self driving vehicles: current status and policy …...automated highway systems (ahs) autonomous...
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Self Driving Vehicles: Current Status and Policy Implications for Minnesota
The Landscape Manufacturers
Tech Researchers
Automated Highway Systems
(AHS)
Autonomous
Unmanned
Vehicles Google’s
Cars
Commercially
Available
Automotive
Collision Warnings
and ACC
Connected
Vehicles
Technology Definition From Steven Shaldover, California PATH 2012
Technology Definition
• Autonomous: self-contained within the individual automated vehicle
• Connected
– V2V (vehicle to vehicle)
– V2I (vehicle to infrastructure)
Technology
• Developed White Paper on Policy Implications of Self-Driving Vehicles
– Safety / Engineering
– Travel Behavior / Planning
– Legal Issues
– Minnesota Opportunities
• http://www.tpec.umn.edu/research/technology/
Implications
Safety
Minnesota 2013
– 387 Fatalities – 30,653 Injured – 77,707 Traffic
Crashes
Economic Cost more than $1.58 Billion Credit: Science Digest Apr. 1958
Safety United States
33,561 Deaths in 2012
Worldwide
1.24 Million Deaths in 2010
50+ million Injuries
60+ Million Deaths in 20th Century
Approximately WW II causalities
Safety • Benefits:
• Eliminate Driver Error
• Focus on Crash Avoidance - NHTSA
• Reduce Fatalities
• Caveats
• Integrating with “driver”
• Responding to warnings
• Resuming Control Credit: www.cers.umn.edu
Capacity • Better Infrastructure Utilization • Congestion Reduction
– Increased Capacity – Gap reduction- low elasticity
• Reduced Lane width • Smooth merging
• Intersection and Bottleneck Management
Credit: kapsch.net
Benefits
• Free Time
– Travel Time
– Looking for parking
• Better Fuel Consumption
• Environment
• Land Use
Mobility
• Expanded user base
• Elderly
• Disabled
• Children
• Increased Independence
• Decreased Cost of Travel
Vehicle Diversity
Cost/Ownership Fewer
cars/Family
Private/Public Owned Fleet
Shared Vehicles
Depending
on vehicle
cost, new
ownership
models may
be adopted
Travel Behavior
• Changes in Cost of Travel • Less effort • More Time • More Efficient
Gasoline Use • Change in Behavior
• Commute Length • Travel Frequency • Rule Adherence
Land Use/Planning
• Parking
• Urbanization and Urban Sprawl
Key Challenges
• Control / Responsibility
Credit: Beuafort’s TheDigitel
Level 0
•“No-Automation”
•Driver is in complete control at all times
•Driver is solely responsible for safe operation and monitoring the roadway
Level 1
•“Function-specific”
•One or more control function are automated
•Driver is solely responsible for safe operation and monitoring roadway but can cede primary control or be assisted in certain situations
Level 2
•“Combined Function”
•At least two primary control functions are automated and work in unison to relive driver of control in certain situations
•Driver is responsible safe operation and for monitoring road way and is expected to be available to take control at short notice
Level 3
•“Limited Self-Driving”
•Driver can cede full control of all safety critical functions under certain conditions
•Driver can rely heavily on vehicle to monitor for changes in roadway that require driver control. Driver is expected to be available for occasional control
Level 4
•“Full Self-Driving”
•Vehicle performs all safety-critical driving functions
•Vehicle monitors roadway conditions for an entire trip
Less automation More automation
OPERATION
CONTROL
Levels of “Control”
NAME
What Driving Tasks Must Self-
Driving Vehicles Perform?
Detecting, Recognizing, Classifying
objects
Identifying, resolving potential conflicts
Real time trip planning
Mechanics
Credit: wonderlane
Key Challenges
• Control / Responsibility
• Liability
Credit: Beuafort’s TheDigitel
Civil Criminal
Liability
Define Roles
Determine Fault
Fix Compensation
Credit: Stockmonkeys.com
Liability Options
• Operator or Manufacturer Liability?
• Manufacturer (Products) Liability
– Risk / Benefit
– Consumer Expectation
– Strict Liability????
– Protection / Preemption?
Liability Options
• Owner: – agency analogy: the car is the “agent” of the
operator/owner.
– nondelegable duty – defect in the car’s program, like negligently repaired brakes, is attributed in the first instance to the operator/owner.
Maloney v. Rath, 69 Cal.2d 442 (1968).
– Vicarious liability
• Operator Strictly Liable Up To Financial Responsibility Limits (e.g., $15,000/$30/000 in CA)?
What Data Do Self-Driving
Vehicles Need?
Traffic Signs and Signals
Location, Direction, Speed
of Cars, Peds, Bikes
Road Ahead and Intersecting
Roads
GPS location
Weather Conditions
Credit: juvertson
Key Challenges
• Control / Responsibility
• Security
• Privacy
Credit: Beuafort’s TheDigitel
Data Privacy
Tools For Common Ground
• Weigh costs vs benefits
• Set time limits for data retention
• Restrict secondary uses of data
• Using Privacy Policies: • Opt-in mechanisms;
• Internal data practices
• AAMA Principles: – www.automotiveprivacy.com
• Implement “Privacy-by-design”
How Can Privacy Protection Be
Built into Self-Driving Vehicles?
Credit: perspec_photo88
Other Legal Questions:
• Will the law address parents sending kids to soccer practice in autonomous vehicles?
• Will licenses be necessary?
– Will 16 remain the typical age for drivers licensing?
• Will each generation slowly become less competent at driving?
•Other states are making progress
•The technology is being developed, this is an opportunity to lead
•Unique weather conditions mean for manufacturers to address
Self-Driving Cars in Minnesota
Self-Driving Cars in Minnesota
• Opportunities for Minnesota:
– Need to review current laws, capacity and demand projections
– If Volvo can demonstrate in Gothenburg, why not a demonstration in Minnesota?
– British “competition” a model?
AV’s in Prime-time: videos
• V2V
• Mercedes
• Audi
Credit: digidreamgrafix] /FreeDigitalPhotos.Net
Self Driving Vehicles: Current Status and Policy Implications for Minnesota
Questions?
• Frank Douma
• Adeel Lari