self assessment of halitosis among diabetic saudi female patients
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SELF-ASSESSMENT OF HALITOSIS
AMONG DIABETIC SAUDI FEMALE
PATIENTS
NAHED ASHRI
Associate Professor, Division of Periodontics, Department of
Preventive Dental Science
ADDRESSCORRESPONDENCES TO:
Dr. N. Y. Ashri
Department of dental science
Division of Periodontics
College of Dentistry, King Saud University
P.O. Box 60169, Riyadh 11545
Telephone numbers:
Home 966-1-233-2720
Mobile 966-558-008-80
Fax 966-1-476-5357
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E-mail [email protected]
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ABSTRACT
Aim: The purpose of this study was to assess self-perception of oral malodor
(Halitosis) in female diabetic patients and the impact of halitosis on their social life.
Methods: A self-administrated questionnaire was developed and distributed in the
diabetic clinics in four governmental hospitals. The questioner contained questions
about past medical history, oral habits, and self-perception of halitosis, in addition, to
questions about social and psychological impacts of halitosis.
Results: 175 female diabetic patients participated in this study by completing the
distributed questionnaire. Fifty two percent of participant were aware of having
halitosis, 50.3% of these had self-perception of halitosis while 18.3% were told by
others. Subjects with halitosis reported that the uppermost level of halitosis was
noticed at waking up 78.3%, followed by the time when they famished 59.4%.
Participant also reported having caries 58.9% and gingival bleeding 51.4%. Fifty eight
percent used the toothbrush daily but only 8.6% used the dental floss daily. Past
medical history included gastric disturbance 25%, sinusitis 23.4%, anemia 14.3%, and
allergies 19.4%. Twenty percent of subjects seek treatment for halitosis by a dentist,
and 11.4% consulted a physician, however only 11.4% reported receiving treatment.
Thirty four percent of participant reported that having halitosis had made them
hesitant to speak to others and 12.6% completely avoids others. Fifty two percent of
the subjects gave there own opinion about what is the cause for halitosis; diabetes
14.9%, caries 13.1%, 13% periodontal disease, and 8% gastric disturbance. It can be
concluded that self-perception of halitosis is high among female diabetic patients and
has relative effect on their social and psychological status. Further studies are needed
to document the prevalence of halitosis among diabetic patients.
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INTRODUCTION
Diabetes Mellitus (DM) is a chronic disorder characterized by hyperglycemia and
associated with major abnormalities in carbohydrate, fat, and protein metabolism (1). It is
one of the major public health issues facing the world in the 21 st century (1). It often goes
undiagnosed and compromises the oral health of an affected patient (1). Prevalence of (DM)
is about 3%-7% in the western countries (2). In Saudi Arabia, the incidence of DM is rapidly
increasing with prevalence of 2.55% - 5.32% among males and females respectively (3).
Diabetes Mellitus is associated with many complications affecting both physical and
psychological status of patient (4). One of those is periodontal disease which was found to be
of a high prevalence and severity in DM (5).
The relationship between DM and periodontitis were reported by several studies (5) (6) (7).
Yavuzyilmaz et al. 1996 found that alteration in the composition of whole saliva could be
associated with the increase in severity of PD in diabetic patients (8).
Halitosis is a common complaint that may periodically affect most of the adult
population (9) (10).In the large majority of cases, halitosis originates in the oral cavity as the
result of microbial metabolism (9) (10) (11).Sixty five percent to 85% of halitosis found to be
caused by periodontal disease (12). It was also found to be associated with systemic disease
as DM (13) (14) (15). Halitosis is caused by the high activity of bacteria and production of foul
smelling by products known as volatile sulfur compounds (VSC) (16)(17) (18).
Halitosis affects a large proportion of the population (19), and may be the cause of a
significant social and psychological handicap to those who suffer from it (20) (21). However
not all persons who have halitosis are aware of it (6).
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The aim of this study was to assess the self-perception of Halitosis in a sample of Saudi
female Diabetic patients and the social effect of Halitosis on their life.
MATERIALS AND METHODS
Patients under treatment in the diabetic centers in four different hospitals in Riyadh,
Saudi Arabia; King Abdul Aziz university hospital, King Khalid university hospital, The
Military hospital and the Security forces hospital were requested to participate in the study.
To assess self-perception and awareness of halitosis (bad breath) in Saudi female
diabetic patients, Arabic questionnaire was developed consisting of two parts. The first part
consisted of questions about the presence of medical illness, oral hygiene practice, their
consumption of coffee, tea, the presence of smoking habit, presence of caries, and finally
there awareness of having halitosis and whether treatment was seeked. The second part of
the questionnaire consisted of social and psychological consequence of halitosis if present.
A nurse was assigned in each hospital to distribute the forms to diabetic Saudi female
patients in the waiting areas and recollect them in 10-15 minutes and the opportunity for
verbal inquiry to assist in establishing rapport when ever patient were illiterate.
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RESULTS
One hundred seventy five Saudi female patients with diabetes agreed to
participate in the present study. Age range was 16-72 years old with the majority
58.3% ranging between 36 to 55 years old.
Fifty two percent of participant reported that they have halitosis, from which
50% made self-diagnosis and 18 % were told that they have halitosis. Table I
Fifty percent of participant reported having dry mouth, 58.9% reported presence of
caries, 51.4% reported bleeding during brushing, and 18.9% reported frequent oral
ulceration. Table I
Table I: Self-Assessment Questions:
Question Yes No Don't know
Presence of halitosis 52% 28% 20%
Halitosis found by your self 50.3% 49.7% 0Halitosis found by others 18.3% 81.7% 0
Presence of dry mouth 50.9% 48.56 0.54 %
Presence of caries 58.9% 21.1% 20 %
Presence of bleeding with brushing 51.4% 48.6% 0
Occurrence of frequent ulceration 18.9% 79.4% 1.7 %
Participants were asked when they feel that they have the highest level of
halitosis during the day, 61.79 of subjects reported bad breath at awaking up, 46.9%
when hungry; and 8% at work. Table II.
However when cross tabulation was done between participant who actually
said that they have halitosis and time of highest peak of halitosis it was found that
31.9% of participant found halitosis worst when they are tired, 59.4% when they are
hungry, 18.8% at work, and 78.3% at waking up.
Fifty eight percent of participant who reported having halitosis have gingival
bleeding when brushing, 25% have sinusitis, and 24.6% reported having gastric
disturbance. Table III
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Table II: Highest Peek of Halitosis
Time halitosis is highest Yes No
After waking up 61.7% 38.3%
When hungry 46.9% 53.1%
Mid-day 31.4% 68.6%
During working hours 8.0% 92%
Table III: Correlation between Halitosis/ Timing and Medical history
Time/ Medical history Percentage
When tired 31.9%
When hungry 59.4%
During work 18.8%
When waking up 78.3%
Gingival bleeding 58%
Sinusitis 25%
Gastric disturbance 24.6%
Regarding patients habits, 58.9% of the participants drink coffee frequently,
38.3% drank tea with mint and only 5.1 are smokers. Fifty eight percent brush their
teeth daily and only 8.6% use dental floss regularly. Table IV
Table IV: Oral Hygiene Care and Different Habits
Question Yes No Sometimes
Daily brushing 58.9% 40.6% 0Daily flossing 8.6% 90.9% 0
Frequency of taking teas 38.3% 18.9% 42.9%
Frequency of taking coffee 58.9% 10.3% 30.3%
Smoking 5.1% 94.9% 0
Past medical history of participant included; sinusitis 23.4%, Gastric disturbance
25.1%, allergies 19.4%, and anemia 14.3%. Table V
Table V: Past Medical History
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Medical condition Yes
Gastric condition 25.1%
Sinusitis 23.4%
Anemia 14.3%
Allergies 19.4%
Limited numbers of participant seek treatment of halitosis; 20% seen by a
dentist, 11.4% went to a physician, of those only 11.4% received treatment for
halitosis. Table VI
Table VI: Treatment Of Halitosis
Seeking treatment of halitosis Yes
Dentist 20%
Physician 11.4%
Receiving treatment for halitosis 11.4%
The subject who reported having halitosis were asked to answer questions
regarding the social impact of halitosis on there life, 34.9% reported hesitation when
speaking to others, 30.9% reported being anxious and nervous when approaching
others, and only 12% had reported that they noticed being avoided by others.
Table VII.
Table VII: Responce to Effect of Halitosis on the Subjects Social Life
Questions Yes
Hesitation to speak to others 34.9%
Feeling anxious when being close to others 30.9%
Avoided by others 12.6%
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Causes of halitosis as it were expressed by 52.6% of participant included;
diabetes 14.9%, caries 13 %, periodontal disease 13%, and gastric disorders 8%.
TableVIII.
TableVIII: Causes of Halitosis
Cause Percentage
Diabetes 14.9%Caries 13%
Periodontal
Disease
13%
Gastric Disorders 8%
DISCUSSION
Halitosis is estimated to affect up to 50% of the adult population with varying
degrees of intensity and etiology (19) (22) (23). Halitosis is caused by several intra and
extra oral factors, including systemic diseases and disorders of the gastrointestinal
and/or upper respiratory tracts (24).
It is generally acknowledged that people suffering from halitosis are often
unaware of it (25), so the aim of the present study was to assess the awareness and self-
perception of halitosis in Saudi Female Diabetic Patients. Fifty two percent of
participant reported having halitosis, as judged by them self, which can be objective
according to the fact that those participant are also diabetic patient, and it was
reported in the literature that diabetic patients have diabetic ketosis where the breath
may smell of acetone from producing acetoacetic acids, hydroxybutyric acid, acetone
and other ketones (26) (27) (28).
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In addition, the participant reported having bleeding gums 51.4%, which is
indicative of presence of inflammation in the oral cavity, and poor oral hygiene
habits, where only 8.6% of patients floss regularly. All of these factors lead to oral
malodor as reported in literature (29) (30).
Patients in the present study who reported having halitosis also gave a past
medical history of dry mouth 50.9%, sinusitis 25%, and Gastric disturbance 24.6%, in
addition to caries 58.9%, bleeding gums 51.4 %, and frequent ulceration 18.3%.
Studies had reported local factors responsible for halitosis which include conditions in
the oral cavity and nasopharynx such as, poor oral hygiene(31)(11) (32) , chronic
periodontal disease(33) (34), caries(33)(34) (28), Ulcers(27) , and dry mouth(27) . Conditions in
nose and pharynx include sinusitis (33), Rhinitis, pharyngitis, tonsillitis, syphilitic
ulcers and tumors of the nose (33) (34) (28) (27).
It is thus appears that, in diabetic patients, all of these factors together could be
indicative of the presence of genuine halitosis among those patient, however further
investigations with a more objective evaluation should be done.
Summary and Recommendations
This study indicates a potential of halitosis with diabetes. Further studies and
investigations are needed to determine the actual prevalence of halitosis and the
clinical variability of halitosis among larger population of subjects with diabetes.
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