAS,LAYOUT OF SEATING AREAS,

KIOSKS AND STAFF SUPPORT FACILITIESKIOSKS AND STAFF SUPPORT FACILITIES

““L” SHAPED,LINEAR, “U” SHAPED L” SHAPED,LINEAR, “U” SHAPED AND CIRCULARAND CIRCULAR

TYPES OF FOOD COURTSTYPES OF FOOD COURTS11-- ““L” SHAPED:L” SHAPED:

33-- ““U” SHAPED:U” SHAPED:22-- LINEAR:LINEAR:

44-- CIRCULAR (WITH EXTERIOR SEATING):CIRCULAR (WITH EXTERIOR SEATING):

EXAMPLES FOR FOOD COURTS:EXAMPLES FOR FOOD COURTS:

SAWGRASS MILLS (ARQUITECTONICA):SAWGRASS MILLS (ARQUITECTONICA):West side of fort lauderdale in Southern Florida.West side of fort lauderdale in Southern Florida.

CAMERON TOLL (MICHAEL LAIRED & PARTNERS):CAMERON TOLL (MICHAEL LAIRED & PARTNERS):Scotland.Scotland.

EXAMPLES FOR RESTAURANTES IN MALLS:EXAMPLES FOR RESTAURANTES IN MALLS:

THE RIVERCHASE GALLERIA:THE RIVERCHASE GALLERIA:BirminghanBirminghan

RIO RETAIL CENTER (ARQUITECTONICA):RIO RETAIL CENTER (ARQUITECTONICA):ItlantaItlanta

Arkadia MallArkadia Mall

Pathew in food court are defined by Pathew in food court are defined by different kinds of floor finishesdifferent kinds of floor finishes

Panoramic elevatorsPanoramic elevators

Steel finishes at north part of the mallSteel finishes at north part of the mallFood courtFood court

Relation between court and other levelsRelation between court and other levels

FUNCTIONS OF LIGHTINGFUNCTIONS OF LIGHTINGPERFORMANCE OF TASKSPERFORMANCE OF TASKS

ENHANCEMENT OF SPACE AND STRUCTUREENHANCEMENT OF SPACE AND STRUCTURE

FOCUSING ATTENTIONFOCUSING ATTENTION

PROVISION OF SECURITYPROVISION OF SECURITY

ISSUES TO CONSIDER IN LIGHTING DESIGNISSUES TO CONSIDER IN LIGHTING DESIGNLIGHTING THE HORIZONTAL PLANELIGHTING THE HORIZONTAL PLANE

UNIFORMITYUNIFORMITY

CONTRUSTCONTRUST

GLAREGLARE

AVOIDING VEILING REFLECTIONSAVOIDING VEILING REFLECTIONS

BATWING DISTRIBUTIONBATWING DISTRIBUTION

LUMINAIRE SELECTION PARAMETERSLUMINAIRE SELECTION PARAMETERSDISTRIBUTIONDISTRIBUTION

WHERE IS THE FIXTUREWHERE IS THE FIXTURE

DIRECT GLAREDIRECT GLARE

SOURCE TYPE AND MAGNITUDESOURCE TYPE AND MAGNITUDE

DAY LIGHTINGDAY LIGHTINGQUALITY IN DAYLQUALITY IN DAYL11GHTINGGHTING

SOLARSOLAR--THERMAL GAINS/LOSSESTHERMAL GAINS/LOSSES

ORIENTATIONORIENTATION

CONFIGURATIONCONFIGURATION

ARCHITECTURAL CONTROLSARCHITECTURAL CONTROLS

EXAMPLES OF VARIOUS TYPES OF SHADING DEVICESEXAMPLES OF VARIOUS TYPES OF SHADING DEVICES

ELECTRONICSELECTRONICSANDAND ANIMATEDANIMATED LIGHTLIGHTEFFECTS OF LIGHTING AND SPACE PERCEPTIONEFFECTS OF LIGHTING AND SPACE PERCEPTION

INTEGRATION OF ELECTRIC & DAY LIGHTINGINTEGRATION OF ELECTRIC & DAY LIGHTING

LIGHTING IN SHOPPING CENTERSLIGHTING IN SHOPPING CENTERSLIGHTING TO THE OPEN MALLLIGHTING TO THE OPEN MALL

LIGHTING TO THE CLOSED MALLLIGHTING TO THE CLOSED MALL

PRACTICAL DESIGNPRACTICAL DESIGN

EMERGENCY LIGHTINGEMERGENCY LIGHTING

EXAMPLES FOR LIGHTING SYSTEMSEXAMPLES FOR LIGHTING SYSTEMSA NEW LOOK FOR BUILDINGS AND THE SKYLINEA NEW LOOK FOR BUILDINGS AND THE SKYLINE

EXPANDED SELLING AREA, INCREASED STYLEEXPANDED SELLING AREA, INCREASED STYLE

LUXURY SHOPPING PRECIENTS UNDER GLASSLUXURY SHOPPING PRECIENTS UNDER GLASS

OVERHEAD GLAZING SYSTEMSOVERHEAD GLAZING SYSTEMS

REFERENCES:REFERENCES:ARCHITECTURAL LIGHTING DESIGN, GARY R.STEFFYARCHITECTURAL LIGHTING DESIGN, GARY R.STEFFY

IBG INTERNATIONAL, WORLD GLASS DOMES & SKY LIGHTIBG INTERNATIONAL, WORLD GLASS DOMES & SKY LIGHT

SKYLIGHT, ALUMINIUM & GLASS FOR SHOPPING CENTERSSKYLIGHT, ALUMINIUM & GLASS FOR SHOPPING CENTERS

THEORY & ELEMENTS OF STORE PLANNING & DESIGNTHEORY & ELEMENTS OF STORE PLANNING & DESIGN

NEW ARCHITECTURE, SHOPPING MALLSNEW ARCHITECTURE, SHOPPING MALLS

PRESENTED BY:PRESENTED BY:ASEM RAOUF KHORSHID AMIN ASEM RAOUF KHORSHID AMIN –– 22ndnd YEAR ARCH. SEC YEAR ARCH. SEC 33

LIGHTING DESIGN FOR SHOPPING MALLSLIGHTING DESIGN FOR SHOPPING MALLS

FUNCTIONS OF LIGHTINGFUNCTIONS OF LIGHTINGLight is one of many tools available to help us design space. It is wise at the Light is one of many tools available to help us design space. It is wise at the

beginning of any project to recall the functions of lighting and to be certain that beginning of any project to recall the functions of lighting and to be certain that each function has been examined.each function has been examined.

PERFORMANCE OF TASKS:PERFORMANCE OF TASKS:Visual work is a primary reason for providing lighting. Visual work is a primary reason for providing lighting.

ENHANCEMENT OF SPACE AND STRUCTURE:ENHANCEMENT OF SPACE AND STRUCTURE:For centuries, structural systems evolved partly in response to aesthetic as For centuries, structural systems evolved partly in response to aesthetic as

well as functional desires for light of a certain quality. The progress from well as functional desires for light of a certain quality. The progress from bearing wall to curtain wall was driven by the push of newly discovered bearing wall to curtain wall was driven by the push of newly discovered technologies (both in materials and in technique) technologies (both in materials and in technique)

FOCUSING ATTENTION:FOCUSING ATTENTION:The quality of light in a space profoundly affects one's perception of that The quality of light in a space profoundly affects one's perception of that

space. Lighting draws attention to points of interest and helps to guide the user space. Lighting draws attention to points of interest and helps to guide the user of a space about.of a space about.

PROVISIONPROVISION OFOF SECURITYSECURITY::LightingLighting cancan enhanceenhance visibilityvisibility andand therebythereby engenderengender aa sensesense ofof securitysecurity..

LightingLighting cancan alsoalso bebe usedused toto illuminateilluminate hazards,hazards, suchsuch asas aa changingchanging floorfloor planeplaneoror movingmoving objectsobjects..

Good lighting design promotes seeing the sense of performing such visual Good lighting design promotes seeing the sense of performing such visual tasks as reading or operating equipment, and perceiving the space and its tasks as reading or operating equipment, and perceiving the space and its various qualities (volume, color, texture).various qualities (volume, color, texture).

Most lighting standards discuss the quantity of light in terms of incident light or light Most lighting standards discuss the quantity of light in terms of incident light or light that falls onto a surface. This light, called luminance, is measured in foot candles or that falls onto a surface. This light, called luminance, is measured in foot candles or lux.lux.

COLORCOLOR:: EachEach lamplamp familyfamily hashas itsits ownown inherentinherent colorcolor characteristicscharacteristics.. TheThechartchart describesdescribes inin generalgeneral termsterms thethe variousvarious perceivedperceived colorcolor effectseffects..

SIZE:SIZE: It is useful to think of sources and source/fixture It is useful to think of sources and source/fixture –– combinations classified combinations classified into point, tine, or area sources. into point, tine, or area sources.

Line sources (bare fluorescent tubes and linear fluorescent fixtures) can be Line sources (bare fluorescent tubes and linear fluorescent fixtures) can be controlled in their transverse axis of output, but not longitudinally. This makes controlled in their transverse axis of output, but not longitudinally. This makes them useful for lighting large open areas where repetitive rows of fixtures are them useful for lighting large open areas where repetitive rows of fixtures are suitable. suitable.

ISSUES TO CONSIDER IN GOOD LIGHTING DESIGN:ISSUES TO CONSIDER IN GOOD LIGHTING DESIGN:

LIGHTINGLIGHTING THETHE HORIZONTALHORIZONTAL PLANEPLANE::The most commonly used measure of a lighting system's performance is the The most commonly used measure of a lighting system's performance is the

resulting luminance (the amount of foot candles delivered to the work surface). resulting luminance (the amount of foot candles delivered to the work surface). This is not because luminance is an effective measure of all aspects of quality, This is not because luminance is an effective measure of all aspects of quality, but because the luminance characteristics of lighting systems are well but because the luminance characteristics of lighting systems are well understood and easily predicted. understood and easily predicted.

The most common area source is a window, but also included in this The most common area source is a window, but also included in this category are arrays of line sources covered by a diffusing element. These category are arrays of line sources covered by a diffusing element. These sources usually provide medium to high levels of light with little directional sources usually provide medium to high levels of light with little directional control. control.

UNIFORMITY:UNIFORMITY:Uniformity is of interest to the lighting designer for two reasons. One is that it Uniformity is of interest to the lighting designer for two reasons. One is that it

is thought that excessive variations in brightness in the observer's field of view in is thought that excessive variations in brightness in the observer's field of view in a work environment can be unpleasant and lead to feelings of fatigue and a work environment can be unpleasant and lead to feelings of fatigue and subsequently reduced performance.subsequently reduced performance.

TheThe secondsecond interestinterest inin uniformityuniformity hashas toto dodo withwith thethe relativelyrelatively commoncommon needneed totoprovideprovide aa fixedfixed lightinglighting systemsystem forfor aa flexibleflexible (or(or.. unknownunknown atat thethe timetime ofof design)design)furniturefurniture planplan ThisThis situationsituation requiresrequires uniformityuniformity ofof luminanceluminance soso thatthat thetherequiredrequired amountamount ofof footfoot candlescandles isis presentpresent whereverwherever aa workwork surfacesurface mightmight bebepositionedpositioned..

MoreMore efficientefficient overalloverall lightinglighting givengiven byby fluorescentfluorescent lampslamps fittedfitted aboveabove 'egg'egg--crate'crate'oror otherother formsforms ofof louveredlouvered falsefalse ceilingceiling-- SpeciallySpecially contouredcontoured plasticsplastics metallisedmetallisedlouverlouver gridsgrids concentrateconcentrate lightlight downwardsdownwards withwith lowlow brightnessbrightness appearanceappearance ofofceilingceiling..

InIn airair--conditionedconditioned buildingbuilding extractextract airair shouldshould bebe drawndrawn throughthrough airair--handling'handling'luminariesluminaries soso thatthat heatheat cancan bebe removedremoved fromfrom lampslamps andand controlcontrol geargear beforebefore entersentersrmrm.. ThisThis healheal maymay oftenoften bebe usefullyusefully recoveredrecovered forfor useuse inin perimeterperimeter areasareas..

VariationVariation ofof luminanceluminance overover workingworking areaarea shouldshould notnot normallynormally bebe suchsuch thatthat minmin isislessless thanthan 00..88 ofof avav.. ToTo ensureensure thisthis manufacturer'smanufacturer's recommendedrecommended spacing/hspacing/h ratioratio(ratio(ratio ofof horizontalhorizontal distancedistance apart,apart, toto mountingmounting heightheight aboveabove workingworking plane)plane) shouldshouldnotnot bebe exceededexceeded..

33-- EdgeEdge ofof maskingmasking cornicecornice shouldshould bebe highhigh enoughenough conceal!conceal! lampslamps.. ToTo avoidavoid darkdarkareasareas betweenbetween lampslamps tubestubes shouldshould bebe staggeredstaggered oror over­lappedover­lapped.. HighHigh reflectance'sreflectance'sonon upperupper wallswalls andand coilingcoiling essentialessential toto redirectredirect lightlight onon workingworking planeplane..

22-- HighHigh degreedegree ofof uniformityuniformity ofof lightinglighting cancan bebe providedprovided byby indirectindirect lightinglightingfromfrom cornicescornices inefficientinefficient inin termsterms ofof powerpower butbut maymay bebe desirabledesirable toto displaydisplayceilingsceilings ofof particularparticular architecturalarchitectural interestinterest..

CONTRUST:CONTRUST:Objects are seen by contrast, either contained contrast or contrast with their Objects are seen by contrast, either contained contrast or contrast with their background: higher the contrast the more visible the object. Visibility of printed background: higher the contrast the more visible the object. Visibility of printed or written matter depends on contrast of marking material with paper. This can or written matter depends on contrast of marking material with paper. This can be markedly dependent on lighting and viewing angles even if materials used be markedly dependent on lighting and viewing angles even if materials used not obviously glossy Light sources should be kept out of “forbidden zone” not obviously glossy Light sources should be kept out of “forbidden zone” indicated, best position is to one side of worker rather than in front.indicated, best position is to one side of worker rather than in front.

GLARE:GLARE:Excessive brightness contrast in field of view can cause glare. If source, e.g. Excessive brightness contrast in field of view can cause glare. If source, e.g.

window or unwindow or un--shaded desk lamp, seen close to visual task it can cause disability shaded desk lamp, seen close to visual task it can cause disability glare and reduce task visibility; can also be cause of discomfort; this can occur glare and reduce task visibility; can also be cause of discomfort; this can occur even when source is well away from task, e.g. luminaries on ceiling, and is much even when source is well away from task, e.g. luminaries on ceiling, and is much more common danger.more common danger.

IES code gives recommendations for upper limit of discomfort glare index, IES code gives recommendations for upper limit of discomfort glare index, which is related to luminance and size of light sources, their number and which is related to luminance and size of light sources, their number and position in field of view and luminance of their surroundings. Calculation of this position in field of view and luminance of their surroundings. Calculation of this glare index can be performed as described.glare index can be performed as described.

AVOIDING VEILING REFLECTIONS:AVOIDING VEILING REFLECTIONS:

Fixtures located off to each Fixtures located off to each side in an area side in an area 2525°°--4545°° off the off the task surface will tend not to task surface will tend not to produce veiling reflections: produce veiling reflections:

The area above and directly in The area above and directly in front of the task is called the front of the task is called the offending zone, since it is the offending zone, since it is the most likely to cause veiling most likely to cause veiling reflections (reflected glare). reflections (reflected glare).

BATWING DISTRIBUTION:BATWING DISTRIBUTION:Fixture manufacturers have developed luminaries (mostly fluorescent) that Fixture manufacturers have developed luminaries (mostly fluorescent) that produce a light distribution that tends to reduce direct glare and veiling produce a light distribution that tends to reduce direct glare and veiling reflections if used in large, uniform arrays and typical open office geometries. reflections if used in large, uniform arrays and typical open office geometries. This distribution pattern is called batwing and has the following characteristics: This distribution pattern is called batwing and has the following characteristics:

The intensity of light straight below the fixture (The intensity of light straight below the fixture (00°°) is minimized so that ) is minimized so that even a fixture placed in the "offending zone" will not be as objectionable as even a fixture placed in the "offending zone" will not be as objectionable as it otherwise might The intensity at angles between it otherwise might The intensity at angles between 3535°° and and 6060°° is maximized is maximized so that at typical spacing. peak intensities overlap at the work surface: so that at typical spacing. peak intensities overlap at the work surface:

InIn selectingselecting luminariesluminaries thatthat willwill contributecontribute toto thethe makingmaking

ofof anan appropriateappropriate environmentenvironment inin aa space,space, severalseveral factorsfactors

areare usuallyusually consideredconsidered::

DISTRIBUTION:DISTRIBUTION:

is the shape of the light output from a luminaries. It is illustrated by the is the shape of the light output from a luminaries. It is illustrated by the candlepower distribution curve, a polar plot of intensities at specific angles. candlepower distribution curve, a polar plot of intensities at specific angles. Luminaries are classified by the percentage of their luminous output sent in Luminaries are classified by the percentage of their luminous output sent in various directions. various directions.

LUMINAIRELUMINAIRE SELECTIONSELECTION FF PARAMETERSPARAMETERS::WHERE IS THE FIXTURE:WHERE IS THE FIXTURE:relative to the space? Is it outside (i.e., recessed), inside on a surface (ceiling or wall), relative to the space? Is it outside (i.e., recessed), inside on a surface (ceiling or wall), or within: portable (table or floor)? or within: portable (table or floor)?

DIRECT:DIRECT:All recessed lighting is an example of a direct lighting system, but a pendant fixture All recessed lighting is an example of a direct lighting system, but a pendant fixture could be direct if it emits virtually no light above the horizontal. Unless extensive could be direct if it emits virtually no light above the horizontal. Unless extensive wallwall--washing is used, the overall impression of a direct lighting system is one of low washing is used, the overall impression of a direct lighting system is one of low general brightness with the possibility of higher intensity accents. general brightness with the possibility of higher intensity accents.

SEMIDIRECT:SEMIDIRECT:All systems other than direct ones necessarily imply that the lighting fixtures All systems other than direct ones necessarily imply that the lighting fixtures are in the space, whether pendant mounted, surface mounted, or portable. A are in the space, whether pendant mounted, surface mounted, or portable. A semi direct system will provide good luminance on horizontal surfaces, with semi direct system will provide good luminance on horizontal surfaces, with moderate general brightness. moderate general brightness.

GENERAL DIFFUSE:GENERAL DIFFUSE:A general diffuse system most typically consists of suspended fixtures, A general diffuse system most typically consists of suspended fixtures, with predominantly translucent surfaces on all sides. with predominantly translucent surfaces on all sides.

DIRECTDIRECT--INDIRECT:INDIRECT:A directA direct--indirect lighting system will tend to equally emphasize the upper indirect lighting system will tend to equally emphasize the upper and lower horizontal planes in a space (i.e., the ceiling and the floor). and lower horizontal planes in a space (i.e., the ceiling and the floor).

SEMIISEMII--NDIRECT:NDIRECT:AA semi indirect system will place the emphasis on the ^ceiling, with some semi indirect system will place the emphasis on the ^ceiling, with some

downward or outwarddownward or outward--directed light. directed light.

INDIRECTINDIRECT::AA fullyfully indirectindirect systemsystem willwill bouncebounce allall thethe lightlight offoff thethe ceiling,ceiling,

resultingresulting inin aa lowlow--contrastcontrast environmentenvironment withwith littlelittle shadowshadow..

DIRECT GLARE:DIRECT GLARE:Direct glare is produced by excessive luminance in the visual field which Direct glare is produced by excessive luminance in the visual field which

affects the visual systems as the individual looks around the environment. It is affects the visual systems as the individual looks around the environment. It is usually associated with the luminaries zone from usually associated with the luminaries zone from 4545°° to to 9090°°. To minimize direct . To minimize direct glare, the luminous intensity should be kept out of the glare, the luminous intensity should be kept out of the 4545°°--9090°° zone. zone.

SOURCE TYPE AND MAGNITUDE:SOURCE TYPE AND MAGNITUDE:The lumen output of a fixture must be proportionate to the desired The lumen output of a fixture must be proportionate to the desired luminance level and the size of the space. The color of the source must also luminance level and the size of the space. The color of the source must also be appropriate to the area/space and activity being lighted. be appropriate to the area/space and activity being lighted.

DAYDAY LIGHTINGLIGHTING::AmpleAmple daylightdaylight isis availableavailable throughoutthroughout mostmost ofof NorthNorth AmericaAmerica forfor lightinglightinginteriorinterior spacesspaces duringduring aa largelarge portionportion

with electric task lights. Daylight is thought by most to be psychologically with electric task lights. Daylight is thought by most to be psychologically desirable and there is much evidence that it is biologically beneficial. The desirable and there is much evidence that it is biologically beneficial. The variability of daylight from one moment to the next produces visual stimulus variability of daylight from one moment to the next produces visual stimulus and provides a psychological contact with the outdoors which most people and provides a psychological contact with the outdoors which most people find extremely satisfying. Its use in place of, or in conjunction with, other find extremely satisfying. Its use in place of, or in conjunction with, other lighting sources pan conserve energy, but energy is conserved only if electric lighting sources pan conserve energy, but energy is conserved only if electric light sources are adequately controlled through onlight sources are adequately controlled through on--off switching and/or off switching and/or dimming. dimming.

OVERCAST: OVERCAST: Diffuse,steady,bright or dark.Diffuse,steady,bright or dark.

PARTLY CLOUDY: PARTLY CLOUDY: Intense,diffuse,direct bright.Intense,diffuse,direct bright.

CLEAR: CLEAR: Intense,direct bright,blue.Intense,direct bright,blue.

SOLARSOLAR--THERMAL GAINS/LOSSESTHERMAL GAINS/LOSSESDaylight includes a significant amount of radiation that produces heat. This may be Daylight includes a significant amount of radiation that produces heat. This may be beneficial during the heating season, allowing for a reduction in other interior beneficial during the heating season, allowing for a reduction in other interior heating, or it may be detrimental during the cooling season, requiring additional air heating, or it may be detrimental during the cooling season, requiring additional air conditioning. Shading can be con­figured to reduce direct sun heating during warm conditioning. Shading can be con­figured to reduce direct sun heating during warm weather while allowing some sun penetration in winter. weather while allowing some sun penetration in winter.

QUALITY IN DAYLQUALITY IN DAYL11GHTING:GHTING:The principles of good lighting apply equally to daylight and electric light. Of The principles of good lighting apply equally to daylight and electric light. Of principal concern in day lighting is the glare that may result when building occupants principal concern in day lighting is the glare that may result when building occupants peripherally see bright clouds or sun lighted surfaces while trying to perform visual peripherally see bright clouds or sun lighted surfaces while trying to perform visual tasks.Energy tasks.Energy --savings from switching or dimming of electric lights depend on savings from switching or dimming of electric lights depend on daylight intensity and on the percentage of the year that daylight is available. daylight intensity and on the percentage of the year that daylight is available.

East and west facades require treatment to avoid the bright early and late direct sun. East and west facades require treatment to avoid the bright early and late direct sun. This is usually best accomplished with vertical louvers or a mix of vertical and horizontal This is usually best accomplished with vertical louvers or a mix of vertical and horizontal (egg crate) louvers.(egg crate) louvers.

SouthSouth facadesfacades provideprovide thethe bestbest opportunityopportunity forfor daylightdaylight--mgmg.. HorizontalHorizontal controlscontrols (e(e..gg..,,overhangs,overhangs, lightlight shelves,shelves, louvers,louvers, VenetianVenetian blinds)blinds) respondrespond bestbest toto thethe sunsun inin thethe southernsouthernskysky quadrantquadrant.. AperturesApertures cancan bebe designeddesigned suchsuch thatthat whenwhen thethe sunsun isis highhigh inin thethe skyskyduringduring thethe summersummer therethere isis nono sunsun penetration,penetration, butbut inin thethe winterwinter somesome lowlow--altitudealtitude sunsuncancan bebe admittedadmitted..

ORIENTATION:ORIENTATION:Apertures to the north receive only skyApertures to the north receive only sky--contributed illumination and so will require contributed illumination and so will require larger areas of glazing than orientations with exposure to direct sun. Advantages of larger areas of glazing than orientations with exposure to direct sun. Advantages of north apertures include the resulting soft, diffuse north sky light and lack of need for sun north apertures include the resulting soft, diffuse north sky light and lack of need for sun controls. However, sky glare controls still need to be considered.controls. However, sky glare controls still need to be considered.

CONFIGURATION:CONFIGURATION:Building configuration is also important in day lighting. Buildings wrapped around Building configuration is also important in day lighting. Buildings wrapped around courtyards, light wells, and atria can be effectively day lighted if properly designed. courtyards, light wells, and atria can be effectively day lighted if properly designed. Open spaces must be large enough so as not to block light from the sky from Open spaces must be large enough so as not to block light from the sky from reaching interior spaces.The effectiveness of such light wells can be improved by reaching interior spaces.The effectiveness of such light wells can be improved by using highusing high--reflecting, diffuse exterior finishes such as white paint, lightreflecting, diffuse exterior finishes such as white paint, light--colored tile, colored tile, or concrete. Direct sun illuminating these surfaces, however, may make them very or concrete. Direct sun illuminating these surfaces, however, may make them very bright when viewed from the building interior.bright when viewed from the building interior.

ARCHITECTURAL CONTROLS:ARCHITECTURAL CONTROLS:Shading/Reflecting Devices: Shading devices can be used to prevent Shading/Reflecting Devices: Shading devices can be used to prevent

penetration of direct sun and to shield view of the sky. Some shading penetration of direct sun and to shield view of the sky. Some shading devices also reflect daylight toward the interior.devices also reflect daylight toward the interior.

Sun screen consisting of tiny horizontal louvers can also be effective in Sun screen consisting of tiny horizontal louvers can also be effective in shading.shading.

Tinted glazing (glass or plastic) reduces the apparent brightness of Tinted glazing (glass or plastic) reduces the apparent brightness of exterior objects from the interior, but it also reduces the amount of exterior objects from the interior, but it also reduces the amount of transmitted daylight, which must be supplemented by electric light.transmitted daylight, which must be supplemented by electric light.

Directional glass block is useful in directing incoming light toward the Directional glass block is useful in directing incoming light toward the ceiling, pro­viding a low brightness image from the interior.ceiling, pro­viding a low brightness image from the interior.

AperturesApertures:: Windows,Windows, clerestories,clerestories, andand skylightsskylights cancan bebe usedused forfor effectiveeffectivedayday lighting,lighting, providedprovided theythey areare equippedequipped withwith properproper shadingshading devicesdevices..GlazingGlazing locatedlocated aboveabove thethe workwork planeplane isis moremore effectiveeffective inin producingproducing workworkplaneplane illuminationillumination thanthan glazingglazing closeclose toto thethe floorfloor..

The effect of clerestories can be improved by using lightThe effect of clerestories can be improved by using light--colored roof colored roof surfaces to reflect exterior daylight into the aperture, but direct sun surfaces to reflect exterior daylight into the aperture, but direct sun penetration may still be a concern. Clerestories and skylights both may penetration may still be a concern. Clerestories and skylights both may produce glare if the sky is not properly shielded from interior view.produce glare if the sky is not properly shielded from interior view.

TheThe illustrationsillustrations showshow aa numbernumber ofof basicbasic typestypes ofof devices,devices, classifiedclassified asas horizontal,horizontal,vertical,vertical, andand eggegg cratecrate typestypes.. TheThe dashdash lineslines shownshown inin thethe sectionsection diagramdiagram inin eacheachcasecase indicateindicate thethe sunsun angleangle atat thethe timetime ofof 100100%% shadingshading.. TheThe shadingshading maskmask forfor eacheachdevicedevice isis alsoalso shown,shown, thethe extentextent ofof 100100%% shadingshading beingbeing indicatedindicated byby thethe graygray areaarea..

EXAMPLES OF VARIOUS TYPES OF SHADING DEVICES:EXAMPLES OF VARIOUS TYPES OF SHADING DEVICES:

BecauseBecause ofof thisthis type'stype's highhigh shadingshading ratioratio andand lowlow winterwinter headhead admissionadmission;; itsits bestbestuseuse isis inin hothot climateclimate regionsregions.. ForFor northnorth walls,walls, fixedfixed verticalvertical de­vicesde­vices arearerecommendedrecommended;; however,however, theirtheir useuse isis neededneeded onlyonly forfor largelarge glassglass surfaces,surfaces, oror inin hothotregionsregions.. AtAt lowlow latitudeslatitudes onon bothboth southsouth andand northnorth 'exposures'exposures eggegg cratecrate devicesdevicesworkwork efficientlyefficiently..

GeneralGeneral rulesrules cancan bebe deduceddeduced--forfor thethe typestypes ofof shadingshading devicesdevices toto bebe usedused forfordifferentdifferent orientationsorientations SoutherlySoutherly orientationsorientations callcall forfor shadingshading devicesdevices withwithsegmentalsegmental maskmask characteristics,characteristics, andand horizontalhorizontal devicesdevices workwork inin thesethese directionsdirectionsefficientlyefficiently.. ForFor easterlyeasterly andand westerlywesterly orientationsorientations verticalvertical devicesdevices serveserve welt,welt,havinghaving radialradial shadingshading masksmasks.. IfIf slanted,slanted, theythey shouldshould in­clinein­cline towardtoward thethe north,north, totogivegive moremore protectionprotection fromfrom thethe southernsouthern positionspositions ofof thethe sunsun.. TheThe eggegg cratecrate typetype ofofshadingshading devicedevice worksworks weltwelt onon wallswalls facingfacing southeast,southeast, andand isis particularlyparticularly effectiveeffectiveforfor southwestsouthwest orientationsorientations..

Whether the shading devices be fixed or movable, the same Whether the shading devices be fixed or movable, the same recommendations apply in respect to the different orientations. The recommendations apply in respect to the different orientations. The movable types can be most efficiently utilized where the sun's altitude movable types can be most efficiently utilized where the sun's altitude and bearing angles change rapidly: on the east, southeast, and and bearing angles change rapidly: on the east, southeast, and especially, because of the afternoon heat. on the southwest and west.especially, because of the afternoon heat. on the southwest and west.

HORIZONTALHORIZONTALTYPESTYPES::HorizontalHorizontal overhangsoverhangs areare mostmost efficientefficient towardtoward south,south, oror aroundaround southernsouthernorientationsorientations.. TheirTheir maskmask characteristicscharacteristics areare segmentalsegmental..LouversLouvers parallelparallel totowallwall havehave thethe advantageadvantage ofof permittingpermitting airair circulationcirculation nearnear thethe elevationelevation..SlantedSlanted louverslouvers willwill havehave thethe samesame characteristicscharacteristics asas solidsolid overhangs,overhangs, andand cancanbebe mademade retractableretractable.. WhenWhen protectionprotection isis neededneeded forfor lowlow sunsun angles,angles, louverslouvershunghung fromfrom solidsolid horizontalhorizontal overhangsoverhangs areare efficientefficient.. AA solid,solid, oror perforatedperforatedscreenscreen stripstrip parallelparallel toto wallwall cutscuts outout thethe lowerlower raysrays ofof thethe sunsun.. MovableMovablehorizontalhorizontal louverslouvers changechange theirtheir segmentalsegmental maskmask characteristicscharacteristics accordingaccording tototheirtheir positioningpositioning..

VERTICAL TYPES:VERTICAL TYPES:Vertical fins serve well toward the near east and near west orientations. Their Vertical fins serve well toward the near east and near west orientations. Their mask characteristics are radial. Vertical fins oblique to wall will result in mask characteristics are radial. Vertical fins oblique to wall will result in asymmetrical mask. Separation from wall will prevent heat transmission. asymmetrical mask. Separation from wall will prevent heat transmission. Movable fins can shade the whole wall, or open up in different directions Movable fins can shade the whole wall, or open up in different directions according to the sun's position.according to the sun's position.

EGG CRATE TYPES:EGG CRATE TYPES:Egg crate types are combinations of horizontal and vertical types, and their Egg crate types are combinations of horizontal and vertical types, and their masks are superimposed diagrams of the two masks. Solid eyeties with masks are superimposed diagrams of the two masks. Solid eyeties with slanting vertical fins results in asymmetrical mask. Egg crate device with slanting vertical fins results in asymmetrical mask. Egg crate device with movable horizontal elements shows flexible mask characteristics. Because of movable horizontal elements shows flexible mask characteristics. Because of their high shading ratio, egg crates are efficient in hot climates.their high shading ratio, egg crates are efficient in hot climates.

EXAMPLES OF VARIOUS TYPES OF SHADING DEVICES:EXAMPLES OF VARIOUS TYPES OF SHADING DEVICES:

EFFECTS OF LIGHTING AND SPACE EFFECTS OF LIGHTING AND SPACE PERCEPTION:PERCEPTION:

Color reacts to and affects lighting. Dark colors absorb, light Color reacts to and affects lighting. Dark colors absorb, light colors reflect. A color selected under natural light will look colors reflect. A color selected under natural light will look amazingly different when placed under incandescent or fluorescent amazingly different when placed under incandescent or fluorescent light. It is necessary for the de­signer to select a color palette under light. It is necessary for the de­signer to select a color palette under light conditions that are as close as possible to those that will exist light conditions that are as close as possible to those that will exist in the actual proposed space.in the actual proposed space.

Illumination engineers have developed empirical tables that Illumination engineers have developed empirical tables that establish room factors based on color intensities. If a dark color establish room factors based on color intensities. If a dark color scheme is established, more wattage and footscheme is established, more wattage and foot--candles are required candles are required to render the space agreeable and to highlight the merchandise. If a to render the space agreeable and to highlight the merchandise. If a dark floor is specified, its absorption of light tends to produce a dark floor is specified, its absorption of light tends to produce a shadow effect at the ceiling and to make the space feel poorly shadow effect at the ceiling and to make the space feel poorly lighted. lighted.

Additional upAdditional up--component light sources are required to achieve a component light sources are required to achieve a cheerful ambient space effect. Cool colors tend to turn ceilings gray cheerful ambient space effect. Cool colors tend to turn ceilings gray and un­pleasant; warm colors tend to radiate warm reflections on and un­pleasant; warm colors tend to radiate warm reflections on ceilings.ceilings.

It is quite well known that dark and intense colors seem to bring It is quite well known that dark and intense colors seem to bring a wall surface closer and seem to reduce the size of a space. Light a wall surface closer and seem to reduce the size of a space. Light colors, by contrast. seem to open the size of a space. colors, by contrast. seem to open the size of a space.

An understanding of these perceptions allows the decorator to An understanding of these perceptions allows the decorator to improve and modify an awkwardly proportioned space. On the improve and modify an awkwardly proportioned space. On the other hand, the use of intense color at a strategically placed wall other hand, the use of intense color at a strategically placed wall will generate excitement and tend to pull a customer to itwill generate excitement and tend to pull a customer to it..

The evaluation of these often conflicting effects is perhaps the The evaluation of these often conflicting effects is perhaps the most important challenge to the designer, who must reconcile and most important challenge to the designer, who must reconcile and impose upon them an overall style consistent with the search for a impose upon them an overall style consistent with the search for a tasteful, imaginative, appropriate, and unforgettable store image. tasteful, imaginative, appropriate, and unforgettable store image.

TechnologicalTechnological developmentdevelopment havehave profoundlyprofoundly influencedinfluenced thethe possibilitiespossibilities ofof transmittingtransmittinganimatedanimated messagesmessages throughthrough displaydisplay AnAn entireentire universeuniverse ofof possibilitiespossibilities hashas beenbeen revealedrevealedjustjust inin electronicselectronics andand programmedprogrammed animationanimation systemssystems.. ReferenceReference hashas beenbeen mademade totovideovideo andand thethe videovideo wall,wall, whichwhich integratesintegrates computercomputer animationanimation forfor multimediamultimediapresentationspresentations.. ThisThis isis anan IncredibleIncredible sellingselling instrument!instrument!

ItIt offersoffers aa dramaticdramatic wayway inin whichwhich toto projectproject fashionfashion stories,stories, sight,sight, andand soundsound fromfrom thethestudiostudio intointo thethe epicenterepicenter ofof sellingselling.. CoordinatedCoordinated withwith fashionfashion advertisingadvertising onon thethe printedprintedpagepage.. asas wellwell asas onon television,television, thethe impactimpact inin thethe storestore ofof allall ofof thethe artsarts ofof cinematographycinematographyandand fashionfashion designdesign isis enormousenormous.. TheThe ImaginativeImaginative andand cleverclever integrationintegration ofof multiplemultipletelevisiontelevision monitorsmonitors intointo thethe architecture,architecture, storestore design,design, andand merchandisemerchandise presentationpresentationelementselements ofof thethe storestore addsadds aa newnew dimensiondimension toto storestore designdesign..

Similar opportunities open up for dramatically coordinating Into the elements of a Similar opportunities open up for dramatically coordinating Into the elements of a store's interior design all of the other electronic and animated store's interior design all of the other electronic and animated

ELECTRONICSELECTRONICS ANDAND ANIMATEDANIMATED LIGHTLIGHT::

EvenEven inin wellwell daylight,daylight, lightlight hashas toto bebe usedused onon winterwinter afternoonsafternoons whenwhen daylightdaylightladeslades..

WhenWhen sideside--litlit rmrm deepdeep enoughenough forfor workwork requiringrequiring illuminanceilluminance 500500 IxIx toto bebe carriedcarriedoutout atat distancedistance fromfrom windowwindow greatergreater thanthan heightheight ofof windowwindow headhead aboveabove workingworkingplane,plane, elel lightlight requiredrequired forfor moremore thanthan 1515%% ofof workingworking yearyear asas DFDF willwill probablyprobably bebelessless thanthan 1010%%.. ThisThis requirementrequirement increasesincreases toto aboutabout 5050%%.. atat depthdepth ofof 11½½ -- 22 windowwindowheadhead heightheight andand toto practicallypractically 100100%%.. eveneven withwith fullyfully glazedglazed wall,wall, ifif depthdepth greatergreaterthanthan 55 xx thatthat heightheight.. IfIf tintedtinted glazingglazing usedused thesethese depthsdepths greatlygreatly reducedreduced..

ThereforeTherefore arrangearrange generalgeneral lightinglighting luminariesluminaries inin rowsrows parallelparallel toto windowwindow wallwall..eacheach rowrow switchedswitched separatelyseparately.. SwitchesSwitches shouldshould bebe locatedlocated soso thatthat theythey cancan bebeconvenientlyconveniently operatedoperated byby occupantsoccupants asas requiredrequired andand soso thatthat itit isis clearclear whichwhich rowsrowstheythey operateoperate.. OftenOften possiblepossible provideprovide pendantpendant switchesswitches controllingcontrolling individualindividualluminariesluminaries withwith thinthin lightlight cordscords whichwhich cancan bebe reachedreached fromfrom standingstanding positionposition..

Fluorescent lamps should be chosen from 'intermediate' color range compatible Fluorescent lamps should be chosen from 'intermediate' color range compatible with color rendering requirements and with warmth of lighting required at night. with color rendering requirements and with warmth of lighting required at night. El lighting should be designed to provide luminance recommended for particular El lighting should be designed to provide luminance recommended for particular tasks carried out in interior, but not less than tasks carried out in interior, but not less than 30 30 (x on over working plane. For max (x on over working plane. For max conservation of energy automatic control should be installed in new building to conservation of energy automatic control should be installed in new building to switch off.switch off.

oror preferablypreferably dimdim.. thosethose rowsrows ofof luminariesluminaries lightinglighting thethe workingworking areaarea whichwhichareare notnot requiredrequired whenwhen daylightdaylight risesrises toto provideprovide luminanceluminance atat thatthat depthdepth suchsuchthatthat fullfull elel lightinglighting notnot necessarynecessary..

UnderUnder thesethese conditionsconditions windowswindows needneed notnot bebe designeddesigned toto achieveachieve maxmaxpenetrationpenetration ofof daylightdaylight;; moremore attentionattention cancan bebe paidpaid toto anyany requirementsrequirements forforobtainingobtaining maxmax benefitbenefit fromfrom exteriorexterior view,view, ee..gg.. byby providingproviding widewideuninterrupteduninterrupted windowswindows ratherrather thanthan highhigh andand narrownarrow onesones.. OpportunityOpportunity cancanbebe takentaken toto reducereduce contrastcontrast ofof wallwall aboveabove oror betweenbetween windowswindows withwith exteriorexteriorseenseen throughthrough themthem byby maintainingmaintaining lightlight colorcolor andand arrangingarranging (or(or somesome wallwallwashingwashing byby artificialartificial lightinglighting..

In topIn top--lit interiors with sufficient glazing to provide an average DF of lit interiors with sufficient glazing to provide an average DF of 1010% % over working area el lighting will similarly be required for over working area el lighting will similarly be required for 1515% of working % of working year for tasks on which year for tasks on which 500 500 Ix required, and (or longer than this where Ix required, and (or longer than this where higher luminance required or lower DF provided. It there is difference higher luminance required or lower DF provided. It there is difference between activities carried out in different areas, requiring different between activities carried out in different areas, requiring different luminance's or different periods of occupation, el lighting may be switched luminance's or different periods of occupation, el lighting may be switched by areas. Otherwise whole installation can be linked to by areas. Otherwise whole installation can be linked to 1 1 controller. This may controller. This may be photobe photo--electric switch or photoelectric switch or photo--electric dimming control where fluorescent electric dimming control where fluorescent lighting is used; but at the dale of writing there is little experience of lighting is used; but at the dale of writing there is little experience of application of such control to other types of discharge lamps. application of such control to other types of discharge lamps.

INTEGRATIONINTEGRATION OFOF ELECTRICELECTRIC LIGHTINGLIGHTING && DAYDAY LIGHTINGLIGHTING::

Day time control of luminaries in relation to depth of interior spaceDay time control of luminaries in relation to depth of interior space

LIGHTING IN SHOPPING CENTERS:LIGHTING IN SHOPPING CENTERS:The problems of lighting a shopping center are highly technical and The problems of lighting a shopping center are highly technical and

the equipment available is constantly changing. Although the lighting the equipment available is constantly changing. Although the lighting consultant will almost inevitably form part of the design team, the consultant will almost inevitably form part of the design team, the designer of the center will need to be acquainted with the vocabulary of designer of the center will need to be acquainted with the vocabulary of light sources and aware of their variety and practical application, as light sources and aware of their variety and practical application, as lighting is bound to form a major element in the design and must be lighting is bound to form a major element in the design and must be considered in architectural terms from briefing stage onwards.considered in architectural terms from briefing stage onwards.

One main design problem will be to maintain the correct balance of One main design problem will be to maintain the correct balance of illumination between the shops and the malls; to provide in the malls illumination between the shops and the malls; to provide in the malls and courts an adequate overall lighting level both in daylight and night and courts an adequate overall lighting level both in daylight and night time conditions, adding interest and a further dimension, with variety time conditions, adding interest and a further dimension, with variety of lighting to highlight planting features, special areas and so on, but of lighting to highlight planting features, special areas and so on, but not to the detriment of the shops or shop fronts. All this must be at an not to the detriment of the shops or shop fronts. All this must be at an acceptable running cost and ease and economy of maintenance.acceptable running cost and ease and economy of maintenance.

Artificial lighting levels in shops are extremely high as they cannot Artificial lighting levels in shops are extremely high as they cannot rely on daylight owing to their configuration and the need for high rely on daylight owing to their configuration and the need for high intensity to attract customers and display merchandise. It should be intensity to attract customers and display merchandise. It should be assumed in calculating overall electrical demand that the lighting load assumed in calculating overall electrical demand that the lighting load may be between may be between 40 40 and and 50 50 W mW m22 ((1212--15 15 W.fTW.fT22) overall in shop units; ) overall in shop units; these of course will provide their own electrical installation but a these of course will provide their own electrical installation but a measure of control will need to be imposed by the center. For instance, measure of control will need to be imposed by the center. For instance, all shops should be lit when the center is open, particularly the shop all shops should be lit when the center is open, particularly the shop fronts.fronts.

A minimum lighting level should be demanded as the center will rely A minimum lighting level should be demanded as the center will rely very largely for its impact and attraction on shop front lighting which very largely for its impact and attraction on shop front lighting which may be greater than that of the mall, say may be greater than that of the mall, say 600600--700 700 lux, at the entrance lux, at the entrance though this may fail to though this may fail to 300 300 lux inside, while major units may have a lux inside, while major units may have a level of level of 1000 1000 lux within the shop area.lux within the shop area.

Certainly a minimum lighting level at shop entrances can reasonably Certainly a minimum lighting level at shop entrances can reasonably be demanded. In the open center where shop fronts are glazed, a high be demanded. In the open center where shop fronts are glazed, a high lighting level is necessary in any event within the shop front to compete lighting level is necessary in any event within the shop front to compete with daylight and to avoid reflection. with daylight and to avoid reflection.

Lighting to the open mall:Lighting to the open mall: Lighting to the closed mall:Lighting to the closed mall:The newer closed centers and refurbished ones tend to be favored with a The newer closed centers and refurbished ones tend to be favored with a

considerable element of daylight^ considerable element of daylight^ --^^we^^we--s^n. This will vary with sunlight and s^n. This will vary with sunlight and shade, time of day, weather, seasons and climate and even in bright conditions will shade, time of day, weather, seasons and climate and even in bright conditions will need supplementing by artificial light to ensure an adequate level of general need supplementing by artificial light to ensure an adequate level of general brightness and to accentuate certain areas and features.brightness and to accentuate certain areas and features.

There will be a transition from day to night which will require design decisions; There will be a transition from day to night which will require design decisions; for instance, is artificial lighting to take over gradually as dusk turns to night, or for instance, is artificial lighting to take over gradually as dusk turns to night, or dramatically and suddenly at certain times? To what extent is it to alter the dramatically and suddenly at certain times? To what extent is it to alter the appearance of the center between day and night conditions? The transition will appearance of the center between day and night conditions? The transition will generally be automatically controlled by solar cell or as part of an energy generally be automatically controlled by solar cell or as part of an energy management system, programmed and controlled by computer from the management system, programmed and controlled by computer from the management center. As already indicated, malls in a closed center will be lit to an management center. As already indicated, malls in a closed center will be lit to an overall acceptable level by a system of general lighting, supplemented by feature overall acceptable level by a system of general lighting, supplemented by feature lighting avoiding monotony and blandness.lighting avoiding monotony and blandness.

There is considerable diversity of opinion about mall lighting levels and their There is considerable diversity of opinion about mall lighting levels and their relation to shop front lighting. Earlier centers tended to offer a low level of mall relation to shop front lighting. Earlier centers tended to offer a low level of mall lighting, relying on shop front lighting as a dominant feature. This has now lighting, relying on shop front lighting as a dominant feature. This has now changed and it is realized that the malls need to contribute their own excitement, changed and it is realized that the malls need to contribute their own excitement, color and invitation.color and invitation.

The problem of lighting to the malls in the open center will be similar to that The problem of lighting to the malls in the open center will be similar to that of any street, though scale and design of suitable lamp standards or canopy of any street, though scale and design of suitable lamp standards or canopy lighting must be sympathetic to the character of the center; a modicum of lighting must be sympathetic to the character of the center; a modicum of flood lighting should be introduced to identify features, sculpture, planting flood lighting should be introduced to identify features, sculpture, planting and provide interest.and provide interest.

When the artificial lighting goes on at dusk the whole character of the center When the artificial lighting goes on at dusk the whole character of the center will alter. This also applies to closed centers relying on daylight for major will alter. This also applies to closed centers relying on daylight for major lighting of the mall, though the problems are intensified and there are many lighting of the mall, though the problems are intensified and there are many additional ones. additional ones.

The contrast between say a The contrast between say a 600 600 to to 700 700 lux shop front and the earlier lux shop front and the earlier accepted levels of perhaps only accepted levels of perhaps only 80 80 lux was too great; too low a mall lux was too great; too low a mall lighting level can have a depressing effect. The feeling generated in the lighting level can have a depressing effect. The feeling generated in the malls must surely be one of sparkle and interest and invitation.malls must surely be one of sparkle and interest and invitation.

Lighting design must be considered in relation to the color and Lighting design must be considered in relation to the color and materials used in finishes, particularly those of ceilings and floors. materials used in finishes, particularly those of ceilings and floors. External lighting will be important to the image of the center. The External lighting will be important to the image of the center. The entrances to malls should be sufficiently brightly lit to form a focus entrances to malls should be sufficiently brightly lit to form a focus looking in from the outside, in contrast with the surrounding external looking in from the outside, in contrast with the surrounding external scene, particularly in a developed area where a positive message of scene, particularly in a developed area where a positive message of invitation and excitement is needed.invitation and excitement is needed.

This is a major constituent of the entrance design, others This is a major constituent of the entrance design, others being dimensions, type of signing and so on as we have being dimensions, type of signing and so on as we have already seen. Where a center makes a major visual already seen. Where a center makes a major visual contribution to its environment, night time lighting must contribution to its environment, night time lighting must be designed accordingly, possibly in discussion with the be designed accordingly, possibly in discussion with the local authority, to reveal and emphasis the elevation local authority, to reveal and emphasis the elevation impact. impact.

Practical design:Practical design:Now to some practical considerations. Lighting design will in the main be a matter of choosing the Now to some practical considerations. Lighting design will in the main be a matter of choosing the type of lamp, type of fitting, situation and distribution to give the required illumination, direction and type of lamp, type of fitting, situation and distribution to give the required illumination, direction and character of light required.character of light required.

There are many options open in the design of general lighting to malls and courts, with the There are many options open in the design of general lighting to malls and courts, with the introduction of high pressure mercury and high pressure sodium discharge lamps (as an alternative to introduction of high pressure mercury and high pressure sodium discharge lamps (as an alternative to the familiar fluorescent tube).the familiar fluorescent tube).

These newer lamps have considerable advantages;These newer lamps have considerable advantages;

they give more light for the same heat; as an example, at the rate of they give more light for the same heat; as an example, at the rate of 250 250 W the mercury lamps will give W the mercury lamps will give 77--8 8 times more light for the same heat than fluorescent lighting. Moreover. the estimated life of a times more light for the same heat than fluorescent lighting. Moreover. the estimated life of a mercury lamp is quoted as mercury lamp is quoted as 10 000 10 000 hours, and that of the sodium hours, and that of the sodium 20 000 20 000 hours (or put another way hours (or put another way indefinite!).indefinite!).

This is in itself a considerable advantage as accessibility for lamp changing is always a This is in itself a considerable advantage as accessibility for lamp changing is always a problem in high malls and courts. These high pressure discharge lamps have special problem in high malls and courts. These high pressure discharge lamps have special features, they nearly always have remote control gear. The gear might be say features, they nearly always have remote control gear. The gear might be say 200 200 x x 100 100 x x 55 55 mm (mm (88xx44xx2 2 in.) per lamp and must be in ventilated positions as it generates heat. in.) per lamp and must be in ventilated positions as it generates heat. Fittings can be chosen which have the accompanying gear enclosed in steel casing.Fittings can be chosen which have the accompanying gear enclosed in steel casing.

High pressure sodium lamps are now available in low wattage form, i.e. High pressure sodium lamps are now available in low wattage form, i.e. 50 50 and and 7070W. The W. The mercury lamp which has been in use for a considerable time already is available in mercury lamp which has been in use for a considerable time already is available in 8080--125 125 W ratings and W ratings and 50 50 W has now been introduced. Both sodium and mercury lamps have W has now been introduced. Both sodium and mercury lamps have suffered from the disadvantage of poor color rendering, the mercury being in the blue suffered from the disadvantage of poor color rendering, the mercury being in the blue range while the sodium, until recently, gave too yellow a light to be used in any situation range while the sodium, until recently, gave too yellow a light to be used in any situation where natural effects were needed.where natural effects were needed.

We have all experienced the shock of seeing ordinary human beings under the effects of We have all experienced the shock of seeing ordinary human beings under the effects of the low pressure sodium street lamps turn into ghostly faces from another world. However, the low pressure sodium street lamps turn into ghostly faces from another world. However, in the newest high pressure sodium lamps the color is improved, being whiter, e.g. white in the newest high pressure sodium lamps the color is improved, being whiter, e.g. white SON, although the cost of these lamps at present is high, the solution is to combine these SON, although the cost of these lamps at present is high, the solution is to combine these with mercury lamps.with mercury lamps.

However, general lighting is not sufficient and a display lighting dimension must also However, general lighting is not sufficient and a display lighting dimension must also be available. For floodlighting the tungsten halogen, quartz iodine filament lamp is in be available. For floodlighting the tungsten halogen, quartz iodine filament lamp is in general use but for individual highlighting of display features there are various light general use but for individual highlighting of display features there are various light sources available for either track or individually mounted fittings, etc., such as low sources available for either track or individually mounted fittings, etc., such as low voltage diachronic lamps.voltage diachronic lamps.

Discharge lamps have simple circuits and little to fail but they take Discharge lamps have simple circuits and little to fail but they take 10 10 minutes to run minutes to run up to full operation. Again it must be emphasized they are for general lighting and up to full operation. Again it must be emphasized they are for general lighting and need to be supplemented by 'architectural' light to pick out features and give threeneed to be supplemented by 'architectural' light to pick out features and give three--dimensional depth and variety.dimensional depth and variety.

Where daylight is introduced into the malls problems of color are encountered. Where daylight is introduced into the malls problems of color are encountered. Variations are exaggerated in daylight and there is an immediate awareness of the Variations are exaggerated in daylight and there is an immediate awareness of the contrast with the artificial lighting which may be discordant. The other choice is contrast with the artificial lighting which may be discordant. The other choice is whether to bring on the artificial light suddenly or gradually. whether to bring on the artificial light suddenly or gradually.

It is not possible to dim high pressure discharge lamps as with tungsten. Switch It is not possible to dim high pressure discharge lamps as with tungsten. Switch control will probably be by time switch and can be solar controlled as for street control will probably be by time switch and can be solar controlled as for street lighting. This can be arranged to camouflage the changelighting. This can be arranged to camouflage the change--over by gradually increasing over by gradually increasing the artificial lighting as daylight fails.the artificial lighting as daylight fails.

Guide to general characteristics of lampGuide to general characteristics of lamp

Fluorescent tubes are now available with electronic ballasts. These have the Fluorescent tubes are now available with electronic ballasts. These have the advantage of being smaller and lighter, and one type is available which can advantage of being smaller and lighter, and one type is available which can be dimmed and therefore directly solar controlled.be dimmed and therefore directly solar controlled.

Fluorescent low wattage (maximum Fluorescent low wattage (maximum 26 26 W) tubes are now available in W) tubes are now available in compact form fittings, some with builtcompact form fittings, some with built--in control gear.in control gear.

Service and warehouse areas must not be forgotten in considering Service and warehouse areas must not be forgotten in considering lighting. Lighting installations in racked out areas will have to be kept high lighting. Lighting installations in racked out areas will have to be kept high and clear of forkand clear of fork--lift or other distribution systems.lift or other distribution systems.

The lamps will be industrial fittings; lighting levels are likely to be say, The lamps will be industrial fittings; lighting levels are likely to be say, 150 150 lux and where racking extends almost to the ceiling overall general lighting lux and where racking extends almost to the ceiling overall general lighting may not be possible, each racking row having to be independently lit to may not be possible, each racking row having to be independently lit to avoid shadow, probably in this case by fluorescent fittings, with special avoid shadow, probably in this case by fluorescent fittings, with special reflectors.reflectors.

One cardinal principle in design of 'landlords' lighting, both in public and One cardinal principle in design of 'landlords' lighting, both in public and in service areas is that in order to reduce vandalism and the risk of crime in service areas is that in order to reduce vandalism and the risk of crime there should be no 'dark spaces'. there should be no 'dark spaces'.

Emergency lighting:Emergency lighting:The whole center will have to be provided with an emergency lighting The whole center will have to be provided with an emergency lighting installation not only in case of fire but to cater for possible power failures and installation not only in case of fire but to cater for possible power failures and should conform to the latest British Standards. The interpolation of the typical should conform to the latest British Standards. The interpolation of the typical emergency lighting fitting can be an irritation to the designer. A requirement emergency lighting fitting can be an irritation to the designer. A requirement will be instant operation, i.e. within will be instant operation, i.e. within 5 5 seconds (or more at the discretion of the seconds (or more at the discretion of the enforcing authority) of failure.enforcing authority) of failure.

The emergency lighting system in all communal areas will be designed into the The emergency lighting system in all communal areas will be designed into the landlord's lighting scheme with control also over that in the large units. The landlord's lighting scheme with control also over that in the large units. The fittings wilt be either selffittings wilt be either self--contained (fed by trickle charge in normal running) or contained (fed by trickle charge in normal running) or fed from a central system, operated by a standby generator automatically fed from a central system, operated by a standby generator automatically started, or by central battery storage.started, or by central battery storage.

If there are two alternative town supplies available, one being what is known as If there are two alternative town supplies available, one being what is known as 'a firm supply' from the supply authority to provide a 'standby system', this 'a firm supply' from the supply authority to provide a 'standby system', this may be preferable though it also has a disadvantage in that a power strike or may be preferable though it also has a disadvantage in that a power strike or power failure would inhibit the supply.power failure would inhibit the supply.

The disadvantage of central battery storage is the considerable accommodation The disadvantage of central battery storage is the considerable accommodation space and ventilation needed, with disciplined regular maintenance. There may space and ventilation needed, with disciplined regular maintenance. There may also be a noticeable voltage drop between the central point and the furthest also be a noticeable voltage drop between the central point and the furthest emergency light position.emergency light position.

The disadvantage of the selfThe disadvantage of the self--contained fitting is its visual interruption of the contained fitting is its visual interruption of the designed ceiling pattern already confused by ceiling grilles, light fittings, designed ceiling pattern already confused by ceiling grilles, light fittings, sprinklers, etc.sprinklers, etc.

The location of the standby generator is important, with particular respect to its The location of the standby generator is important, with particular respect to its cooling and aspiration. It should preferably not be internal as it needs a wellcooling and aspiration. It should preferably not be internal as it needs a well--ventilated area with calculated intake and exhaust and be of a size related to ventilated area with calculated intake and exhaust and be of a size related to starting currents and the motors served. Generators may be diesel or gas fed; starting currents and the motors served. Generators may be diesel or gas fed; dependent on circumstances. For diesel, oil storage must be provided.dependent on circumstances. For diesel, oil storage must be provided.

A standby generator will anyway be needed to serve emergency equipment A standby generator will anyway be needed to serve emergency equipment such as warning system, smoke venting, sprinkler pumps, fire lifts and such as warning system, smoke venting, sprinkler pumps, fire lifts and passenger conveyor where these latter are acceptable as Means of Escape.passenger conveyor where these latter are acceptable as Means of Escape.

A “NEW LOOK” FOR BUILDINGS AND THE SKYLINE: A “NEW LOOK” FOR BUILDINGS AND THE SKYLINE: ALUMIMIUM AND GLASS CREAT A NEW FEELING OF SPACEALUMIMIUM AND GLASS CREAT A NEW FEELING OF SPACE

To create that special 'plus' for a commercial building, the glass roof constructions can To create that special 'plus' for a commercial building, the glass roof constructions can provide the desired effect. Spectacular skylights put the building and its appearance in the provide the desired effect. Spectacular skylights put the building and its appearance in the best light! Investment in 'structural image' pays for itself many times over. By increased best light! Investment in 'structural image' pays for itself many times over. By increased customer attraction and thus higher turnover, combined with the fact that the cost factor customer attraction and thus higher turnover, combined with the fact that the cost factor for glassfor glass--covered space is often lower than with conventional buildings of a comparable covered space is often lower than with conventional buildings of a comparable type. type.

Architectural glass revolution makes shopping a real experience: After a fine renovation, Architectural glass revolution makes shopping a real experience: After a fine renovation, this department store now presents an excellent shopping area expected today in a major this department store now presents an excellent shopping area expected today in a major city. The journey by escalator from the basement to the glass. roof alone is an impressive city. The journey by escalator from the basement to the glass. roof alone is an impressive experience for the customer. Even though the exterior surroundings are visibly enriched by experience for the customer. Even though the exterior surroundings are visibly enriched by the glass roof, the main intention was to provide a pleasing and exciting effect on the the glass roof, the main intention was to provide a pleasing and exciting effect on the environment inside. This attractive improvement successfully lifts the shop above the level of environment inside. This attractive improvement successfully lifts the shop above the level of its competitors and puts new life into the traditional department store. its competitors and puts new life into the traditional department store.

Pleasure in Buying and Pleasure in Buying and Driving: Fine products Driving: Fine products can hardly be presented can hardly be presented better. Under this better. Under this transparent roof transparent roof structure, quality cars structure, quality cars like these con be seen to like these con be seen to their best effect. their best effect.

Architecture which Architecture which captures the attention: captures the attention: This glass pyramid has This glass pyramid has become the outstanding become the outstanding focus of a new display focus of a new display center. The ventilation center. The ventilation flaps at the apex are flaps at the apex are particularly intriguing. particularly intriguing.

EXPANDED SELLING AREA, INCREASED STYLE: EXPANDED SELLING AREA, INCREASED STYLE: GALLERIES AS AN INVITING FORM OF SHOP FRONTGALLERIES AS AN INVITING FORM OF SHOP FRONT

Shops and boutiques which are always in season. Even during Shops and boutiques which are always in season. Even during traditional "off season" times, these two shopping areas ore always full traditional "off season" times, these two shopping areas ore always full of people. Glass roof constructions provide shelter from the elements: a of people. Glass roof constructions provide shelter from the elements: a long ridged roof and a steep pyramid. Daylight and sunshine create a long ridged roof and a steep pyramid. Daylight and sunshine create a delight­fully pleasant atmosphere. delight­fully pleasant atmosphere.

These pictures show the answer for individual shops, but in supermarket These pictures show the answer for individual shops, but in supermarket proportions. Substantial ports of the sales area hove been moved forward proportions. Substantial ports of the sales area hove been moved forward -- in front in front of the building itself of the building itself -- using long, gallery type forward structures. Designs like this using long, gallery type forward structures. Designs like this ore ideal for existing buildings because they substantially increase the sales area. ore ideal for existing buildings because they substantially increase the sales area. But even for new buildings this is a highly effective concept for sales promotion, But even for new buildings this is a highly effective concept for sales promotion, because the new, inviting shop fronts also become in effect large panoramic display because the new, inviting shop fronts also become in effect large panoramic display windows.windows.

A building which A building which advertises itself. This advertises itself. This annex, made of annex, made of aluminum and gloss, aluminum and gloss, gives a new look to a gives a new look to a building that used to be building that used to be rather plain. The rather plain. The transparency of the g transparency of the g ass walls turns it into a ass walls turns it into a huge showroom which huge showroom which advertises itself.advertises itself.

The supermarket with The supermarket with the two color effect. Dark the two color effect. Dark brown on the outside and brown on the outside and fresh green on the inside fresh green on the inside -- plus the large area of plus the large area of glass. The supermarket, glass. The supermarket, which is also lit by which is also lit by sunlight, is a pleasing sunlight, is a pleasing contrast to conventional contrast to conventional halls which are usually halls which are usually enclosed and artificially enclosed and artificially lit.lit.

The shopping center that customers The shopping center that customers prefer. More and more people choose to prefer. More and more people choose to shop in high quality surroundings: with shop in high quality surroundings: with exciting impressions created by color, exciting impressions created by color, design and style adding to the pleasure. design and style adding to the pleasure. solar constructions createsolar constructions create the structural the structural ambience required to provide this. They ambience required to provide this. They lend buildings a new architectural lend buildings a new architectural attraction, by way of glass covered attraction, by way of glass covered passages, bays, arcades and galleries. To passages, bays, arcades and galleries. To provide the exciting shopping provide the exciting shopping environment for customers.environment for customers.

An old shopping center shining in new found brilliance.An old shopping center shining in new found brilliance.

Huge glass canopies in buildings and covering areas. The architectural expression of protected Huge glass canopies in buildings and covering areas. The architectural expression of protected historic buildings combined with new construction. Glasshistoric buildings combined with new construction. Glass--covered streets and passage ways join covered streets and passage ways join separate areas of the city to form a unique center. Even when ifs raining you can always go on separate areas of the city to form a unique center. Even when ifs raining you can always go on extended shopping trips.extended shopping trips.

After completion, an old city center restructured in this way will have ten times the shop area After completion, an old city center restructured in this way will have ten times the shop area available than before. Even now, this unusual building attracts a growing number of delighted available than before. Even now, this unusual building attracts a growing number of delighted customers.customers.

LUXURY SHOPPING PRECIENTS UNDER GLASSLUXURY SHOPPING PRECIENTS UNDER GLASS

SEASONAL GLORYSEASONAL GLORY

Autumn leaves. But a maintenance headache? Not with the enclosed guest pool at Autumn leaves. But a maintenance headache? Not with the enclosed guest pool at this Ontario hotel. IBG Canada's glass dome, mounted on an this Ontario hotel. IBG Canada's glass dome, mounted on an 88--inch concrete curb, inch concrete curb, is is 60 60 feet in diameter. Aluminum structural frame consists of square tubes.feet in diameter. Aluminum structural frame consists of square tubes.

Project: Holiday Inn, FlemingdonProject: Holiday Inn, Flemingdon

Park, TorontoPark, Toronto

Architect: Raymond MoriyamaArchitect: Raymond Moriyama

BURNISHEDBURNISHED BRIDGEBRIDGE

BronzeBronze--tinted acrylic glazing and bronze anodized structural aluminum combine tinted acrylic glazing and bronze anodized structural aluminum combine with the rich warmth of custom carpeting to stunning effect in this with the rich warmth of custom carpeting to stunning effect in this 128128--foot long foot long covered walkway at a Cyprus seaside hotel. IBG walkway system integrates covered walkway at a Cyprus seaside hotel. IBG walkway system integrates hemispherical BarrelVault and vertical wall.hemispherical BarrelVault and vertical wall.

Project: Amathus Beach Hotel, Limassol, CyprusProject: Amathus Beach Hotel, Limassol, Cyprus

Architect: The Architects' Collaborative, Cambridge, Massachusetts; Colakides & Architect: The Architects' Collaborative, Cambridge, Massachusetts; Colakides & Associates, Architectects, Limassol CyprusAssociates, Architectects, Limassol Cyprus

LUMINOUSLUMINOUS

AfterAfter--dark dining and entertainment are made memorable dark dining and entertainment are made memorable by glowing colors, dramatic lighting effects, spiraling levels by glowing colors, dramatic lighting effects, spiraling levels of activity, lush interiorscaping, reflective pool and of activity, lush interiorscaping, reflective pool and fountain and a generous serving of Chicago's night sky.fountain and a generous serving of Chicago's night sky.

Credit IBG Credit IBG 112112--foot by foot by 118118--foot grid and gutter skylight foot grid and gutter skylight and overhead glazing systems.and overhead glazing systems.

Project: Hyatt Regency, ChicagoProject: Hyatt Regency, Chicago

Architect: A. Epstein & Sons, Chicago.Architect: A. Epstein & Sons, Chicago.

OVERHEAD GLAZING SYSTEMSOVERHEAD GLAZING SYSTEMS

edged frames–Linear and multi 1-it takes big spans .2-the edges are being increased to have more resistance for the forces .

cables*its properties : 1-it is not fixed , it can be put or removed any time.2-its shape changes with changing the loads on it .3-the most simple shapes of the ceilings consisting of cables , some of them holed from the stressed columns and which able to resist buckling .4-cheap and light .5-the ceiling is made of heavy materials to avoid vibrations caused by the wind .

Columns and beams

1-columns are vertical units holding the beams .2-advantage of beams is its high resistance to the bending in case of wood iron and reinforced concrete .3-it is used in case of small spans .

Using the columns and beams for the space to hold the roof

Trusses1-it is used to increase spans it reaches 40 m .2-it is used in big span halls and it takes different geometrical shapes.3-it may be used also in cinemas and theaters , libraries entertainment .4-it may take several shapes ,curved or flat .

space frames1-it is used in covering space which contains several purposes .2-it may be flat ceilings or inclined to cover with glass the atrium spaces or spaces in the last floor of the building .3-it may continue in the walls to the ceilings and it plays a big role in technology

Using the frame structure to make skylight over the atrium

shell structure

.1-thin 2-it takes large spans Domes : its shape shows its geometric properties

tent structured

.1-light in its weight .2-used in different construction purpose 3-it may cover hundreds of meter sewers 4-it can be fixed by tension wires to resist the compression caused by winds 5-it can be fixed the cradles.

pneumatic structures

.1-it is not fixed 2-it can be used and then we can get rid of it .3-light in its weight , easily transferred and cheep .4-used in temporarily stores and we can take it to space

platesfolded

continuous arches

.1-it is used for transudation , public spaces and for commercial pursues and for car parking covering .2-made from steel 3-small resistance for it wasn’t treated by materials .

construction• The special difficulty is difference between .TH.requirements of

shops and for malls and courts ,the shapes requirements and services will be different .offices ,car parking and other considerations may affect structural system .Shop unit cosideration needs to be flexible in both size and use .The possibility of of future expansion must be considered .

• Give vaariety of unit letting , for example an 11 m grid will allow a permutation of frontages bet 3.7 and 5.5 and 7.3 , but the longer the span the deeper the beam and the greater required floor to floor height , front to back depth of the unit may vary bet 12 m and 36 m which will help to determine the grid depth while allowing variation of unit plan shaped

• KINDS OF CONSTRUCTIONS• Reinforced concrete and framed beam construction is prefrable to

flat slab ,waffle or prestressed concrete .These suggest very considerable problems when alterations are needed as precast and infilled beam construction are easier to adapt than in stu systems .Remodelling is on 12 year cycle . Steel frame construction is an attractive alternative ,but needs careful programming and detailing .It is economical , flexible and easily erected ,but if concrete casing is required as fire protection it suffers wet trades ,shuttering, setting time ,additional loads and large members .Future developpments may include the use of site steel treated with a combined fire and corrusion protection system with high temperature properties. Structural frame :

in designing it frames and beams supporting party walls between units should not be wider than the walls they support as where hoists , lifts staircases and escalators are required by tenants they are likely to be sited against the party walls and will want flush vertical surfaces to maximize use of shop width and avoid unusable floor areas

Car parking gridconsideration:the determination of a suitable grid is compliated where basement car parking is incorporated as an economical car park grid of 16 m . 19m is not compatible with shop dimensions , altering the grid at any level involves complicated construction wasteful in construction time , beam depths and cost although pressure on this may be brought on the developper by key tenants

• Floor height:• Floor - to - floor height large space users will want,

say, 3.66m (12ft) minimum clear height with adequate depth, say, 1.2m (4 ft) between ceiling and structure slab for ducting. Smaller units may prefer limited height, say, 3m (10ft) clear height, to avoid excessive costs in heating/cooling, ventilation, and in multi-level units to avoid unnecessary effort by staff or customers in vertical circulation.

Dimensions ;gridsize must be related to standard unit , dimensions giving a shop frontage centre line to centre of bet 5 m to 6 m gives a workable shop unit but a grid width as large as possible will

Cladding in finishes :two popular internal cladding techniques are referred as finishes ,they are glass reinforced gypsum and fibrous plaster. Other cladding materials as marble , brick , stone , stainless steel , mirror tiles , faience , mosaic …….ease and security of fixing repair and replacement ,cleaning methods , wearing qualities and aesthetic aspect need to be assessed

•Columns grids:•the position of columns between mall and shops is important as already indicated. Columns do not necessary sarily have to be situated on the main shop front line, where they tend to restrict shop front design and the use of individual scale to express the large unit. If columns play a subsidiary role to the shop front they allow variety of treatment and emphasise the individual retailer. If it is necessary to place them on the shop front line they should really be so restricted. It should be accepted that retailers may like to express the size of their unit. A rigid vertical emphasis offers the danger of a monotony of treatment and a distorted scale.

In single level trading it may be possible by providing a height of 4 m (14 ft) floor to underside of slab, to offer smaller units the facility of mezzanine or balcony level storage or sales

•Roof: I

•f the roof are to be used the slab and finish will have to de designed accordingly. The construction on the roof ramps, and canopies and their finish is critical, as damage or water penetration requiring internal repair may involve heavy claims. A maximum length between joints should be 150 m (500 tt). It may even be necessary to design to ‘fail - safe’ standards involving gutters and evaporation trays under joints.

• Glazing material : galzing method savry with the glazing material . Mateials available are plastic or glass. The preferred plastic id polycarbonate. On vertical surfaces it can dish with unfortunate results and some rigorous conditions of temperature extremes may preclude its use. Glass is a well tried material but heavier than polycarbonate. Toughened glass is resistant to temperature variations and is less vulnerable in use than laminated glass, in single, double or triple glazing and sandwich form provide differing degrees of solar control and insulation

Floor decks: floor decks on upper floors may become cantilevered or edge-supported balconies possibly in a long open mall connected by bridges. Upstand balconies or edge beams may contribute to smoke control. If solid mall ceilings are evisaged they may need to be a minimum of 1 m (3 ft 3 in.) higher than shop front opening to provide smoke reservoirs

• Roof glazing: Roof design will relate to daylight provision - open, fully glazed, with or without translucent intermediate ceiling - clear storey, or solid with artificial lighting only. Areas of glazing, poses problems, where introducing daylight is dealt with here in some detail. Even where malls are provided with cooling, solar heat gain must be minimised, else it will substantially add to maintenance costs and service charges. The task is to provide adequate ventilation while preventing unwelcome solar gain and maintaining a comfortable temperature. The colour and type of internal finishes affecting the degree of radiation, galzing methods and materials. There are obviously physical design precautions which may be taken to avoid projecting excessive direct sunlight, heat and glare into vulnerable shopping areas. For example, limiting the amount of daylight to, say, 30% as of roofing - clear - storey glazing, protection of glazed areas from direct sunlight, the design profile configuration of the roof, the height of walls and, of course, orientation.The ‘greenhouse effect’ is radiation from the sun in short - wave form penetrates clear glass, will be absorbed by interior surfaces (and people) and reradiate in a longer wavelength which cannot penetrate back through the glass. Without some means of escape temperatures can rapidly escalate.. A carefully designed ventilation system, forced or will help to disperse or remove excess heated air, and is likely to be.

Structure of glazing material: The usual glazing method is a mechanically restrained support system (such as aluminium patent glazing) transferred as necessary to structural supports, traditionally supported on two edges; this inevitably results in some air leakage. With improvement in glass technology larger modules have facilitated four edge supports and a sealed system. But in the four - sided method retention of the glass depends on the silicone quality and very rigorous. Safe and easy access must be available for cleaning and repair, so glazing should be fitted from the outside. Although careful detailing may ensure virtual self-cleansing externally, internal surfaces will require periodic attention. Smoke venting must be allowed for and the roof construction kept as flexible as possible to allow for correct distribution of ventilation outlets. Whether natural or powered, as well as for smoke vents.The floor construction generally must be sufficiently rigid and with deflection so designed as not to affect finishes. All floors will need to be waterproofed major enemy must be designed for with best practice.

Mall spans: mall spans may vary from 4.5m to 12 m for major malls - centre courts wide span up to 21 m with suitable support. Height will depend on the number of storeys.

• Flooring : floor is the most vulnerable in terms of maintenance.Selection of flooring materials for malls is of major importance in any centre. They are better designed in pattern and limited module size to facilitate repair and avoid expansion and cracking. Granite, marble, clay tiles and terrazo have proved satisfactory finishes if correctly laid and jointed. In all cases cost of replacement and availability of matching materials must be faced. Is the floor to be fixed or floating? USA practice tends to be to machine bond to the screed which is laid on polythene sheet taped and sealed at joints, on a loose sand bed 5 mm (1/5 in.) thick minimum, the slab being finished with a tampedceramic tiles tend to have wide joints. Floors must not be slippery. Protective matting at enterances will avoid additional hazard on wet days. Colour is important. Pattern and colour can be used with imagination to identify circulation routes

• Wall finishes :Walls vulnerable to the public, such as toilets, telephone kiosks, etc. must be graffiti-deterrent at least for a height of 2.9 to 3 m (9 ft 6 in. to 10 ft). Hard, easy- clean, durable surfaces, such as glazed tile, melamine and terrazzo, are preferable.

Painted surface will, however, need the discipline of regular periodic repainting to be considered in terms of accessibility, disturbance and cost.

• Ceiling finishes: need to be chosen in relation to many factors both aesthetic and practical. They may be open or sealed. The method and type of lighting will also affect ceiling design, of which it is a part.

The reflective properties as well as colour of any ceiling or soffit will contribute positively to overall appearance.

• Machanical and electrical services: the extent, quality method and system of providing environmental control to the shopping centre is of prime importance.

• Finishes : Selection of external finishes part of aesthetics. In UK lightweight cladding systems may be acceptable in greenfield sites but less likely in established urban communities, external facing materials must be durable and maintenance - free - and present an image of permanence and quality. Climatic conditions and weathering must be taken into account in selection, where natural lighting is to be introduced selecting transparent or translucent material - glass or its substitute, and factors which must be taken into account are quality of light, penetration, fire resistance and accessibility for regular cleaning.An attractive and striking appearance of the centre is to be aimed at.

St. Enoch’s Square Development, Glasgow:unique project, Adequate allocation of cost for high quality construction and elevational design, both externally and internally, as justified on the grounds of low maintenance and of publicity and attraction of the shopper, must be accepted.

Malls, consequently, are the major coordinating design feature of the centre, and require utmost skill and care in development, design and finish. Fire precautions, will be restricting and finishing materials in the UK. A shopping centre endures intensive use with very fast and intensive throughput of user. Materials to provide minimum maintenance, durability, and certainly high quality standards are essential in public areas malls, car parks, etc. A permanent building of civic significance within Glasgow’s vigorous engineering tradition, allowing internal flexibility without affecting planning approval.

Energy conservation is becoming a major issue in construction, overheating is a constant problem in shop design. The acoustic effect of all finishes taken together must be carefully assessed; a certain modicum of background noise is a necessary adjunct to a shopping centre in order to give a feeling of ‘busyness’ and activity. But excessive noise of echo caused by interaction of reflective surfaces is distracting and there is a need for clarity and audibility of public address.

Constructions & Finishes of First Mall

Glass handrail framed by wooden frame

Marble floor finishes

Beam & column concrete construction is shown

Column grid in the parking area

Interior view of construction

Glazing skylight constructed on a concrete ceiling

Car Car ParksParksStandard design Standard design

carcar::

L A L A 4750 5500 4750 5500 W B W B 1800 20301800 2030H C H C 1700 163 1700 163 Door opening clearance D Door opening clearance D 500500Wheel base (worst cases) E Wheel base (worst cases) E 2900 32502900 3250

F F 900 890 900 890 G G 1100 1350 1100 1350

Turning circle (dia) Turning circle (dia) Kerb H Kerb H 13000 655013000 6550Wall J Wall J 14000 7010 14000 7010 Ground clearance K Ground clearance K 100 1220100 1220

Parking:Parking:

90 90 parkingparking

A B C DA B C DIn bldg In bldg 3000 4600 2300 3260 3000 4600 2300 3260 In open In open 3390 5500 2400 38903390 5500 2400 3890

E FE FIn bldg In bldg 5000 28005000 2800In open In open 5500 28005500 2800--30003000

45 45 parkingparking

B C F B C F In bldg In bldg 4600 2300 60004600 2300 6000

In open In open 5500 2400 61005500 2400 6100--67006700

Parallel parkingParallel parking

A B CA B C

In bldg In bldg 5800 4600 22005800 4600 2200--23002300

In open In open 61006100--6700 5500 24006700 5500 2400

Desirable parking area=Desirable parking area=00..55--11% of population of whole built% of population of whole built--up areaup area

Parking Lanes:Parking Lanes:

Gap between end of parking lane & bldg line > Gap between end of parking lane & bldg line > 60006000, , 10000 10000 preferred.preferred.

Safety strips Safety strips 500 500 wide recommended between parking lanes & wide recommended between parking lanes & moving traffic.moving traffic.

Circulation:Circulation:

Arrangement Arrangement for narrow sitefor narrow site

Road at angle gives Road at angle gives economical use of space for economical use of space for different car sizes, saves different car sizes, saves approx approx 1010% floor ar% floor ar

Population:Population:

90 90 parking for trucksparking for trucks

45 45 parking for parking for large cars large cars reversingreversing

45 45 parking parking for medium for medium cars cars reversingreversing

45 45 drivedrive--through through parking for parking for medium to medium to small cars small cars (no (no reversing)reversing)

45 45 drivedrive--through through parking parking for large for large cars (no cars (no reversingreversing

Turning dimensions:Turning dimensions:

U drive diagram with table of U drive diagram with table of turning dimensionsturning dimensions

Vehicle R RVehicle R R1 1 T D C T D C

Small car Small car 66..05 305 3..28 328 3..7 37 3..05 005 0..15 15

Standard car Standard car 66..83 383 3..84 484 4..57 357 3..4 04 0..22

Large car Large car 77..01 301 3..84 484 4..57 357 3..66 066 0..2323

Ambulance Ambulance 99..14 514 5..72 772 7..62 462 4..04 004 0..3 3

Circular drivewaysCircular driveways

Minimum values: R=Minimum values: R=2929’’--00” , ” , W=W=1111’’--00”, r=”, r=1818’’--00””

Formula: H=square root Formula: H=square root (G((G(22R+R+22rr--G)), in which G=RG)), in which G=R--11//22WW

Landings & easingLandings & easing

Minimum valuesMinimum values

R=R=2929’’--00”, r=”, r=1818’’--00”, W=”, W=1111’’--00””

K M K MK M K M

7474’’--44” ” 0 770 77’’--00” ” 1515’’--1010””

7575’’--00” ” 88’’--00” ” 7878’’--00” ” 1818’’--88””

7676’’--00” ” 1212’’--11” ” 7979’’--00” ” 2121’’--22””

8080’’--00” ” 2323’’--55””

Elliptical drivewaysElliptical driveways

Formula:Formula:

H’=square root (G(H’=square root (G(22R’+R’+22r’r’--G)G)--(w’+r’(w’+r’--Q’) in which G=r’+Q’) in which G=r’+11//22(L+W’)(L+W’)

R”=(g square +h square)/R”=(g square +h square)/22g g ––R’ in R’ in which g=R’+which g=R’+11//22(L(L--W’, h=H’+R’W’, h=H’+R’--Q Q

Minimum values:Minimum values:

P=P=4848’’--00” R’=” R’=6060’’--00””

Q=Q=3636’’--00” W’=” W’=99’’--66””

R=R=3030’’--00” W=” W=1111’’--00””

r=r=1919’’--00” r’=” r’=4444’’--44””

r”=r”=4949’’77””

LandingsLandings

Minimum valuesMinimum values

R=R=2929’’--00”, W=”, W=1111’’--00”, r=”, r=1818’’--00””

Compound curvesCompound curves

Minimum values Minimum values

P=P=4848’’--00” Q=” Q=3636’’--00””

R=R=3030’’--00” R’=” R’=6060’’--00””

W’=W’=99’’--66” W=” W=1111’’--00””

R=R=1919’’--00” r’=” r’=4444’’--44””

Multi storey garages:Multi storey garages:The following must be provided :The following must be provided :

11-- Elevators for rapid ascending & descending of Elevators for rapid ascending & descending of cars & personscars & persons

22-- staircases for people ascending & escaping staircases for people ascending & escaping

33-- Security rooms on entrances to inspect the cars & Security rooms on entrances to inspect the cars & changer on the exist changer on the exist

44-- Elevators & escalators directly to the high floors Elevators & escalators directly to the high floors

55-- Upwards for ascending & others for descending, Upwards for ascending & others for descending, straight or circle straight or circle

Note:Note:

Among the probabilities which faced great success was the Among the probabilities which faced great success was the joint buildings of garages with the commercial joint buildings of garages with the commercial centers of centers of multi floors so as each floor leads to a garage &to a similar multi floors so as each floor leads to a garage &to a similar used floor taking into consideration the arrangement used floor taking into consideration the arrangement between the slabs, as result of height differences, by between the slabs, as result of height differences, by providing internal staircases providing internal staircases

Ratio of parking area to gross floorRatio of parking area to gross floorarea:area:

Shopping centers Shopping centers 22..00--22..33

Clean height :Clean height :For about For about 33mm

EntranceEntrance::Width for separated entrance & exit >Width for separated entrance & exit >22..44mm

Width for common entrance & exit >Width for common entrance & exit >44..88m m Barrier capacity:Barrier capacity:

Entry barrier Entry barrier 400 400 vehicle / hrvehicle / hr

Exit barrier Exit barrier

Lighting:Lighting:Mean service illumination for public should be (lx):Mean service illumination for public should be (lx):

Parking areas Parking areas 20 20 roof roof 2020

Driveways Driveways 50 50 entrance &exit entrance &exit 150150

Ramps Ramps 70 70

RampsRamps : :

Ramp slopes ( transitions are required only if ramp Ramp slopes ( transitions are required only if ramp slope exceeds slope exceeds 1010% )% )

Driveway exits Driveway exits

Types of rampsTypes of ramps ::

Minimum site width Minimum site width required for a ramp required for a ramp garage is garage is 100 100 to to 110 110 ft ft

The diameter of the ramp The diameter of the ramp is controlled by the is controlled by the required turning radius : a required turning radius : a minimum of minimum of 4545ft ft

Circle descending ( cotton Circle descending ( cotton stock market in Alexandria ) stock market in Alexandria )

Ascending slabs system ( Ascending slabs system ( opera garage ) opera garage )

Diversified levels slabs allows Diversified levels slabs allows horizontal waiting horizontal waiting

Double and mid crossing Double and mid crossing descending descending

Descending slabs on an Descending slabs on an additional crossing in the additional crossing in the middle middle

Ascending upwards Ascending upwards and other descending and other descending from one side from one side

Multi floor garage with two circle Multi floor garage with two circle interfere descending and by the interfere descending and by the separation between ascending and separation between ascending and descending descending

Multi floor garage with two Multi floor garage with two separate circle descending , one is separate circle descending , one is up and other is down .up and other is down .

Elevators Elevators

For For 30 30 lots lots 3333m m

For For 50 50 lots lots 5555m m

For For 60 60 lots lots 6666mm

For smaller radius of ramp its For smaller radius of ramp its width must be wider width must be wider

11-- diameter diameter 99..22mm

22-- diameter diameter 1313..33mm

Separating the up and down by two Separating the up and down by two descending , the difference between descending , the difference between them in the level is one floor them in the level is one floor

Separating the up and down with two Separating the up and down with two descending with both sides of the descending with both sides of the garage garage

Examples : Examples :

11-- The ramps , situated in opposite corners , are angled to facilitate The ramps , situated in opposite corners , are angled to facilitate the movement from the floors to the ramps the movement from the floors to the ramps

22-- entrance and exits have been provided on two streets on separate entrance and exits have been provided on two streets on separate levels levels

11-- The overall dimensions of the The overall dimensions of the 352 352 space facility are space facility are 120 120 by by 240 240 ft . ft . 9090degree parking degree parking

22-- the stairs and elevators location is to afford minimum the stairs and elevators location is to afford minimum walking distances walking distances

Main floorMain floor Main floorMain floor

Typical floor Typical floor Typical floor Typical floor

Functional plan for twin spiral garage Functional plan for twin spiral garage Functional plan for staggered floor garage Functional plan for staggered floor garage

Section ASection A--A’A’

11-- the garage has one way aisles the garage has one way aisles

22-- the entrance and exit were on the same street , they are the entrance and exit were on the same street , they are widely separated to reduce conflicts .widely separated to reduce conflicts .

33-- the overall dimensions of the facility are the overall dimensions of the facility are 183 183 by by 165 165 ft ft

44-- in a sloping floor or continues ramp garage , the aisles in a sloping floor or continues ramp garage , the aisles serve two purposes : axis to the parking stalls , and floor to serve two purposes : axis to the parking stalls , and floor to floor Circulation floor Circulation

One pedestrian elevator and three stair ways have been One pedestrian elevator and three stair ways have been provided for the five level facility provided for the five level facility

Main floorMain floor

Typical floor Typical floor Typical floor Typical floor Main floorMain floor

Functional plan for straight ramp garage Functional plan for straight ramp garage

Section ASection A--A’A’

Functional plan for sloping floor garage Functional plan for sloping floor garage

Section ASection A--A’A’

Under black car park Geneva Switzerland Under black car park Geneva Switzerland

Design C Zschokke Design C Zschokke

Section Section

Plan of fist floor Plan of fist floor

Multi floors garages with two continuous descending Multi floors garages with two continuous descending outside the building , one descending and the other outside the building , one descending and the other ascending ascending

Luckhertd , AnkerLuckhertd , Anker

140 140 place for each floor place for each floor

Esleben Schneider Esleben Schneider

Garage in Dusseldorf Garage in Dusseldorf

Cars enter different floor by outside ramps and there Cars enter different floor by outside ramps and there is maintenance for cars in the ground floor is maintenance for cars in the ground floor

Falcont Falcont –– Paris garage Paris garage

Rome Rome

Double spiral ascending ramps in the center Double spiral ascending ramps in the center

The relation between the location of the garage The relation between the location of the garage and the rest of the building :and the rest of the building :