selma muhić-dizdarević, roma in ex-yugoslavia1 roma in ex-yugoslavia selma muhić-dizdarević, ma...

Selma Muhić-Dizdarević, Roma inSelma Muhić-Dizdarević, Roma in ex-Yugoslavia ex-Yugoslavia

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Roma in ex-YugoslaviaRoma in ex-Yugoslavia

Selma MuhiSelma Muhić-Dizdarevićć-Dizdarević, MA, MA

Faculty of Humanities, Charles UniversityFaculty of Humanities, Charles University

[email protected]@fhs.cuni.cz


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About ex-YugoslaviaAbout ex-Yugoslavia


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Former Yugoslavia, 1981 censusFormer Yugoslavia, 1981 census

SerbsSerbs 36.3% 36.3%

CroatsCroats 19.7% 19.7%

BosniaksBosniaks 8.9% 8.9%

(Muslims)(Muslims)

SloveniansSlovenians 7.8% 7.8%

AlbaniansAlbanians 7.7% 7.7%

MacedoniansMacedonians 6.0% 6.0%

MontenegrinsMontenegrins 2.6% 2.6%

HungariansHungarians 1.9% 1.9%

YugoslavsYugoslavs 5.4% 5.4%

RomaRoma 0.7% 0.7%

Turks 0.5%Turks 0.5%

Slovaks 0.4%Slovaks 0.4%

Bulgarians 0.2%Bulgarians 0.2%

RomaniansRomanians 0.2% 0.2%

ItaliansItalians 0.1% 0.1%

Others 1.7%Others 1.7%


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Ethnic majority map in former YUEthnic majority map in former YU


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Josip Broz TitoJosip Broz Tito


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The national questionThe national question

Name: Socialist Federative Republic of Yugoslavia, one Name: Socialist Federative Republic of Yugoslavia, one party, one leader – many nationsparty, one leader – many nations

Nations and nationalities, nations – constitutive; Nations and nationalities, nations – constitutive; nationalities – high standard of minority rights, provided nationalities – high standard of minority rights, provided they were able of self-organizingthey were able of self-organizing

After the World War II, rapid development, industrial After the World War II, rapid development, industrial revolution, workers self-managementrevolution, workers self-management

Freedom to travel (used by many, a lot of guestworkers Freedom to travel (used by many, a lot of guestworkers in Austria, Germany, etc. including Roma)in Austria, Germany, etc. including Roma)

Tito`s economic policy: get loans from the capitalists, Tito`s economic policy: get loans from the capitalists, keep the distance towards them, but also towards other keep the distance towards them, but also towards other socialist country (Tito – the bloody hound)socialist country (Tito – the bloody hound)


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The national questionThe national question

Semi-Confederative Political Structure Provisions for “Equitable Regional Representation” Complex procedures for negotiation and consensus

formation Explicit recognition of all interests, including ethnicity (as long as they were not antisocialist) Death of Tito—May 4, 1980 Rising Regional Inequalities SANU Memorandum—1986


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Roma in SloveniaRoma in Slovenia

6.500 – 10.000 of Roma in Slovenia6.500 – 10.000 of Roma in Slovenia Indigenous Roma, settled, mostly on social aidIndigenous Roma, settled, mostly on social aid Roma who moved from other republics of the former Roma who moved from other republics of the former

SFRJ are in a legal limbo, like Slovak Roma in the CRSFRJ are in a legal limbo, like Slovak Roma in the CR Romany children generally receive separate educationRomany children generally receive separate education Indigenous Roma do have political local representatives, Indigenous Roma do have political local representatives,

non-indigenous remain excluded (deficiencies in basic non-indigenous remain excluded (deficiencies in basic services, such as water supply and waste removal, are services, such as water supply and waste removal, are compounded by low education and high unemployment) compounded by low education and high unemployment)

Possible lack of willingness to cooperate on Romani Possible lack of willingness to cooperate on Romani side, tooside, too


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Roma in CroatiaRoma in Croatia

9463 according to the 2001 census 0.21%: 9463 according to the 2001 census 0.21%: problems with the name (Cigani) and lack of problems with the name (Cigani) and lack of willingness to admit their nationality, Council of willingness to admit their nationality, Council of Europe estimates 30 – 40 000 Roma in Croatia. Europe estimates 30 – 40 000 Roma in Croatia. Approximately half of them in northwestern part Approximately half of them in northwestern part and the capital Zagreb.and the capital Zagreb.

Ministry for Family, Defenders of the Country Ministry for Family, Defenders of the Country and Intergenerational Solidarityand Intergenerational Solidarity adopted in adopted in January 2005 an Action Plan for Roma inclusion January 2005 an Action Plan for Roma inclusion until 2015. until 2015.


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Roma in CroatiaRoma in Croatia

Language was excuse not to give citizenship to Croatian RomaLanguage was excuse not to give citizenship to Croatian Roma, , therefore they cannot work legally, have health insurance or receive therefore they cannot work legally, have health insurance or receive social benefits.social benefits.

Political representatives in the Parliament - one, who also Political representatives in the Parliament - one, who also represents literally: Austrian, Bulgarian, German, Polish, Romanian, represents literally: Austrian, Bulgarian, German, Polish, Romanian, Russian, Turkish, Ukrainian, Jewish … national minorities. Russian, Turkish, Ukrainian, Jewish … national minorities.

Croatian Ministry of Education was taken to national court for Croatian Ministry of Education was taken to national court for segregating Roma children – result, court decided that quality of the segregating Roma children – result, court decided that quality of the education is the education is the same, but that separation into different classes is same, but that separation into different classes is rightful because of the language issue (children even ate separately rightful because of the language issue (children even ate separately during breaks).during breaks).


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Roma in Bosnia and HerzegovinaRoma in Bosnia and Herzegovina

8864 according to 1991 census, before the war, which is 8864 according to 1991 census, before the war, which is 0.2%.0.2%.

In BiH there are constitutive and non-constitutive In BiH there are constitutive and non-constitutive nations, the latter cannot engage in political life equally nations, the latter cannot engage in political life equally and Roma are among those. Some Rome cannot vote, and Roma are among those. Some Rome cannot vote, because they have no documents or are stateless.because they have no documents or are stateless.

According to ERRC report, 30.000 of Roma were According to ERRC report, 30.000 of Roma were subjects of ethnic cleansing, by all three sides, 70 of subjects of ethnic cleansing, by all three sides, 70 of them were among 8.000 massacred in Srebrenica. Most them were among 8.000 massacred in Srebrenica. Most of them ended up in Serb-run concentration camps.of them ended up in Serb-run concentration camps.


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Roma in Bosnia and HerzegovinaRoma in Bosnia and Herzegovina

Romani men were also forcibly conscripted and made to perform Romani men were also forcibly conscripted and made to perform slave labour in the armies of all sides to the conflict. Many Romani slave labour in the armies of all sides to the conflict. Many Romani women were raped and/or forced to perform sex labour. The 1992-women were raped and/or forced to perform sex labour. The 1992-1995 war saw the wholesale destruction of a number of Romani 1995 war saw the wholesale destruction of a number of Romani

communitiescommunities Most of them are internally displaced persons, unable to claim their Most of them are internally displaced persons, unable to claim their

pre-war property.pre-war property. Roma living in informal settlements or who lived in social housing Roma living in informal settlements or who lived in social housing

before the war are frequently excluded from the benefits of new before the war are frequently excluded from the benefits of new property laws and are in many cases ineligible for the aid money property laws and are in many cases ineligible for the aid money that has poured into the country under reconstruction schemes.that has poured into the country under reconstruction schemes.


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Roma in Serbia and MontenegroRoma in Serbia and Montenegro

143.000, 1.44% in SCG, according to census, informally 450.000, 143.000, 1.44% in SCG, according to census, informally 450.000, which makes them the biggest national minority, after NATO which makes them the biggest national minority, after NATO established protectorate in Kosovo. Dispersed all over SCGestablished protectorate in Kosovo. Dispersed all over SCG

Discriminated in education (again special schools), housing, Discriminated in education (again special schools), housing, employment, in access to social welfare benefits, in public spaces, employment, in access to social welfare benefits, in public spaces, by landlords, including violent attacks, mostly performed by the local by landlords, including violent attacks, mostly performed by the local bullies – insufficient or no protection by the state authorities. bullies – insufficient or no protection by the state authorities.

Roma are denied access to many private night clubs, sports Roma are denied access to many private night clubs, sports centres, and discotheques on the excuse that the premises are centres, and discotheques on the excuse that the premises are currently hired for a private party or that the Roma visitors are not currently hired for a private party or that the Roma visitors are not

properly dressedproperly dressed..


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Roma in Serbia and MontenegroRoma in Serbia and Montenegro

Residents of Roma settlements are frequently forcibly Residents of Roma settlements are frequently forcibly evicted and forced to live in temporary shelters.evicted and forced to live in temporary shelters.

In Kosovo: before NATO intervention, in a better position In Kosovo: before NATO intervention, in a better position than Albanians, after intervention forcibly resettled and than Albanians, after intervention forcibly resettled and labelled collaborators (with Serbs), as refugees in labelled collaborators (with Serbs), as refugees in Serbia, they received a very poor treatment.Serbia, they received a very poor treatment.

Political presentation: none on federal or any of the Political presentation: none on federal or any of the

republic levels, some on local levelrepublic levels, some on local level


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Roma in MacedoniaRoma in Macedonia 55.575, according to 1991 census, which 2.73% of 55.575, according to 1991 census, which 2.73% of

population, real estimates are 200.000population, real estimates are 200.000 The majority of researchers and/or institutions focusing The majority of researchers and/or institutions focusing

on the Macedonian Roma have come to the conclusion on the Macedonian Roma have come to the conclusion that comparatively speaking, Macedonian Roma are that comparatively speaking, Macedonian Roma are much better off than the Roma in any other country of much better off than the Roma in any other country of the region. After 1991, President Kiro Gligorov has the region. After 1991, President Kiro Gligorov has shown his sympathy towards the Roma on many shown his sympathy towards the Roma on many occasions He and other leading politicians identified occasions He and other leading politicians identified Roma as one of Macedonia’s major nationalities. Roma as one of Macedonia’s major nationalities.

The post-1991 authorities granted the Roma with a legal The post-1991 authorities granted the Roma with a legal status that they have never enjoyed before -- they status that they have never enjoyed before -- they became constitutionally equal to the Albanians and the became constitutionally equal to the Albanians and the Turks in Macedonia.Turks in Macedonia.


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Roma in MacedoniaRoma in Macedonia

There are Roma police officers and representatives from There are Roma police officers and representatives from Roma parties in the parliament In the previous Roma parties in the parliament In the previous parliament, Roma had two deputies. Now there is only parliament, Roma had two deputies. Now there is only one deputy in the present parliament. one deputy in the present parliament.

In the Shuto Orizari district, Roma enjoy self-government In the Shuto Orizari district, Roma enjoy self-government and are represented by their first Roma mayor, Nezhdet and are represented by their first Roma mayor, Nezhdet Mustafa, and there is a Town Council dominated by Mustafa, and there is a Town Council dominated by Roma. Roma.

The materials published during the 1994 census had The materials published during the 1994 census had translation in Romani, along with Macedonian and the translation in Romani, along with Macedonian and the language of the constitutionally mentioned minorities.language of the constitutionally mentioned minorities.


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Common features in all countriesCommon features in all countries

National or ethnic minorityNational or ethnic minority Poverty, discrimination in legal matters, Poverty, discrimination in legal matters,

segregation in education, unemploymentsegregation in education, unemployment Roma tend to accept religion of a Roma tend to accept religion of a

community they happen to live incommunity they happen to live in Adored as gods of music, abused in Adored as gods of music, abused in

folklore presentationsfolklore presentations


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Romani NGOs in the selected Romani NGOs in the selected countriescountries

Slovenia: 8Slovenia: 8 Croatia: 25 URL Croatia: 25 URL www.umrh.hrwww.umrh.hr Bosnia: 9 Bosnia: 9 SCG: 115, SCG: 115, www.durn.org.yuwww.durn.org.yu, ,

www.rrominterpress.org.yuwww.rrominterpress.org.yu, , www.ric.org.yuwww.ric.org.yu, ,

www.lprs.org.yuwww.lprs.org.yu, , www.hur.org.yu, www.hur.org.yu,

www.bahtalodrom.org.yuwww.bahtalodrom.org.yu, , http://ico.co.yu, http://ico.co.yu, http://ius.org.yuhttp://ius.org.yu, , www.medijaklub.cg.yuwww.medijaklub.cg.yu

Macedonia: 101 Macedonia: 101

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