selected approaches to sustainable public procurement policies
TRANSCRIPT
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Selected approaches to sustainable public procurement policies:
Cases of the US and Japan
Chikako Takase
Division for Sustainable Development
DESA/UN
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The United States of America
• Federal Government’s procurement size:$275 billion per year
• Legislations:± The Resource Conservation and Recovery Act (RCRA), 1976± Executive Order 13101, 1998: Greening the Government Through Waste
Prevention, Recycling, and Federal Acquisition (supersedes Executive Order 12873)
Other relevant legislation / regulation° The Federal Acquisition Regulation° Executive Order 13148 (2000): Greening the Government
Through Leadership in Environmental Management° Executive Order 13149 (2000): Greening the Government
Through Federal Fleet and Transportation Efficiency
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RCRA
• EPA to identify products made with recycled waste materials or solid waste by-products to develop guidance for purchasing these products
⇒Comprehensive Procurement Guidelines (CPG)• Procurement Agencies to establish programs for
purchasing these products (Affirmative Procurement Programs) within one year after EPA designates an item in CPG when spending more than $10,000 a year on that item, including micro-purchases.
• Procurement Agencies: federal, state, and local agencies, their contractors that use appropriated federal funds
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CPG• Designates products that are or can be made with recovered
materials.• Once a product is designated, procurement agencies are
required to purchase it with the highest recovered material content level practicable.
• Recovered Materials Advisory Notices (RMAN) recommend recycled-content ranges for CPG products.
• EPA’s list of designated products: 54 products, 8 categories: Construction products; Landscaping products; Non-paper Office products; Paper and paper products; Park and Recreation products; Transportation products; Vehicular products; and Miscellaneous products
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CPG
• Each category:
- Recommended Recovered Materials Content Ranges:
Postconsumer content
Total Recovered Materials content
- Product specifications:
Relevant published specification
- Product information:
Database of manufacturers and suppliers
Link to GSA Advantage! (on-line order system)
- Additional Links
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CPG – example: Office Recycling Containers
• EPA's Recommended Recovered Materials Content Levels:
• Additional Links:2000 Buy-Recycled Series: Non-paper Office ProductsTechnical Background Documents
25 – 50--
-100
25 – 5040
40 - 80
-Corrugated-Solid fiber boxes-Industrial paperboard
Paper
20 - 100Plastic
Total recovered materials content
Postconsumer contentMa
Materials
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Executive Order 13101 (1998): Greening the Government Through Waste Prevention, Recycling, and Federal Acquisition
⇒⇒Encourages federal agencies to buy products that are environmentally preferable and/or bio-based
• Environmentally preferable products: Those that have a lesser or reduced adverse effect on human health and the environment when compared with competing products that serve the same purpose.
⇒EPA to develop guidance on environmentally preferable products.
⇒⇒ Environmentally Preferable Purchasing (EPP) program
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Executive Order 13101 (1998):
• Biobased products: Those made from biological products or renewable domestic agricultural (plant, animal, and marine) or forestry materials.⇒USDA to compile a list of biobased products.⇒Section 9002 of the 2002 farm bill (Farm Security and Rural Investment Act of 2002) establishes a Federal biobased products purchasing program similar to the buy-recycled program under RCRA. ⇒ Plans to designate products in 11 categories: Adhesives; Construction materials and composites; Fibers, paper and packaging; Fuels and fuel additives; Inks; Landscaping materials and composted livestock and crop residue; Lubricants and functional fluids; Paints and coatings; Plastics – monomers and polymers; Solvents and cleaners; Sorbents
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EPP program
• A federal-wide program that encourages and assists Executive agencies in the purchasing of environmentally preferable products and services.
• EO 13101, section 503:
(1) EPA to develop guidance
(2) agencies to immediately test and evaluate the principles and concepts contained in the EPA Guidance through pilot projects
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EPP program
EPA‘s Final Guidance on EPP, 1999
• Guiding principles:
• Recommends that each Executive agency issue a Policy Directive promoting the practice
• Recommends that agencies expand the scope of their affirmative procurement programs to include environmentally preferable products and services
• Pilot projects
• EPA to coordinate the development and standardization of environmental information about potential product and services
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EPA ‘s Final Guidance on EPP, 1999
• Guiding principles:
� Environment + Price + Performance = EPP
� Pollution Prevention
� Life Cycle Perspective / Multiple Attributes
� Comparison of Environmental Impacts
� Environmental Performance Information
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EPP program
• Database of Environmental Information for Products and Services includes vender lists of:
- Environmental information on over 600 products and services
- Links to: ØContract language and specifications
ØEnvironmental standards and guidelines
ØVender list of products brands which meet the above through the links to other databases, eg. Energy Star
ØOther sources of information
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Results of reviews
Ref.: ÜQualitative Measurement of Environmentally Preferable
Purchasing Among Federal Employees in 2000, EPA
ÜBetter Guidance and Monitoring Needed to Assess purchases of Environmentally Friendly Products, US General Accounting Office (GSA), 2001
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EPA study• Interview with more than 130 federal employees
involving in procurement
• In order to:ØStudy federal procurement practices and behaviours
ØExplore what motivates the federal workers to link environment to purchasing-related decision-making
ØTest the recognition and usefulness of the EPP outreach materials
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GSA Study
• Four agencies that account for 85% of all federal procurements:
v Department of Defense
v Department of Energy
v General Services Administration (GSA)
v NASA
• To determine the status of federal agencies’ efforts to:Ø Implement RCRA requirements for procuring products with
recycled-contentsØ Purchase environmentally preferable and biobased products
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Key Findings
Ø Identifying products using the guidance is difficult and time-consumingØAgencies have not adequately monitored their
purchasesØ Promotion of awareness about RCRA is limitedØAgencies have not changed to increase the
purchases of EP and biobased products` EPA and USDA have been slow to develop and
implement the programs
ØAgencies indicated that it would be easier, if there is a product list as in CPG
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Key Findings (continued)
ØEO provisions on the “Greening of Government” are not perceived to be mandates
ØAgency- or department-specific mandates motivate federal purchasers more than EOs
Ø Few recognized EPP
ØResponsibility for EPP is perceived as lying elsewhere
ØAwareness of EPP tools and resources is low
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Japan
• 1996 – 2000: Action Plan for Greening Government Operations
• 2001 - : The Law Concerning the Promotion of Procurement of Eco-Friendly Goods and Services by the Sate and Other Entities
(Law on Promotion of Green Purchasing)
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Action Plan for Greening Government Operations• Specific targets: compared to 1996 level
1. The volume of paper: no increase
2. Total content of virgin pulp in the paper: to be reduced to 80 %
3. The ratio of low-impact vehicles: to be increased to 10% of the total
4. Electricity consumption per unit of office space: to be reduced to 90 %
5. Water consumption per unit of office space: to be reduced to 90 %
6. The amount of fuel consumption by government vehicles, for both gasoline and light oil: 90 %
7. The amount of fuel consumption in government buildings for heavy oil, kerosene, city gas, LPG: to reduce by 10 %
8. The volume of waste generated from each office: to be reduced to less than 75 %
9. The volume of waste which can be incinerated: to be reduced to less than 70 %
10. Emission of CO2: to be limited based on the Action Program to arrest Global Warming. The level to be estimated by the end of FY1996
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Action Plan for Greening Government Operations
• Targets achievedü The content of virgin pulp:44 %ü Water consumption: 82 %
ü Gasoline consumption by cars: 88%
ü LPG consumption in government buildings: 4 %
• Targets unmetÐ Volume of paper: 109 %Ð Low-impact cars: 5 %Ð Electricity consumption: 115 %Ð Light oil consumption by cars:
97 %Ð Heavy oil consumption: 92 %Ð Kerosene consumption: 99 %Ð City gas consumption: 152 %Ð The volume of waste: 132 %Ð The volume of waste that can
be incinerated: 143 %
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The Law Concerning the Promotion of Procurement of Eco-Friendly Goods and Services by the Sate and Other Entities (Law on Promotion of Green Purchasing): 2001 -
• Objectives:1. To promote Greener Purchasing by Public Organizations
2. To provide information on Eco-friendly goods and servicesa Establishing environmentally sound and sustainable society
• Basic Policy on Promoting Green purchasing
• Database on eco-friendly goods, etc.
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Basic Policy on Promoting Green Purchasing
• Outlines the basic principle• Defines “eco-friendly goods, etc.• Identifies designated procurement items
specifies Environmental Evaluation Criteria_152 items
• Government bodies to publish a quantified procurement target for designated procurement items and the summary of track record
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Basic Policy on Promoting Green Purchasing
• Designated Products and CriteriaExample: Paperv Copier paperw Evaluation Criteria
1) 100 % recycled paper content and no more than approximately 70 % bleaching;
2) If coated, both sides totaling no more than 12 g/m2
w Factors for consideration
Packaging takes into account ease of recycling and reduced environmental impact if incinerated
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Database for designated products by the Law on Promoting Green Purchasing
• Hosted by Green Purchasing Network (GPN)
• Information is submitted by suppliers
• Information includes:¹ Name of the commodity
¹ Name of the producer
¹ Value for each evaluation criterionEg. For Copier paper: content of recycled paper
degree of bleachingamount of coating
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Basic Policy on Promoting Green Purchasing
• Reporting: Fixed formata. Category and itemb. Target (as a ratio of total amount)c. Total amount of procurementd. Procurement of designated iteme. Ratio of procurement of designated item (d/c)f. Achievement (e/b)g. Procurement of items surpassing the level of designated
item: amount, descriptionh. Procurement of items under the level of designated
item: amount, description, main reason
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Comparison of US and Japanese approaches
• USA: The findings of the review:
Ø Need specific programsØ Agency-specific mandate is
needed
Ø Lack of monitoringØ Easier to have a list of
designated products
• Japan: Law on Promoting Green Purchasing
ü Basic Policy
ü Government bodies are required to make their own plans
ü Requirement for publishing the reports
ü List of designated products with criteria
ü Database for products
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Green Purchasing Network (GPN)
• Established in 1996 to promote green purchasing
• As of June 2002, 2668 member organizations:
2038 corporations
362 local gov. and government agencies
268 NGOs
• Publishes purchasing guidelines: 15 product groups
• Publishes GPN Data Books: 16 product groups, 9144 products
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GPN: Data Book
• Both hard copies and on-line
• Example: PaperáWhether the product meets the criteria of the Green Procurement
Lawá Proportion of recycled waste paperá Degree of bleaching
á Proportion of elemental chlorine free (ECF) pulpá Amount of coatingá Difficulty with recycling
á Nature of the pulpá Other environmental informationáMajor usage and special features