Select Bibliography In spite of the multi-national interest of the research on international relations and security issues, the distribution and pUblicising of foreign language publications frequently leaves much to be desired. The titles in this biblio­graphy are selected mainly for the benefit of readers who are largely familiar with standard Anglo-American publications.

On the Brussels Treaty and the Setting-Up of NATO: Barie, O. (ed.), L'alleanza occidentale, Bologna, il Mulino, 1988. Becker, 1., and F. Knipping (eds), Power in Europe? Great Britain, France, Italy

and Germany in a Post-War World, 1945-1950, Berlin and New York, de Gruyter, 1986.

De Staercke, A. (ed.), NATO's Anxious Birth, London, Hurst, 1985. Poidevin, R. (ed·.), Histoire des debuts de la construction europeenne mars 1948-

mai 1950). Actes du colloque de Strasbourg (28-30 Novembre 1984), Bruxelles, Bruylant, 1986.

Riste, O. (ed.), Western Security: The Formative Years. European and Atlantic Defense 1947-1953, Oslo, Norwegian University Press, 1985.

Schweitzer, c.-c., The Changing Western Analysis of the Soviet Threat, London, Frances Pinter, 1990.

Varsori, A., II Patto di Bruxe/les (1948): tra integrazione europea e alleanza atlantica, Roma, Bonacci, 1988.

Wiggershaus, N. and R. G. Foerster, Die WestUche Sicherheitsgemeinschaft, 1948-1950, Boppard am Rhein, Harald Boldt Verlag, 1988, Engl. transla­tion in preparation.

On the Korean War, EDC and the EEC: Di Nolfo, Ennio (ed.), Power in Europe? The Origins of the European Economic

Community, 1952-1957, Berlin, de Gruyter, forthcoming. LaFeber, W. 'NATO and the Korean War: A Context', Diplomatic History,

vol. 13, no. 4, 1989, pp. 461-77. Soutou, G.-H., 'La France, l'Allemagne et les accords de Paris', Relations

Internationales, no. 52, 1987, pp. 451-70. Varsori, A., 'Italy and EDC: 1950--1954', in P. Stirk and D. Willis (eds),

Shaping Postwar Europe: European Unity and Disunity 1945-1957, London, Frances Pinter, 1990.

Varsori, A., 'L'azione diplomatica italiana dal fallimento della CED all'istituzione della UEO (1954-1955)" in CHIRPA, La France et {'ItaUe dans les Annes Cinquante, Grenoble, Universite des Sciences Sociales de Grenoble, 1988, pp. 63-94.

Volkmann, H.-E. and W. Schwengler (eds), Die Europiiische Verteidigungsgemeinschaft, Boppard am Rhein, Boldt, 1985.

On Britain: Aldrich, R. (ed), British Intelligence, Strategy, and the Cold War, London,

Unwin Hyman, forthcoming 1991.

338

Select Bibliography 339

Clark, I. and N. J. Wheeler, The British Origins of Nuclear Strategy 1945-1955, Oxford University Press, 1989.

Deighton, A., The Impossible Peace: Britain, the Division of Germany, and the Origins of the Cold War, Oxford, Clarendon Press, 1990.

Deighton, A. (ed.), Britain and the First Cold War, London, Macmillan, 1990.

Dockrill, M. and J. W. Young (eds), British Foreign Policy 1945-56, London, Macmillan, 1989.

Lucas, W. S., Divided We Stand: Britain, the US, and the Suez Crisis, London, Hodder and Stoughton, forthcoming 1991.

Schmidt, G. (ed.), Grossbritannien und Europa - Grossbritannien in Europa, Bochum, Universitiitsbuchhandlung Dr. N. Brockmeyer, 1989.

Tang, James T. H., Britain's Encounter with Revolutionary China, 1949-54, London, Macmillan, forthcoming 1991.

Young, J. W., Britain, France and the Unity of Europe 1945-1951, Leicester University Press, 1984.

Young, J. W. (ed.), The Foreign Policy of Churchill's Peacetime Administration, 1951-1955, Leicester University Press, 1988.

On France: Bariety, J., 'La perception de la puissance fran9aise par Ie chancelier

K. Adenauer de 1958 a 1961', in Relations Internationales, no. 58, 1989, pp.222-3.

Bedira, F. and J.-P. Rioux (eds), Pierre Mendes et Ie mendesism, Paris, Fayard, 1985.

Buffet, c., 'La politique nucleaire de la France et la seconde crise de Berlin, 1958-1962', in Relations Internationales, no. 59, 1989, pp. 347-58.

Debre, M., Memoires vol. III, Paris, Albin Michel, 1988. Doise, J. and M. Vai'sse, Diplomatie et outil militaire, 1871-1969, Paris,

Imprimerie Nationale, 1987. Duroselle, J.-B. and E. Serra (eds), Italia e Francia 1946-1954, Milano, Angeli,

1988. Fritsch-Bournazel, R., 'Mourir pour Berlin? Die Wandlung der franzosischen

Ost- und Deutschlandpolitik wiihrend der Blockade 1948/49' in Vierteljah­reshefte fiir Zeitgeschichte, no. 2, 1987, pp. 171-92.

Girault, R., 'La France entre l'Europe et l'Afrique', in E. Serra (ed.), The Relaunching of Europe and the Treaties of Rome, Bruxelles, Bruylant, 1989, pp. 351-78.

Gorce, P. M. de la, La guerre et l'atome, Paris, Fayard, 1985. Guillen, P., 'La France et la question de la defense de l'Europe Occidentale du

Pacte de Bruxelles (mars 1948) au Plan Pleven (octobre 1950)', Storia delle relazioni internazionali, vol. 2, no. 2, 1986, pp. 305-26.

Lacouture, J., De Gaulle vol. III, Le Souverain, 1959-1970, Paris, Seuil, 1986.

Ledwige, B., De Gaulle et les Americains, Paris, Flammarion, 1984. Mongin, D., 'Forces armees et genese de l'armement nucleaire fran9aise', in

Relations Internationales, no. 59, Autumn 1989, pp. 301-15. Ruehl, L., La politique militare de la Veme Republique, Paris, Presses de la

FNSP, 1976.

340 Select Bibliography

Serra, E. (ed.), II rUancio dell'Europa e i trattati di Roma (The Launching of Europe and the Treaties of Rome), Bruxelles, Bruylant, Milan, Guiffre; Paris, LGDJ; Baden-Baden, Nomos Verlag, 1989.

Soutou, G.-H., 'La politique nUcleaire de Pierre Mendes France', Relations Internationales, no. 59, Autumn 1989.

Soutou, G.-H., 'Les problemes de securite dans les rapports franco-allemands de 1956 a 1963', in Relations lnternationales, no. 57, 1989.

Wall, I. M., L'influence americaine sur la politique franIaise, 1945-1954, Paris, Balland, 1989.

Young, J. W., France, the Cold War and the Western Alliance 1944-1949, Leicester University Press, 1990.

On Germany: Buffet, c., 'La politique nucleaire de la France et la seconde crise de Berlin,

1958-1962', in Relations Internationales, no. 59, 1989, pp. 347-58. Buffet, C., Frankreich, Deutschland und Berlin, 1945-1949, Munich, Old­

enbourg, 1991. Deighton, A., The Impossible Peace: Britain, the Division of Germany, and the

Origins of the Cold War, Oxford, Clarendon Press, 1990. Fritsch-Boumazel, R., 'Mourir pour Berlin? Die Wandlung der franzosischen

Ost- und Deutschlandpolitik wiihrend der Blockade 1948/49' in Vierteljah­resheftefur Zeitgeschichte, no. 2,1987, pp. 171-92.

Haftendom, H., Sicherheit und Entspannung, Baden-Baden, Nomos Verlags­gesellschaft, 1983.

Kessel, M., Westeuropa und die deutsche Teilung: Englische und franzosische Deutschlandpolitik auf den Aussenministerkonferenzen von 1945 bis 1947, Munich,Oldenbourg, 1989.

Krieger, W., General Lucius D. Clay und die amerikanische Deutschlandpolitik, 1945-1949, Stuttgart, Klett-Cotta, 1988.

Mager, 0., Die Stationierung der britischen Rheinarmee, Baden-Baden, Nomos, 1990.

Prell, U. and C. Buffet, 'Die Berlin-Krise von 1948/49: zu den Urspriingen des Ost-West Konflikts', in Aus Politik und Zeitgeschichte, no. 23, 3 July 1988, pp. 15-28.

Siebenmorgen, P., Gezeitenwechsel, Bonn, Bouvier Verlag, 1990. Thoss, B. and H.-E. Volkmann (eds), Zwischen kaltem Krieg und Entspannung:

Sicherheits- und Deutschlandpolitik der Bundesrepublik im Miichtesystem der Jahre 1953-1956, Boppard am Rhein, Boldt, 1988.

On Italy: Cacace, D., Venti anni di politica estera italiana, 1943-1963, Rome, Bonacci,

1986. Canavero, A., 'La politica estera di un ministro degli Intemi: Scelba, Piccioni,

Martino e la politica estera italiana 1954-1955', Storia delle relazioni internazionali, vol. 6, no. 1, 1990.

Di Nolfo, E., Le paure e Ie speranze degli italiani (1943-1953), Milano, Mondadori, 1986.

Di Nolfo, E., and R.H.Rainero, B. Vigezzi (eds), L'Italia e la politica di potenza in Europa, 1945-1950, Milano, Marzorati, 1988.

Select Bibliography 341

Duroselle, J.-B. and E. Serra (eds), [talia e Francia 1946-1954, Milano, Angeli, 1988.

Nuti, L., L'esercito italiano nel secondo dopoguerra 1945-1950. La sua ricostruzione e l'assistenza militare alleata, Rome, Ufficio Storico S. M. Esercito, 1989.

Poggiolini, I., 'Europeismo degasperiano e politica estera dell'ltalia: un'ipotesi interpretativa (1947-1949)" Storia delle relazioni internazionali, vol. 1, no. 1, 1985, pp. 67-94.

Quartararo, R., [talia e Stati Uniti. Gli anni difficili (1945-1952), Napoli, ESI, 1986.

Sebesta, L., 'I programmi di aiuto militare nella politica americana per I'Europa. L'esperienza italiana 1948-1952', [talia contemporanea, no. 173, December 1988, pp. 43-64.

Varsori, A., 'Italian Diplomacy and Contrasting perceptions of American Policy after World War II (1947-50)', Storia Nordamericana, vol. 3, no. 2, 1986, pp. 73-92.

Varsori, A., 'L'incerta rinascita di una tradizionale amicizia: i colloqui Bevin Sforza dell'ottobre 1947', Storia contemporanea, vol. 16, no. 4, 1984, pp. 593-645.

Varsori, A., 'La scelta occidentale dell'Italia (1948-1949)" Storia delle relazioni internzaionali, vol. 1. nos. 1 and 2, 1985, pp. 95-159, 303-68.

Vigezzi, B., R.H. Rainero and E. Di Nolfo (eds), L'[talia e la politica di potenza in Europa (1945-1950), Milano, Marzorati, 1988.

Vigezzi, B., (ed.), La dimensione atlantica e Ie relazioni internazionali nel dopoguerra (1947-1949), Milano, Jaca Book, 1987.

Index

Acheson, D. 75, 82, 256, 259 Burgess and Maclean 296, 298-9,

301 China 250, 250--1, 252, 254, 255 Cyprus 186 Spain 168-9

Adamthwaite, A. 60, 221 Additional Military Production

(AMP) 279, 280 Adenauer, K. 81, 97, 98, 104, 131,

152, 155 Franco-Italo--German nuclear

military co-operation 242-3 German neutrality 72, 83 German rearmament 125, 132-3 'New Look' 142-3 nuclear weapons 71, 72, 149;

non-production pledge 153; sharing 148

reunification from a position of strength 139

UK 141 Umrustung 144

Adomeit, H. 33--4, 40, 74, 76, 78 Africa 54, 58, 191

French North 7, 10, 115, 174-7, 179, 334, 335, 336

'Agreement on Berlin Security' (19 September 1950) 77

air traffic, intimidation of 67, 76 aircraft production 279-80, 281-2

co-ordinated NATO programme 283-6

Dutch-Belgian Hawker Hunters 286-8

Aldrich, R. 37, 40 Aldrich, W. 271 Algeria 7, 110, 115, 175, 177 Allard, General J. 12 Allen, H. C. 255, 259 Alliance for Development in Europe

(ADE) 328-30

ALPHA 265, 266-7 Alphand, H. 101, 103, 104 Anderson, R. 266 Andreotti, G. 234-5, 236 Andrew, C. 306, 307, 308 Anglo-Egyptian Treaty (1936) 183,

261, 264, 265 Anglo-Iranian Oil company 263 Anglo-Iraqi agreement 261-2, 265

see also Baghdad Pact Annan, Lord N. 307 'appeasement' 25 Arab-Israeli conflict 189, 191 Ardia, D. 217 Argentina 163 Arkin, W. M. 240 Armacost, M. H. 243 Aron, R. 87, 10 1 Aswan High Dam 266,267,268 Atomic Demolition Munitions 227,

240 Atomic Energy Committee 299 atomic energy co-operation 296,

301-2,304 see also nuclear weapons

Attlee, C. 29, 45, 261 China 253--4, 254 radio broadcast and Communist

threat 48-9 Auriol, V. 45, 89, 101, 113, 122 Austria 209, 224, 334 Auton, G. P. 152 Avon, First Earl of see Eden Azcarate y Flores, P. 171

Baghdad Pact (1955) 2, 265-6, 267,

342

271, 334, 335 Balkan Pact (1954) 224, 333 Ball, D. 308 Barber, N. 257 Barbier, C. 13 Barie, A. 216

Index 343

Barie, O. 264, 218 Bariety, J. 103 Barker, E. 12, 76, 257 Bar-Zohar, M. 275 'Bastions Paper' 39 Batt, W. L. 284 Baylis, J. 42, 59, 194, 257, 309 Beaufre, General A. 12, 275 Belgium 47, 53, 167

aircraft production 280, 286-8 Bell, C. 257 Benelux countries 197, 198

see also under individual names Ben-Gurion, D. 266,269-70 Berlin crises (1948-9 and 1958-62)

10, 33, 332, 335, 336 France and 69, 78-9, 81, 84-100

passim NATO cohesion 6, 65-83 US and 25,26, 29-30, 70, 78

Berlin Wall 67, 76, 98, 99, 336 Bernstein, B. J. 243 Besymenski, L. 18, 36 Bevin, E.

China and US 250, 254 French North Africa 178 Germany: Western defence 194;

zones of occupation 74 Italy 198, 200 Middle East 2,44, 180, 261 origins of NATO 46, 53, 57-8,

87-8 Soviet expansionism 22 Spain 167, 170 Third Force 41-58 passim Western Union 45-8, 50-4, 137,

197, 198, 246, 331 Beyen Plan (1952) 108 Bidault, G. 46, 100, 108

European integration 56, 109-10 origins of NATO 87,89 Stalin and Hitler 27 West German state 84-6, 87

Blank, T. 143 Blechman, B. M. 82, 240 Blum, R. 257-8 Bluth, C. 6, 153, 156, 320 Bohlen, C. 37 Bonnet, H. 105, 106, 174

Bontecou, E. 307 Bossuat, G. 3-5, 8ff, 320, 321 Bothwell, R. 306-7 Bourges-Maunoury, M. 269 Bowie, R. 233 Brecher, M. 275 Briand, A. 5 British Army of the Rhine

(BAOR) 145, 146, 154 Brosio, M. 234 Brownfeld, G. 307 Bruce, D. K. 27 Brussels Treaty/Pact (March 1948,

creating the Western Union) 1, 11, 74, 331, 333

AMP programme 279 Bevin and 42, 50-1 Italy 197, 198 Mediterranean 174 regional pact within NATO 130 Stalin's expansionism 28 UK and 50-1, 133; US

commitment 42, 135 see also West European Union

Buffet, C. 3, 4, 6, 78, 82, 100, 103, 321

Buffotot, P. 123 Bulgaria 315 Bullock, Lord A. 12, 39,48, 59, 216

Anglo-American relations 41,42 Bundy, M. 80 Buraimi oasis 265, 274 Burgess, G. 8, 293-309 passim Butler, General von 81 Byrnes, J. 24, 74

Caffrey, J. 264 Calandri, E. 2, 7, 8, 321, 325 Canada 329 Carlier, C. 291 Carlton, D. 136 Carlton, J. R. 292 Canavero, A. 220 Carney, Admiral R. 183, 184 Caute, D. 307 Cecil, R. 307, 308, 309 Central Europe 317 Central Intelligence Agency

(CIA) 76, 263-4, 269, 302, 303

344 Index

Central Treaty Organisation (CENTO) 2, 335

centralisation 32-3 Chapultepec, Act of (1945) 163 Charmley, J. 59 Chauvel, J. 90, 102, 103 Chenaux, P. 217 China 7, 167, 332

Anglo-American relations and 246-7, 254-5, 255-6; recognition question 247-52

China Association 249 Christianity 160, 165 Churchill, W. 126, 145, 160

EDC 126, 128-9, 131, 133, 134, 135

'Iron Curtain' 18-19, 160 CINCENT Atomic Strike

Plans 149 CINCSOUTH 184 C1airbois, V. de Finance de 100 Clarendon, Earl of 35 Clark, I. 153, 308 Clark, W. 275 Clarke, D. L. 309 Clawson, R. 191 Clay, General L. D. 75, 76, 78

Berlin blockade (June 1948-May 1949) 25, 26, 29, 30

Cline, R. 308 Cochran, T. B. 240 Coleman, M. 37 Collier, R. 1O(}"1 Colville, 1. 137 Combat Aircraft Task Force 281-2 Combined Aircraft Working

Party 283 Combined Policy' Committee

(CPC) 302 command structure 8, 324-5

see also Mediterranean Communism

Chinese 246-7 expansionism 22, 23-4, 26,

28-30,253 Italy 3, 212-13, 30(}"1

Condit, K. W. 217 Confederation Generale du Travail

(CGT) 86, 113

Conference on Security and Co­operation in Europe (CSCE) 326-7, 328

conventional forces 323, 324 Conze, E. 13 Cook, C. 42-3, 59 Cooper, C. 275 Cooper, Duff 59 Copeland, M. 273 Cornell, A. H. 289-90 Corporal missiles 226, 227, 240, 241 Council of Foreign Ministers 5,42,

46, 84 Cripps, S. 45 crisis management 320

see also Berlin crises Crossman, R. 43 Crosthwaite, P. W. 50 Cruzada, La 160, 165 Cuban Missile Crisis (October

1962) 1(}"11, 336 Cyprus 11, 185-9, 335 Czechoslovakia 23, 314, 318

Davidson, W. P. 100 Dayan, M. 269,270,275 De Castro, D. 220 De Gasperi, A. 196, 198-207 passim De Gaulle, General C. 78, 102, 103,

335, 337 Second Berlin crisis 81, 90, 93-9

passim, 336 Comite de I'Afrique du Nord 175 Macmillan 82, 335 NATO 91-2, 99, 148, 237;

independence 117, 118; need for reform 92-5, 97-8, 335

nuclear weapons 71, 72; co-operation 230, 242-3

De Staercke, A. 218 Debre, M. 95, 102, 103, 104, 109,

121 Defence Production Board 282-3 Defferre, G. 115 Degenhardt, H. W. 243 Degrelle, L. 167 Deighton, A. 12, 13 Delmas, J. 122-3, 123, 192, 241,

242

Index 345

Denman, R. 138 Denmark 130, 332 detente 209-10 deterrence 20

see also nuclear weapons Deutscher, I. 75--6 Devilliers, P. 103 Di Capua, G. 217 Di Nolfo, E. 122, 123, 215, 216,

217,243 Dilks, D. 59 Dockrill, M. L. 257 Dockrill, S. 136, 137,221 Doise, J. 101, 102, 103, 192 Drumbeat 164, 165 Dulles, A. 264, 271 Dulles, J. F. 76, 79-80, 91, 268, 275

EDC 126, 129 Germany into NATO 133 Middle East 185, 264 Nasser 266, 267 'Northern Tier' 185, 264

Dunkirk Treaty (March 1947) 42, 331

Dunn, J. 113 Duroselle, J.-B. 216

Economic Co-operation Administration (ECA) 107

Eden, A. 137, 266 alternatives to EDC 125-36

passim customs union 51 Cyprus 186 Suez crisis 268, 269, 270, 271 Yugoslavia 9

Edmonds, M. 291 Edwards, J. 9, 171,322 Egypt 183, 261, 263

Anglo-Egyptian Treaty 183,261, 264,265

Suez crisis 265-71, 272-3 Eisenhower, General D. D. 76, 332

administration: Anglo-American co-operation 264, 266; Middle East 264; 'New Look' 142-3; nuclear sharing 233

Baghdad Pact 265-6 Berlin 77, 335

Bermuda agreement 149, 271, 276

conventional weapons 80, 82 De Gaulle and NATO 91 EDC 128-9, 130 Mediterranean 182 nuclear weapons 70, 71 Suez crisis 266-7, 270-1 Yugoslavia 9

Encausse, H. Carrere d' 100 Enosis 188 espionage 293-309, 322 Ethridge, R. 29 Etzold, T. 37 EURATOM Treaty (May

1956) 229 European Coal and Steel Community

(ECSC) 5-6, 108, 109,203, 204-5, 332, 333

European Communities 6, 327, 328 European Defence Community

(EDC) 2, 326, 332, 333 Britain's alternatives to 125-38 France and 2, 108-109, 125,

127-33 passim, 203, 208 Italy and 204-5, 206-8, 209 see also Pleven Plan

European Economic Community (EEC) 6, 141, 334, 335

European integration France and 56, 57, 108-10,

114-18, 120 UK and 135--6, 140-1 see also West European Union

European Political Authority (EPA) 108, 109

European Political Community (EPC) 205, 209

European Recovery Programme (ERP) 54, 88, 166, 199

expansionism, Soviet 22, 23~, 26, 28-30,253

Export-Import Bank 169

Fairlie, H. 309 Fanfani, A. 234, 235, 242-3 Faure, E. 108 Fawzi, M. 269 Fechteler, Admiral W. 184

346 Index

Federal Bureau of Investigation (FBI) 302, 303

Federal Republic of Germany (FRG) see German Federal Republic

federalism, European 56 Finletter, T. K. 113, 235 flexible response 71, 83 Foerster, R. G. 12 Fokker 287 Fontaine, A. 79 Foot, M. 43 Forbes, A. 308. Fouchet Plan (November 1961) 98,

336 France 335

Berlin crises 69, 78-9,81, 84-100 passim

Brussels Treaty 197, 208 Burgess-Maclean defection 8 China 7 military nuclear co-operation with

Italy and Germany 4, 230, 242-3

defence 'concepts 3 EDC 2, 108-9, 125, 127-33

passim,203, 208 EEC 141 ERP 54 EURATOM Treaty 229 European integration 56, 57,

108-10, 114-18, 120 future role in European

security 320, 321 and German Federal Republic 4,

5, 116, 194, 203; De Gaulle 97, 98; OEEC-NATO merger 107; rearmament 125

Indochina 110, 331, 333 Italy 198, 207, 213 leadership of West

in 1950s 105-24; arms and status 110-14; economic co-operation 105-8; Guy Mollet and Atlantic partnership 114-18; resurgence of nationalism 108-10

Mediterranean 173, 178-82 passim,190, 315

Middle East 10, 261, 263, 272; Suez crisis 7, 260, 268-71; Tripartite Declaration 262

military production coordination 281; aircraft 280, 285, 286, 287

NATO 3,90,99, 189-90; aid proposal 115-16; discontent 90-6, 119; early planning 47, 53, 87-90; Italy 200, 201, 209; military equipment production 111-12; military independence 111-14; need for reform 92-5, 97-8; nuclear triumvirate 148; OEEC and 107; withdrawal 95-{), 99, 118

North Africa 7, 10, 115, 174-7, 179, 334, 335, 336

nuclear weapons 95-{), 97, 114, 116-17, 336; future importance 323-4; negative reactions 228; sharing 230

Spain 162, 167 Franco, General F. 160-70 passim Frank, R. 124 Franks, O. 252, 298, 301 freemasonry 168 French Union 110, 331 Fritsch-Bournazel, R. 100, 101 Fuchs, K. 295, 302 Fursdon, E. 136, 219

Gaddafi, M. 315 Gaddis, J. L. 37, 44, 59-{)0, 61, 193 Gaillard, F. 117, 230 Galante, S. 215,217,220 Gallois, General. P. M. 103 Gambino, A. 215 Garibaldi cruiser 233, 234, 236 Garnett, J. 154, 195 Gelb, N. 102 Geneva conferences (1955 and

1956) 209, 333, 334 German Democratic Republic

(GDR) 73, 74, 315, 332, 333

Index 347

Berlin crises 66, 79 recognition 68, 69, 82

German Federal Republic 217,335 attitudes towards 5--6 co-operation with France and

Italy 4, 230, 242-3 creation of 55, 84-6, 332 currency reform 75 draft peace treaty (1959) 66-7 force levels 14~, 154 France and see France Khrushchev 10 neutralism 72, 83, 98 nuclear dilemma 142--4 nuclear non-production

pledge 142, 148, 153, 155 possible dominance in integrated

Europe 50 rearmament 125, 333; Italy

and 203-5; US and 181, 194,203

UK and see United Kingdom US and see United States WEU 11,208,334 see also Berlin crises

Germany post-World War II 23, 316;

Adenauer and reunification 139--40; Four­Power negotiations 33, 46

Reichswehr 324 reunified 73, 120; nuclear

weapons 323, 324; role in future European security 320, 321, 325

Gersdorff, G. von 123 Geyer, C. 156 Gianelli, G. 239 Gibraltar 185 Giorgerini, G. 244 Giraldi, Admiral P. 233 Girardet, R. 101, 192 Girauit, R. 115, 116, 123, 221 Giuriati, Admiral 233, 236 Glubb, J. 266 Godard, J. 102 Golan, M. 275 Gorce, P. M. de la 103 Gorst, A. 274, 275

Gowing, M. 301,308,309 Graebner, N. A. 36 Granatstein, T. L. 307 Greece 9, 173,331,333

Cyprus 11, 188 into NATO 173, 179-83, 333 Stalin and Civil War 29, 31, 33

Green Pool 108, 121 Greenwood, S. 43, 59 Greiner, C. 123 Grewe, W. G. 154 Griffis, S. 169 Gromyko, A. 67 Gronchi, G. 210-11, 232 Grosser, A. 307 Gruenther, General A. B. 206, 240 Guillen, P. 123, 192, 216, 218 Gulf War 325

Haftendorn, H. 152 Handy, General T.T. 76, 78 Hankey, R. M. A. 50 Hanrieder, W. 152 Harmel Report (1967) 11 Hartley, K. 291 Harvey, O. 130 Haut Commandement en Afrique du

Nord 175 Hawker Hunter aircraft 285, 286-8 Hayter, W. 50 Heiberg, W. L. 172 Henderson, N. 218 Hennessy, P. 307 Herken, G. 306 Herter, C. 233--4 Heuser, B. 13, 36, 37, 38, 39,40,

193, 239, 257, 307, 319 Hickerson, J.D. 24, 34--5 High Priority Production Programme

(HPPP) 281 Hitler, A. 40, 316, 320

Stalin compared with 10, 23-30 passim 34,35,319

Hoenig, M. M. 240 Honest John missiles 226, 227, 240,

241 Hoover, E. 301 Hoover, H. 270 Horelick, A. 75

348 Index

Howard, M. 39,44,59 Hoyer-Millar, F. 50 Humbert, G. 104 Humphrey, G. 270 Hungary 314-15,334-5 Hussein, King 266, 271 Hussein, Saddam 315, 320,326 Hyam, R. 44, 54-5, 59, 61

Ilari, V. 243 Indochina 110, 331, 333 intelligence, co-operation in 302-3 Intermediate Range Ballistic Missiles

(IRBMs) 149, 230-2 International Raw Materials

Conference 105-6 International Staff 284 Iran 263 Iran-Iraq war 326 Iraq 271

Anglo-Iraqi agreement 261-2, 265

Hussein regime 320 Suez crisis 270

Ireland, T. P. 218 'Iron Curtain' 18-19, 160, 173 Ismay, Lord 284 Isonzo river 223 Israel 189, 191, 265-70 passim, 272 Italy 120, 196--245

aircraft production 285-6, 287 Burgess-Maclean defection 300-1 Centre for Military Applications of

Nuclear Energy (CAMEN) 229

Communist threat 3; internal 212-13, 300-1

co-operation with France and West Germany 4,230,242-3

defence strategies in early 1950s 222-4

EI>C 204-5, 206-8, 209 future role in European

security 320, 321 German rearmament 203-5 Korean War and 202-3 Mediterranean 178, 179, 315 NATO 173, 174, 197-202;

commitment to 205-12;

continuity and discontinuity 212-15; Isonzo line 223; origins 199-202

nuclear weapons 6, 222-38, 321; missiles at sea 232-6; sharing 228-32, 237; tactical 224-8, 240-1

OEEC 106, 199 strength through co-

operation 238 UN 161 US and see United States WEU 208,209

Javelin fighter 285 Jebb, G. 50, 58 Jervis, R. 38 Joffe, J. 152 Johnson, A.R. 40 Jones, J. M. 153 Jones, P. 137 Jordan, R.S. 291 Jordan 265, 270, 271 Jouve, E. 102 Juin, General A. 175, 192 Jupiter IRBMs 231-2, 235

Kahn, L. Ill, 122 Kaplan, F. 80 Kaplan, L. S. 13, 82, 191, 193, 218,

240 Keiderling, G. 100 Kelleher, C. M. 77, 153, 154 Kennan, G. F. 31,39

European unity and united Germany 55

Long Telegram (1946) 24, 29, 160 Soviet Union 19, 20, 29, 37;

Stalin 21, 23, 24, 26 Spain 160-1, 163-4

Kennedy, J. F. 336, 337 nuclear sharing 233, 234, 236 second Berlin crisis 70, 71, 72, 80,

82 Kennedy, P. 40 Kent, J. 5,43-4, 59, 61, 326 Kerr, S. 8ff, 322

Index 349

Kessel, M. 100 Khrushchev, N. 10, 39, 79, 336

second Berlin crisis 66, 69, 76, 79-80, 93, 335

Kielmansegg, General Graf J.A. von 153

Kim II Sung 33 King, A. 307, 309 Kirk, D. 28 Kissinger, H. 83 Klein, G. 104 Kohler, F. 79 Kolodziej, E. A. 291 Korean War (195(}-53) 332, 333

Anglo-American relations and China 253-5, 256

Italy and 202-3 MacArthur and 27-8, 30 Stalin and 21, 26-8, 33 Truman on Symington's

strategy 37 US and global strategy 262-3

Kousoulas, D. G. 38 Krieger, W. 12 Kroll, H. 75 Kruls, H. J. 290 Kuwait 315, 326

La Marlene, C. de 136 Lacouture, J. 102, 103, 104 Lacroix-Riz, A. 191 LaFeber, W. 193, 219 Laloy, J. 100 Lamphere, R. 308 Landy, P. 100 Lapie, P. O. 122 Ledwige, B. 102, 103, 104 Leites, N. 136 Leonardis, M. de 216 license, production by 287-8 Litvinov, M. 86 Liuzzi, General 225, 226-7 Lloyd, S. 97, 103, 267, 268-9, 270 Locarno Treaty (1925) 316 Louis, W. R. 273 Lovett, R. 164, 174 Lowe, P. 39 Lowenstein, H. 241, 243

Lucas, W. S. 7, 274, 275, 276, 325 Luraghi, R. 191 MacArthur, General D. 27-8, 30,

295,296 Maccotta, W. 242 Maclean, D. 8, 293-309 passim Macmillan, H. 103, 276

Cyprus 188 nuclear weapons 146, 149, 336,

337 second Berlin crisis 71-2, 82, 325 Suez crisis 266, 270, 271

McCarthy, J. 295, 307 McCloy, J. 76, 78 McGhee, G. 262, 273 McMahon Act (1946) 229,276, 302 McNamara, R. S. 70, 71, 80, 83,

336 Madariaga, Senor de 163 Maddox, R. J. 36 Madrid Pact 170 Mager, O. 2, 137, 154, 320 Mahncke, D. 153, 154, 155 Maiziere, General U. de 145, 241 Makins, R. 300, 308 Malta 185-9 Manderson-Jones, R.B. 257 Manteii, W. 301 Mao Tse-Tung 75 Marcel Dassault aircraft Ill, 112 Margerie, B. de 106-7 Marras, General 225 Marshall, General G. 42,46,47,87,

88, 89, 331 Marshall Aid 45--{), 86, 110, 331 Martin, D. 308 Martino, G. 211 Massigli, R. 60 May, E. 38, 194 media 294--5, 297, 300, 304 Mediterranean 7-8, 173-95, 315

inclusion in Nato 174--9 Pact 179-85 strategic stepping-stones 185-9

Medvedev, R. 32-3,40 Megens, I. 8, 322 Meir, G. 269 Melby, J. 257 Mellano, P. 239

350

Mendes France, P. 121, 123, 131, 132

EDC 208 French Union 110 nuclear weapons 114 OEEC 107

Merchant, L. 236 Merrill, J. 39 Middle East 2, 261-8

NATO and 179-85, 189, 191 UK and see United Kingdom see also Suez crisis

Middle East Defence Organisation (MEDO) 2, 186,264

Middle East Union 51 Middle Eastern Command

(MEC) 263, 264 MI5 302,303 military production

co-ordination 279-92, 322; Hawker Hunters 286-8; NATO institutions 280-3; NATO programme 283--6

France and 111-12 Military Production and Supply

Board (MPSB) 280-1, 282 Miller, J. E. 215, 216, 218, 220 Millis, W. 74 Milward, A. 4, 13 minesweepers Ill, 112 Mintoff, Dom 188 MI6 272,293

co-operation with CIA 302-3 Suez crisis 267, 269

Mollet, G. 114-18, 123 Molotov, V. 86 Mondini, L. 239 Mongin, D. 103, 123 Monnet, J. 5, 107, 108, 109, 114 Mons, J. 114 Monteil, A. III Montgomery, Field Marshal 223,

225 Morgan, K. O. 42, 59 Morocco 175 Morrison, H. 181-2, 186, 298 Mountbatten, Lord 184 Multi-lateral Force (MLF) 150,

232--6, 237, 336

Index

Munich syndrome 25, 27-8 Murphy, R. 25, 74 Murville, M. C. de 92, 97, 104 Mutual Defense Assistance

Program 25, 201, 332 Mystere jet-fighters 113, 284, 285,

286

Nani, A. 244 Nasser, G. 265, 266, 267, 268, 272 Navias, M. S. 154-5, 156 neo-Atlanticism 210 Netherlands 280, 283, 286-8 Neustadt, R. 271-2, 276 Neveleff, E. L. 309 Newhouse, J. 102 newspapers 294-5, 297, 300, 304 Nicholas, H. G. 257 Nine-Power conference 133, 134 Nitze, P. 26, 37, 80, 81 Noack, P. 136 Nord 2501 aircraft 111 Norstad, General L. 91, 102, 150 North Atlantic Treaty (April 1949)

see North Atlantic Treaty Organisation

North Atlantic Treaty Organisation (NATO)

Berlin crises and 65, 72-3, 83 Burgess-Maclean defection 293,

298,299 democracy 159 formation (1950) 1, 11, 28, 90,

255, 332; Bevin's role 46, 53, 57-8, 87-8; importance of US 57-8 Italy and 199-202

France and see France Franco's Spain 9, 169, 170 German admission to: nuclear

non-production pledge 142, 153; rearmament 203; UK and 128-35 passim

Greece 173, 179-83 International Staff 284 Italy and see Italy Korean War and global

strategy 262-3 Mediterranean 174-9, 184-5,

190-1

Index 351

Multi-lateral Force (MLF) 150, 232-6,237

'New Look' 142, 153 Nuclear Planning Group 150 nuclear weapons 6, 240; Berlin

crises 68, 71, 72-3, 83; flexible response 71, 83; Italyand 224-38; MLF 232-6, 237; sharing 149-50, 228-32; stockpile 149; West German security 144

Off-Shore Procurement Scheme 204, 282

production co-ordination 279, 280--9; co-ordinated programme 283-6; institutions 280--3

review of doctrine 146-7 role in future European

security 320, 323-6, 328 Suez crisis 260, 270--1, 273 transition to defence

organisation 1-2 Turkey 173, 179-83 UN ruling on use of force 11-12 Yugoslavia 9

Northedge, F.S. 136 Norway 130 Nouschi, A. 192 nuclear weapons 331,332,333,334,

335,337 Berlin crises and 68, 70--3, 78,

79-81 British-German relations 139-56;

Britain and 144-7; German dilemma 142-4, 153; nuclear sharing 147-50; role in 141

France and see France future security in Europe 323-4 Italy and see Italy Maclean 299 Mediterranean 187, 188, 189 NATO see North Atlantic Treaty

Organisation Soviet Union 20, 34-5, 156,

167-8,332 Nuti, L. 4-5, 6, 13, 218, 321 Nutting, A. 51,275

Oder-Neisse line (German-Polish borders) 325

official secrecy 32, 304-6 Official Secrets Act 294 Office of Strategic Services

(OSS) 302 Offshore Procurement

programme 204, 282 Oldfield, M. 303 Oliver, B. 187 OMEGA 267, 268, 269, 270 Organisation of European Economic

Co-operation (OEEC) 106, 106-8, 199, 331, 332, 336

Ortona, E. 215, 218, 242, 243 Ovendale, R. 12,41, 59, 194, 258

Pagenhardt, R. von 156 Parodi, A. 107, 108, 113 Parsons, G. 166 Pastorelli, P. 216, 220 PCI (Italian Communist

Party) 212-13 Pella, G. 204, 207, 214, 231 Penkovsky, O. 303 Pepper, S. 257 Peres, S. 269 Petrov, E. 307 Petrov, V. 303-4, 305, 307 Pflimlin, P. 108 Philby, K. 302, 303, 305 Pim10tt, B. 61 Pinay, A. 113 Pineau, C. 115-16, 117,268,269,

271 P1even, R. 105, 114 Pleven Plan 194, 203, 204, 332

see also European Defence Community

Poggiolini, I. 217, 218 Poland 314, 334 Polaris missiles 233, 234-5, 235, 236 Politik der Starke (politics of

strength) 139-40 Pontecorvo, B. 295 'Poodle Blanket' 81 Porter, A. N. 61 Portugal 162, 167 Potsdam Declaration (1945) 161

352 Index

Powell, J. E. 154 Powers, T. 309 Prague coup (February 1948) 88-9,

331 Prell, U. 100 Prieto, I. 165 Prussia 316 Pujo, B. 192

Quartararo, R. 216, 218 Queuille, H. 112

Ra'anan, G. 2, 36 Radford crisis (1956) 143, 147 Rainero, R. H. 216 Ramadier, P. 45 Ranelagh, J. 306, 308, 309 Ranieri, R. 219 Ransom, H. H. 309 Reid, B. H. 195 Reid, E. 217-18 Reilly, P. 308 Reynolds, D. 137, 307 Richelson, J. 308 Rio Treaty/Pact (1947), creating

Organisation of American States (OAS) 163

Rioux, J.-P. 101, 220 Riste, O. 43, 59, 218 Roberts, F. 51, 59, 80, 163 Robertson, K. G. 309 Robles, G. 165 Romania 315 Roosevelt, E. 161 Roosevelt, F.D. 161,171 Rostagni, C. M. 217 Rumbold, A. 83 Rundall, F. B. A. 50 Rush, M. 75 Rusk, D. 26 Russell, F. 266

Sadak, N. 39 Sainsbury, K. 137 Saltini, A. 239 Sandys, D. 145, 150 Sargent, O. 43, 45, 48, 60 Saudi Arabia 267, 272

Sayed-Ahmed, M. A. W. 274 Scelba, M. 207, 300-1 Schachtman, T. 308, 309 Schake, K. 6, 320 Scherf, K. 100 Schlesinger, A.M. 80 Schick, J. M. 75, 80 Schmidt, G. 153-4 Schnabel,J. 171,193 Schuman, R. 87, 107, 109, 112, 204 Schwartz, D. N. 154, 156 Schwarz, H.-P. 245 Schwoebel, J. 104 Scotti, G. 198 Sebesta, L. 219, 220 secrecy, official 32, 304-6 security

European 313-30; future 327-30; historical perspective 316-19; institutions 323-7; origins of present system 319-22; problems in the 1990s 314-16

secrecy and 304-6 Seeckt, General von 324 Serfaty, S. 215 Serra, E. 216 Sforza, c. 196, 198-203 passim, 216 Sharp, J. M. O. 153 Shlaim, A. 29-30, 39, 40, 137 Shuckburgh, E. 266, 274 Siebenmorgen, P. 152 Sillitoe, P. 303 Simmons, R. 39 Sked, A. 42-3,59 Siessor, J. 195 Sloan, S. R. 75 Slusser, R. 75, 79 Smith, E. T. 216, 218, 219 Smith, H. T. 191 Smith, J. E. 38, 79, 239 Smith, General W. Bedell 38, 74 Sokolovsky, Marshal 74 Sorensen, T. 80 Soubeyro1, J. 102 Southern Europe/Western

Mediterranean Regional Planning Group 178

Index 353

Southern European Task Force (SETAF) 226, 227, 228, 240, 241

Soutou, G.-H. 104, 123, 221 Soutou, J.-M. 97 Soviet Union

Berlin crises 65-83 passim, 86 Burgess-Maclean defection 293,

299-301 conventional forces 323 foundation of GDR 74 France and 88-9, 101, 117 future of European security

and 318, 319-20, 329 I(orean VVar 253 Madrid Pact 170 nuclear weapons 20, 34-5, 156,

167-8 perceptions of threat 2-3, 10,

17-40, 141; causes of VVestern perceptions 31-{); effects on VVestern policy-making 29-31; France 88-9, 101; Stalin as totalitarian dictator 23-8; views of Soviet intentions 18-23; UI( 140; VVest Germany 139-40

split with China encouraged 251 US and 159; perceptions of

threat 18-32 passim; Spain 163; supporters 161

Spaak, P.-H. 229 Spain 120, 179, 315, 322, 331

Franco's 9, 159-72 Spier, H. 75 spies 293-309, 322 Spycatcher Trial 296-7, 305 Stalin, J. 10, 86, 333

as Hitler's successor 17-36, 319; flawed policy-making 33-4; totalitarian dictator 23-8; VVestern views of his intentions 18-23

Steel, C. 81, 130 Steinbruner, J. D. 243, 244 Steininger, R. 136 Stengers, J. 216 Stevens, R. B. 49-50, 60

Stockwell, A. J. 61 Strang, VV. 170 Strauss, F.-J. 143, 154, 155, 242 Stresemann, G. 5 Stromseth, J. M. 83 Stuart, J. L. 250, 257 Stueck, VV. 39 submarine nuclear weapons 232-{) Suez Canal Base 264 Suez Canal Company 268 Suez crisis (1956) 7, 116, 117, 185,

209, 260-76, 334-5 Supermarine Swift jet-fighter 284,

285 Symington, S. 37 Syria 267, 270

Tactical Air Force (TAF), 2nd 146, 155

Tang, J.T.H. 7,258,325 Tarchiani, A. 200, 202 Tardini, Monsignor 166, 167 Task Forces 281-2 Taviani, P. E. 228, 230, 231, 232,

242 Taylor, A. J. P. 40 Taylor, M. 166 Taylor, M. D. 76, 78, 102 Thadden, R. von 101 Third Force 41-{)1, 262 Thomas, A. 275 Thomas, H. 171 Thor IRBMs 149-50, 156 Times, The 51 Tito, Marshal J.B. 22, 31, 223 Toscano, M. 216, 217 totalitarianism 23-8, 34-5 Trachtenberg, M. 37, 75, 76 Transjordan 262 Trieste, Free Territory of 223-4 Tripartite Ambassadors' Group 71,

81 Tripartite Declaration on the Middle

East (May 1950) 262, 263 Truman, H. S. 37, 38, 258, 296

administration 295; and China 250, 251

Berlin crisis 25, 30 Doctrine 30, 331

354 Index

Truman, H. S. (cant.) freemasonry 168 Korean War 253, 254 OEEC 106 Spain 161, 165, 168, 169 Stalin 24-7 passim,34

Truman, M. 38,40 Tsaldaris, P. 179 Tucker, N. 258 Tunisia 175 Turkey 9, 232, 265, 331, 333, 336

Cyprus 11, 188 into NATO 173, 179-83, 333

Turnbull, M. 307 Tusa, A. 100 Tusa, J. 100

Ulam, A. 75 Ulbricht, W, 67 Umrustung 143-4, 154 United Kingdom (UK) 1-2, 10

aircraft production 279-80; NATO co-ordination 281, 283, 285, 286, 287, 290

alternatives to the EDC 125-36 Berlin crises 78, 93 Brussels Treaty 4, 5 Burgess-Maclean defection 8,

294, 295-8; official secrecy 194, 304-6, 322

Communist Party 301 France 119 Franco's Spain 161-2, 164-5,

167, 168, 170 future of European security

317-18, 320, 323-4 German Federal Republic 5-6;

alternative to EDC 2, 127-34 passim; creation of 84; relations with 139-52

Italy 198, 200, 209, 213 Mediterranean 7-8, 173, 177-91

passim, 193 Middle East 53; Bevin 44, 51;

Suez crisis 260-73 passim MLF 236 NATO 4, 5; formation 87-8

nuclear weapons 6; Anglo-German relations 141; independent deterrent 144-7; sharing 147-50, 156

OEEC 106, 107 perceptions of Soviet threat 30;

'Bastions Paper' 29; Stalin 18-22 passim, 24

Permanent Under-Secretaries' Committee (PUSC) 54, 55

relations with US see United States Third Force 41-58 West European Union see West

European Union United Nations (UN)

China 252, 253, 254, 255 Spain 160, 161, 166-7, 169

United States (US) 10-11 aid 8 aircraft production 279; NATO

co-ordination 280-9 passim, 322

Berlin crises 25, 26, 29-30, 70, 78

Britain's alternative to EDC 127-36 passim

Burgess-Maclean defection 295, 296, 297, 298-9

France and 87,98, 109, 117, 119; tensions 111-13

Franco's Spain 159-70 passim future security of Europe 318-19,

324,329 German Federal Republic 5, 73,

83,84,209; rearmament 181, 194,203

Italy 4, 196, 197, 321; nuclear weapons 226, 229-35 passim, 237; role in NATO 202-6 passim, 209, 214

Korean War and global strategy 262-3

Mediterranean 173, 176-85 passim, 190, 214

NATO: dependence on US 141; formation 88-92 passim; review of doctrine 146-7

Index 355

perceptions of Soviet threat 18-32 passim

relations with UK 41-2; alliance in Middle East 260-73 passim; Burgess-Maclean defection 294, 301-6; China 7, 246-57; nuclear co-operation 145-6, 149, 150, 154; Third Force 44-7, 51-8 passim

Yugoslavia 9-10

Vai'sse, M. 101, 102, 103, 124, 192, 216,273

Valdevit, G. 220 Valiani, L. 215,216, 220 Vandenberg resolution (11 June

1948) 75, 90, 166, 332 Varsori, A. 2, 3, 4, 215-16, 219,

221, 320, 321 Vatican 165-7 199-200 Venona project 302 Venom fighter 284, 285 Vigezzi, B. 216, 217 Volle, A. 153 Vukmanovic, S. ('Tempo') 38

Wall, I. M. 112, 122 Wallace, W. 138 Warner, G. 12, 13, 43, 59, 60 Warsaw Pact 10, 208, 314-15, 324,

325, 334 Washington Ambassadorial

Group 81 see also Tripartite Ambassadors'

Group

'Washington Paper' (9 September 1948) 20

Watt, D. Cameron 36,36-7, 136 West, N. 309 West, R. 304, 309 West European Union (WEU) 1,

11, 88, 208, 230 future of European security 326,

328 UK and 88, 135; Bevin and

42-3, 46-54 passim, 137, 197; force levels 146, 154

Western Union (WU) see Brussels Treaty

Wheeler, N.J. 153,308 Wiebes, C. 100, 308 Wiggershaus, N. 12 Williams, F. 38 Wolf, D. C. 258 Wolfe, T. 75 Woolf, S. J. 215 Wright, M. 262 Wright, P. 307, 308

Yalta declaration (1945) 161 Young, J. W. 5,43,59,60,61, 136,

153, 192, 216, 218, 221, 326 Younger, K. 253 Yugoslavia 9, 23, 33, 223--4, 224,

332,333

Zeeman, B. 100, 308 Zeno, L. 216 Zhdanov, A.A. 31 Ziegler, P. 194 Zuhlsdorff, V. von 241, 243