THE SOCIAL ISSUES OF INDIA & MALASIA

EDUCATION

MALAYSIA INDIA

Duration of compulsory education

9 years 8 years

National Education budget

Rs. 52057 crore (US$10.56Billion)

RM30 billion (USD10 billion)

Primary Languages Hindi , English or state Languages

Malay, English, Mandarin Chinese, Tamil

System Type Federal, state, private NationalEstablishedCompulsory Education

April 1, 2010 1956

Education in India is provided by the public sector as well as the private sector, with control and funding coming from three levels: federal, state, and local. Child education is compulsory. The Nalanda University was the oldest university-system of education in the world. Western education became ingrained into Indian society with the establishment of the British Raj.

Education in India falls under the control of both the Union Government and the states, with some responsibilities lying with the Union and the states having autonomy for others. The various articles of the Indian Constitution provide for education as a fundamental right. Most universities in India are controlled by the Union or the State Government.

India has made progress in terms of increasing primary education attendance rate and expanding literacy to approximately two thirds of the population. India's improved education system is often cited as one of the main contributors to the India. Much of the progress especially in Higher education, Scientific research has been credited to various public institutions. The private education market in India is merely 5% although in terms of value is estimated to be worth $40 billion in 2008 and will increase to $68 billion by 2012.

However, India continues to face stern challenges. Despite growing investment in education, 25% of its population is still illiterate; only 15% of Indian students reach high school, and just 7% graduate. As of 2008, India's post-secondary high schools offer only enough seats for 7% of India's college-age population, 25% of teaching positions nationwide are vacant, and 57% of college professors lack either a master's or PhD degree.

As of 2011, there is 1522 degree-granting engineering colleges in India with an annual student intake of 582,000, plus 1,244 polytechnics with an annual intake of 265,000. However, these institutions face shortage of faculty and concerns have been raised over the quality of education.

MALAYSIA:-

Education in Malaysia is overseen by two government ministries. The Ministry of Education handles matters pertaining to pre-school, primary school, secondary school and post-secondary school. Matters regarding tertiary education are dealt with by the Ministry of Higher Education. Although education is the responsibility of the federal government, each state has an Education Department to coordinate educational matters in its territory. The main legislation governing education is the Education Act of 1996.

Education may be obtained from the multilingual public school system, which provides free education for all Malaysians, or private schools, or through home schooling. By law, primary education is compulsory. As in many Asia-Pacific countries such as the Republic of Korea, Singapore and Japan, standardized tests are a common feature.

CONCLUSION:- As far as the report is concern, The Indian Government Spends 10.56 billion US dollars in education, while, the Malaysian government spends 10.00 US billion dollars in education. And in India the literacy is 74%, while in Malaysia the literacy is Heir the India like 95 %.

HEALTH:-

Parameters MALAYSIA INDIAChildren underweight percentage

18% ranked 1st 1% ranked 94th

Hospital Beds 0.79 per 1000 people 2.09 per 1000 peopleLife Expectancy at Birth

63.5 years 73.3 years

Maternal Mortality rate 540 per 100,000 41 per 100,000Tobacco consumption in adults %

16% 26.4%

Total Expenditure on health as % GDP

6.1% 3.8%

Healthcare Issues

SITUATION OF INDIA

Malnutrition

47% of India’s children below the age of three are malnourished, almost twice the statistics of sub-Saharan African region of 28%. World Bank estimates this figure to be 60 million children out of a global estimated total of 146 million. Although India’s economy grew 50% from 2001–2006, its child-malnutrition rate only dropped 1%, lagging behind countries of similar growth rate. Malnutrition impedes the social and cognitive development of a child, reducing his educational attainment and income as an adult. These irreversible damages result in lower productivity.

High infant mortality rate

Approximately 1.72 million children die each year before turning one. The under five mortality rate and infant mortality rate indicators have been declining comparing years 1970 and 2002 (202 to 90 & 192 to 68 per thousand live births respectively). However, this rate of decline is slowing. Reduced funding for immunization leaves only 43.5% of the young fully immunized. Infrastructures like hospitals, roads, water and sanitation are lacking in rural areas. Shortages of healthcare providers, poor intra-partum and newborn care, diarrhea diseases and acute respiratory infections, also contribute to the high infant mortality rate.

Diseases

Diseases such as dengue fever, hepatitis, tuberculosis, malaria and pneumonia continue to plague India due to increased resistance to drugs. India is ranked 3rd among the countries with the most number of HIV-infected. Diarrhea diseases are the primary causes of early childhood mortality. These diseases can be attributed to poor sanitation and inadequate safe drinking water in India.

Poor sanitation

As more than 122 million households have no toilets and 33% lack access to latrines, over 50% of the population (638 million) defecates in the open. This is relatively higher than Bangladesh and Brazil (7%) and China (4%). Although 211 million people gained access to improved sanitation from 1990–2008, only 31% uses them. 11% of the Indian rural families dispose of child stools safely whereas 80% of the population leave their stools in the open or throw them into the garbage. Open air defecation leads to the spreading of diseases and malnutrition through parasitic and bacterial infections. Inadequate safe drinking water.

Healthcare today in Malaysia

Malaysia has a widespread system of health care. It implements a universal healthcare system, which co-exists with the private healthcare system. Infant mortality rate – a standard in determining the overall efficiency of healthcare – in 2005 was 10, comparing favorably with the United States and Western Europe. Life expectancy at birth in 2005 was 74 years.

Healthcare in Malaysia is divided into private and public sectors. Malaysian society places importance on the expansion and development of healthcare, putting 5% of the government social sector development budget into public healthcare — an increase of more than 47% over the previous figure. This has meant an overall increase of more than RM 2 billion. With a rising and aging population, the Government wishes to improve in many areas including the refurbishment of existing hospitals, building and equipping new hospitals, expansion of the number of polyclinics, and improvements in training and expansion of telehealth. Over the last couple of years they have increased their efforts to overhaul the systems and attract more foreign investment.

The Malaysian health care system requires doctors to perform a compulsory three years service with public hospitals to ensure that the manpower in these hospitals is maintained. Doctors are required to perform 4 years including 2 years of horsemanship and 2 years government service with public hospitals throughout the nation, ensuring adequate coverage of medical needs for the general population. Foreign doctors are encouraged to apply for employment in Malaysia, especially if they are qualified to a higher level. There is still, however, a significant shortage in the medical workforce, especially of highly trained specialists; thus, certain medical care and treatment are available only in large cities. Recent efforts to bring many facilities to other towns have been hampered by lack of expertise to run the available equipment. As a result certain medical care and treatment is available only in large cities.

Government policy and action

The Malaysian government places importance on the expansion and development of health care, putting 5% of the government social sector development budget into public health care—an increase of more than 47% over the previous figure. This has meant an overall increase of more than RM 2 billion. With a rising and aging population, the Government wishes to improve in many areas including the refurbishment of existing hospitals, building and equipping new hospitals, expansion of the number of polyclinics, and improvements in training and expansion of tele health. A major problem

with the health care sector is the lack of medical centers for rural areas, which the government is trying to counter through the development of an expansion of a system called "tale-primary care". Another issue is the over prescription of drugs, though this has decreased in recent years. Over the last couple of years, the Malaysian Health Ministry has increased its efforts to overhaul the system and attract more foreign investment.

CONCLUSION:-

The health situation of Malaysia is good rather than the India, by the both report.

THE CURRENT ENVIRONMENTAL SITUATION

INDIA

 India may be witnessing rising demand for exploitation of its natural

resources. India may be seeing an increased pressure on its forest-based products. India may be satisfied with the current high gear economy-but the need to find solutions to its environmental degradation only furthers with such development. Wild life trade, pollution, deforestation, and the aspirations of more than millions have combined to put forth cataclysmic issues to the table that India, and furthermore, the world would struggle with everyday.

The rising demand for forest based products has put great strains on exploiting forest protected areas. Such actions have lead to a great loss of natural resources that prove to be critical to the well being of not only wildlife but also humans. A total approximation of industrial round wood consumption exceeds 70 million m3 per year-estimated to reach 350,000 shipping containers by the end of the decade. As a nation heavily focused on meeting its demand, there is a great risk that the loss of conservation value and biodiversity in India-and other places around the world-will become a great threat to Mother Nature.

 Known for its great palm oil consumption, India continues to be a big edible oil consumer of exporters like Indonesia and Malaysia, responsible for over 95% oil export. Such conversion of natural forests for oil palm is a major threat to the sustainability of the tropics. Currently, a great proportion of the lowlands of Indonesian island of Sumatra has been devastated due to exploitation of pulp wood plantations. Other concerns such as pollution, unsustainable, illegal wildlife trade, and poorly managed fishing continue threat the environment of both India and the world.

Despite the desolating situation in India, even the environmental

problems that have direct effect to the livelihood of individuals are not being addressed sufficiently. Recently, however, the Ministry of Environment Forests of Government of India have put forth The Wetlands (Conservation and Management) Rules 2010 in order to ensure better conservation and management and stop further degradation of wetlands.

The Ministry of Environment and Forests have recognized the importance of establishing a legal framework in which the livelihood of individuals could be protected and ensured-especially environmental problems connected directly to the lives of individuals such as the wetlands. Wetlands are critical for human development and wellbeing, especially in India, where a large number of people depend on them for drinking water. Under the new program, the Government will be overseeing 115 wetlands identified for its importance. As the Minister for Environment and Forest, Mr. Jairam Ramesh notes, ?his is the first time that legally enforceable Rules are being notified for such eco-sensitive areas in our country. This will go a long way in protecting our wetlands which are under severe threat? With such

efforts to identify and tackle problems in India, hopefully, India will work towards alleviating environmental problems for everyone's good.  

MALAYSIA:-

Malaysia's deforestation rate is accelerating faster than that of any other tropical country in the world, according to data from the United Nations. Analysis of figures from the Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations (FAO) shows that Malaysia's annual deforestation rate jumped almost 86 percent between the 1990-2000 period and 2000-2005. In total, Malaysia lost an average of 140,200 hectares—0.65 percent of its forest area—per year since 2000. For comparison, the Southeast Asian country lost an average of 78,500 hectares, or 0.35 percent of its forests, annually during the 1990s.

The Malaysian government failed to provide FAO with figures showing the change in extent of primary forests during the period. Primary forests—forests with no visible signs of past or present human activities—are considered the most biologically diverse ecosystems on the planet.

Declining forest cover in Malaysia results primarily from urbanization, agricultural fires, and forest conversion for oil-palm plantations and other forms of agriculture. Logging, which is generally excluded in deforestation figures from FAO, is responsible for widespread forest degradation in the country, and green groups have blamed local timber companies for failing to practice sustainable forest management. In late 2005—despite photographic evidence suggesting otherwise—the Samling Group denied claims from NGOs accusing the timber giant of recklessly harvesting timber in one of its Sarawak concessions on the island of Borneo.

Forest cover has fallen dramatically in Malaysia since the 1970s. While FAO says that forests still cover more than 60 percent of the country, only 11.6 percent of these forests are considered pristine.

CONCLUSION:-

In the India the deforestation rate is 1.5% while in Malaysia it is 0.7%.and The plantation rate in India is .97% while in Malaysia it is 0.55%.So India must aware about the environment.

POVERTY:-

INDIA

Percent of population living below the poverty line, over the final quarter of the 20th century.

Poverty is widespread in India, with the nation estimated to have a third of the world's poor. According to a 2005 World Bank estimate, 41.6% of the total Indian population falls below the international poverty line of US$ 1.25 a day (PPP, in nominal terms 21.6 a day in urban areas and 14.3 in rural areas). A recent report by the Oxford Poverty and Human Development Initiative states that 8 Indian states have more poor than 26 poorest African nations combined which totals to more than 410 million poor in the poorest African countries. According to a new UN Millennium Development Goals Report, as many as 320 million people in India and China are expected to come out of extreme poverty in the next four years, while India's poverty rate is projected to drop to 22% in 2015. The report also indicates that in Southern Asia, however, only India, where the poverty rate is projected to fall from 51% in 1990 to about 22% in 2015, is on track to cut poverty in half by the 2015 target date.

The 2011 Global Hunger Index (GHI) Report ranked India 15th, amongst leading countries with hunger situation. It also places India amongst the three countries where the GHI between 1996 and 2011 went up from 22.9 to 23.7, while 78 out of the 81 developing countries studied, including Pakistan, Nepal, Bangladesh, Vietnam, Kenya, Nigeria, Myanmar, Uganda, Zimbabwe and Malawi, succeeded in improving hunger condition.

MALAYSIA:-

An unacademic survey, however, found that the official poverty line at the time the UNDP figures were published, set at about RM1000, was unrealistically low; a group of factory workers surveyed suggested that to survive, their households would require a monthly income of about RM3000. A 3 room apartment in Malaysia near the town has a rent of between RM1500-RM4000 (according to 2010).

Urban and rural poverty

Although the apparent focus of government policy has been on addressing poverty in rural communities, commentators have argued that due to urbanization — the proportion of Malaysians living in urban areas increasing

from 27% in 1970 to 62% in 2000 — the urban communities have been unfairly neglected.

The official figure for urban poverty is given as 2%; critics have argued that this significantly underestimates urban poverty, as the poverty line is set at RM500 per month for a family of four — a monthly income which has been argued as unrealistically low for a family of four to meet its needs. A survey of Kuala Lumpur has suggested that about a quarter of the population lives in squatter settlements, which commentators like Bakri Musa have argued is a more reasonable estimate of the poverty rate. However, as of December 2007, the squatter settlement has been totally eradicated in the state of Selangor.

Prior to urbanization, urban poverty was largely a problem confined to the non-Malay communities, as they were significantly urbanized at the time of independence. However, as Malay villagers migrated to the cities, the proportion of Malay poor has likewise increased.

CONCLUSION:-

As far as the both report is concern the population bellow in poverty line in India is 37% while in Malaysia the population bellow in poverty line is 3.6% only so the India has to be more concern about poverty, to develop the India.

Current unemployment Situation:-

INDIA

According to Labor Bureau’s Employment and Unemployment Survey (2009-10), the estimated unemployment rate — in the region of 9.4 per cent (barring

the five north-eastern States and the islands of Lakshadweep and Andaman and Nicrobar, where the survey was not done)

It is evident from the survey that the situation has not changed drastically in the two decades of reforms.

Rural areas are home to 72.26 per cent of the country’s 238 million households, and 10.1 % of rural labor force is unemployed, compared with 7.3 % in urban areas.

Rural Employment Pattern (2009-10)Agriculture 57.00%Construction 7.20%Manufacturing 6.70%Community Services 6.30%

The global unemployment rate is around 6% continuously from 2009 to 2011.

In absolute figures the number of under 25s out of work worldwide is estimated to be around 81 million.

The developing world is home to nearly 90% (as of 2010) of the economically active youths, with Asia alone accounting for some 60%.

“The combined sales of world’s top 200MNCs is now greater than that of the combined GDP of all but world’s nine largest national economies. Yet total direct employment generated by these multinationals is a mere 18.8 million -one-hundredth of one percent of the global workforce” — Institute for Policy Studies

“Right now, the problem of unemployment has not fully appeared, but it’s a bomb in a dormant state ” said J. Manohar Rao.

The former British premier Gordon Brown will call on world leaders to address this issue, warning ofa “time bomb” that could damage both the developed world and emerging economies.

MALAYSIA:-

Note: Unemployment rate can be defined by either the national definition, the ILO harmonized definition, or the OECD harmonized definition. The OECD harmonized unemployment rate gives the number of unemployed persons as a percentage of the labor force (the total number of people employed plus unemployed). [OECD Main Economic Indicators, OECD, monthly] As defined by the International Labor Organization, unemployed workers are those who are currently not working but are willing and able to work for pay, currently available to work, and have actively searched for work. Units: Percent of total labor force

Country-specific Note: Source: CEIC/IMF staff/NSO Latest actual data: 2010 Primary domestic currency: Malaysian ringgit Data last updated: 08/2011

Source: International Monetary Fund - 2011 World Economic Outlook

2000 3.002 -12.43 %

2001 3.53 17.59 %

2002 3.475 -1.56 %

2003 3.611 3.91 %

2004 3.544 -1.86 %

2005 3.534 -0.28 %

2006 3.327 -5.86 %

2007 3.2 -3.82 %

2008 3.3 3.12 %

2009 3.6 9.09 %

2010 3.3 -8.33 %

CONCLUSION:-

The unemployment rate in India is 9.4% while in Malaysia it is less then India like 3.4%.So the Indian government must measure towards the unemployment in India.

CRIME:-

MALAYSIA INDIA

Total crimes 1,764,630

Ranked 10th

167,173

Ranked 32nd

Software Piracy rate 69% 59%Prisoners 313,635 39,258Prisoners per capital 29.0 per 100,000 people

Ranked 153rd161.0 per 100,000 Ranked 54th

Unpaid diplomatic parking fines

6.1

Ranked 78th

1.4

Ranked 112nd

INDIA

A report published by the National Crime Records Bureau compared crime rate from 1953 to 2006. The report noted that burglary declined over a period of 53 years by 38% (from 147,379 in 1953 to 91,666 in 2006), whereas murder has increased by 231% (from 9,803 in 1953 to 32,481 in 2006). Kidnapping has increased by 356% (from 5,261 in 1953 to 23,991 in 2006), robbery by 120% (from 8,407 in 1953 to 18,456 in 2006) and riots by 176% (from 20,529 in 1953 to 56,641 in 2006).

In 2006, 51,02,460 cognizable crimes were committed including 18,78,293 Indian Penal Code (IPC) crimes and 32,24,167 Special & Local Laws (SLL) crimes, with an increase of 1.5% over 2005 (50,26,337). IPC crime rate in 2006 was 167.7 compared to 165.3 in 2005 showing an increase of 1.5% in 2006 over 2005.SLL crime rate in 2006 was 287.9 compared to 290.5 in 2005 showing a decline of 0.9% in 2006 over 2005.

Year Total cog. crimes under IPC

Murder Kidnapping

Robbery Burglary Riots

1953 6,01,964 9,802 5,261 8,407 147,379 20,5292006 18,78,293 32,481 23,991 18,456 91,666 56,641% Change in 2006 over 1953

212.0 231.0 356.0 120.0 -38.0 176.0

CRIME IN MALAYSIA:-

Kuala Lumpur (The Star/ANN) - Malaysian youths between the ages of 15 and 25 will be the primary focus of the Malaysian Crime Prevention Foundation due to their involvement in crimes.

Vice-chairman Lee Lam They said the foundation would organize specific activities and programmers for this age group this year.

"The rate of crimes committed by youths has increased over the past two years although the overall crime index in the country has decreased," he said

after launching the "6 in 1" Crime Prevention and Healthy Living Community Service Project at Seri Petaling here.

He said according to police statistics, students' involvement in crimes had increased from 1,409 in 2009 to 1,947 in 2010, causing the crime index involving youths to increase by 38%.

"As for non-students, the crime cases have increased from 2,245 in 2009 to 3,218 in 2010, marking an increase of 43.3%.

"Youths are increasingly involved in violent and property crimes like physical aggression, rape cases, snatch thefts and robberies," he said.

He reminded parents to make time for their children even if they were busy working.

"Children are likely to seek advice from friends who could pose negative peer pressure on them," Lee said.

He also urged local councils to tighten the conditions in issuing licenses to cyber cafes as many students were spending more time playing violent games.

"As a result, (whenever there are differences in opinions) they think there is no room for discussion and resort to bashing up one another," he said.

Lee said the foundation had decided to hold a series of programmes and activities for youths under a campaign called "Youths Unite Against Crime".

The event is scheduled to be launched by Deputy Prime Minister Muhyiddin Yassin at Dewan MITC in Kota Melaka, Malacca on July 23.

DEVELOPMENT:-

INDIA

INFRASTRUCTURE INVESTMENTS REQUIREMENT IN INDIA

India is expected to grow at an average 9 percent per annum in next few years.3 accompanying this growth will be an increase in demand for infrastructure services. Economic and population growth prospects are expected to place additional pressure on existing infrastructure facilities. Therefore, addressing these challenges will be essential Is the infrastructure sector is to continue fostering economic growth rather than Becoming a constraint. In other words, a failure to respond to this demand will cause Bottlenecks to growth and hamper poverty alleviation efforts.

MALAYSIA:-

Malaysia Infrastructure Report Q2 2011 (Business Monitor International)

Malaysia Infrastructure Report Q2 2011 - The Malaysia Department of Statistics showed that Malaysia's construction industry had grown robustly in 2010, propelled by a two-year US$16bn stimulus plan initiated back in March 2009. The construction industry's value for the first nine months of 2010 grew by a real 5.2% year-on-year (y-oy), pushing the nominal industry value to MYR18.2bn (US$5.0mn). As such, we are maintaining our full year real growth forecast of 6.7%, reaching a nominal construction industry value of MYR24.3bn (US$7.5bn) in 2010.

Key developments occurring the past quarter that will affect growth:

- In January 2011, Malaysian Prime Minister Najib Razak asked all of the country's highway concessionaires to freeze, cut or abolish toll rates without compensation. We believe that these moves by the incumbent party to reduce toll road prices highlight the significant political risks associated with Malaysia's toll road sector, while potentially having an adverse affect on the financial health for Malaysian toll road companies.

- In January 2011, a new nuclear company, named the Malaysia Nuclear Power Corporation, was created to advance the planning of the development of an eventual nuclear power plant in the country. An official decision on whether to proceed with the nuclear option is expected in 2013, while current indications point to a nuclear plant possibly being commissioned in the early 2020s.

- As part of the recently announced Economic Transformation Programme, the Malaysian government set out plans to expand the urban railway network in the Klang Valley. The proposed Mass Rapid Transit (MRT) system will span 141km (40kms underground) with three major routes serving a radius of 20km of the Kuala Lumpur city. The MYR36.6bn (US$12bn) project will be financed by the government and a special purpose vehicle (SPV) will be created to raise funds. The MRT project will commence construction in July 2011 and is expected to be completed in six years. In December 2010, Malaysia selected the MMC Gamuda joint venture (JV) as its project development partner for the

MRT project.

Beyond 2010, we remain cautious about the growth potential for Malaysia's construction sector due to the country's poor fiscal position, its exposure to the Chinese economy and the allure of other South East Asian markets. Therefore, we are pencilling in slower construction sector growth over the medium term. The construction sector is expected to average real growth of 5.6% per annum between 2011 and 2012. Looking further ahead, we expect sector growth to slow further, averaging 4.9% per annum between 2013 and 2015, with the nominal industry value expected to hit MYR35.4bn (US$10.9bn) by 2015.

CONCLUSION:-

As we know that the India is a Developing county, so in India the infrastructural development is higher than Malaysia.