selection. types of assessment biographical information interviews work samples letters of...
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Selection
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Types of Assessment
Biographical Information Interviews Work Samples Letters of Recommendation Psychological Tests
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Biographical Data
Good questions are about events that are: historical external discrete controllable (by the individual) verifiable equal access job relevant non-invasive(Mael, 1991)
Rationale vs. empirical method
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Biographical Data
Strong criterion validity drug use, criminal history predicts dysfunctional police
behavior (Sarchione et al., 1998) not redundant with personality (McManus & Kelly, 1999)
Measurement issues Generalizability Faking Fairness Privacy concerns
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Interviews
Structured vs. Unstructured Info. gathering vs. interpersonal behavior sample Situational interview
“How would you handle a circumstance in which you needed the help of a person you did not like?”
Measurement issues structured has more criterion related validity value of unstructured? Illusion of validity
Guidelines for structured interviews
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Work Samples
perform a task under standardized conditions historically were for blue collar jobs
e.g. use of tools, demonstrate driving skills white collar examples
speech interview for foreign worker, test of basic chemistry knowledge,
Measurement issues high criterion validity if skills are similar to job costly to administer work best with mechanical, rather than people-oriented
tasks
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Assessment Centers
Realistic tasks done in groups Assessed by multiple of raters rating multiple domains Multiple methods
in basket group exercise leaderless group exercise
Strong criterion validity (e.g., teachers, police) overall scores predict job performance
Measurement issues costly to administer different ratings on a task too highly correlated dimension ratings not correlated strongly across tasks fix? focus on behavior checklists and rater training
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Drug Testing
opinion? People are more accepting of it if job involves
risks to others (Paronto, et al., 2002) Measurement issues
reliability is very high, but not perfect Validity?
Normands, Salyards, & Mahoney (1990) over 5000 postal service applicants those who tested positive had 59% higher
absenteeism, 47% more likely to be fired no differences in injury or accidents
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Letters of Recommendation
ever written a letter of recommendation for someone?
worst criterion validity of all commonly used assessment tools some use for screening extremely bad
candidates Measurement issues
restriction of range writer bias/investment
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Psychological Test Characteristics
Group vs. individual Objective vs. open-ended Paper & pencil vs. performance Power vs. speed
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Psychological Test Types
Ability Tests Cognitive ability Psychomotor ability
Knowledge and skill or achievement Integrity Personality Emotional Intelligence Vocational interest
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Integrity Tests
Designed to predict whether employee will engage in counterproductive work behavior (CWB) overt vs. personality (covert)
Better at predicting general CWB and performance than theft (r = .30 -.40)
Measurement issues difficult to measure criteria! proprietary issues legal and privacy issues faking
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Personality Tests
measures predispositions toward particular feelings and behaviors
not all tests are based on past research many have shown incremental validity
e.g., predict when controlling for IQ Measurement issues
job relevance not easily/often faked or a problem if faked
(e.g., job faking too)
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The Big Five Inventory
Openness Highs: imaginative, creative, and to seek out cultural and educational
experiences. Lows: more down-to-earth, less interest in art & more practical.
Conscientiousness Highs: methodical, well organized and dutiful. Lows: less careful, less focused & more likely to be distracted
Extraversion Highs: energetic and seek out the company of others. Lows (introverts): tend to be more quiet and reserved.
Agreeableness Highs: tend to be trusting, friendly and cooperative. Lows: tend to be more aggressive and less cooperative
Neuroticism Highs: prone to insecurity and emotional distress. Lows: more relaxed, less emotional and less prone to distress.
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Intelligence Tests
Have greatest validity Often very easy and inexpensive to use
Wonderlic Personnel Test 50 items 12 minute time limit Sample questions Interpreting scores?
Scores vary as a function of race and ethnicity Ethical issues? Face validity?
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Determining “Test” Utility
Goal of testing is to make decisions about individuals on the basis of the amount of a given trait they possess.
A test should give us a “true” picture of a person’s traits
Test Score = True Score + Error
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Reliability and Validity
Reliability Test-retest Parallel (Alternate) forms Internal Consistency
Validity Face Content Criterion-related Construct-related
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Factors Influencing Selection Quality
Three factors influence selection quality Predictor validity Selection ratio Base rate
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Selection Decisions
Reject Accept
Predictor Score
Cri
teri
on P
erfo
rman
ce SuccessfulPerformance
UnsuccessfulPerformance
r =.60
A
B
C
Dbr = .50
sr = .50
TrueNegatives False
Positives
FalseNegatives
r =1.00True
Positives
sr = .25
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Effect of Selection Ratio on Predictor Utility
Reject Accept
Predictor Score
Cri
teri
on P
erfo
rman
cer =.40
Selection Cutoff Score
sr =.50 sr =.10sr =.95
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Effect of Predictor Validityon Predictor Utility
Predictor Score
Cri
teri
on P
erfo
rman
cer =.40
Selection Cutoff Score
sr =.50
r =.80r =.00
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Selection Strategies 3 Basic Strategies
Multiple Regression Assumes relationships between predictors and
criterion are linear Assumes having a lot of one attribute
compensates for having little of another Multiple Cutoff
Applicants must achieve a set, minimum score on all predictors
Multiple Hurdle Applicants must achieve satisfactory scores on a
number of predictors that are administered over time.