self-published manuscript: the story of the nationhood school

8/3/2019 Self-Published Manuscript: The Story of the Nationhood School

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nd 4 jb ;5


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Qgnd 2


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nd > jb ;5


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rgcgo{ fj{s-/ [ed gt{ejys cjocftkdk {eg{ FTFTs gok [JGKs qyjktcdk fgokscgqds ~m{e g

nydg{dy qyjqdosm{} bjy rmjfdocd gok sdfbkds{ytc{mjo/

^gffgcd gok ^gffgcd %7==>- bjtok {ed ~m{ekyg~gf jb bmyd gok qjfmcd sdyrmcds mo

Od~ ]jyl Cm{}s Sjt{e Iyjou gydg ydstf{dk mo qjqtfg{mjo jt{bfj~s& fjss jb ejtsmon gok

sdymjts qtifmc edgf{e qyjifd`s/ Gs {ed qjqtfg{mjo jb {ed Sjt{e Iyjou kdcydgsdk byj`

;=1&111 {j 93>&111 ktymon 7=>17=54& {ed ot`idy jb ~dfbgyd ydsmkdo{s mocydgsdk byj`

>=&111 {j =3&111/ [ed Sjt{e Iyjou sdyrdk gs g oj{jymjts dug`qfd jb

e}qdyned{{jmxg{mjo %^gcwtgo{ " ^mfsjo& 7==3- mo ~emce jof} {ed qjjyds{ gok `js{

kds{m{t{d ~dyd fdb{ moegim{mon {ed odmneijyejjk mo kdcfmod/ Mo {edsd cj``tom{mds

ydsdgycedys egk sej~o g kmsqyjqjy{mjog{d duqjstyd {j dormyjo`do{gf ymsls/ @go} jb

{edsd cj``tom{mds egk iddo s}s{d`g{mcgff} sdfdc{dk bjy {ed fjcg{mjo jb ojumjts bgcmfm{mds

%Iytffd gok Qdffj~& 9112-/ Mo sqm{d jb {ed dcjoj`mc ijj` mo {ed fg{d =1s& `go} jb {edsd

cj``tom{mds egk iddo fdb{ jt{ yd`gmomon m`qjrdymsedk gok qjfm{mcgff} qj~dyfdss %S{g{d

jb Cm{mds 7===& 3yk Gootgf Ydqjy{& e{{q8**~~~/etktsdy/jyn*Qtifmcg{mjos*qkb*sjc==/qkb-/

Gbymcgo G`dymcgo cj``tom{mds egk fjon iddo sdnydng{dk ~m{emo `d{yjqjfm{go

ydnmjos& it{ {ed qedoj`dojo jb e}qdyned{{jmxg{mjo cjo{motdk togig{dk smocd {ed 7=>1s/

Gb{dy ^jyfk ^gy M gok {ed qyjsqdym{} {eg{ bjffj~dk& Gbymcgo G`dymcgo cj``tom{mds

bfj~dydk/ ^emfd {ed Egyfd` Ydogmssgocd ~gs {ed ids{loj~o dug`qfd& g sm`mfgy lmok jb

sjcmgf gok ctf{tygf g~gldomon egqqdodk mo j{edy cm{mds gs ~dff/ Mo gkkm{mjo {j {ed

jt{qjtymon jb gy{ms{mc duqydssmjo& {edyd ~gs g nyj~{e mo itsmodss gok duqgosmjo mo

jyngomxg{mjos gok gssjcmg{mjos jb gff lmoks& gok kdrdfjq`do{ jb go tyigo rmffgnd d{ejs

Qgnd 5


Tyigo Dktcg{mjo
http://www.huduser.org/Publications/pdf/soc99.pdfhttp://www.huduser.org/Publications/pdf/soc99.pdfhttp://www.huduser.org/Publications/pdf/soc99.pdf


10/49

BjyQ

ddyY

drmd~

=

{eg{ qyjrmkdk cgyd bjy {ed oddk}& sjcmgfmxdk cemfkydo gok {ygos`m{{dk segydk rgftds

%Btffmfjrd& 9117-/

^mfsjo %7==2- duqfgmodk ej~ {ed ned{{jds jb {jkg} ~dyd `tce ~jysd jbb {ego {ed

ned{{jds jb g ndodyg{mjo gnj idcgtsd jb hjifdssodss/ Hjifdssodss gok qdy godo{

tod`qfj}`do{ egk qyjktcdk idegrmjys ydbfdc{mon kdsqgmy& bt{mfm{} gok kdsqjokdoc}& stce

gs qdyqd{tg{mon yjiidy} jy `do oj{ `gyy}mon {ed `j{edys jb {edmy cemfkydo/ Ejfxdy %911>-

itmfkmon jo @j}omegos {edsms bjtok {eg{ {ed mocydgsd mo smonfd qgydo{ bd`gfd edgkdk

ejtsdejfk ~gs qjsm{mrdf} ydfg{dk {j {ed mocydgsd mo Ifgcl gfd tod`qfj}`do{/ Stffmrgo

%7=5=- cj`qgydk Gbymcgo G`dymcgo& Emsqgomc gok ^em{d bg{edys ydsqjosd {j `gyy}mon

{ed `j{edys jb {edmy bmys{ cemfk/ Ed bjtok ctyydo{ d`qfj}`do{ s{g{ts gok qdycdq{mjo jb

ngmobtf bt{tyd d`qfj}`do{ mobftdocdk bg{edys kdcmsmjo {j `gyy} {edsd ~j`do/ [ed

qyjfmbdyg{mjo jb smonfd qgydo{ ejtsdejfks egs fdk {j g iydgl kj~o mo sjcmgf cgqm{gf

od{~jyls gok {ed fjss jb ngmobtff} d`qfj}dk yjfd `jkdfs %^gcwtgo{ " ^mfsjo& 7==3-/

M`qjrdymsedk ejtsdejfks d`idkkdk mo g cj``dycmgff} gigokjodk fjcgfm{} ~g{cedk

qm`qs& kytn qtsedys& tod`qfj}dk s{ydd{ qdjqfd gok dujbbdokdys ydqfgcd ~jylmon bg{edys

gs qydkj`mogo{ sjcmgfmxmon gndo{s/ [ems fjss jb bg{edys mo {ed ejtsdejfk gok ~jylmon`do

mo {ed cj``tom{} egs egk gkrdysd dbbdc{s bjy {ed dktcg{mjogf gcemdrd`do{ jb Gbymcgo

G`dymcgos %^ds{dyo " ^mfkd`go& 911=-/

@gycts Ngyrd} ~gs gedgk jb ems {m`d ~edo ed qydkmc{dk8

M{ ms jof} g wtds{mjo jb {m`d ~edo {ed Odnyj& dcjoj`mcgff} kdqdokdo{ gsed ms jo {ed ~em{d `go& ~jtfk id bjycdk {j {ed ~gff& gok {eg{ {ed sjft{mjojb {ed qyjifd` mo {ed bt{tyd ~jtfk oj{ id sj `tce i} ~ejfdsgfd lmffmon jy~mqmon jt{ Odnyj qjqtfg{mjos i} bmyd jy bjycd jb gy`s& it{ g ~dffjyngomxdk qfgo jb dcjoj`mc s{gyrg{mjo %Ngyrd}& 7=2=-/

nd = jb ;5


Tyigo Dktcg{mjo


11/49

BjyQ

ddyY

drmd~

71

[ed dcjoj`mc s{gyrg{mjo {eg{ Ngyrd} {gfldk gijt{ ~gs {ed hjifdssodss gok qdy`godo{

tod`qfj}`do{ cydg{mon e}qdyned{{jmxg{mjo/ @gy{mo %7=>5& gs ydbdydocdk mo ^mffedf`&

7=52& q/9;2- kdscymidk jod jb {ed cjosdwtdocds jb e}qdyned{{jmxg{mjo& s{g{mon& Jty qjjy

ifgcls tod`qfj}dk gok }jton gyd gfydgk} bmffmon jty hgmfs/ Kdmokts{ymgfmxg{mjo gok {ed

tyigo ydod~gf mo {ed 41s& 21s gok >1s egk fdk {j {ed iydglkj~o jb {ed Ifgcl cj``tom{}

~emce qgrdk {ed ~g} bjy g od~ {dceojfjn} {j duqfjkd m{s kds{ytc{mrdodss mo {ed 51s& cygcl

cjcgmod/

Cygcl Cjcgmod gok M{s Jbbsqymon8 Nto Rmjfdocd gok Mocgycdyg{mjo

Cygcl cjcgmod tsd gok kms{ymit{mjo idcg`d qjqtfgy mo cm{mds {eg{ ~dyd mo sjcmgf

gok dcjoj`mc cegjs/ Gkfdy %7==4- sej~dk ej~ {ed Ceg`idys iyj{edys mo Kd{yjm{

ds{gifmsedk g ftcyg{mrd cygcl itsmodss gs g yg{mjogf dcjoj`mc cejmcd/ @tyqe}& ^gfkjyb "

Ydmogy`go %7==1- gssdy{dk {eg{ {ed cygcl mokts{y} egk iddo mords{mon mo moody cm{}

odmneijyejjks qydcmsdf} ~edo fdnm{m`g{d mokts{ymds egk iddo `jrmon jt{ gok {glmon hjis

~m{e {ed`/ Tofmld `js{ fdngf mokts{ymds& {ed mffmcm{ kytn itsmodss ~gs go dwtgf

jqqjy{tom{} d`qfj}dy jbbdymon njjk qg} {j {ed toslmffdk/ Cygcl kms{ymit{mjo g{ {ed s{ydd{

fdrdf ~gs go dwtgf jqqjy{tom{} d`qfj}dy gffj~mon }jt{e {j id qym`gy} do{ydqydodtys

yg{edy {ego stqqjy{dys jb gktf{ kms{ymit{jys %Rmffg`}& 7==;& q/ 49-/ [ed {dceojfjnmcgf

gkrgocd {eg{ gffj~dk cygcl {j id cjjldk byj` qj~kdy cjcgmod `gkd m{ qjssmifd bjy

gf`js{ go}jod {j nd{ morjfrdk/ Sm`jo gok Ityos %7==>- cydkm{dk cygcl cjcgmod ~m{e&

cydg{mon g byddfgocd `gyld{ ~m{e {~do{}}dgyjfk ~ejfdsgfdys stqqf}mon sdrdo{ddo

}dgyjfk kdgfdys/ Go}jod cjtfk ymkd {ed G`{ygl jy {ed Nyd}ejtok {j Od~ ]jyl gok

cj`d igcl ~m{e g qgclgnd %q/23-/ Ej~drdy& {ed s{jy} jb cygcl du{dokdk ~g} id}jok

Qgnd 71


Tyigo Dktcg{mjo


12/49

BjyQ

ddyY

drmd~

77

s{ydd{ fdrdf kms{ymit{mjo gok cjost`q{mjo/

Gngy %9113- {ygcdk {ed kdrdfjq`do{ jb {ed cjcgmod itsmodss jt{ jb Omujos ^gy

jo Kytns qjfmc} mo {ed dgyf} >1s {eg{ morjfrdk kds{yj}mon @dumcgo `gymhtgog nyj~mon

gydgs ~m{e qgygwtg{/ Cjftìmg {jjl jrdy {ed `gymhtgog itsmodss gok {ed od{~jyl {eg{

~gs ds{gifmsedk bjy `gymhtgog ~gs fg{dy tsdk {j semq cjcgmod byj` Cjftìmg {j {ed TS/

[ed Cjftìmgo cjcgmod kms{ymit{jys tsdk bdgy gok rmjfdocd {j ngmo cjo{yjf jb {ed

njrdyo`do{ %Iyjjld& Gtnts{ 9>& 7=5=-/ Drgos %@g} 3& 9119- kd{gmfdk cjffgijyg{mjo

id{~ddo Cjfjìmgs `mfm{gy}& ~emce ~gs fgyndf} btokdk i} {ed Tom{dk S{g{ds& gok `ghjy

kytn {ygbbmcldys/ Ijtne{ {j Fmne{ %Dcfmqsd Cj`mcs& 7=55- kdscymidk {ed TS sdcyd{ ~gy mo

~emce {ed Cdo{ygf Mo{dffmndocd Gndoc} %CMG- {ygosqjy{dk cjcgmod {j {ed TS mo jykdy {j

it} ntos bjy {ed go{mcj``toms{s %md/ Cjo{ygs-/ ^dii %7==5- bty{edy mokmc{dk {ed CMG

bjy sd{{mon tq {ed cygcl {ygkd mo Fjs Gondfds/ Sfjgo& g bjy`dy ngon `dìdy& cjobmy`dk

^diis mokmc{`do{ jb {ed CMG mo {ed EIJ kjct`do{gy}&Igs{gyks jb {ed Qgy{} %Bgwtg&

9112-& i} duqfgmomon {ed kmydc{ cjoodc{mjo id{~ddo {ed Cjo{ygs gok kytn ngon

kms{ymit{jys mo Fjs Gondfds/ êmfd {ed od{~jyl bjy m`qjy{mon qj~kdy cjcgmod {j {ed TS

cgo{ id fm`m{dk {j jod qgy{mctfgy sjtycd& ~eg{ egk iddo `gkd drmkdo{ ms {eg{ {ed `gssmrd

mocydgsd jb cjcgmod {j {ed TS {eg{ ngrd ymsd {j {ed cygcl dqmkd`mc kmko{ cj`d byj` moody

cm{} igcl}gyks/

Rmffg`} %7==;- kmsctssdk g styrd} i} {ed T/S/ Kdqgy{`do{ jb Dktcg{mjo& ~emce

bjtok {eg{ kdgfdys gqqyjgcedk jod jt{ jb sdrdo scejjf cemfkydo byj` moody cm{}

cj``tom{mds {j sdff cygcl/ [ed nyj~{e jb {ed cygcl mokts{y} egk iddo cjyydfg{dk ~m{e {ed

nyj~{e mo {ed ej`mcmkd yg{d jb Ifgcl `do {eg{ gccjykmon {j gy{mcfd& Bmne{ Ntos Oj{

Kytns %7==1- ydgcedk fdrdfs mo sj`d gydgs {eg{ oj~ ducddk {ed kdg{e yg{d jb G`dymcgo

nd 77 jb ;5


Tyigo Dktcg{mjo


13/49

BjyQ

ddyY

drmd~

79

sjfkmdys mo Rmd{og` %q/9;-/ I} {ed `mk =1s cygcl sdd`dk {j id njmon jt{ jb s{}fd gok

cygcl{glmon jo {ed kdcfmod it{ {ed ntos {eg{ cygcl ijtne{ mo{j {ed tokdy~jyfk gyd s{mff

{edyd %q/ 49-/ [edsd ntos ~dyd oj fjondy sjfdf} g bdg{tyd jb {ed tokdy~jyfk/

Mo tyigo qtifmc scejjfs ntos idcg`d g ym{d jb qgssgnd bjy }jt{e sddlmon {j ngmo

ydsqdc{/ Kjogfksjo %7==3- ydqjy{dk {eg{ >4 s{tkdo{s kmdk byj` nto rmjfdocd jrdy g bjty

}dgy qdymjk %7=5>7==7- mo go tyigo emne scejjf mo Dgs{ Od~ ]jyl& Iyjjlf}o/ Bmdfk

~jyldys& 71 }dgys fg{dy& {gfldk ~m{e qdjqfd jo {ed s{ydd{ odgy {ems scejjf/ Sj`d

rjfto{gymf} fmb{dk {edmy semy{s {j sej~ {ed `gyls jb rmjfdocd byj` {ed dgyf} =1s %Btffmfjrd&

9113-/ Dgs{ Od~ ]jyl& Iyjjlf}o& egk stbbdydk byj` kdmokts{ymgfmxg{mjo& cjo{gnmjts

ejtsmon kdcg}& gok e}qdyned{{jmxg{mjo/ Ejtsmon qyjhdc{s sdqgyg{dk i} ityo{jt{

itmfkmons gok rgcgo{ fj{s ~dyd {ed `gyldys jb g cj``tom{} bygc{tydk i} ydkfmomon gok

kmsmords{`do{ byj` qtifmc gok qymrg{d jyngomxg{mjos/ Cj`qjtokmon {ed msstds jb sqg{mgf

kmsfjcg{mjo gok kmsmords{`do{ ~gs {ed qyjfmbdyg{mjo jb {ed cygcl mokts{y} gok m{s jbbsqymon&

ntos/ Mo {ed dgyf} =1s ej`mcmkd ~gs {ed fdgkmon cgtsd jb kdg{e bjy Od~ ]jyl Cm{} }jt{e

gndk 747=/ I} 7==3 Dgs{ Od~ ]jyl egk fdk Od~ ]jyl Cm{} mo {ed ot`idy jb

ej`mcmkds/

[do }dgys fg{dy {ed nto rmjfdocd mo Dgs{ Od~ ]jyl egk iddo kygs{mcgff} ydktcdk

%Iymcl& 9113-/ J{edy `gynmogfmxdk cj``tom{mds egk stbbdydk {ed ygrgnds jb {ed cygcl

dqmkd`mc gok nto rmjfdocd }dgys fg{dy {ego Dgs{ Od~ ]jyl/ ^emfd {ed nto rmjfdocd ~gs

oj{ gs sdrdyd gs m{ ~gs 71 }dgys gnj mo Dgs{ Od~ ]jyl& {ed cygcl dqmkd`mc gok nto

rmjfdocd egk cjo{motdk togig{dk mo j{edy `gynmogfmxdk cj``tom{mds {eyjtnejt{ {ed

cjto{y}/ Bd~ scejjfs gkkydssdk {ed ydgfm{} jb cygcl gok ntos {eg{ ~dyd g `ghjy qgy{ jb

}jt{e ctf{tyd gok gyd {ets gqgy{ jb scejjfs/ [ed nto rmjfdocd ~m{emo {ed Ifgcl

Qgnd 79


Tyigo Dktcg{mjo


14/49

BjyQ

ddyY

drmd~

73

cj``tom{} `gkd m{ go jrdy~edf`mon cegffdond {j dktcg{d }jton qdjqfd ~edo {edmy qddys

gok bg`mf} `dìdys gyd k}mon gok jy idmon mocgycdyg{dk do `gssd %^dffs^mfijyo&

7==;-/

Dbbdc{s jb Nto Rmjfdocd gok Mocgycdyg{mjo jo ]jt{es

Duqdymdocmon rmjfdocd mo {ed cj``tom{} gbbdc{dk }jton qdjqfds duqdymdocd g{

scejjf/ Cj``tom{} rmjfdocd {eydg{dodk s{tkdo{s sdosd jb sgbd{} gok ~dffidmon mo

scejjf& ~emce mo {tyo fdk {j tokdy`momon {edmy gimfm{} {j qdybjy` ~dff gcgkd`mcgff}/ Mo

sj`d cj``tom{mds {ed dbbdc{s jb rmjfdocd ~dyd sj jrdy~edf`mon {eg{ {ed s{g{dk njgfs jb

go dktcg{mjogf qyjnyg` cjtfk oj{ id ydgfmxdk %Qdoo[j~os& 7==2-/

Cjrmc{m`mxg{mjo ~gs kdscymidk gs {ed duqdymdocd jb ~m{odssmon rmjfdo{ gssgtf{ jo

goj{edy qdysjo %Segljjy gok Cegf`dys& 7==7-/ Gbymcgo G`dymcgos gkjfdscdo{s ~ej

stbbdydk byj` cjrmc{m mxg{mjo kmsqfg}dk s}`q{j`s jb qjs{{ygt`g{mc s{ydss kmsjykdy/ Mo

gkkm{mjo nymdb& ydstf{mon byj` {ed kdg{e jb g bg`mf} `dìdy jy g cfjsd bymdok& kms{ygc{dk

gkjfdscdo{s byj` gcemdrmon gcgkd`mcgff}/ Btffmfjrd %9113- oj{dk {ed dbbdc{s jb rmjfdocd

jo {ed Hdbbdysjo Emne Scejjf s{tkdo{s mo edy s{tk} gs& Otìmon& e}qdysdosm{mrm{} {j

sjtok& gok /`do{gf s{g{ds }jton qdjqfd kdscymidk {eg{ gqqdgy {j egrd ydstf{dk byj`

{edmy duqjstyd {j rmjfdocd %q/ ;5-/

Jod jb {ed `ghjy cjosdwtdocds jb sddmon rmjfdocd ~gs {eg{ m{ cjtfk fdgk }jton

qdjqfd {j kjmon rmjfdocd gngmos{ j{edys jy {ed`sdfrds& gs drmkdocdk i} stmcmkd& tsd jb

gfcjejf gok ogycj{mcs& d{c/ %Ngyyd{{& 7==>-/ ^m{ejt{ {ed qyjqdy sjcmgf `dcegoms` {j yd

kmydc{ jy `dkmg{d {ed rmjfdocd& g c}cfd jb `jyd rmjfdocd `g} id cydg{dk/ Gs {ed otìdy

jb s{ydssjys mocydgsdk ktymon gkjfdscdocd& gkjfdscdo{ btoc{mjomon kd{dymjyg{dk/ [ed

nd 73 jb ;5


Tyigo Dktcg{mjo


15/49

BjyQ

ddyY

drmd~

7;

ojy`gf kdrdfjq`do{gf s{ydss ktymon gkjfdscdocd ~gs dugcdyig{dk i} {ed mocydgsmon yg{d

jb kmrjycd gok smonfdqgydo{ bg`mfmds& nyj~mon yg{ds jb qjrdy{}& ej`dfdssodss& kytn

gitsd& mo{ygbg`mf} rmjfdocd& cemfk gitsd gok duqjstyd {j rmjfdo{ cym`d %Idy{jo gok

S{gii& 7==2-/ Mo gkkm{mjo {j gkkydssmon {ed s{ydss jb rmjfdocd& s{tkdo{s egk iddo bgcmon

rmjfdocds bfmq smkd mocgycdyg{mjo/

^gcwtgo{ %9111- ifg`dk Ydgngos qjfmcmds {eg{ kms`go{fdk {ed sjcmgf ~dfbgyd

s}s{d` mo bgrjy jb {ed mocgycdyg{mjo& {ets fdgkmon {j g bjtybjfk mocydgsd mo {ed smxd jb {ed

qymsjo qjqtfg{mjo byj`7=>4 {j 9111/ @gtdy %7===-& gs ydbdydocdk moM`qgc{s jb

Mocgycdyg{mjo jo {ed Gbymcgo G`dymcgo Bg`mf} %Egyyms gok @mffdy& 9113- kdscymidk {ems

kyg`g{mc mocydgsd mo mocgycdyg{mjo gs {ed Ygcd {j Mocgycdyg{d/ @js{ jb {edsd qymsjodys

cg`d byj` {ed dobjycd`do{ jb kytn fg~s& ~emce byj` 7=51 {j 7=5> ~gs g {~dfrd bjfk

mocydgsd mo qymsjodys sdyrmon {m`d jo kytnydfg{dk cegynds %Et`go Ymne{s ^g{ce& 9111-/

Ijtynjms %9113- bdf{ {eg{ {jkg}s tod`qfj}dk emne scejjf kyjqjt{s gyd `js{ fmldf} {j

s`jld `gymhtgog/ Ed bjtok {eg{ 5>$ jb `gymhtgog gyyds{s mo 7==> ~dyd bjy sm`qfd

qjssdssmjo gok {ems egs cjo{ymit{dk {j {ed drdy mocydgsmon mocgycdyg{mjo yg{d/ Ed

cjocftkdk {eg{ {ed kytn qjfmc} ms {tyomon ydfg{mrdf} egy`fdss ~ddk s`jlmon {ddogndys mo{j

gfmdog{dk& egykdodk cym`mogfs& {ets cjokd`omon {guqg}dys {j cgyy} {ed ~dmne{ bjy g

ndodyg{mjo jb rmjfdo{& gony}& tod`qfj}gifd gktf{s/

Mo {ed ydqjy{ do{m{fdk& [ed Ifgcl Bg`mf} gok @gss Mocgycdyg{mjo& ^ds{dyo gok

^mfkd`go %911=- cjocftkdk {eg{8 qymsjo egs idcj`d g ojy`gf fmbd drdo{ bjy Ifgcl `do

~m{e fj~ dktcg{mjo< qgydo{gf m`qymsjo`do{ egs idcj`d g ojy`gf qgy{ jb {ed sjcmgf

duqdymdocd jb {ed cemfkydo jb {edsd `do< gok `gss mocgycdyg{mjo egs idcj`d sdfb

sts{gmomon/ @tyyg} gok Bgyymon{jo %9114- duqfgmodk {eg{ ydsdgyce egs sej~o {ed dbbdc{s

Qgnd 7;


Tyigo Dktcg{mjo


16/49

BjyQ

ddyY

drmd~

74

jb qgydo{gf mocgycdyg{mjo jo cemfkydos idegrmjy mocftkd8 kdqydssmjo& e}qdygc{mrm{}&

gnnydssmrd idegrmjy& ~m{ekyg~gf& ydnydssmjo& sfddq qyjifd`s& dg{mon qyjifd`s& ytoomon

g~g}& {ytgoc}& qjjy scejjf nygkds gok kdfmowtdoc}/ Mo {edmy duqdym`do{ cj`qgymon

cemfkydo ~ej ~dyd sdqgyg{dk byj` qgydo{s i} kmrjycd gok kdg{e {j cemfkydo jb

mocgycdyg{dk qgydo{s& {ed} bjtok {eg{ cemfkydo jb mocgycdyg{dk qgydo{s ~dyd `jyd fmldf} {j

duemim{ go{msjcmgf idegrmjy gok cym d fg{dy mo fmbd/ @gss mocgycdyg{mjo cydg{dk `jyd `gss

mocgycdyg{mjo idcgtsd {ed yd`jrgf jb qgydo{s byj` {ed ej`d cgtsds g yd`jrgf jb sjcmgf

cjo{yjf ~emce cgo id g `jyd qj~dybtf kd{dyydo{ {j cym`d {ego {ed qjfmcd %Yjidy{s& 911;-/

[ed myjo} jb `gss mocgycdyg{mjo egk iddo {eg{ bg`mfmds gok cemfkydo sejtfk id sddlmon

edfq it{ msjfg{d {ed`sdfrds idcgtsd jb {ed s{mn`g gssjcmg{dk ~m{e mocgycdyg{mjo %@dgyds&

911;-/ @go} cemfkydo ~do{ {eyjtne fmbd mo ~emce rmjfdocd& mocgycdyg{mjo& kytn kdgfmon

gok tod`qfj}`do{ egk idcj`d qgy{ jb {ed drdy}kg} fgokscgqd {eg{ {ed} `ts{ ~gfl

{eyjtne/ [ems qgqdy oj~ {tyodk {j {ed `d{ejkjfjn} gok ydstf{s jb {ems s{tk}& ~emce ~mff

nmrd ts mosmne{ mo{j ej~ {ed Og{mjoejjk Scejjf `dkmg{dk {ed dbbdc{s jb {ed cj``tom{}

cjo{du{ mo ~emce oj cemfk egs iddo fdb{ toscg{edk/

@D[EJKJFJN]

Wtgfm{g{mrd `d{ejkjfjn} ~gs tsdk idcgtsd m{ dogifdk duqfjyg{mjo jb {ed fmrdk

duqdymdocds jb g nyjtq jb qdjqfd byj` {edmy j~o qdysqdc{mrd %Kdoxmo " Fmocjfo& 9119-/

[ed `d{ejk ~gs cdo{dydk jo {ed mkdg {eg{ jykmogy} qdjqfd cgo ndodyg{d loj~fdknd {eg{ ms

gs rgfmk gok rgftgifd gs loj~fdknd ndodyg{dk i} {ed `jyd {ygkm{mjogf ydsdgyce `d{ejks/

[ed s{tk} ~gs cjoktc{dk ktymon {ed 7===9119 scejjf }dgys ~m{e bjffj~ tq

cjordysg{mjos mo {ed 9114 scejjf }dgy/ [ed kdsmno cjosms{dk jb {ed bjffj~mon8 mobjy`gf

nd 74 jb ;5


Tyigo Dktcg{mjo


17/49

BjyQ

ddyY

drmd~

72

cjordysg{mjos ~m{e s{tkdo{s gok s{gbb< qgy{mcmqg{mjo mo ydfg{dk scejjf gc{mrm{mds< omod mo

kdq{e mokmrmktgf mo{dyrmd~s jb {dgcedys& s{tkdo{s gok qgydo{s< bjty bjcts nyjtqs jb

s{tkdo{s& jod bjy {dgcedy& jod bjy qgydo{s< gok smu `jo{es jb qgy{mcmqgo{ jisdyrg{mjo gok

ydrmd~ jb gy{mbgc{s/

Yjfd jb {ed Ydsdgycedy

[ed wtgfm{g{mrd s{yg{dn} jb m``dysmjo g{ {ed Og{mjoejjk scejjf ~jtfk id sm`mfgy

{j idmon morm{dk {j dg{ kmoody g{ go Gbymcgo G`dymcgos ejtsd/ Go morm{dd ~ej ydbtsdk {j

dg{& sm{ kj~o gok idcj`d bg`mfmgy ~jtfk id sddo gs mostf{mon {j {ed ejs{s/ Idmon morm{dk

{j kj ydsdgyce g{ {ed Og{mjoejjk scejjf gok ydbtsmon {j qgy{mcmqg{d mo {ed segymon jb

mobjy`g{mjo gok grjmk bg`mfmgym{} i} idmon g kms{go{ jisdyrdy ~jtfk id sddo gs mostf{mon/

Mo gkkm{mjo& m{ ms m`qjy{go{ {j yd`d`idy {eg{ Gbymcgo Cdo{dydk dktcg{jys egk iddo

stsqmcmjts gijt{ gcgkd`mc ydsdgyce idcgtsd {edyd ms g fjon {ygkm{mjo jb ydsdgyce bjy

cjfjomgf stihtng{mjo& m`qdymgfms` gok ygcms` %J}d~t``m& 9119-/ Bjy dug`qfd&

gcgkd`mg gok scmdocd egk g fjon {ygkm{mjo jb ygcms` mo {y}mon {j hts{mb} Gbymcgo

G`dymcgos tokdygcemdrd`do{ igsdk jo ndod{mcs %Njtfk& 7==2-/ Gs g ydsdgycedy&

stsqmcmjos i} Gbymcgo Cdo{dydk dktcg{jys {j~gyks gcgkd`mcs egk {j id gcloj~fdkndk

%Kgoc}& ^mfity& [gfgsedl& Eijoody " IgyodsIj}k& 911;- i} sej~mon et`mfm{} gok

segymon mo gogf}sms gok cym{mwtd {eg{ gmks mo {ed itmfkmon gok kdrdfjqmon jb {ed scejjf/

Mo g s{tk} gijt{ ~j`do gok fdgkdysemq mo Gbymcg& Ontohmym %911>- gsst`dk {ed

qjsm{mjo jb stqqfmcgo{ fdgyody& mo ~emce sed qt{ gsmkd edy duqdy{ s{gocd {j idcj`d g

et`ifd fdgyody/ [ems qjsm{mjo gffj~dk {ed qdjqfd ~ej ~dyd gqgy{ jb {ed s{tk} {j bddf

cj`bjy{gifd gyjtok edy/ Sed fms{dodk mo{do{f} gok kmk oj{ gsst`d {eg{ edy duqdy{ kdnydd

Qgnd 72


Tyigo Dktcg{mjo


18/49

BjyQ

ddyY

drmd~

7>

s{g{ts `gkd edy go gt{ejym{} gijt{ {ed fmbd jb {ed qdjqfd mo {ed s{tk}/ Stqqfmcgo{ fdgyodys

do{dydk g ctf{tygf scdod gok idcg`d g fdgyody/ Mb ~d gyd oj{ jt{ {j fdgyo byj` {ed qdjqfd

~d gyd s{tk}mon {edo ~e} nj mo{j {ed bmdfk g{ gff:

Kg{g Cjffdc{mjo S{yg{dnmds

[ed ydsdgycedy sjtne{ {j kdrdfjq g ymce gok kd{gmfdk kdscymq{mjo jb [ed

Og{mjoejjk Scejjf i} m``dysmon em`sdfb ~m{e go jqdo `mok mo {ed ctf{tyd {j id s{tkmdk&

g{{d`q{mon {j stsqdok gff qydcjocdmrdk oj{mjos gok htkn`do{s %Yjqdy " Segqmyg& 9111-/

Stce m``dysmjo egs iddo cj``jof} ydbdyydk {j gs d{eojnygqemc ydsdgyce/ Qdjqfd

drdy}~edyd fdgyodk {edmy ctf{tyd i} `glmon mobdydocds& ~emce morjfrds ydgsjomon byj`

drmkdocd/ Gccjykmon {j Sqygkfd} %7=>=-& ctf{tygf mobdydocds ~dyd `gkd igsdk jo {eydd

sjtycds8 g- ~eg{ qdjqfd sg}< i- {ed ~g} qdjqfd gc{< gok c- {ed gy{mbgc{s qdjqfd tsd/ M tsdk

{ed bjffj~mon `d{ejks bjy kg{g cjffdc{mjo8

7/ ^eg{ qdjqfd sg}8 mo{dyrmd~s& bjcts nyjtqs& mobjy`gf cjordysg{mjos:

9/ [ed ~g} qdjqfd gc{8 jisdyrg{mjos< gok

3/ [ed gy{mbgc{s qdjqfd tsd8 jisdyrg{mjos gok ydrmd~ jb gycemrgf kg{g/

Tsmon `tf{mqfd kg{g cjffdc{mjo s{yg{dnmds mo wtgfm{g{mrd ydsdgyce egs iddo ydbdyydk {j gs

{ymgontfg{mjo %Iyg{fmondy& Hm`dodx& Lfmonody& Qtngce&& " Ymcegyksjo& 9114-/ Qydmssfd

gok FdCj`q{d %7==3- `gkd ydbdydocd {j {ed d{eojnygqedy gs g `d{ejkjfjnmcgf

j`omrjyd& %q/939- cjo{motjtsf} d`qfj}mon rgymjts cjffdc{mjo s{yg{dnmds {j m`qyjrd {ed

ydfmgimfm{} jb {ed kg{g/ [ems s{tk} gm`dk bjy stce `tf{mqfd s{yg{dnmds mo go dbbjy{ {j nd{ {ed

ymceds{ kdscymq{mjo jb {ed scejjf/

nd 7> jb ;5


Tyigo Dktcg{mjo


19/49

BjyQ

ddyY

drmd~

75

[ed cjffdc{mjo jb `dgomonbtf kg{g byj` qgy{mcmqgo{s {eyjtne jisdyrg{mjos gok

mo{dyrmd~s `mne{ cjo{ygkmc{ kg{g {eg{ ms qydsdo{dk mo {ed iyjcetyds/ [ed ydrdfg{mjo jb

sdosm{mrd gok cjo{ygkmc{jy} mobjy`g{mjo i} qgy{mcmqgo{s ~gs bgcmfm{g{dk {eyjtne {ed

ydsdgycedys m``dysmjo mo {ed bmdfk %Emysebdfk& 911>-/ Wtgfm{g{mrd s{tkmds {eg{ egk iddo

cjoktc{dk ~m{e `gynmogfmxdk qjqtfg{mjos mo cegj{mc dormyjo`do{gf cjo{du{s qfgcdk

ydsdgycedys mo kmgfdc{mcgf qjsm{mjo mo ~emce {ed} egrd {j cejjsd id{~ddo g rgftd odt{ygf

ydsdgyce s{gocd gok stqqjy{ bjy {ed qgy{mcmqgo{s %Nddfgo& 9113-/

Kg{g Gogf}sms

Kg{g Gogf}sms iyjtne{ jykdy& s{ytc{tyd gok `dgomon {j {ed `gss jb cjffdc{dk kg{g/

[ed njgf jb ~emce ~gs {j kd{dy`mod {ed cg{dnjymds& ydfg{mjosemqs gok gsst`q{mjos {eg{

mobjy` {ed s{gldejfkdys %m/d/& qgydo{s& s{gbb& s{tkdo{s- rmd~s jb {ems scejjf/ Jqdo cjkmon

~emce cjosms{dk jb mkdo{mb}mon {ed`ds gok cjocdq{s mo {ed mo{dyrmd~ gok bmdfk oj{ds kg{g

gffj~dk {ed ydsdgycedy {j nj byj` qmfds jb {ygoscymidk oj{ds {j {ed bmokmons %@gyls&

Ods{dytl& Sd~gosjo& Ngyymsjo " Kgrms& 9114-/ @} jymnmogf ntmkmon {ed`ds ~dyd

btoc{mjogf cj``tom{}& du{dokdk {dgcedy yjfds gok ctf{tygff} ydfdrgo{ qdkgnjn}/ Gs `jyd

mo{dyrmd~s gok bjcts nyjtqs ~dyd cjoktc{dk qgy{mcmqgo{s {gfldk id}jok `} ntmkmon

{ed`ds/ S{tkdo{s kmsctssdk {ed msstd jb rmjfdocd& scejjf sejj{mons& qjfmcd sejj{mons&

odmneijyejjk sejj{mons& sejj{mons jb bg`mf} `d`idys& kytn kdgfmon& mocgycdyg{mjo& emq

ejq gok `do{gf edgf{e msstds/ K}ydnyjr& K}ydnyjr gok @gnod %9111- duqdymdocdk

qgy{mcmqgo{s njmon id}jok {ed ydsdgyce kdsmno ~edo ydsdgycemon qjqtfg{mjos {eg{ egrd

duqdymdocdk {ygt`g/ Smfrdy`go %9111- kmsctssdk {ed kgondys jb tsmon g cjocdq{tgf nymk

{eg{ kmydc{s g{{do{mjo g~g} byj` tocg{dnjymxdk gc{mrm{mds/ [ed cjocdq{tgf nymk ~gs

Qgnd 75


Tyigo Dktcg{mjo


20/49

BjyQ

ddyY

drmd~

7=

dsqdcmgff} qyjifd`g{mc bjy `gynmogfmxdk qjqtfg{mjos ~ej gyd duqdymdocmon {ygt`g/ [edsd

sm{tg{mjos ~dyd cj`qfdu gok kmk oj{ bm{ mo{j odg{f} qydkd{dy`modk cg{dnjymds/ Gs {ed

ydsdgyce ~do{ bty{edy gfjon& {ed ydsdgycedy cg`d {j {ed ydgfmxg{mjo {eg{ bm{{mon {ed ydsdgyce

mo{j `} jymnmogf cg{dnjymds ~jtfk id fmld cejqqmon jbb im{s gok kmscgykmon m`qjy{go{

qmdcds jb mobjy`g{mjo/ Go} dbbjy{ gm`dk g{ sm`qfmb} {ed `tf{mqfd ydgfm{mds jb {ed scejjf

gok {ed cegj{mc dormyjo`do{gf cjo{du{ ~mff fjsd sj`d{emon{ed cegffdond ms {j grjmk

fjsmon {ed rm{gf {emons %Nddfgo& 9113& q/3-/ Nddfgo %9113- kmsctssdk fmbd mo {ed scejjf gs

`gkd tq jb fmrdk s{jymds gok {ed hji jb {ed ogyyg{jy %m/d/ ydsdgycedy- ms {j ~ym{d tq {ejsd

s{jymds/ [ets {ed ~ym{mon tq jb {ed ydsdgyce igsdk jo g qydkd{dy`modk cg{dnjymds ~gs

gigokjodk mo bgrjy jy ~ym{mon g ogyyg{mrd {eg{ g{{d`q{s {j `gld sdosd jt{ jb {ed

cj`qfdum{mds jb {ed Og{mjoejjk scejjf gok {ed cegjs jb {ed dormyjo`do{gf cjo{du{/

Yg{mjogfd bjy {ed Tsd jb Wtgfm{g{mrd Ydsdgyce

Iyjobdoiydoodys dcjfjnmcgf {edjy} %7=5=- emnefmne{dk {ed drdy}kg} cjo{du{ gok

m{s ydfg{mjosemq {j {ed kdrdfjq`do{gf qyjcdss jb cemfkydo/ Cemfkydo& qgy{mctfgyf}

gkjfdscdo{s& nyj~mon tq mo qjjy tyigo gydgs bydwtdo{f} docjto{dydk g ot`idy jb s{ydssjys

{eg{ qfgcd {ed` g{ go mocydgsdk ymsl bjy kdrdfjq`do{gf gok gkhts{`do{ qyjifd`s/ I} {ed

{m`d `go} moody cm{} }jt{e ydgce gkjfdscdo{s& {ed} egrd iddo duqjsdk {j cym`d& rmjfdocd&

kytns& bg`mf} kmsytq{mjo& gitsd gok odnfdc{ %Drgos& 9114-/ [ed dormyjo`do{gf cjo{du{

gbbjykdk `go} tyigo Gbymcgo G`dymcgo }jt{e egs iddo cegygc{dymxdk i} emne cym`d yg{ds&

qjjy ejtsmon s{jcl& cegffdondk scejjfs& fm`m{dk odmneijyejjk ydsjtycds gok bg`mfmds

tokdy dcjoj`mc s{ygmo %Eg~lmos& Fgti& Fgtym{sdo " Cj{edyo& 9111-/ [ed ydsdgyce gok

{ed ydstf{go{ dktcg{mjogf mo{dyrdo{mjos egk oj{ gkkydssdk {edsd msstds %Nmo~ymne{& 911;-/

nd 7= jb ;5


Tyigo Dktcg{mjo


21/49

BjyQ

ddyY

drmd~

91

I} cgq{tymon {ed duqdymdocds jb {ed gc{jys ~m{emo {ed sd{{mon& wtgfm{g{mrd ydsdgyce jbbdydk

{ed jqqjy{tom{} {j duqfjyd {ed cj`qfdum{mds cjocdyomon Gbymcgo G`dymcgo scejjf

gcemdrd`do{ mo go moody cm{}/

Wtgo{m{g{mrd gogf}sms igsdk jo g scejjf }dgys {ds{ scjyds& g{{dokgocd& ot`idy jb

duqtfsmjos& gok ot`idy jb kmscmqfmogy} gc{mjos cjtfk nmrd go gcctyg{d gogf}sms jb s{tkdo{

qdybjy`gocd ydfg{mrd {j s{gokgykmxdk `dgstyds/ Ej~drdy& g `ghjy sejy{cj`mon jb

wtgo{m{g{mrd gogf}sms {eg{ tsdk qyd{ds{ qjs{{ds{ gogf}sms ms {eg{ m{ sgmk oj{emon gijt{ {ed

{dgcedys& qyjnyg`s gok {ed dormyjo`do{gf cjo{du{ {eg{ styyjtokdk {ed scejjf/ [j cgq{tyd

{ed cj`qfdum{} jb dormyjo`do{gf cjo{du{ gok m{s dbbdc{s jo {ed g{{m{tkds& idfmdbs gok

{ejtne{s jb gc{jys ~m{emo {ed scejjf& {ems s{tk} tsdk wtgfm{g{mrd `d{ejks/ [edsd `d{ejks

cjosms{dk jb kd{gmfdk kdscymq{mjos jb scejjf drdo{s gok gc{jys %s{tkdo{s& {dgcedys*s{gbb&

gok qgydo{s-< qgssmrd gok gc{mrd jisdyrg{mjos jb {ed gc{jys ~m{emo {ed scejjf< kmydc{

wtj{g{mjos byj` {ed mo{dyrmd~s gok bjcts nyjtqs< gok kdscymq{mrd ~gfls mo {ed

odmneijyejjk/

Wtgo{m{g{mrd ydsdgyce egs ducftkdk {ed rjmcd jb }jt{e/ @go} jb {ed s{tkmds jb

odmneijyejjk ydsdgyce egk ydfmdk jo njrdyo`do{gf ydqjy{s fmld {ed cdosts {eg{ bjctsdk jo

gktf{s %Scegdbdy@cKgomdf& 911>-/ Odmneijyejjk ydsdgyce {eg{ egs iddo tokdy{gldo {j

tokdys{gok m{s dbbdc{s jo cemfkydo egs oj{ tsdk {edmy rjmcds %Cty{ms& Kjjfd} " Qemffmqs&

911;-/ Ceg~fg %9119- bjtok {eg{ }jt{e qg} g{{do{mjo {j odmneijyejjk cegygc{dyms{mcs gok

gyd rgftgifd mobjy`go{s gijt{ {edmy odmneijyejjks/ G `ghjy qgy{ jb {ems ydsdgyce

morjfrdk bjy`gf gok mobjy`gf kg{g cjffdc{mjo ~m{e }jt{e gijt{ {edmy qdycdq{mjos jb scejjf

gok {ed dormyjo`do{gf cjo{du{/ M``dysmjo gffj~dk `d {j `jrd mo{j {edmy ~jyfk gok ngmo

{ed qdysqdc{mrds jb {ed s{gldejfkdys mo {ed scejjf& qgy{mctfgyf} {ed }jt{e/ [ed s{tkdo{s

Qgnd 91


Tyigo Dktcg{mjo


22/49

BjyQ

ddyY

drmd~

97

{jjl qymkd mo loj~mon {eg{ {edmy rjmcds ~dyd go mo{ymcg{d qgy{ jb {ed ydsdgyce/

[ed Og{mjoejjk Scejjf

[ems scejjf ~gs sdfdc{dk idcgtsd jb m{s dud`qfgy} ydqt{g{mjo bjy wtgfm{} dktcg{mjo

g`jons{ Gbymcgo Cdo{dydk Scejjfs/ Jqdyg{mon bjy `jyd {ego 94 }dgys& {ed scejjf ~gs

kdrdfjqdk i} dktcg{mjogf qygc{m{mjodys ~ej egk g {ygcl ydcjyk bjy dktcg{mon moody cm{}

Gbymcgo G`dymcgos/ Mo {ed ojy{edgs{dyo cm{}& og`dk {ed @gmo Cm{} bjy {ed sgld jb {ed

s{tk}& `d`idys jb go jyngomxg{mjo cgffdk {ed Og{mjoejjk @jrd`do{ kdcmkdk {j jyngomxd

g scejjf/ Mo go mo{dyrmd~ Igig G& jod jb {ed jymnmogf bjtokdys& s{g{dk& Ifgcl cemfkydo

~dyd idmon {gtne{ byj` g ojoGbymcgo qdysqdc{mrd/ [j cj`qjtok `g{{dys& {ed qtifmc

scejjfs ~dyd bgmfmon `msdygif}/ [ed Og{mjoejjk @jrd`do{ ~go{dk {j qyjrmkd g wtgfm{}

dktcg{mjo byj` go Gbymcgo Cdo{dydk qdysqdc{mrd/ M{ ~go{dk {j kdrdfjq s{tkdo{s ~ej

qjssdssdk slmffs {j itmfk mokdqdokdocd bjy qdjqfd jb Gbymcgo kdscdo{/

[eyjtne {ed stqqjy{ jb ydsmkdo{s mo @gmo Cm{} bjy jrdy 34 }dgys& {ed Og{mjoejjk

Scejjf egk {eymrdk& njmon byj` {eydd s{tkdo{s {j jrdy 741 s{tkdo{s mo qydL {eyjtne {ed

5{e nygkd/ Jrdy =1$ jb nygktg{ds byj` {ed Og{mjoejjk scejjf egk njod jo {j qjs{

sdcjokgy} dktcg{mjo/ [ems scejjf egk go dud`qfgy} ydqt{g{mjo bjy wtgfm{} g`jons{

qtifmc gok qymrg{d scejjfs mo {ems cm{}/

YDSTF[S JB [ED YDSDGYCE

Jymnmogff} {ed cg{dnjymds btoc{mjogf cj``tom{}& du{dokdk {dgcedy yjfds gok

nd 97 jb ;5


Tyigo Dktcg{mjo


23/49

BjyQ

ddyY

drmd~

99

ctf{tygff} ydfdrgo{ qdkgnjn} ~dyd s}s{d`g{mcgff} mords{mng{dk bjy/ Ej~drdy& {edsd

bgc{jys kms`mssdk {ed dormyjo`do{ jt{smkd jb {ed scejjf gok m{s dbbdc{s jo s{tkdo{s/

Mos{dgk jb tsmon {ed qydkd{dy`modk cg{dnjymds& g ogyyg{mrd ~gs ~ym{{do {eg{ kdscymidk {ed

dormyjo`do{gf cjo{du{ jb {ed scejjf gok fjjldk g{ ej~ {ed scejjf `dkmg{ds {ems cjo{du{/

[ed qgydo{s& s{tkdo{s& {dgcedys gok fdgkdys jb {ed scejjf ~dyd gct{df} g~gyd jb {ed

cegffdonds id{~ddo {ed cj``tom{} cjo{du{ gok {ed scejjfs qdkgnjn} {eg{ ~jyldk {j

`dkmg{d {edsd cegffdonds/

Byj` {ed kj~o{j~o gydg m{ ~gs gijt{ g {~j`mfd ~gfl {j {ed scejjf/ M s{gy{dk {j

~gfl byj` kj~o{j~o jo @gy{mo Ft{edy Lmon Ijtfdrgyk& g `ghjy s{ydd{ mo @gmo Cm{}& {j

{ed scejjf/ M{ ~gs ~gy` dojtne bjy g fmne{ hgcld{/ M{ ~gs 4q` gok nd{{mon kgyldy dgce

`mot{d/ [ed ejtsmon s{jcl ~m{emo g {eydd ifjcl ygkmts jb {ed scejjf cjosms{dk jb yj~

ejtsds& ygonmon byj` gigokjodk gok kmfgqmkg{dk {j cfdgo gok ~dff ldq{/ [ed `joj{jo}

jb yj~ ejtsds ~gs iyjldo tq i} g bgs{ bjjk cemcldo sejq& g Cemodsd bgs{ bjjk sejq& g

igyidysejq& {~j `j` gok qjq cjyody s{jyds& {eydd fmwtjy s{jyds& gok {~j cetyceds/ [ed

yd`gmokdy jb {ed odmneijyejjk& ~m{emo g egfb`mfd ygkmts& cjosms{dk jb yj~ ejtsds& g

qtifmc dfd`do{gy} scejjf& g qtifmc ejtsmon qyjhdc{& g ejsqm{gf gok mokts{ymgf itmfkmons/

Odu{ {j {ed Og{mjoejjk Scejjfs qydscejjf fjcg{mjo ~gs g ~gydejtsd {eg{ `gyldk {ed

dknd jb g s`gff mokts{ymgf gydg ~m{emo {ed odmneijyejjk/ G{ smu q` {ed ~gydejtsds

fjjldk cfjsdk/ Mo bgc{& sj`d jb {ed styyjtokmon mokts{ymgf itmfkmons fjjldk gs mb {ed} egk

odrdy iddo jqdo/

Gb{dy qgssmon {ed kdsdy{dk ~gydejtsds& bmrd }jton Gbymcgo G`dymcgo `do ~dyd

sqj{{dk s{gokmon jo {ed cjyody& odu{ {j g `j` gok qjq s{jyd jo Lmon Ijtfdrgyk& dgce

fjjlmon fmld {ed} ~dyd mo {edmy fg{d {ddos/ G cgy qtffdk tq cgyy}mon jod `go gok {~j

Qgnd 99


Tyigo Dktcg{mjo


24/49

BjyQ

ddyY

drmd~

93

{ddognd nmyfs& gff ~em{d/ Jod jb {ed }jton `do ytsedk jt{ {j {ed cgy/ [ed ~em{d `gfd

kymrdy jb {ed cgy fj~dydk {ed ~mokj~ gok {ed {~j jb {ed` idngo sqdglmon/ [ed }jton

`go byj` {ed cjyody egokdk {ed kymrdy ~eg{ fjjldk fmld g s`gff qgclgnd gok {ed {eydd

~em{d qdjqfd yjkd jbb/ [ed {eydd ~em{d qdjqfd mo {ed cgy fjjldk {j {ed ydsdgycedy gs mb

{ed} ~dyd it}mon kytns/ [ems scdod ~gs ydqdg{dk {~mcd mo g 91`mot{d qdymjk ~m{e

kmbbdydo{ cgys/

^gflmon tq {ed emff jo Lmon Ijtfdrgyk& M sg~ {ed jfk iymcl itmfkmon {ed scejjf ms

ejtsdk mo/ [ed qgylmon fj{ ~gs d`q{}/ [edyd ~gs oj fm{{dy jo {ed nyjtoks& ~emce s{jjk

mo cjo{ygs{ {j {ed Ijtfdrgyk/ [ed bdocd ntgykmon {ed qgylmon fj{ egk g ymq mo m{& {ed smxd jb

g fm{{fd ij}/ [ed fmne{s mo {ed scejjf ~dyd jt{/ [ed jisdyrg{mjos g{ {ed scejjf egk iddo

{glmon qfgcd bjy `jyd {ego {~j `jo{es it{ {ems ~gs {ed bmys{ {m`d M egk ~gfldk {eyjtne

{ed odmneijyejjk hts{ {j jisdyrd/ Gb{dy sddmon ~eg{ `g}id kdscymidk ~gs go mogkdwtg{d

s{ytc{tyd bjy {ed scejjf gok qe}smcgf kd{dymjyg{mjo jb {ed odmneijyejjk& M fjondk {j ygmsd

`jod} mo jykdy {j itmfk g od~ scejjf/

[ed dormyjo`do{ {eg{ ~gs docjto{dydk ~gflmon {eyjtne {ed odmneijyejjk egk

iddo kds{gimfmxdk {eyjtne }dgys jb kmsmords{`do{/ Mo cjordysg{mjos ~m{e Igig G gok

Igig J& {~j `d`idys jb {ed Og{mjoejjk @jrd`do{ ~ej ~dyd g qgy{ jb {ed {dg` jb

jymnmogf bjtokdys jb {ed Og{mjoejjk Scejjf& {ed} cjobmy`dk {ems gssdy{mjo gijt{ {ed

odmneijyejjk/ Igig G {gfldk gijt{ {ed bjy`dy rmiygoc} jb @gmo Cm{}& kymrdo i} {ed

`gotbgc{tymon sdc{jy/ Igig G cm{dk {ed 7=>1s gs {ed qdymjk mo ~emce {ed qyjcdssds jb

kdmokts{ymgfmxg{mjo gok ~em{d bfmne{ fdk {j {ed kdcfmomon dcjoj`} jb {ed cm{}/ Mo go

mo{dyrmd~ Igig G kdscymidk {ed dbbdc{s jb {edsd dcjoj`mc cegonds jo {ed odmneijyejjk8

Mo {ed >1s {ed bgc{jymds ~dyd hts{ s{gy{mon {j cfjsd kj~o/ ^em{d qdjqfd~dyd hts{ s{gy{mon {j `jrd jt{/ G{ {eg{ {m`d {ems odmneijyejjk ~gs

nd 93 jb ;5


Tyigo Dktcg{mjo


25/49

BjyQ

ddyY

drmd~

9;

cjosmkdydk {ed njjk qgy{ jb {j~o/ G{ {eg{ {m`d drdo @gy{mo Ft{edy LmonIjtfdrgyk ~gs g qyd{{} omcd s{ydd{/// Mb }jt kyjrd gyjtok g{ kgyl m{ ~gs gnejs{ {j~o& wtmd{ gok qdgcdbtf/ Ktymon {ed kg}& kj~o{j~o egk fmbd {j m{/]jt cjtfk nj kj~o{j~o gok sejq/ [edyd ~gs g ghjy mokts{y} {eg{qdjqfd ~jtfk ~jyl/ \N @j{jysP ~gs g imn hji bjy qdjqfd/ [ed} egk \B

S{ddfP/ G qdysjo cjtfk kyjq jt{ jb emne scejjf gok ~jyl mo {edsd bgc{jymdsgok ~gs `glmon gs `tce gs jy `jyd {ego g qdysjo ~m{e g cjffdnd kdnydd/]jt cjtfk nd{ g ejtsd& ygmsd g bg`mf} gok fmrd cj`bjy{gif} ~m{e g s`gffg`jto{ jb dktcg{mjo/ Gs fjon gs }jt ~dyd ydgk} ~mffmon gok gifd {j ~jyl&}jt cjtfk fmrd ~dff mo @gmo Cm{}/

Igig J dfgijyg{dk jo {ed qgs{ d`qfj}`do{ sm{tg{mjo mo @gmo Cm{}/ Fjon{dy`

tod`qfj}`do{ mo {ed cj``tom{} ktymon {ed Og{mjoejjk @jrd`do{ %fg{d 7=21s {j {ed

dgyf} 7=>1s- ~gs oj{ gs ~mkdsqydgk gs m{ ms {jkg}8

G fj{ jb bg`mfmds ~dyd gifd {j it} ejtsds gok sdok {edmy cemfkydo {jcjffdnd/ @do ~ej ~jyldk mo bgc{jy} hjis ~dyd gifd {j qyjrmkd bjy {edmybg`mfmds/ Tod`qfj}`do{ kmk oj{ dums{ bjy stce g fgynd g`jto{ jb gifdijkmdk `do/ ]jt kmk oj{ sdd edgf{e} Ifgcl `do s{gokmon jo {ed cjyodysmo {ed `mkkfd jb {ed kg} ~m{e oj{emon {j kj/ It`s gok s{ydd{ qdjqfd ~dyd{ed jof} jods {eg{ kmk oj{ ~jyl/

Igig J duqfgmodk ej~ {ed qydsdo{ kg} fjon{dy` tod`qfj}`do{ cgtsdk mkfd {m`d gok egs

iddo rmd~dk gs g `ghjy cgtsd jb sjcmgf k}sbtoc{mjo g`jons{ Ifgcl `do8

[edsd `do s{gokmon jo {ed cjyodys {jkg} egrd oj{emon {j kj/ Mkfd {m`d msg `ghjy lmffdy jb Ifgcl `do/ ^m{e oj{emon cjos{ytc{mrd {j kj& `go} jb jty}jton `do gyd s{gokmon gyjtok ~gm{mon bjy oj{emon it{ {yjtifd/ ^edo}jt egrd mkfd `do ~m{e oj{emon {j kj {ed} s{gy{ {j qyd} jo {ejsd mo {edcj``tom{} ~ej gyd {y}mon {j kj sj`d{emon ~m{e {edmy fmrds/

Igig G {gfldk gijt{ ej~ {ed cfjsmon jb bgc{jymds fdk {j {ed ejtsmon kdcg}/ [ems ejtsmonkdcg} dogifdk mffdngf kytn tsd8

^edo {ed bgc{jymds cfjsdk gok qdjqfd \~em{dP s{gy{dk `jrmon jt{& `go}ejtsds idcg`d rgcgo{/ Mo bgc{ sj`d jb {edsd ejtsds egrd s{g}dk rgcgo{bjy gf`js{ g ndodyg{mjo/ [jkg} {edsd rgcgo{ ejtsds egrd idcj`d {edqdybdc{ qfgcd bjy cygcledgks gok qyjs{m{t{ds/

Igig G kdscymidk ej~ kytn tsd gok kdgfmon egs cegondk smocd {ed 7=>1s8

Qgnd 9;


Tyigo Dktcg{mjo


26/49

BjyQ

ddyY

drmd~

94

[ed `ghjy kytn g{ {eg{ {m`d \>1sP ~gs `gymhtgog gok cjcgmod ~m{e g fm{{fdim{ g edyjmo/ [ed kmbbdydocd id{~ddo {eg{ gok {ed cygcl {jkg} ~gs {eg{{edyd ~dyd qfgcds }jt ~jtfk nj gok htolmds ~jtfk egon jt{/ M{ ~gso{drdy} cjyody ~m{e g kytn qjssd/ Mo jykdy {j nd{ kytns }jt egk {j loj~sj`djod jy loj~ ~edyd {j nj/ Kytns ~dyd oj{ sj `tce jt{ mo {ed jqdo/

[ed rmjfdocd ~gs oj{ {edyd/ ]jt kmk oj{ egrd lmks jo {ed cjyody/ @js{ jb{ed kdgfdys ~dyd byj` `mk 91s gok tq/

Igig G& {gfldk gijt{ {ed mocydgsdk fdrdf jb rmjfdocd {eg{ cg`d byj` {ed kytn {ygkd/ [ems

mocydgsdk fdrdf jb rmjfdocd gok j{edy sjcmgf k}sbtoc{mjo {eg{ s{d``dk byj` {ed fgcl jb

cj``tom{} g`jons{ {jkg}s kytn kdgfdys/ [ems fgcl jb cj``tom{} egk sqydgk {j mocftkd

j{edy cj``tom{} bjfls/ Igig G& {gfldk gijt{ ej~ {ed fgcl jb cj``tom{} idcg`d

cjo{gnmjts8

[jkg}s kytn kdgfdys kjo{ cgyd gijt{ {ed odmneijyejjk& fmld `go} jb jtyqdjqfd {jkg}& {ed} egrd oj sdosd jb cj``tom{}/ Igcl mo {ed kg}s& kytnkdgfdys ~dyd oj{ {y}mon {j kyg~ g fj{ jb g{{do{mjo idcgtsd m{ ~gs igk bjyitsmodss/ Sejj{mon tq {ed ifjcl& egrmon htolmds yji qdjqfd& gff {edsd{emons ~dyd igk bjy itsmodss idcgtsd m{ ~jtfk iymon mo {ed qjfmcd/ ]jtkmko{ ~go{ }jty `g`g jy }jty fm{{fd sms{dy sdffmon {ed`sdfrds {j nd{ emne/[jkg}s kytn kdgfdys hts{ kjo{ nmrd g kgò/

Igig G gok Igig J sg~ }jton `dos gc{ jb kytn kdgfmon gs g bgmftyd {j tokdys{gok {edmy

ctf{tygf nydg{odss/ [eyjtne {edmy ~jyl g{ {ed scejjf& {ed} sjtne{ {j moctfcg{d s{tkdo{s

~m{e go tokdys{gokmon jb {edmy ctf{tygf nydg{odss jy jty {ytd ems{jy}/ G fgcl jb

tokdys{gokmon jb {edmy {ytd ems{jy} egs fdk `go} Gbymcgo G`dymcgos {j bgmf {j btfbmff {edmy

{ytd cgffmon %fmbds gìm{mjos-/ Mo go mo{dyrmd~& go dmne{e nygkd `gfd s{tkdo{ kdscymidk

{ed cjoodc{mjo id{~ddo kytn kdgfmon gok loj~mon jods ems{jy}8

[ejsd nt}s s{gokmon jo {ed cjyody gyd jt{ {edyd idcgtsd {ed} kjo{ loj~{edmy {ytd ems{jy}/ [ed} gyd jt{ {edyd sdffmon qjmsjo {j {edmy qdjqfd/ [ed}kjo{ loj~ {eg{ mos{dgk jb sdffmon kytns {ed} cjtfk id ytoomon g itsmodss/êdo }jt {ytf} loj~ }jty ems{jy}& }jt loj~ }jt gyd cgqgifd jbgo}{emon/// êdo M nyj~ tq M ~go{ {j id g fg~}dy gok edfq kdbdok Ifgclqdjqfd ~ej gyd idmon kdomdk {edmy fdngf ymne{s/

nd 94 jb ;5


Tyigo Dktcg{mjo


27/49

BjyQ

ddyY

drmd~

92

[ems wtj{g{mjo duqydssdk g rmd~ jb {ed cgtsgf ydfg{mjosemq id{~ddo kytn kdgfmon gok oj{

tokdys{gokmon jods ctf{tygf nydg{odss/ [ems cgtsgf ydfg{mjosemq ~gs idfmdrdk {j id jod

jb {ed `gmo ydgsjos fdgkmon {j cym`mogf gc{s& fmld kytn kdgfmon/

Gbymcgo Cdo{dydk Mkdjfjn}8 Go Jgsms mo {ed Fgokscgqd jb Kdsqgmy

[ed dormyjo`do{ ~m{emo {ed scejjf ~gs kdsmnodk gs g ctf{tygf fgokscgqd& bmffdk

~m{e m`gnds jb Gbymcgo gok Gbymcgo G`dymcgo ctf{tyd/ [ed kydss jb {ed s{gbb gok s{tkdo{s

cj`qfm`do{dk {ed fgokscgqd i} ~dgymon s{}fds {eg{ duqydssdk qymkd mo idmon g qdysjo jb

Gbymcgo kdscdo{/ Goj{edy ld} gsqdc{ jb {ed ctf{tygf fgokscgqd ~gs {ed gbbmy`g{mjos gok

sjons ktymon {ed `jyomon Tom{} Cmycfd& ~emce cdfdiyg{dk {ed m`qfd`do{g{mjo jb {ed

scejjfs qemfjsjqe}/

Jo {ed bmys{ bfjjy eton g igoody sqdffmon {ed ~jyks Og{mjoejjk Scejjf mo {ed

cjfjys jb {ed Ifgcl Og{mjogfms{ bfgn %ydk& ifgcl gok nyddo-/ [edsd cjfjys ~dyd cj``jof}

gssjcmg{dk ~m{e Ifgcl qymkd gok @gycts Ngyrd}s Tomrdysgf Odnyj M`qyjrd`do{

Gssjcmg{mjo %TOMG-/ Rmsm{jys {j {ed qymocmqgfs jbbmcd sg~ qjs{dk od~sqgqdy gy{mcfds

gijt{ cj``tom{} drdo{s stce gs g ijjl smnomon i} J`gy [}ydd/ [ed smnomon ~gs edfk mo

g ijjls{jyd j~odk i} go gft`ots jb {ed scejjf/ Goj{edy gy{mcfd emnefmne{dk go gft`ots

gcemdrmon mo emne scejjf sjb{igff ~emfd `gmo{gmomon go G grdygnd/ [ed fgs{ gy{mcfd

emnefmne{dk g cetycesqjosjydk kmoody {j ygmsd `jod} bjy g ej`dfdss cdo{dy jb ~emce jod

jb {ed scejjfs qgydo{s ~gs {ed kmydc{jy/

S{tkdo{s ~jyd tombjy`s jb ydk& ifgcl gok nyddo/ [ed scejjf semy{ ~gs g nyddo

fjon sfddrd semy{ ~m{e g ydk gok ifgcl mosmnomg jb {ed Og{mjoejjk Scejjf/ @js{ jb {ed

Qgnd 92


Tyigo Dktcg{mjo


28/49

BjyQ

ddyY

drmd~

9>

s{tkdo{s ~jyd ifgcl jy kgyl cjfjydk qgo{s/ [ed gktf{ s{gbb ~jyd cfj{eds ~m{e Gbymcgo

kdsmnos gok qymo{s& cj``jof} ydbdyydk {j gs kgsemlms/ [ed s{gbbs egmys{}fds cjosms{dk jb

dm{edy kydgkfjcls& iygmks jy cfdgof} segrdo igfkedgks/ Mo gkkm{mjo& {ed bd`gfd s{gbb

~jyd edgk ~ygqs jy g {}qd jb eg{ ydbdyydk {j gs g cyj~o/ [ed tombjy`s& {ed {dgcedys

egmys{}fds gok {ed ~dgymon jb {ygkm{mjogf Gbymcgo cfj{eds ~dyd cejsdo gs go duqydssmjo jb

Gbymcgo edym{gnd/

[ed yjj` odu{ {j {ed jbbmcd egk g fgynd ifgcl gok ~em{d qjs{dy jb {ed Gbymcgo

fdgkdy& L~g`d Olyt`ge& gok g igoody jrdy {ed qmc{tyd {eg{ ydgk& L~g`d Olyt`ge

Cfgss@g`g Q/ [ed yd`gmokdy jb {ed ~gff ~gs cjrdydk ~m{e `g{e {ds{s bjy {ed bjty{e&

bmb{e gok smu{e nygkds& dgce ~m{e 711$ mo ydk mol/ Odu{ {j {ejsd ~dyd ~jylsedd{s mo

ydgkmon cj`qydedosmjo bjy {ed bjty{e nygkd& gfsj nygkdk 711$/ Odu{ {j {ed ydgkmon

cj`qydedosmjo `tf{mqfd cejmcd {ds{ ~dyd dssg} wtds{mjos bjy {ed bmb{e gok smu{e nygkds

`gyldk G/ Idsmkds {ed qmc{tyds gok gy{mcfds qyj`tfng{mon g~gydodss jb Gbymcgo gok

Gbymcgo G`dymcgo ctf{tyds& {ed scejjf cj``tom{} rgftdk {ygkm{mjogf nygkmon gok {ds{mon/

@g`g Q& {ed kmydc{jy gok {dgcedy jb {ed L~g`d Olyt`ge cfgss %nygkds ; {eyjtne 2-&

duqydssdk {ed m`qjy{gocd jb {ds{s8

M nmrd g fj{ jb {ds{s gok jty cemfkydo kj qyd{{} ~dff/ Mo bgc{ {ed} ~jtfk kjid{{dy mb {ed} ~dyd oj{ gs cjcl}{ems ms g {ds{cdo{dydk ctf{tyd/ Byj`dfd`do{gy} scejjf {eyjtne cjffdnd jty cemfkydo gyd ij`igykdk ~m{e {ds{s/[edsd {ds{s gyd oj{ {ed kd{dy`mogo{s jb ~eg{ jty cemfkydo ydgff} loj~/ It{{ed} gyd {ed ng{dlddqdys jb jqqjy{tom{mds/ Mo jykdy {j qydqgyd jty lmks {jid gifd {j nd{ mo{j qjsm{mjos jb qj~dy ~d egrd {j qydqgyd {ed` bjy {ed

ymnjys jb {ems {ds{cdo{dydk ctf{tyd/

Mokdqdokdo{ {emolmon ~gs mffts{yg{dk {eyjtne g yj~ jb cjfjybtf qmc{tyds tokdy {ed

{m{fd ^d Gyd Gff Mordo{jys& eton odu{ {j {ed nygkdk {ds{s/ Egokkyg~o qmc{tyds

qydsdo{dk {ed rgymjts mordo{mjos {eg{ s{tkdo{s egk cydg{dk& mocftkmon g Sjfgy Jrdo& g

nd 9> jb ;5


Tyigo Dktcg{mjo


29/49

BjyQ

ddyY

drmd~

95

@j{jy Ndodyg{jy Bfgsefmne{& go Dgysgrdy bjy Fms{domon {j @tsmc& g Egmy Iytse Cygoldy

{eg{ iytseds gok cj`is egmy ~emfd cjokm{mjomon& go Gff Og{tygf Gcod Slmo Cjokm{mjody

Cydg`& gok g Edgfdy Htmcdy/

Goj{edy m`qjy{go{ gsqdc{ jb {ed scejjfs rgftds gs ydqydsdo{dk mo m{s kdcjy ~gs

{ed cjoodc{mjo id{~ddo {ed ems{jymcgf s{ytnnfd jb Gbymcgo G`dymcgos gok {ed qydsdo{ kg}

s{ytnnfd/ Bjy dug`qfd& g ~em{d igoody ~m{e ifgcl `gnmc `gyldy fd{{dys sqdffmon Ygq

Gngmos{ Qjfmcd Iyt{gfm{} bdg{tydk dssg}s st``gymxmon g sjon i} ygq gy{ms{s Cj``jo

Sdosd& [gfmi L~dfm& Kd Fg Sjtf& gok {ed YXG byj` {ed ^t[gon Cfgo/ [ed ygq qyj{ds{dk

{ed qjfmcd sejj{mon jb G`gkjt Kmgffj& g Ifgcl `go ~ej fmrdk mo {ed Iyjou/ [edsd gy{ms{s

~dyd cjosmkdydk cjoscmjts ygqqdys mo cjo{ygs{ {j {ed edgrmf} `dkmg mobftdocdk

`gmos{ydg` ygq& ~emce nfjymbmds `g{dymgfms`& sdu gok rmjfdocd/ Cjoscmjts ygqqdys egrd

tsdk {edmy f}ymcs {j qyj`j{d loj~fdknd gok id{{dy`do{ jb {ed Ifgcl cj``tom{} gok

`golmok %@gygifd& 9119-/ Gs go dmne{e nygkd s{tkdo{ cj``do{dk jo `gmos{ydg` ygq8

M idfmdrd {eg{ {ed `gmos{ydg` `dkmg qyj`j{ds ygq `tsmc {eg{ nfjymbmds

`g{dymgfms` it{ {ymds {j kj~oqfg} ygq `tsmc {eg{ cegffdonds {ed s}s{d`&ygq {eg{ {ymds {j sg} sj`d{emon qjsm{mrd/ Gff {ed odng{mrd s{tbb nd{s qt{ mo{ed rmkdjs gok {ed ygqs jo {ed ygkmj& sj {eg{ ~d ~mff {emol gff ygq msodng{mrd/

[ems rmd~ jb ygq `tsmc ydbfdc{dk {ed rgftds jb sj`d jb {ed bg`mfmds {~j jb ~ej`

gyd ygq gy{ms{s/ [ed qydsdocd jb qgydo{s ~ej cjosmkdy {ed`sdfrds cjoscmjts ygq

gy{ms{ bgcmfm{g{dk m{s tsd mo {ed ctyymctft`/ M ~gs {gflmon gijt{ {ed s{tkdo{s dssg}s

jo Ygq Gngmos{ Qjfmcd Iyt{gfm{} {j go dmne{e nygkd s{tkdo{ ~ej sgmk8

]jt sdd {ems nt} mo {ed qmc{tyd& ydbdyymon {j g ygq gy{ms{ qmc{tydk gs jod jb{ed gy{ms{ ~ej `gkd {ed Ygq Gngmos{ Qjfmcd Iyt{gfm{}< ems kgtne{dy njds {j{ems scejjf/ ]jt loj~ {ems gy{ms{ ZZZZZZZZZZ %g cjoscmjts ygq nyjtq byj`fg{d dmne{mds dgyf} omod{mds ~ejsd og`d ms oj{ ydrdgfdk-& ed egs g sjo mo{ems scejjf/

Qgnd 95


Tyigo Dktcg{mjo


30/49

BjyQ

ddyY

drmd~

9=

[edyd ~gs g cjocdy{dk dbbjy{ {j s{ddy s{tkdo{s g~g} byj` {ed `gmos{ydg` `dkmg emqejq

i} kmsqfg}mon cjoscmjts emqejq jo {ed ~gffs jb {ed scejjf/ [ed `gmos{ydg` `dkmg

mobftdocdk emqejq ~gs sddo gs go{m{ed{mcgf {j {ed mo{dyds{s jb Gbymcgo G`dymcgos& gs Igig

G& jod jb {ed jymnmogf bjtokdys jb {ed scejjf& s{g{dk8

[ed `tsmc mokts{y} ms fmld g Ogxm jyngomxg{mjo {eg{ cjo{yjfs {ems cjto{y}/[ed ~em{d `go cjo{yjfs jty cjost`dy g{{m{tkds/ [ed `dkmg ~mff `gld jty}jt{e nj jt{ gok lmff dgce j{edy bjy g qgmy jb +911 sodgldys/ [ed `jod}byj` {ejsd sodgldys cj`ds byj` jty cemfkydo gok `glds j{edy ygcds jbqdjqfd ymce///[ed} `gld {ed `tsmc rmkdjs sj e}qoj{mc ~m{e bfgsemonkydg`s& imn cgys& sdu} ~j`do& rmjfdocd& qj~dy gok ydsqdc{{ed `tsmc

nmrds {ed` %}jt{e- bgfsd m`gnds {eg{ gyd bgy byj` idmon ydgf/ M{ mssj`d{emon {ed `ghjy fgidfs egrd bmntydk jt{/

[ed gqqd{m{d bjy `g{dymgfms` ~gs idmon cjord}dk {eyjtne ygq `tsmc cjo{yjffdk i} {ed

~em{d `go bjy {ed qtyqjsd jb kmrdy{mon {ed g{{do{mjo jb }jt{e g~g} byj` sjcmd{}s

qyjifd`s %[ed Ifgcl Kj{& 9114-/ Goj{edy dmne{e nygkd s{tkdo{ `gkd g s{g{d`do{ gijt{

{ed cjo{yjf jb {ed ygq mokts{y}8

^dff fmld& Kdgk Qydx& {ed} hts{ cg`d jt{ ~m{e g CK& {edmy `moksd{ ms jobyddmon Gbymcgo qdjqfd& idcgtsd {ed {m{fd jb {edmy CK ms cgffdk& Fd{s Nd{Bydd/ Sj& {ed} gyd {y}mon {j bydd Gbymcgo `moksd{s& it{ g{ {ed sg`d {m`d{ed `tsmc mokts{y}& ~emce ms cjo{yjffdk i} {ed ~em{d `go& ms oj{ njmon {jfd{ {ed` kj drdy}{emon {eg{ {ed} ~go{ {j kj/ Sj {ed} egrd {j `gld g `jydodng{mrm{} {}qd jb ygq {j nd{ {edmy qjmo{ gcyjss/

@g`g Q& go Gbymcgo Cdo{dydk do{dy{gmody ~ej qdybjy`dk ~m{e g nyjtq {eg{ ngyodydk

mo{dyog{mjogf ydcjnom{mjo bjy `tsmc {eg{ cym{mwtdk sjcmgf msstds& gcloj~fdkndk {ed

mobftdocd jb {ed `gmos{ydg` `dkmg jo s{tkdo{s gok {ed oddk bjy mo{dyrdo{mjo8

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nd 9= jb ;5


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s{tkdo{s {ed dbbdc{s jb {ed `dkmg/ ^d ~go{ jty s{tkdo{s {j sdd id}jok {ed`dssgnds {eg{ {ed `dkmg {ymds {j mos{mff mo }jty `mok/

Jty-S{jy}

[ed Og{mjoejjk Scejjf ~gs mokdqdokdo{f} btokdk& ydf}mon tqjo {tm{mjo byj`

qgydo{s/ [ed scejjf ~gs ~gy} gijt{ ydcdmrmon jomds byj` bjtokg{mjos gok jy

njrdyo`do{ do{m{mds/ [glmon `jomds byj` bjtokg{mjos gok jy njrdyo`do{ do{m{mds ~gs

sddo gs stihdc{mon {ed scejjf {j {ed ~mff jb {ed njrdyo`do{ ~ejsd mo{dyds{ gyd oj{ mo {tod

~m{e Gbymcgo Cdo{dydk dktcg{mjo/ Igig G& jod jb {ed bjtokdys jb {ed scejjf& ~gs qyjtk

{j d`qegsmxd {eg{ {ed scejjf ydfmdk jo {tm{mjo byj` qgydo{s gs m{s qym`gy} sjtycd jb

`jod}/ [ed {ygkdjbb id{~ddo oj{ ydcdmrmon njrdyo`do{ `jomds ~gs {eg{ {ed scejjf egs

`jyd gt{joj`} mo cejjsmon m{s dktcg{mjogf qemfjsjqe} gok qygc{mcds {ego qtifmc scejjfs/

Ej~drdy& {ed scejjf cjtfko{ gbbjyk `go} {emons {eg{ ~dyd cjosmkdydk cj``joqfgcd mo g

~dffbtokdk qtifmc scejjf %dn/ n}`ogsmt`& otysmon jbbmcd& qfg}nyjtok& d{c/-/ [ems

gt{joj`} dogifdk {ed scejjf {j qygc{mcd {ed qymocmqfd jb Lthmcegntfmgsdfb

kd{dy`mog{mjo8 {j kdbmod jtysdfrds& og`d jtysdfrds& gok sqdgl bjy jtysdfrds mos{dgk jb

idmon kdbmodk& og`dk gok sqjldo bjy i} j{edys %Lgydong& 7=57-/ Drdy} `jyomon {ed

scejjf cdfdiyg{dk mokdqdokdocd i} cydg{mon m{s j~o sjons gok qfdknds/ [edsd sjons ~dyd

ston drdy} kg} ktymon {ed jqdomon cdyd`jo}& Tom{} Cmycfd/ Mo {ed ~jyks jb Igig Y8

[ed Tom{} Cmycfd~d kj m{ bmys{ {emon mo {ed `jyomon///[ed} \s{tkdo{sP njigcl {j {edmy ej`ds ~edyd ~eg{ ~d {dgce edyd ms oj{ odcdssgymf} dobjycdk/

[ed} nj igcl {j cj``tom{mds ~edyd ~eg{ ~d {dgce ms oj{ odcdssgymf}d`iygcdk/ Sj ~edo {ed} cj`d mo{j {ed itmfkmon mo {ed `jyomon m{ ms fmld}jt egrd iddo g~g} sj fd{s nd{ }jt mo {ed ymne{ byg`d jb `mok gok fd{syd`mok }jt jb ~eg{ }jty ydsqjosmimfm{mds gyd gs go Gbymcgo qdysjo/ Sj~eg{ {eg{ kjds ms byj` g `mok sd{ qdysqdc{mrd jb cjtysd ~d smon {edOg{mjogf ifgcl go{ed` i} Hg`ds ^dfkjo Hjeosjo& {ed Sjt{e Gbymcgogo{ed` Oljsm SdldfdfmGbymlg gok sdrdygf j{edy qfdknds {eg{ ydmobjycdjty tom{}/ M{ nd{s {ed` mo {ed ymne{ `moksd{ {j nj mo{j {ed yds{ jb {ed kg}/

Qgnd 31


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^edo gsldk gijt{ {ed m`qjy{gocd jb smonmon {ed Gbymcgo G`dymcgo gok {ed Sjt{e Gbymcgo

og{mjogf go{ed`& go dmne{e nygkd s{tkdo{ ydqfmdk8

M{s m`qjy{go{ idcgtsd {ed ~em{d qdjqfd {ed} egrd {edmy og{mjogf go{ed`&gok {ed} loj~ {eg{ {ed} egrd sj`djod ~ej {ed} cgo mkdo{mb} ~m{e/ [ed}cgo mkdo{mb} ~m{e {ed ems{jy} jb G`dymcg/ Mb ~d sgon {ed ~em{d og{mjogfgo{ed` {eg{ ~jtfk `dgo {eg{ hts{ {edmy ems{jy} gok oj{ jty ems{jy} msm`qjy{go{/ Sj ~d smon jty og{mjogf go{ed`& sj {eg{ ~d ydcjnomxd jtyems{jy}/

Goj{edy sdrdo{e nygkd s{tkdo{ `gkd g cj``do{ gijt{ jty j~o qfdknd ktymon Tom{}

Cmycfd8

M {emol jty j~o qfdknd ~d kj mo {ed `jyomon ms {j nmrd {egols {j jtygocds{jys gok {ed s{ytnnfds {eg{ {ed} ~do{ {eyjtne/ [ed ydgsjo ~e} ~dkjo{ kj {ed qfdknd jb gffdnmgocd ms idcgtsd m{ ~gs `gkd bjy fmld ~em{dqdjqfd/ M g` oj{ sg}mon m{ ms g ygcms{ {emon it{ m{ odrdy {dffs jb ts gs goGbymcgo qdjqfd/

[ed ctf{tygf fgokscgqd jb {ed scejjf& mocftkmon m{s duqfmcm{ dbbjy{ {j cydg{d m{s j~o sjons

gok gbbmy`g{mjos& s{ytnnfdk {j jbbsd{ {ed mobftdocd jb {ed `dkmg gok qe}smcgf dormyjo`do{

jb {ed odmneijyejjk/ [ed scejjf gcloj~fdkndk {ed mobftdocd jb ygq `tsmc gok mos{dgk jb

{y}mon {j mnojyd m{s mobftdocd< {ed scejjf g{{d`q{dk {j ydkmydc{ s{tkdo{s {j~gyks {ed

qjsm{mrd gok gc{mrms{ smkd jb emqejq `tsmc/ @jyd m`qjy{go{f} {ed scejjf kmbbdydo{mg{dk

id{~ddo emqejq gok {ed ygkmj i} g{{d`q{mon {j d`qegsmxd gc{mrms` g`jons{ ygqqdys/

[ems ~gs cj`qfd`do{dk i} sj`d jb {ed scejjfs qgydo{s ~ej ~dyd emqejq gy{ms{s byj`

{ed cjoscmjts ndoyd gok sdyrdk gs yjfd `jkdfs/

Btoc{mjogf Cj``tom{}

[ed Og{mjoejjk Scejjf ~gs g s`gff cfjsdlom{ cj``tom{} mo ~emce qdjqfd segydk

nd 37 jb ;5


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sm`mfgy rgftds gok {ydg{dk dgce j{edy fmld bg`mf}/ [ems dìjkmdk {ed oj{mjo jb btoc{mjogf

cj``tom{}/ Igig Y kmsctssdk ems yjfd mo {dy`s jb bg`mf}8

^d kdbmom{df} egrd g bg`mf} g{`jsqedyd/ ]jt egrd g fgynd cjyd nyjtq jb

qgydo{s ~ej egrd iddo gyjtok g ~emfd/ êdo }jt cj`d {j {edOg{mjoejjk Scejjf ~d egrd edgyk {ed qeygsd m{ {glds g rmffgnd {j ygmsd gcemfk/ ^d {gld {eg{ fm{dygff}/ [ed 9> {j 95 ij}s ~ej gyd edyd/ [ed ~g} Mrmd~ m{ ms gs mb M egrd 9> {j 95 sjos/ @} sjo ms mo {ed qyjnyg` gok m{ ms oj{hts{ gijt{ em`/ Jb cjtysd {ed} cgff ts Igig& ~emce dgos bg{edy/ Sj byj``} qdysqdc{mrd& M {gld {eg{ sdymjtsf}/

[ed @g`gs gok Igigs sg~ {edmy hji gs ygmsmon cemfkydo& ~emce fdk {ed` {j qfg} go

du{dokdk yjfd id}jok {edmy hji kdscymq{mjos/ Gs Igig Y s{g{dk8

êdo }jt ~jyl mo {ems {}qd jb dormyjo`do{ }jt gyd bg{edy {j `go}& }jtgyd cjtosdfjy {j `go}/ Sj }jt ~dgy go} eg{s/ Mb }jt ~go{ {j ~jyl mo godormyjo`do{ fmld {ems }jt egrd {j id ydgk} {j nj id}jok {eg{ hjikdscymq{mjo/ Mb }jt s{g} bjctsdk jo {ed hji kdscymq{mjo }jt ~jo{ njjt{smkd {ed iju/ ]jt njoog mss g fj{/ ]jt cj`d mo{j {ed itmfkmon gok{ed cemfkydo {ed} cgo{ ~gm{ {j sdd }jt/ It{ {eg{s ydcmqyjcgf idcgtsd Mcgo{ ~gm{ {j sdd {ed`/ Sj ~edo M g` njod bjy g kg} jy {~j gs M ~gs fgs{~ddl& M `mss {edmy qydsdocd///Sddmon {ed sm{tg{mjo jty cj``tom{} ms mo& m{ ms{m`d bjy cegond/ Mb }jt nj igcl {j Ydcjos{ytc{mjo ~edo ~d egk jty j~oscejjfs& {ed fdrdf jb duqdc{g{mjo ~gs emne/ ^d egrd gffj~dk qdjqfd byj`j{edy cj``tom{mds {j cj`d mo gok ~g{dy kj~o jty scejjfs///Mb ~d s{gy{ {j

{emol jt{smkd {ed iju& {edo ~d cjtfk cegond {ed yjfd jb scejjf///[ems `mne{`dgo jqdomon {ed scejjf tq {j {ed cj``tom{} jo Sg{tykg}s/

[dgcedys du{dokdk yjfds fdk {ed` {j qgy{mcmqg{d mo ndokdysdqgyg{dk gb{dy scejjf

nyjtq cjtosdfmon sdssmjos cgffdk& Iyj{edy {j Iyj{edy& Sms{dy {j Sms{dy/ [edsd nyjtq

cjtosdfmon sdssmjos ~dyd kdsmnodk {j `dkmg{d {ed cegffdonds byj` {ed dormyjo`do{gf

cjo{du{ {eg{ s{tkdo{s bgcd/ @go} jb {edsd sdssmjos mocftkdk morm{mon cj``tom{} sqdgldys

bjy fdc{tyds& gok ydgkmon ijjls gok gy{mcfds/ Jod jb {ed gkjfdscdo{ }jton bd`gfd s{tkdo{s

sdfdc{dk g ijjl bjy {ed Sms{dy {j Sms{dy nyjtq kmsctssmjo i} G}gofg Rgoxgo{ %7===-

do{m{fdk&Kjo{ Nmrd M{ G~g}8 G Ijjl jb Sdfb G~gydodss gok SdfbGbbmy`g{mjo bjy ]jton

^j`do/ [ed ijjl fdk {j kmsctssmjos gijt{ {ed msstds jb sdutgfm{} gok sdfbds{dd`/ [ed

Qgnd 39


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ydsdgycedy idmon g `gfd ~gs gifd {j qgy{mcmqg{d mo sj`d jb {ed Iyj{edy{j Iyj{edy Nyjtqs/

Ktymon jod sdssmjo s{tkdo{s ~dyd qygc{mcmon g s{dq sej~ gok g ygq g s{tkdo{ ~yj{d gijt{

{ed Og{mjoejjk Scejjf/ [ed} ~dyd kjmon {ems mo qydqgyg{mjo bjy g qdybjy`gocd g{ {ed

gootgf kmoody/

G{ {ed Og{mjoejjk Scejjf egrmon }jty cemfkydo g{{dok {ed scejjf ~gs g qym`gy}

`j{mrg{mjo bjy {dgcemon g{ {ed scejjf/ êdo dfdrdo jt{ jb bjty{ddo {dgcedys sdok {edmy

lmks {j scejjf& {ed kmrmsmjo id{~ddo ej`d gok scejjf ms ojodums{do{/ Mo gkkm{mjo {edyd

~dyd smnombmcgo{ j{edy {mds id{~ddo `dìdys jb {ed Og{mjoejjk Scejjf cj``tom{}/

Drdo ~edo qgydo{s ~dydo{ ydfg{dk i} ifjjk& sj`d jb {edmy cjoodc{mjos ~dyd ds{gifmsedk

~edo {ed} ~dyd nyj~mon tq/ Gs jod jb {ed qgydo{s duqfgmodk jod stce ydfg{mjosemq8

^d egrd loj~o dgce j{edy smocd qydscejjf/ ^d g{{dokdk {ed sg ddfd`do{gy}& htomjy emne scejjf gok emne scejjf/ Oj~ g{ {ed Og{mjoejjkscejjf edy kgtne{dy ms jfkdy {ego `mod sj sed ms fmld go jfkdy sms{dy {j `}kgtne{dy/ Sed edfqs `} kgtne{dy kj edy ej`d~jyl byj` {m`d {j {m`d/ Sedms ydgff} njjk g{ iygmkmon edy egmy/ Edy kgtne{dy ms gf`js{ fmld g sdcjok`j{edy {j `} kgtne{dy/

[ed ijokmon g`jon {ed cj``tom{}& qgydo{s& s{gbb gok s{tkdo{s ydmobjycdk {ed btoc{mjogf

cj``tom{}/ [edsd ijoks ~dyd go dssdo{mgf {jjf mo edfqmon {ed scejjf {j cjto{dygc{ {ed

odng{mrd mobftdocds jb {ed dormyjo`do{/

Cj``tom{} Cdfdiyg{mjos

Cj``tom{} cdfdiyg{mjos ~dyd {jjfs bjy itmfkmon cj``tom{} gok cydg{mon ijoks

{eg{ ydmobjycdk {ed btoc{mjogf cj``tom{}/ Go dmne{e nygkd s{tkdo{ ~ej cg`d {j {ed

scejjf {~j }dgys dgyfmdy kdscymidk ems bddfmon jb ngmomon `dìdysemq mo {ed cj``tom{} jb

nd 33 jb ;5


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{ed Og{mjoejjk Scejjf8

êdo M bmys{ cg`d {j scejjf& qdjqfd ~dyd ~dfcj`mon `d& idcgtsd M ~gsod~ {j {ed scejjf/ Qdjqfd ~dyd mo{yjktcmon `d {j drdy}ijk}/ [eg{ `gkd`d bddf ~dfcj`d/ M ~gs egqq} gijt{ {eg{/ [ed gootgf kmoodys& {ed

L~goxgg cdfdiyg{mjo& {ed nygktg{mjos gok {ed {ymqs gok gff {ed j{edy drdo{s{eg{ nj jo mo {ed scejjf///

Qgydo{s kdymrdk g sdosd jb qymkd gok sg{msbgc{mjo byj` sddmon {edmy cemfkydo

qdybjy`/ S{tkdo{s duqdymdocdk gqqyjrgf gok gqqydcmg{mjo byj` {ed qgydo{s gok s{gbb

ktymon {edsd gc{mrm{mds/ Jod jb {ed @g`gs kdscymidk {ed gootgf kmoody8

@go} qgydo{s gyd togifd {j sdd {edmy cemfkydo drdy} kg} mo scejjf/ [ed}

gyd togifd {j sdd {ed idodbm{s jb {ems {}qd jb dktcg{mjo/// [ed} nd{ ydgfducm{dk ~edo {ed} sdd {edmy cemfk ydcm{mon qjd{y} byj` Fgons{jo Etneds&qdybjy`mon mo g qfg} gijt{ Wtddo Oxmoneg& gok qfg}mon Gbymcgo kyt`s/[ed gootgf drdo{s sej~ {ed qgydo{s {eg{ {ems scejjf rgftds {edmy cemfk gokms ctf{tygff} gbbmy`mon/

Mo gff jb {ed scejjfs {eg{ M qydrmjtsf} ~jyldk mo {edyd ~gs g fgcl jb Gbymcgo G`dymcgo

`gfd qgy{mcmqg{mjo/ G{ {ed Og{mjoejjk Scejjf kd`jos{yg{mon {ed m`qjy{gocd jb {ed

Gbymcgo G`dymcgo `gfd qydsdocd mo {ed fmrds jb cemfkydo ~gs go m`qfmcm{ jihdc{mrd jb {ed

gootgf drdo{s/ Gs jod jb {ed `gfd qgydo{s s{g{dk ktymon {ed gootgf kmoody8

M dohj} oj{emon `jyd {ego `} ydsqjosmimfm{} {j id g kgk/ [ed} \jtycemfkydoP oddk ts sj `tce/ [ed} fjjl tq {j ts bjy ntmkgocd/// ^d \Ifgcl`doP egrd {j edfq jty sms{ges ygmsd jty bg`mfmds/ Bjy {jj fjon jty sms{gesegrd ygmsdk jty ij}s i} {ed`sdfrds/ M{ ms oj ~jokdy {eg{ ~d sdd Ifgcl`do nyj~mon tq go kmsydsqdc{mon Ifgcl ~j`go/ ^d egrd sfdq{ jo jtyhji/// M{ {glds g go {j sej~ g ij} ej~ {j id g `go////

Jod jb {ed `js{ oj{mcdgifd bdg{tyds jb {ed gootgf drdo{s ~gs {eg{ `go} gftòm

g{{dokdk/ Sj`d jb {ed gftòm egk {edmy cemfkydo qdybjy`mon g{ {ed gootgf drdo{s/ Mo {ed

~jyks jb jod jb {ed bjtokmon `dìdys& Igig G& [ed gootgf kmoody s{gy{dk jt{ ~m{e 91

qdjqfd gok egs nyj~o {j 911 {j 311 qdjqfd/ M{ s}ìjfmxds jty scejjf cydg{mon m{s j~o

Qgnd 3;


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ems{jy}/// {edsd drdo{s egrd cydg{dk cjo{motm{} id{~ddo {ed qgs{& qydsdo{ gok bt{tyd/

Sfddqjrdys

G wtds{mjo gsldk mo dgce bjcts nyjtq ~gs& êg{ ms }jty bgrjym{d {emon gijt{ {ems

scejjf: Mo bjty jb {ed gkjfdscdo{ bd`gfd bjcts nyjtqs& gok jod jb {ed `gfd dfd`do{gy}

scejjf bjcts nyjtqs& M edgyk {ed gos~dy& Sfddqjrdys/ M gsldk s{tkdo{s& êg{ ms g

sfddqjrdy: G sdrdo{e nygkd bd`gfd s{tkdo{ duqfgmodk&

G sfddqjrdy ms ~edo 31 {j 41 lmks s{g} jrdy g{ jod jb {ed Igigs jy @g`gsejtsd/ ^d nd{ qmxxg gok ~d ~g{ce `jrmds/ ^d kj {ed` jo g Bymkg}

omne{/ [ed ids{ sfddqjrdy ~gs ~edo ~d egk g fmq s}oc cjo{ds{ jod omne{/Drdy}jod egk g fj{ jb bto/ Jod {m`d ~d `gkd cjjlmds gok egk go mcdcydg` gok cjjlmd dg{mon cjo{ds{/ Sfddqjrdys gyd gf~g}s bto/

Igig Y kmsctssdk sfddqjrdys gs g og{tygf du{dosmjo jb {ed bg`mf}8

Mo {ems scejjf& ~edyd {dgcedys gyd cgffdk @g`g gok Igig& s{tkdo{ sfddqmonjrdy g{ jty ejtsds ydmobjycds {ed mkdg jb g bg`mf} fmld g{`jsqedyd/ M egrdiddo edyd bjy gijt{ bjty }dgys gok drdy} }dgy ~d egrd sfddqjrdys gijt{{~j {j {eydd {m`ds g }dgy/

Mo go g{{d`q{ {j cjo{ygs{ Igig Ys duqdymdocd g{ {ed Og{mjoejjk Scejjf ~m{e ems

duqdymdocd s{tkdo{s {dgcemon& ed ~gs gsldk& êg{ yjfd kmk sfddqjrdys egrd mo {ed scejjf

~edyd }jt kmk }jty s{tkdo{ {dgcemon: Igig Y ydqfmdk& Sfddqjrdys ~dyd odrdy kjod/ Mb

s{tkdo{s s{g}dk jrdy g{ {dgcedys ejtsds& M odrdy edgyk gijt{ m{/ [eg{ scejjf kmk oj{ egrd

{eg{ {}qd jb g{`jsqedyd/ ]jt igydf} s{g}dk gb{dy scejjf ~m{e s{tkdo{s& sj bjynd{ gijt{

fd{{mon s{tkdo{s mo{j }jty ejtsd/ Jocd {ed idff ymons %m/d/& dok jb {ed scejjf kg}- qdjqfd

nj gijt{ {edmy fmrds/

@g`g Q8 Cgymon& @j{edymon& Idfmdrmon gok Kd`gokmon

nd 34 jb ;5


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[dgcedys*Qymocmqgfs fmld @g`g Q ydmobjycdk {ems oj{mjo jb btoc{mjogf cj``tom{}

i} {ydg{mon s{tkdo{s fmld bg`mf} `d`idys/ ^emfd {dgcedys g{ {ed Og{mjoejjk Scejjf kmk

oj{ segyd g `jojfm{emc s{}fd jb {dgcemon& @g`g Qs dud`qfgy} {dgcemon s{}fd gok

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scejjfs qgydo{s& {dgcedys gok s{tkdo{s gccjto{gifd gok ydsqjosmifd bjy kdrdfjqmon {edmy

cemfkydo {j {edmy btffds{ qj{do{mgf/ Gs {ed {dgcedy jb {ed L~g`d Olyt`ge cfgss& @g`g Q

duqfgmodk8

[ed ij{{j` fmod ms {eg{ M loj~ dgce jod jb {edsd lmks cgo kj go}{emon {ed}~go{ {j kj/ M kjo{ ~go{ {ed` {j ~gfl jt{ jb edyd mocgqgifd jb kjmongo}{emon {ed} ~go{ {j kj/ Idcgtsd mb }jt kjo{ gcgkd`mcgff} egrd m{& }jt~mff id cymqqfdk {j g cdy{gmo du{do{/ M kjo{ ~go{ go}ijk} {j id cymqqfdk~edo {ed} ~gfl jt{ {ed kjjy/ M ~go{ }jt {j egrd drdy} im{ jb drdy}{emon}jt oddk/ M cjrdy gs `tce kms{gocd gs M cgo/ M ~go{ }jt {j egrd {ed igsmc{emons M loj~ }jt egrd {j egrd gok id}jok {eg{ sj {eg{ }jt ~mff id gifd {j~dg{edy {ed s{jy`/ [ed ~ejfd ij{{j` fmod ms {eg{ ~edo {ed} fdgrd edyd&{ed} gyd njmon {j egrd {emons {eg{ gyd njmon {j nd{ {ed` jbb cdo{dy/ M ~go{{ed` {j id gifd {j sg}& M kjo{ ~gfl mo{j {eg{& M nj jrdy {ems ~g}/ [eg{ ms~eg{ M ydgff} ~go{ {ed` {j id gifd {j kj/ ]dge {ed} {emol M g` `dgo& it{

cjjf gok M g` oj{ njmon {j {gld m{ qdysjogff}//// M qtse {ed` {j ydgce {edmybtff qj{do{mgf/

@g`g Q kmk oj{ gffj~ g s{tkdo{s igclnyjtok {j mo{dybdyd ~m{e jy id go ductsd bjy

oj{ qdybjy`mon gcgkd`mcgff}/ @g`g Q qtsedk gff {ed s{tkdo{s {j kj {ed ids{ {ed} cgo kj/

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jb {ed qgydo{s/ Mo {ed ~jyks jb @g`g Q8

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Qgnd 32


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kjmon gff ymne{'///Ge i} {ed ~g} gyd {edyd go} jqdomons mo {ed scejjf&@g`g Q:

@g`g Q egk fjrd gok cjocdyo bjy {ed s{tkdo{s gok qgydo{s it{ fjrd kmk oj{ cj`d

~m{ejt{ cym{mcms`/ @g`g Q cym{mcmxdk sj`d jb {ed qgydo{s bjy ~go{mon {j id bymdoks ~m{e

{edmy cemfkydo& {j {ed kd{ym`do{ jb {edmy dktcg{mjogf nyj~{e8

Sj`d qgydo{s ~go{ {j kj drdy}{emon bjy {edmy cemfkydo/ [ed} ~go{ {j ejfk{edmy egok gok id {edmy bymdoks/ M g` oj{ edyd bjy {eg{/ M g` edyd {j qtse}jt {j ydgce }jty btff qj{do{mgf/ Jt{smkd jb scejjf& mb ~d egrd {m`d& ~dcgo id bymdoks/

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~jyl///[ed} gf~g}s sg} g{ {ed dok jb jty bf}dys gok {emons& {eg{ jtycemfkydo gyd jty bt{tyd/ Sj {eg{s ~e} @g`g Q ms {ed ~g} sed ms///

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odcdssgy} {j tokdys{gok {ed gc{mjos jb m{s `gmo gc{jys& ~emce ~gs {ed `gmo

jihdc{mrd jb bjctsmon jo @g`g Q/ [ed ydstf{s egrd sej~o sj`d jb {ed ~g}s mo

~emce {ed Og{mjoejjk Scejjf `dkmg{dk {ed cegffdonds byj` {ed dormyjo`do{gf

cjo{du{/ [ed odu{ sdc{mjo kmsctssdk {ed qyjifd` jb njrdyo`do{ qjfmcmds {eg{

bjcts jo moscejjf bgc{jys ~emfd mnojymon {ed dormyjo`do{gf cjo{du{/

nd 3> jb ;5


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[ED KDCJO[DU[TGFMXG[MJO JB GBYMCGO G@DYMCGO BGMFTYD

Gbymcgo Cdo{dydk scejjfs gok j{edy stccdssbtf scejjfs bjy cemfkydo jb cjfjy mo {ed

moody cm{} egk sej~o {eg{ cfgssyjj` gok moscejjf dormyjo`do{s jb{do }mdfkdk stccdss

~m{ejt{ cegonmon {ed cjo{du{ jb {ed cj``tom{}/ [ed btoc{mjogf cj``tom{}& {dgcedy

g{{m{tkds fmld @g`g Q gok g ctf{tygff} ydfdrgo{ ctyymctft` ~dyd dug`qfds jb {ed mo

scejjf bgc{jys {eg{ ~jyldk {j `dkmg{d {ed dbbdc{s jb cjokm{mjogf ndojcmkd/ Jod mkdg {eg{

cgo id cjocftkdk byj` {ems s{tk} ms {eg{ {ems qgy{mctfgy Gbymcgo Cdo{dydk scejjf

m`qfd`do{dk moojrg{mrd moscejjf s{yg{dnmds {j edfq m{s s{tkdo{ jrdycj`d {ed cj``tom{}

cjo{du{/ Go tomo{dokdk cjosdwtdocd jb bjctsmon jo moscejjf bgc{jys %md/ OCFI- egk

iddo {ed nyj~{e jb moojrg{mrd dktcg{mjogf qyjnyg`s fmld jb gff`gfd gcgkd`mds gok

cegy{dy scejjfs %Ojntdyg& 9113-/ Mo {ed fgs{ kdcgkd g qfd{ejyg jb qyjnyg`s egk cj`d mo{j

dums{docd {eg{ sjtne{ {j cfjsd {ed gcemdrd`do{ ngq ~m{emo cegffdonmon cj``tom{mds/

Ej~drdy& {ed `ghjy sejy{cj`mon jb {ems nyj~{e jb moojrg{mrd qyjnyg`s gok

cegy{dy scejjfs ~gs {eg{ {ed gcemdrd`do{ ngq cjtfk id cfjsdk ~m{ejt{ cegonmon {ed

cj``tom{}/ FdCj`q{d %9119- cfgm`dk {eg{ qjfm{mcmgos bgrjy kdcjo{du{tgfmxdk

duqfgog{mjos jb {dgcemon gok fdgyomon gok g jod smxd bm{s gff sjft{mjo {j dktcg{mjogf

qyjifd`s/ Ndys{fQdqmo %9112- qjsm{dk {eg{ qjfmc}`gldys ygydf} sd{ scejjf modwtm{mds mo

{ed cjo{du{ sjcmgf modwtm{mds/ Sed bty{edy cjo{dokdk {eg{ OCFI edfk scejjfs gfjod

ydsqjosmifd bjy {ed gcemdrd`do{ ngq& {edydi} kms`mssmon sjcmgf modwtm{}/ Qjfm{mcmgos gok

dktcg{mjogf qjfmc}`gldys qgokdydk {ed ~jyl jb stccdssbtf scejjfs {eg{ jrdycg`d {ed

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jkks& qyjqjsmon dwtgfmxmon dktcg{mjogf jt{cj`ds ~emfd grjmkmon cj``tom{} cegond/

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moojrg{mrd qyjnyg`s mo m`qjrdymsedk qjjy Ifgcl gok Fg{moj odmneijyejjks& ~emfd

bgrjymon `gssmrd ct{s mo {ed tyigo qtifmc ~jylbjycd gok docjtygnmon qjfmcmds {eg{

cjo{ymit{dk {j {ed `gss mocgycdyg{mjo jb {ed odmneijyejjks mo ~emce {edsd sg`d scejjfs

~dyd sm{tg{dk/ M{ ~gs tce cedgqdy& wtmcldy gok sgbdy bjy qjfm{mcmgos {j {jt{ ygmsmon {ds{

scjyds {ego {j ydktcd fjon{dy` tod`qfj}`do{ gok ydbjy` {ed qymsjo mokts{ymgf cj`qfdu/

[ed `mssmjo jb OCFI sejtfk oj{ id cjobtsdk ~m{e {ed jymnmogf mkdg jb Fdgrd Oj

Cemfk Idemok i} {ed Cemfkydos Kdbdosd Btok %CKB-& g cemfkydos gkrjcgc} jyngomxg{mjo

s{gy{dk i} @gymg` ymne{ Dkdf`go/ Mo 9117& {ed Kjkk@mffdy Gc{ {j Fdgrd Oj Cemfk

Idemok %S/;;5*E/Y/ =32- imff ~gs mo{yjktcdk {j cjonydss/ [ems gc{ kmbbdydk byj` {ed Oj

Cemfk Fdb{ Idemok Gc{& ~emce ~gs {gldo byj` {ed CKB ~m{ejt{ qdy`mssmjo i} {ed Itse

Gk`moms{yg{mjo %Cemfkydos Kdbdosd Btok& Htod& 911>-/ CKB cjo{dokdk {eg{ Itse egk

kms`go{fdk {ed dktcg{mjo jb cemfkydo i} nmrmon {gu ct{s {j {ed ymce ~emfd `gmo{gmomon

}dgyf} sqdokmon bjy {ed ^gy jo Mygw jb imffmjos jb kjffgys/ @go} jb {ed cj``tom{mds mo

~emce {edyd ~gs g smnombmcgo{ gcemdrd`do{ ngq ~dyd gfsj cj``tom{mds mo ~emce {ed

tsdfdss ydsmkd/ [edsd ~dyd {ed cj``tom{mds mo ~emce qjfm{mcmgos bdmno stqqjy{ i}

{gflmon gijt{ cfjsmon {ed gcemdrd`do{ ngq i} {y}mon {j ygmsd {ds{ scjyds ~emfd mnojymon

fjon {dy` tod`qfj}`do{ gok `gss mocgycdyg{mjo ~emce ~dyd {~j `gombds{g{mjos jb

cjokm{mjogf ndojcmkd/

Nyjtqs fmld CKB cjoodc{dk cfjsmon {ed gcemdrd`do{ ngq {j gkrjcgc} bjy qymsjo

ydbjy` {eyjtne m{s Qmqdfmod {j Qymsjo qyjnyg`/ Sdfbsts{gmomon scejjf ydbjy` ~gs

tokdy`modk ~edo ~d cjos{go{f} fjclmon tq {ed qgydo{s jb s{tkdo{s gok {ed s{tkdo{s

nd 3= jb ;5


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{ed`sdfrds g{ mocydgsmon yg{ds/ Drdo {ejtne rmjfdo{ cym`d mo `go} cm{mds gcyjss {ed TS

egk iddo kj~o byj` {ed kg}s mo {ed dgyf} omod{mds g{ {ed edmne{ jb {ed cygcl cjcgmod

`gyld{& {ed yg{d jb mocgycdyg{mjo yd`gmodk g{ g ydcjyk sd{{mon qgcd/ CKBs Qmqdfmod {j

Qymsjo qyjnyg` mffts{yg{dk {eg{ {ed cj``m{`do{ {j cfjsd {ed gcemdrd`do{ ngq i} ygmsmon

{ds{ scjyds sejtfk oj{ id kmscjoodc{dk byj` ydbjy`mon {ed qymsjo s}s{d`/

[ed tf{m`g{d cjosdwtdocd jb kdcjo{du{tgfmxdk sjft{mjos {j Gbymcgo G`dymcgo

bgmftyd egk iddo {ed kmscjoodc{mjo id{~ddo qjfmcmds gm`dk g{ scejjf m`qyjrd`do{ byj`

qjfmcmds gm`dk g{ m`qyjrmon {ed fgyndy cj``tom{}/ ^emfd Itse gkrjcg{dk OCFI gs g

qyjnydssmrd ~g} jb cfjsmon {ed gcemdrd`do{ ngq& `jod} ~gs swtgokdydk mo {gu iydgls bjy

{ed ymce gok cegsmon ~dgqjos jb `gss kds{ytc{mjo/ [ed myjo} ~gs {eg{ do{myd scejjfs

bgmfdk gok {edmy styyjtokmon cj``tom{mds yd`gmodk tod`qfj}dk gok mocgycdyg{dk/

[ems qgqdy cjocftkdk i} stnnds{mon {ed Og{mjogf Tyigo Fdgntds %OTF-

Jqqjy{tom{} Cj`qgc{ {j ht`qs{gy{ tyigo G`dymcg gs go dug`qfd jb g s{yg{dn} {j cfjsd

{ed gcemdrd`do{ ngq {eyjtne bmne{mon sjcmjdcjoj`mc modwtgfm{} gok kdrdfjqmon {ed

cj``tom{}/ Sj`d jb {ed stnnds{mjos bjy {ed OTF qfgo cjosms{dk jb ntgygo{ddk

dktcg{mjogf gccdss bjy gff byj` edgk s{gy{ {j cjffdnd< ntgygo{ddk edgf{e cgyd< cydg{mjo jb

go tyigo igol bjy tyigo mobygs{ytc{tyd m`qyjrd`do{s< ej`dj~odysemq imff jb ymne{s ~m{e

{ed cydg{mjo jb gbbjykgifd ejtsmon< gok dostymon nydg{dy `mojym{} qgy{mcmqg{mjo mo

njrdyo`do{ cjo{ygc{s/ Gs OTFs Qydsmkdo{ @jymgf s{g{dk& G og{mjo {eg{ cgo kdrdfjq {ed

@gysegff Qfgo {j yditmfk Dtyjqd& g og{mjo {eg{ cgo cydg{d {ed Mo{dyog{mjogf @jod{gy} Btok

{j yditmfk {ed ~jyfk& g og{mjo {eg{ cgo ygff} gyjtok g ~gy mo Mygw cgo cdy{gmof} yditmfk m{s

tyigo cj``tom{mds %Og{mjogf Tyigo Fdgntd& Htf} 94& 911>-/

Qgnd ;1


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Gkfdy& ^/@/ %7==4-/ Fgok jb

self-published manuscript: the story of the nationhood school

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