sejarah, pemberontakan dan komunisme

7/23/2019 Sejarah, Pemberontakan Dan Komunisme

1/40

Zoyo} Hcqokic

3

Uom4 uuu+zoyo}hcqokic+ul}iz}oqq+aln

Oncb`4 n}+hcqokicJencb`+aln

Qodc}cg, Zonmo}lkychck ick Hlnukbqno

Ic`cn qomucg ncqrc}chcy qodcyb ybich mlòg cic rcke hcrc ncuzuk nbqhbk+ L}cke rcke mo}gcqb` nonzo}lòg

yo}`cù mckrch gckrc chck nokromcmhck l}cke `cbk hohu}ckeck+

F}ckalbq Klo` Mcgo}uf

Zo}yokecgck ycguk =::3, }bmuck l}cke nokegcicke b}bke.b}bkeck rcke gokich nokeumu}hck honmc`b

yu`cke.moù`cke qckch hoùc}ec hl}mck 326? rcke ibmukug ick ibhumu}hck qoac}c ncqqc` ib Ulklqlml

zcic 3267+ Zokl`chck c}ec Hc`l}ck, Yonckeeuke, Dcc Yokecg hc}okc ico}cg byu zo}kcg nokdcib mcqbqZHB+ Uc}ec ioqc y}cunc ick hucyb} cac}c zokeumu}ck honmc`b byu chck nonmckehbyhck honmc`b ZHB ib

ico}cgkrc+3

Zonmukugck hcun hlnukbq ick rcke ibckeecz hlnukbq hc}okc ibduqybfbhcqb qomcecb zo`chu zonmukugck cycq okcn dokio}c` ick qcyu zo}b}c nokoecg Ckehcyck Ic}cy rcke yo}dcib zcic

yckeec` 3 Lhylmo} 326?+ Zonmukugck yo}qomuy mckrch nokromcmhck l}cke mukehcn, yoyczbzonmukugck rcke yo}dcib zcic yckeec` 3 Lhylmo} ibhuyuh ho}cq+ Qonuc zo}bqybc ib ycguk 326?

ib`bnzcghck qonuc hoqc`cgckkrc hozcic hcun hlnukbq+ Zokecib`ck qcnc qohc`b ybichnonuyuqhck+ Gckrc hozuyuqck zl`bybh NZ]Q rcke cic+ Yo}yucke ic`cn YCZ

NZ]QWWVB32664 ZHB ib`c}cke, ibgc}cnhck nonmcac ick nokromc}hck nc}wbqno.òkbkbqno+

Hozuyuqck zl`bybh NZ]Q nokec`cghck z}bkqbz guhun+ Ib nckc.nckc l}cke ibdom`lqhck ic`cn zokdc}c

yckzc no`cùb z}lqoq zokecib`ck+ Czc no}ohc qohcic} qbnzcybqck cycu mokc}.mokc} ckeelyc Zc}ycb

Hlnukbq Bkilkoqbc+ Yo}dcib zokeuab`ck gbkeec ho hoùc}ec, zokeohckeck yo}gcicz homomcqck ckch

auaukrc+ Gch zokiczcykrc yo}cnzcq+ Cic hoybichcib`ck hc}okc guhun ych zo}kcg ibgl}ncyb+

No}ohc nokiczcy qybenc ybich nckuqbcb+ Hcun hlnukbq yo}qomuy qomcecb cyobq, zonmo}lkych,

nchc} ick qoyo}uqkrc+ L}cke nokeckeecz mokc} mo`chc+ Qlc`krc cic qodc}cg rcke ibmucyzokeucqc L}io Mc}u rcke nonmokyuh homokc}ck yukeec`+ Gcqb`krc, l}cke ybich `ceb mo}mbac}chohodcnck ic}b ozb`le zo}bqybc Eo}chck 1: Qozyonmo}, zonmukugck cycq }cyuqck }bmu nckuqbc

Bkilkoqbc+ L}cke gckrc mo}mbac}c zonmukugck okcn dokio}c` ib Dchc}yc ick ZHB, ibckeeczmokc} qomcecb zo`chukrc+

=

3 No}ohcn Qbqb Gbycn Qomucg Mckeqc,Hlnzcq, 3 Ceuqyuq =::1+= Ku} Hgl`bh ]bick+ Y}ceoib 6?8 Eoko}cqb Mc}u ick ]ohlkqb`bcqb,Hlnzcq, 1: Qozyonmo} =::1+


2/40

Zoyo} Hcqokic

=



Iukbc chcionbq mlòg dcib ybich nuicg ukyuh ibdckehcu lòg goeonlkb zokeoycguck rcke ibzchqchck

lòg zokeucqc+ Mbcqckrc zc}c b`nucck mo}qbfcy h}bybq ick qo`cù nokukyuy qoec`c ncacn zo}yckeeuke.

dccmck chcionbq ick ycnzb` iokeck qoec`c dokbq euecyck no}ohc+ Hc`cu ionbhbck zokeucqc nukehbk ib

hc`ckeck ncqrc}chcy }cncb+ Yoyczb ncqc`cgkrc, ncqrc}chcy cic`cg b`crcg yo}dcibkrc qoec`c ncacn

zonmokyu}ck kb`cb ick zokeoycguck+ Zo}`cckck qo`cù yo}dcib ic`cn nokegciczb qoec`c ncacn al}chgoeonlkb+

Qoyo`cg Qlogc}yl òkeqo} hoz}cmlk yo}dcib mo}mcecb euecyck zuk ib`ckac}chck cycq hocmqcgck

}ohlkqy}uhqb zo}bqybc E 1: Q ick mo}ib}bkrc L}io Mc}u+ Euecyck bkb mo}ycnmcg gomcy qoyo`cg momo}czc

ylhlg rcke ibckeecz ick yo}muhyb yo}`bmcy ic`cn zo}bqybc rcke y}cebq byu ibmomcqhck ick ibzokdc}c+

No}ohc zuk nokiczcy zokiokec} rcke qckecy bkebk nokiczcyhck hoqchqbck no}ohc+ Qoyo`cg qohbck `cnc

nokiczcyhck hoqchqbck rcke mo}qunmo} ic}b zbgch rcke nokcke+ Ncqrc}chcy duec bkebk nokiokec}

hoqchqbck ic}b no}ohc rcke yo`cg ibhc`cghck, hobkebkck bkb mo}ycnmcg hucy hc}okc rcke nokcke byu hbkb

zuk yo`cg hogb`ckeck qoec`c gc` rcke zo}kcg nonmckeechck+ Hbkb l}cke mbqc nonmckibkehck+ Cic mckrch bky}oz}oycqb ick vo}qb+ Hcun hlnukbq ybich `ceb qcyu.qcyukrc `crch yo}yuiug noqhb nonb`bhb

hoqc`cgck+1

Qodc}cg }oqnb nokrcychck mcgc ic`cn zo}dc`ckck mckeqc Bkilkoqbc, hcun hlnukbq yo`cg no`chuhck

ybec hc`b zo}mucyck nchc}+9

Hc}okc byu hcun hlnukbq nonzo}lòg qybenc qomcecb zonmo}lkychck rcke

`crch nonzo}lòg zo}ck ic`cn zokycq zl`bybh yckzc mo}uqcgc nokdo`cqhck chc}.chc} ncqc`cg ick

hlkyohqkrc+ Ic`cn }ckehc byu cechkrc mo}eukc nokecduhck zo}yckrcck4 Czc mokc} no}ohc rcke

nonmo}lkych< Hc`cu mokc}, nokeczc no}ohc nonmo}lkych< Iokeck ac}c bkb hbyc nonzo}lòg nckfccy

ukyuh hbkb ick nokicycke+

Ncquhkrc Hlnukbqno

Goki}bauq Dlqozguq F}ckabqauq Nc}bo Qkoov`boy, G+N+ Iohho}, mo}qcnc iokeck M}ckiqyoio} nokib}bhck

Bkibqaybo Qlabcc` Ionlh}cybqaybo Vo}okbebke zcic mu`ck Nob 3239+ Ic`cn ycguk 323?, BQIV

nokroòkeec}chck hlke}oqkrc rcke zo}ycnc+ Zcic chyu byu do`cq ycnzch iuc c`b}ck }ovlùqblko},

zo}ycnc ib mccg zbnzbkck Qkoov`by, ick rcke hoiuc cic`cg c`b}ck }ovlùqblko} ib mccg Qagluynck+

Qagluynck mo}zokiczcy mcgc qlqbc`bqno moùn ybmc qccykrc ibqomc}hck ib hc`ckeck zo}hunzu`ck.

zo}hunzu`ck ib Bkilkoqbc+ Hc`cu ibqomc}hck qohc}cke, nc`cg chck nokbnmu`hck zonmo}lkychck, hc}okc

no}ohc moùn ncqch+ Qccy qohc}cke qlqbc`bqno gckrc mlòg ibqomc}hck ho yokecg.yokecgqyuir aùm qcdc+

Qkoov`bby nokokycke zokiczcy bkb+ Bc mo}yckrc hozcic Qonclk ib ic`cn hlke}oq, l}cke Bkilkoqbc qcyu.

qcyukrc rcke bhuy nokdccm mcgc l}cke Bkilkoqbc quicg qcic} hc}okc no}ohc nonmcrc} zcdch+ No}ohc

1 Ycufbh Cmiu``cg+ Zo}moicck Qodc}cg ick Y}ceoib 326?, Qodc}cg, Kl+ 9, =:::+9 Qoh}oyc}bcy Koec}c ]B+ Eo}chck 1: Qozyonmo} 326?, Zonmo}lkychck Hlnukbq Bkilkoqbc4 @cyc} Mo`chcke, Chqbick Zokunzcqckkrc+ Dchc}yc4 Qohkoe ]B, 322?+


3/40

Zoyo} Hcqokic

1



qo`cù mo}yckrc, ukyuh czc nonmcrc} zcdch ick zo}yckrcck qlqbc`bqno ho yokecg.yokecg l}cke Bkilkoqbc+

Ick dbhc Bkilkoqbc quicg mo}lkych, byu yckickrc hcnb quicg nc}cg+ Qbicke hlke}oq eonzc} hc}okckrc+

Qomcebck ckeelyc hlke}oq ckeelyc.ckeelyc Mo`ckic ybich nokrlhlke Qkoov`by+ No}ohc hoùc} qcyu zo}

qcyu+? Hokicyb BQIV nchbk mckrch ckeelyckrc ick nchbk }cibhc` nc}wbqnokrc, yoyczb hu}cke ncnzu

nokc}bh l}cke Bkilkoqbc, qogbkeec gckrc nonzo}lòg qoibhby iuhukeck ncqqc+ Zonbnzbk O}lzc byu

nokrcic}b mcgc yckzc iuhukeck qoncacn byu, homo}gcqb`ck qucyu }ovlùqb rcke mo}yuduck nonzo}lòghono}oiohcck zl`bybh+ Iuhukeck qoncacn byu zo}ù ibiczcy ukyuh nonzo}l`cg mckyuck Bkilkoqbc mceb

icqc} cdc}ck nc}wbqno rcke }ovlùqblko} Zbnzbkck O}lzc nonmucy gumukeck iokeck zc}c zonbnzbk

Bkilkoqbc rcke aokio}uke qlqbc`bqybq ic}b Qc}ohcy Bq`cn, yo}ecmuke ic`cn BQIV, ick iokeck zokug

qonckecy nokc}bh ckeelyc BQIV+

Mo}hcy gumukeck byu, Qkoov`by ick Mcc}q mo}gcqb` iokeck òùcqc mo}mbac}c ic`cn fl}un Hlke}oq QB,

mcghck nokiczcy hoqonzcyck ukyuh nokrcdbhck z}cqc}ck qbicke.qbickekrc yokycke qlc`.qlc` zo}mu}ugck

ick zono}bkycgck+ Hlkychkrc rcke o}cy iokeck hoyuc QB Qonc}cke, Qonclok, nonmo}bhck hoqonzcyck

mcebkrc ukyuh mo}ao}cncg ic`cn hu}quq.hu}quq hcio}, qogbkeec BQIV chgb}krc mckrch nonzo}lòg zokebhuy ib ic`cn QB rcke nokabzychck hockeelycck eckic+ Mckrch ckeelyc nokroùkiuz ho ic`cn

yumug QB no}ckehcz nokdcib ckeelyc BQIV mcghck l}cke.l}cke qozo}yb Qonclok, Ic}qlkl, C`bnbk

Z}cb}lib}idl ick Yck Nc`chc cic`cg qohc`beuq ylhlg ick zonbnzbk hoiuc l}eckbqcqb rcke qomokc}krc

mo}`cbkck zcgcnkrc byu+6

Zo}onmoqck ho ic`cn acmcke.acmcke Qc}ohcy Bq`cn iokeck nchqui nonzo}lòg iuhukeck ic}b ncqqc

Bkilkoqbc+ Zo}cyu}ck zono}bkycg rcke nonchqc Qc}ohcy Bq`cn qoac}c l}eckbqcqb yo}zoacg mo`cg, qogbkeec

hocicck.hocicck byu nonukehbkhck zonmomcqck yo}qomuy+ Hc}okc yohckck rcke nchbk mo}cy ic}b nchbk

mckrchkrc acmcke QB rcke nchbk mo}l}bokycqb nc}wbq ick hc}okc ybich nonzukrcb qc}ckc rcke ofohybfukyuh nokibqbz`bkhck qonuc ukqu} rcke mo}moic.moic byu nchc zbnzbkck zuqcy QB `cnmcy `cuk yo}zchqc

nokehlnz}lnbhck cdc}ck.cdc}ck Nlio}kbqno Bq`cn rcke qonu`c dcib zoilnckkrc, ickeck yuduck

nc}wbqno rcke }ovlùqblko}+ Zokec}ug yohckck byu iczcy ib `bgcy qodch mu`ck Lhylmo} 3235, iokeck

z}le}cn rcke ibec}bqhck lòg hlke}oq kcqblkc` QB rcke hoiuc+ Mo}yl`ch mo`chcke ic}b yukyuyck qonu`c

rchkb zono}bkycg qokib}b, z}le}cn bkb mo}yuduck ukyuh no}iohc, ick bkb nokukduhhck mcgc dbhc uqcgc.

uqcgc yckzc hoho}cqck ukyuh nokaczcb yuduck bkb ybich nonmcc gcqb`, nukehbk zo}ù ibzchcb

zokiohcyck `cbk+

Qkoov`by ibycgck lòg zono}bkycg Gbkibc Mo`ckic ick ibzchqc nokbkeec`hck Bkilkoqbc zcic mu`ckIoqonmo} 3237, yoyczb bkb ybich nokeu}ckeb bkfb`y}cqb ckeelyc.ckeelyc BQIV mo}homckeqcck ib Bkilkoqbc

ho ic`cn hoiuiuhck.hoiuiuhck hozonbnzbkck ib acmcke.acmcke nokeucqcb Qc}ohcy Bq`cn qoyonzcy+ Ib

qcnzbke hohucyck ukqu}.ukqu} yo}qomuy nokbkehcy, no}ohc ncnzu nokeucqcb hlke}oq hoonzcy Qc}ohcy

Bq`cn rcke mo}`ckequke zcic ycguk 3239, zcic chyu byu qoù}ug ckeelyc QB quicg nokaczcb gcnzb} iuc

? Qlo Glh Ebo+ Ib Mccg @okyo}c No}cg+ Rlerchc}yc4 Mokycke Muicrc, 3222, g`n+ 5159+6 N+ Iccn ]cgc}idl+ Bq`cn Nokicruke ib Ckyc}c Iuc Hc}cke4 Qlqbc`bqcqb ick Hczbyc`bqno,Z}bqnc, Kl+ Ohqy}c,3279+


4/40

Zoyo} Hcqokic

9



qoyokecg duyc+ Noku}uyb zokl`chck zbnzbkck zuqcy QB zcic hlke}oq byu ukyuh noko}bnc uqu`.uqu` ohqy}bn

el`lkeck Qonclok, mo}qcnc zbnzbkck.zbnzbkck `cbk BQIV, Qonclok mo}uqcgc noncquhhck

l}eckbqcqbkrc ho ic`cn Zc}ycb Hlnukbq ib Gbkibc Mo`ckic cycu unun ibhokc` qomcecb ZHB+ Ic`cn zc}ycb

mc}u rcke ibmokyuh ib hckyl} Qc}ohcy Bq`cn Qonc}cke zcic yckeec` =1 Nob 32=:, Qonclok yo}zb`bg

qomcecb hoyuc, Ic}qlkl qomcecb chb` hoyuc, Mo}eqnc qomcecb qoh}oyc}bq, ick G+N+ Iohho} qomcecb

mokicgc}c+5

Cic hobkebkck ukyuh nokromc}hck bio.bio qlqbc`.ionlh}cy ho `bkehukek hcun zo}eo}chck }chrcy+ Yoyczb

zokromc}ck bio.bio qlqbc`.ionlh}cy ick z}chyoh zl`bybh no}ohc honuibck ibhokc` qomcecb qlqbc`bqno.

}ovlùqblko}, yoycz yo}mcycq ick ybich nokbnmu`hck icnzch rcke ùcq+ Cic iuc gc` rcke ho`bgcyckkrc

nokdcib qomcm hoyo}mcycqck ick hoecec`ck+ Zo}ycnc, noqhbzuk Qkoov`boy ncuzuk Mcc}q qbcz ukyuh

nokecilzqb gc`.gc` rcke mo}`ckequke ick mo}`chu ic`cn iukbc zo}eo}chck, kcnuk no}ohc ybich iczcy

qozokugkrc ibyo}bnc+ Iukbc zo}eo}chck cic`cg iukbc zc}c hqcy}bc, rcbyu bkyoòeokqbc mo}`cyc} mo`chcke

Dcc+ Hoiuc, cickrc hoqu`byck ukyuh nokeohqz}oqbhck ick nokrcnzcbhck bio.bio qlqbc`bqno.

}ovlùqblko} qo}yc nokdo`cqhck cycu nonmo}bhck c}eunok horchbkckkrc zcgcn qlqbc`bq hozcic hcun zo}eo}chck }chrcy+ Zcicgc`, honcnzuck byu qckecy zokybke+ Ybich cic hoyo}mcycqck qozo}yb byu zcic

Qonclok+ Noqhbzuk moebyu, cic qcyu gc` rcke qonzcy nokcgckkrc ukyuh qozokugkrc ibyo}bnc ho ic`cn

iukbc zo}eo}chck+ @cyc} mo`chcke qlqbc` rcke mo}moic iokeck homckrchck hcun zo}eo}chck, ibc muhck

hoyu}ukck z}brcrb ncuzuk l}cke rcke mo}cic+7

Zc}ycb mc}u yo}qomuy nokeonmckehck gumukeck ch}cm iokeck hlnbkyo}k, ick mo}ecmuke iokeck

l}eckbqcqb byu zcic chgb} ycguk 32=:+ Qkoov`by rcke quicg nokeckehcy ib}bkrc qokib}b nokdcib chb`

Bkilkoqbc zcic hlke}oq hoiuc hlnbkyo}k '32=:", honuibck nonmokyuh gumukeck iokeck Zc}ycb Hlnubq

Bkilkoqbc òcy Qgckegcb, ick zcic ycguk 32=3, Igc}qlkl nochb`b Bkilkoqbc zcic hlke}oq hlnbkyo}krcke hoybec ib Nlqhl+ Yck Nc`chc qc`cg qcyu zonbnzbk uycnc zc}ycb byu nochb`b Bkilkoqbc zcic

hlke}oq hoonzcy zcic ycguk mo}bhuykrc, ick noncbkhck zo}ckck chybf ic`cn nonmucy ho}ckehc

hombdchck hlnbkyo}k+ Zcic mu`ck Ceuqyuq 32=1, Qonclok ibycck ick ibzchqc nonb`bg nokbkeec`hck

koeo}b byu cycu ibzokdc}chck ib Yll}, ick nokdo`cke chgb} ycguk, qonuc zonbnzbk Mo`ckic rcke cic ib

zc}ycb byu duec ibzchqc ukyuh zo}eb+ Noku}uy Qonclok, duqy}u hc}okc quicg cic hoau}ckeck yo}gcicz l}cke

Mo`ckic mcghck yo}gcicz no}ohc rcke nokukduhhck qbhcz nokokycke hl`lkbc`bqno, nchc zo}ebkrc zc}c

zonbnzbk Mo`ckic ic}b zc}ycb byu nokbkehcyhck eokeqb zc}ycb byu ib ncyc hgc`crch }cncb+

Iokeck nchqui cec} mo}gcqb` nokeucqcb acmcke.acmcke Qc}ohcy Bq`cn, zcic hlke}oqkrc rckeib`chqckchck zcic yckeec` =? Ioqonmo} 32=3 ib Qonc}cke, el`lkeck hlnukbq rcke yo`cg no}onmoy

5 Eol}eo Na Yu}kck Hcgbk+ Kcqblkc`bqno ick }ovlùqb ib Bkilkoqbc+ Dchc}yc.Ql`l4 _KQ Z}oqq ick Zuqychc Qbkc}

Gc}czck, 322?, g`n+ 2=2?+

7 Qloc}qlkl+Mo}mc}oke Mo}eo}ch8 Qozokeec` ]bcrcy ick Zonbhb}ck Qonclok+ Rlerchc}yc4 @HBQ, =:::, g`n+3==3=1+


5/40

Zoyo} Hcqokic

?



ncquh ho ic`cn mckrch acmcke byu, nonuyuqhck nokib}bhck qucyu Nc}hcq Qc}ohcy Bq`cn No}cg ukyuh

mo}qcbke iokeck zonbnzbk zuqcy rcke `cnc ib mccg Ydlh}lcnbklyl+

Zo}omuyck hohucqcck ick yo}uq nchbk mo}zokec}ugkrc ic`cn acmcke.acmcke Qc}ohcy Bq`cn qoyonzcy,

nonmucy zc}c zonbnzbkkrc mo}uqcgc nonzo}ùcq ibqbz`bk zc}ycb ho ic`cn qonuc acmcke l}eckbqcqb

yo}qomuy zcic mu`ck Fom}uc}b 32=1+ Qomcecb zonmc`cqck zcic hlke}oqkrc rcke ibcichck zcic mu`ck

Nc}oy, el`lkeck hlnukbq nonuyuqhck ukyuh nonmckyu qohqb.qohqb Qc}ohcy Bq`cn No}cg ib yonzcy rcke

cic qucyu acmcke Qc}ohcy Bq`cn, ick mo}uqcgc nokc}bh ckeelyc.ckeelyc acmcke yo}qomuy+ _kby.ukby rcke

hbkb ibhucqcb hlnukbq bkb qohc}cke mo}eckyb kcnc Qc}ohcy Bq`cn ick ibchub qomcecb icqc} Zc}ycb Hlnukbq

ic`cn ncqrc}chcy+

Hlke}oq ho`bnc hlnbkyo}k '32=9" nokohckhck mcgc z}bl}bycq uycnc yuduck zc}ycb.zc}ycb Hlnukbq

cic`cg nokeucqcb zo}eo}chck zo}qcyuck icecke hc}okc hlnbkyo}k mo}zokiczcy mcgc yckzc byu }ovlùqb

ybich mo}gcqb`+ Ib qcnzbke hokrcycck mcgc zcic }czcy ZHB rcke qomoùnkrc, hcun yckb quicg ibchubqomcecb icqc} ncqqc rcke qckecy ibzo}ùhck, nchc zcic }czcy mu`ck Ioqonmo} 32=9, C`b}cagnck

'qoh}oyc}bq ZHB" nokecduhck qucyu }oqlùqb rcke nokebkebkhck cec} Qc}ohcy ]chrcy ibmumc}hck ick

ibeckyb iokeck zoqcyuck.zo}qcyuck icecke qomcecb icqc} ncqqc ZHB+ Bc nokiomcy mcgc Qc}ohcy Bq`cn

yo}ib}b ic}b moebyu mckrch kcqblkc`bq ml}dubq rcke ybich iczcy ibbhuyqo}ychck zcic qccy.qccy yo}dcibkrc

ybkichck hoho}cqck+ Zokiczcy C`b}cagnck bkb ibqo}cke ho}cq ick chgb}krc yo}aczcb`cg qucyu zokroòqcbck

rcke mo}qbfcy hlnz}lnb+ Zonmumc}ck Qc}ohcy ]chrcy zcic z}bkqbzkrc iczcy ibyo}bnc, yoyczb z}lqoq

zonmumc}ckkrc byu gc}uq ib`chqckchck ycgcz ionb ycgcz cec} ybich nonozo}òncg ZHB+ Qcnmb` noòzcq

Qc}ohcy ]chrcy, hlnukbq nonuqcyhck hohucyckkrc zcic zo}eo}chck zo}qcyuck icecke+ Ib qcnzbke byu,

ibqoyudub mcgc hcio}.hcio} ZHB gc}uq ibqbz`bk ick nuyukrc ibybkehcyhck qogbkeec ncnzu nokecichck

chqb }ovluqblko} qoac}c ofohybf+ Chgb}krc, z}le}cn rcke ibec}bqhck nokukyuy zonmokyuhck qucyu]ozum`bh Qlvboy Bkilkoqbc+

2

Zonmo}lkychck 32=6,32=5

Qo`cnc ycguk 32=?, ukqu}.ukqu} rcke òmbg nokeohqy}bn ic`cn Zc}ycb Hlnukbq mo}cic ib mccg

zokeccqck Icg`ck ick Qloqh}c, iuc zonbnzbk rcke nokl`ch ukyuh zcyug hozcic hozonbnzbkck rcke

yoycz+ No}ohc yo}uq nokegcquy ibaoyuqhckkrc }ovlùqb ick nonchcb noylio.noylio yol}bybq iokeck

nchqui nokeucqcb zc}ycb yo}qomuy+ Ic`cn uqcgc.uqcgckrc, no}ohc ibiuhuke lòg iuc zonbnzbk zokybke

rcke quicg mo}zokec`cnck, C`bnbk ick Nuqql+ Ho`lnzlh bkb mo}gcqb` nokeucqcb qucyu }czcy Hlnbqb

Zo`chqckc Zc}ycb yo}qomuy ick zc}c zonbnzbk zo}qcyuck.zo}qcyuck icecke }lhlh ib mccg zokeccqck

hlnukbq, rcke ibqoòkeec}chck ib Ackib Z}cnmckck ick zo}yokecgck mu`ck Lhylmo} 32=?+ Qomcecb

gcqb`krc, }ovlùqb ibyoyczhck chck ibcichck qoeo}c+ Qucyu zonlelhck unun qo`ckduykrc chck

ibhonmckehck ho c}cg qucyu }ovlùqb rcke mo}yuduck nokeeu`bkehck hohucqcck Mo`ckic ick

2 Eol}eo Na Yu}kck Hcgbk, Lz+ Aby+, g`n+ 263::+


6/40

Zoyo} Hcqokic

6



nokeeckybhckkrc iokeck zono}bkycgck Zc}ycb Hlnukbq+ Cec} }ovlùqb yo}qomuy mo}gcqb`, ib }cqc zo}ù

ukyuh nonzo}lòg mckyuck Nlqhl, ick ic}b zc}c zonbnzbk hlnukbq Bkilkoqbc, yo}ncquh rcke yo}zchqc

ybkeec` ib ùc} koeo}b+

Chybvbq.chybvbq hlnukbq ic`cn qo`cnc zo}blio bkyo}k byu yo}krcyc ybich mo}honmcke qozo}yb rcke

ib}okackchck+ Nukehbk qomcecb qucyu }ochqb yogcicz moebyu nokbkehcykrc dun`cg zonlelhck hoab` ick

nokbkehcykrc hoho}cqck mo}qokdcyc hoab`.hoab`ck, ick nukehbk duec hc}okc quicg nokeoycgub }okackc

dckehc zckdcke hlnukbq, cycu hoiuckrc, nchc zcic yckeec` =7 Klvonmo} 32=?, zono}bkycg nokacmuy

gch nokecichck zo}yonuck gcnzb} ib qoù}ug Bkilkoqbc ukyuh Zc}ycb Hlnukbq Bkilkoqbc, Qc}ohcy

]chrcy, ick homckrchck l}eckbqcqb mu}ug rcke mo}cic ib mccg zokeccqck hlnukbqno+

Qozo}yb ibgc}czhck, ybich ib}ceuhck `ceb mcgc ybkichck bkb mo}gcqb` nonmckeuk hlkych rcke

ofohybf ckyc} hcun hlnukbq ick zo}qcyuck.zo}qcyuck mu}ug+ Chbmcykrc, u}uyck qy}cyoebq

zonlelhck ybich mo}dc`ck qoqucb iokeck rcke quicg ibdcic`hck hlnukbqno ib Z}cnmckck+Zonlelhck moqc}.moqc}ck lòg mu}ug zo}uqcgcck.zo}uqcgcck mcdc ick zo`cmugck ib Qu}cmcrc mc}u zoacg zcic zo}yokecgck mu`ck Ioqonmo} 32=?, rcbyu okcn mu`ck qoquicg dcic` rcke

ib}okackchck Zono}bkycg rcke no}cqc yo}zuhu` gomcy lòg ioqchck bkb, nokcgck gcnzb} qonuczonbnzbk mu}ug rcke yo}`bmcy, ib qcnzbke ybec ic}b qbczc zonbnzbk yo}ybkeeb ib Bkilkoqbc, rcbyu

Ic}qlkl, C`b}cagnck ick Nckidlgc+

Zc}ycb Hlnukbq nchbk `cnc nchbk yo}zchqc moho}dc ib mccg yckcg qonokyc}c hogb`ckeck zonbnzbk.

zonbnzbkkrc rcke zc`bke gomcy+ Hoebcyck.hoebcyckkrc nchbk `cnc nchbk hu}cke yo}hll}ibkcqb iokeck

zc}c zonbnzbk ohqy}bnbq rcke quicg nokeucqcb Hlkfo}okqb Z}cnmckck mo}gcqb` nonzo}ycgckhck

zokec}ug no}ohc ic`cn mckrch b`crcg ib Dcc+ Qo`cnc qozuùg mu`ck zo}ycnc ycguk 32=6, nchbkmckrch `ceb zonbnzbk hlnukbq rcke ibycgck+ Hlkych ckyc}c l}eckbqcqb nchbk `cnc nchbk hcacu ick bkb

yo}muhyb lòg zoacgkrc ybkichck hoho}cqck qoac}c qzl}cibq ick ybich yo}hll}ibkcqb ib yonzcy.yonzcy rcke

qckcecy yo}zbqcg ib qoù}ug Dcc+

Aozcykrc zo}zoacgck l}eckbqcqb zc}ycb hlnukbq byu ibmc}okeb lòg aozcy gb`ckekrc hlkych iokeck hcun

yckb rcke icguù nokiuhuke, c`cu mckrch ic}b no}ohc yo}qbkehb} lòg hombdchck.hombdchck rcke ibnucy

hc`ckeck zonbnzbk hlnukbq ib Bkilkoqbc+ Hlnukbqno nokukic yckeec` }ovlùqb qogbkeec mc}u zoacg

nc`cn yckeec` 3= Klvonmo} 32=6+ ho}baugck rcke honuibck nukau` ic`cn zc}ycb byu ibyukduhck lòg

hokrcycck mcgc noqhbzuk noku}uy }okackc, }ovlùqb byu chck ibaoyuqhck zo}ycnc hc`bkrc ib Zcicke,yo}krcyc zoacg ukyuh zoycnc hc`bkrc ib Mcycvbc, ick zonmo}lkychck ib ico}cg Zcicke mc}u nukau` iuc

mu`ck zokug honuibck ick qoyo`cg gu}u.gc}c ib Dcc mokc}.mokc} ib zcicnhck+3:

3:Bmbi, G`n+ 3:13:7+


7/40

Zoyo} Hcqokic

5



Dc`ckkrc zonmo}lkychck ib Mcycvbc iczcy ibecnmc}hck qomcecb mo}bhuy+ Zcic yckeec` 3= Klvonmo} 323=

`c}uy nc`cn, =:: zonmo}lkych mo}eo}ch ho Hcnzuke Hc}oy ho Uo`yo}vboiok+ Ib donmcyck no}ohc

nokro}cke zlq zl`bqb Munbzuyo}c+ Qcyu ceok zl`bqb ibmukug, rcke qcyu `ceb mo}gcqb` `c}b+ Ybich `cnc

honuibck 36 ic}b zonmo}lkych rcke ibiuec yo}`bmcy zonmukugck yo}qomuy yo`cg ibyckehcz+

Ic`cn chyu rcke gcnzb} qcnc, yudug l}cke mo}qokdcyc ycdcn nokeckacn hozc`c hcnzuke Nckeec Iuc+

Ib qohbyc} Gc}nlkb, 3? munbzuyo}c ibyckehcz, nokruqu` 3= ib yckcg Cmcke+ Yokecg nc`cn qol}cke ceok

zl`bqb ibùhcb ib Ecke Qalyy, yoyczb qol}cke mo}gcqb` ibqcmoy zoicke ùhc zc}cg+ Dcib ib qoù}ug

Hooickcck Mcycvbc mo}gcqb` ibyckehcz qohbyc} 1:: zonmo}lkych qcnzcb zcic 31 Klvonmo} qbcke gc}b+

Zcic nc`cn 39 Klvonmo} ybkeec` qcyu zo}qbybc, rcbyu homchc}ck ib ico}cg Molq 'Vblq`ckki"+ Ib

Hooickcck Nooqyo} Al}ko`bq 'Dcyb Koec}c", ibhcmc}hck cickrc yudug l}cke mo}qokdcyc ib Zu`l Eciuke,

qo}lnmlkeck hoab` mo}qokdcyc nokalmc ncquh hoibcnck cqbqyok }oqbiok, qoicke }lnmlkeck mo}qokdcyc

`cbk nokchuy.kchuyb qol}cke yuck yckcg ib Hcnzuke No`cru hc}okc ybich ncu mo}ecmuke+

Ib Yckeeo}cke ick Aokehc}oke zonmo}lkychck mo}gcqb` nokro}cke yckeqb zl`bqb `czckeck+ Ceok ick

ncyu zl`bqb rcke mo}dun`cg `bnc l}cke ibzchqc `c}b, qoicke yckeqb ib}uqch+ Zono}bkycg duec nokrbhqc

qol}cke lzcq, qol}cke munbzuyo}c, ick qol}cke Abkc+

Ib Z}bckeck Yokecg, mu}ug ho}oyc czb mo}gcqb` nonuyuq `cù `bkycq, hcmo` yoòzlk ick yoòe}cf, qo}yc

nonmukug iuc l}cke zl`bqb+ Donmcyck Ec}uy.Mckiuke nbqc`krc, mo}gcqb` ib}umughck+ Qo`cbkkrc gckrc

zonmchc}ck }uncg, homckrchck hlqlke, qozo}yb yo}dcib ib Abncgb ick Mcyu Dcdc}+

Ib Z}bckeck Mc}cy, qozo}yb ib Eckicqu`b, nbqc`krc, yo}dcib gckrc zonuyuqck hcmo` ick yoòe}cf+

Ib Z}bckeck Ybnu}, qohbyc} qo}cyuq zonmo}lkych no`chuhck zoke}uqchck }uncg zodcmcy, yo}ncquh }uncg

cqbqyok }oqbiok, zonuyuqck hcmo` yoòzlk, ick noùhcb momo}czc zoeccb }okicgck ib Ycqbhnc`crc+

Dun`cg l}cke rcke nonmo}lkych qonchbk kcbh ib ico}cg Qu}chc}yc, hguquqkrc ib Mlrl`c`b, yoyczb

noku}uk yo}uq ib Mckruncq, Zohc`lkeck, Hoiu ick Hoib}b+33

Ib Quncyo}c Mc}cy, yo}uycnc ib Qbùkehcke, zonmo}lkychck òmbg no}cyc, hokicyb qcnc qcdc bkyokqbycqkrc+

Ib ico}cg bkb ZHB qonzcy nonmokyuh l}eckbqcqb hguquq ukyuh zo}`cckck, ibhokc` qomcecb Qc}ohcy Idbk+

Zcic 3 ick = Dckuc}b, }chrcy ic`cn mo}mcecb qcyuck mo}qokdcyc mo}eo}ch nokudu Qccgùkyl gokich

nokeucqcb hlyc ick nonmukug zodcmcy zono}bkycg homckrchck ic}b no}ohc icycke ic}b ico}cg Ql`lh

33 Zc}chby}b Y+ Qbnml`lk+ Nokdcib Bkilkoqbc+ Dchc}yc4 Hlnzcq, 322?, g`n+ 636635+


8/40

Zoyo} Hcqokic

7



'Yc}uke.yc}uke ick Zbckeeu`" ick mo}hunzu` ib Qbùkehuke+ Yo}krcyc, qomoùn ybmc ib Qccgùkyl

mckrch ic}b ho`lnzlh mo}qokdcyc byu mo}gcqb` ibyckehcz cycu ibzchqc `c}b+

Rcke nokc}bh ic`cn no`chuhck zo}qbczck ukyuh nonmo}lkych+ Ibqomc}hck hcmc} mcgc Qcnzlkl Hcrl,

qcuicec} hcrc zonb`bh }uncg moqc} mo}ybkehcy ib Qbùkehcke chck nokecichck hokiu}b moqc}+ Yoyczb

yo}krcyc yonzcy yo}qomuy ibeukchck ukyuh nonzo}lòg bkfl}ncqb ick bkqy}uhqb yokycke }okackc lzo}cqb

zonmo}lkychck+ Czcmb`c Qccgùkyl iczcy ib}omuy, ibgc}czhck ico}cg.ico}cg rcke cic Qc}ohcy ]chrcy

nokruqu`+3=

Zcic yckeec` 3= Klvonmo} Zcqc} @cmuck 'Mckyok" yo}`bgcy }cncb+ L}cke.l}cke yunzcg }ucg hc}okc qccy

byu mc}cke.mc}cke iceckeck qckecy no`bnzcg+ Ib`czl}hck zokduc`ck ec}cn ick hcbk zuybg nokbkehcy

momo}czc gc}b yo}chgb} ick ib`czl}hck duec mckrch l}cke ib ico}cg byu rcke mo}zucqc+ Nc`cn byu, }cyuqck

ncqqc zoyckb rcke ibzbnzbk lòg Hbcb Nuh}b ick Hbcb B`rcq, mo}hunzu` ib Ioqc Mcnc+ Zo}qokdcycck rcke

yo`cg yo}hunzu` mo}mu`ck.mu`ck `ckequke ibmcebhck ukyuh nokeeonzu} @cmuck+ Zo}yonuck yo}qomuy

ibchgb}b iokeck qonmcgrcke zo}cke qomoùn no}ohc mo}eo}ch nokudu @cmuck+

Zokro}muck hlyc byu ib`ckac}hck zcic òcy yokecg nc`cn lòg }cyuqck l}cke mo}qokdcyc iokeck qcqc}ck

zo}ycnc, hoibcnck cqbqyok oickc+ Chbmcy qo}ckeck byu, Ncq Uc}bcib Hloqlonc ick hoùc}eckrc

mo}gcqb` ibycck lòg zc}c zonmo}lkych+ Qol}cke zl`bqb zokecc`krc mo}gcqb` yo}mukug ick `cbkkrc

yo}ùhc zc}cg ic`cn bkqbiok yo}qomuy+ Honuibck ncqc yo}zoacg nokdcib iuc ho`lnzlh+ Zo}ycnc,

nokeccqb zonbkicgck Ncqb}bcib Hloqloncg ho Ac}bkecbk qonokyc}c rcke `cbk nokac}b ib dc`ck.dc`ck

@cmuck rcke mo}yuecq ncqbg ib qckc+

Zcic nc`cn rcke qcnc ib Nokoq, qomucg bkqbiok mo}ic}cg nonbkyc hl}mck `cmbg mckrch `ceb+Yc}eoy uycnc zc}c zonmo}lkychck cic`cg Ubickc ]ciok Zc}ycibkbe}cy, Mokrcnbk 'Zokeccq

ho}oyc Czb", ick zl`bqb+ Zokro}ckeck hoibcnck oickc ibnu`cb zcic dcn qucyu nc`cn iokecknokeo}cghck qohbyc} 9:: l}cke+ Ic`cn zokro}ckeck byu oickc ick qol}cke zl`byb zokecc`krc

mo}gcqb` nokonmch momo}czc l}cke zonmo}lkych qomoùn chgb}krc yocq yo}mukug+ Qonokyc}cbyu, qoho`lnzlh `cbkkrc yo`cg no}bkehuq Mokrcnbk 'l}cke Mo`ckic qcyu.qcyukrc rcke ybkeec` ib

hlyc byu"+ Iuc l}cke zl`bqb duec yocq zcic nc`cn byu+ Ib ioqc Aokbke, qol}cke zl`bqb yo}mukugick cqbqyok oickc nokec`cnb ùhc zc}cg chbmcy yo}yonmch+ Qo`cbk byu }uncg zokqbukck Zcybg

duec ybich ùzuy ic}b qcqc}k zc}c zonmo}lkych+

Cic`cg do`cq, ib qcnzbke zc}c u`cnc, dcc}c zuk noncbkhck zo}ck zokybke ic`cn zonmo}lkychck byu+

Czc rcke zcyuy ibzo}gcybhck cic`cg ZHB ncnzu no}oh}uy el`lkeck bkb ho ic`cn l}eckbqcqbkrc,

hokrcycck rcke qu`by ibac}b zcickckkrc+ No}ohc ibhokc` qckecy bkibvbiuc`bq ick iczcy ibhcychck dcug ic}b

3= C+ Nuùh Kcquyblk+ Zonmo}lkychck }chrcy QbùhckeQuncy}c Mc}cy 32=6.32=5+ Dchc}yc4 Nuybc}c, 3273, g`n+2522+


9/40

Zoyo} Hcqokic

2



nukehbk ukyuh yo}`bmcy zo}eo}chck qlqbc` zl`bybh+ Bkb`cg rcke yo}dcib ib Mckyok+rcke nonb`bhb y}cibqb `cnc

zo}mckibyck ick hohbq}ugck rcke yo}dcib chbmcy u`cg dcc}c, kcnuk gc` bkb ybich`cg qo}yc no}yc ibdcibhck

c`cqck nokeczc no}ohc bhuy qo}yc ic`cn zonmo}lkychck+ Ick zcic zo}bqybc 32=6, ncrl}bycq ncqqc rcke

yo}`bmcy cic`cg zoyckb mbcqc+ No}ohc rcke icycke ho Mckyok qoyo`cg zo}bqybc yo}qomuy yo}aokecke, hc}okc

ib qoù}ug ioqc ib b`crcg Nokoq ick @cmuck yo`cg ibybkeec`hck zc}c zokiuiuhkrc, rcke qonuckrc

mo}z}lfoqb qomcecb zoyckb+

Yc}eoy zc`bke uycnc ib zonmo}lkychck 32=6 cic`cg zc}c z}brcrb+ Kcnuk ib `cbk zbgch, zc}c zl`bqb

yo}zchqc nokdcib hl}mck+ Yo}gcicz zoeccb qbzb`, no}ohc yo}krcyc òmbg qoòhybf ic`cn nonb`bg hl}mck.

hl}mckkrc+ Uoickc Nokoq, ]ciok Zc}ycibkcyc, rcke muhck l}cke Mckyok cq`b ick qo}bke no`chuhck

hoho}cqck, chgb}krc yocq ib yckeck zc}c zonmo}lkych+ Kcqbm qo}uzc zcqyb duec ibc`cnb lòg Cqbqyok

Uoickc Nokoq, dbhc ybich qonzcy ibqo`cncyhck+ Hckyl}.hckyl} c}qbz ick }uncg.}uncg zc}c zoeccb

zono}bkycg duec ybich ùzuy ic}b chqb zokro}ckeck+

Krc}bq ybich cickrc zokro}ckeck yo}gcicz l}cke.l}cke Abkc rcke ibhokc` nonlklzl`b qodun`cg moqc}

zo}iceckeck `lhc`, hguquqkrc ib ico}cg zo}homukck ho`czc @cmuck, nokukduhhck mcgc ic`cn Zo}bqybc

32=6 cic`cg qyo}b` ic}b hlkf`bh ho`cq rcke mbcqckrc nokdcib yonc zokybke yo}dcibkrc zonmo}lkychck+

Nc`cgck noku}uy `czl}ck, mckrch zc}c zonmo}lkych cic`cg zoyckb hcrc ick zocecke+ Qycyuq no}ohc byu

ybich nokdcib gc`ckeck ukyuh bhuy qo}yc ic`cn chqb ick mcghck nokeckeecz ib}b no}ohc ybcic moic

iokeck zc}c }ovlùqblko} `cbkkrc+

Eo}chck yo}qomuy gcnzb} ibhcychck qoù}ugkrc yo}ib}b ic}b zoyckb mbcqc rcke ybich nokeoycgub }okackc.

}okackc cc` rcke ibec}bqhck zc}c ylhlg ZHB+ @ombg.òmbg zonbnzbk no}ohc, zc}c u`cnc, hu}ckenonb`bhb dckehcuck zonbhb}ck yokycke czc rcke chck ib`chuhck qoyo`cg chqb zonmo}lkychck uqcb+ Noohc

`ctbnkrc gckrc nokukeeu bkqy}uhqb ic}b zbnzbkck }ovlùqblko} rcke cic ib Mcycvbc+ Qo`cbk byu, zc}c

zonmo}lkych nbqhbk qy}cyoeb ic`cn nonzo}ycgckhck zlqbqb no}ohc, qogbkeec ic`cn moky}lhck ibzcqybhck

ybich iczcy nokeo`ch ic}b hohc`cgck+ Hocicck bkb ibzo}zc}cg iokeck horchbkck chck hohomc`ck ick

hoybich.yo}hc`cghck ic`cn dbgci no`cck hcfb} Mo`ckic, qo}yc no`bzuyb qonckecy mcgc no}ohc cic`cg

mcebck ic}b qcyu chqb zonmo}lkychck kcqblkc` yo}gcicz zono}bkycg hl`lkbc`+31

Zo}bqybc rcke nokeb}bke ZHB zcic zonmo}lkychck rcke ecec` bkb cic`cg zokybke ukyuh ibhcdb ho}okc

zo}bqybc bkb mo}cqc` ic}b qhbqnc rcke nonoacg mo`cg eo}chck hlnukbqno ib Bkilkoqbc qodch icguù+Rcke yo}zokybke ic}b ao}byc bkb qomcecbnckc ibhbqcghck lòg iuc l}cke du}u mbac}c no}ohc+ Yck Nc`chc

nokokycke Hozuyuqck Z}cnmckck qozo}yb qomoùnkrc bc duec nokokycke hozuyuqck zc}ycb ukyuh

noòzcqhck Qc}ohcy ]chrcy+ Hc}okc bc ecec` nokrcnzcbhck zokiczcykrc bkb momo}czc mu`ck qomoùn

}ovlùqb noòyuq, bc zo}kcg nokromc}hck momo}czc ilhunok ib Bkilkoqbc rcke bqbkrc cic`cg c`cqck.

31 Nbagco` A+ Ub`bcnq+ C}by ick Mu`ck Qcmby8 Zonmo}lkychck Hlnukbq 32=6 Mckyok+ Rlerchc}yc Qrc}bhcyBkilkoqbc, =::1, g`n+ 2:333+


10/40

Zoyo} Hcqokic

3:



c`cqck zokokyckeckkrc yo}qomuy+ _zcrc.uzcrc Yck Nc`chc no`c}cke zc}c zonbnzbk ZHB qoyonzcy ukyuh

nokiuhuke zonmo}lkychck ycnzchkrc qoibhby nonmucghck gcqb`8 c`cqck.c`cqckkrc qoac}c unun

ibckeecz qomcecb fchyl} zokokyu rcke nonmucy mckrch ylhlg ZHB ib cc` 32=6 nokecec`hck }okackc

zonmo}lkychck yo}qomuy+

Nchc ycyhc`c uqcgc huioyc yo}qomuy mo}chgb} iokeck mokackc+ C`bnbk, Nuqql ick zonbnzbk `cbkkrc rcke

nonchqc `cgb}krc Hozuyuqck Z}cnmckck mo}uqcgc ukyuh nokdc`ckhck }okackc yo}qomuy noqhb ibyokycke

lòg Yck Nc`chc qo}yc noòzc} hoqc`cgck ecec`krc zonmo}lkychck byu hozcic Yck Nc`chc+ Kcnuk fbykcg

bkb gckrc mo}gcqb` momo}czc qccy qcdc qcnzcb chgb}krc hoùc} vo}qb hlnbkyo}k yokycke qomcm.qomcm

hoecec`ck yo}qomuy+

Cic hoybichzucqck rcke noùcq ib hc`ckeck zoyckb rcke nonmucy Yck Nc`chc gc}uq nonzo}ybnmckehck

zc}ycb cycq `ckehcg rcke noùcq ib hc`ckeck zoyckb rcke nonmucy Yck Nc`chc gc}uq nonzo}bkecyhck

zc}ycb cycq `ckehcg i}cqybq rcke ibcnmb` qozo}yb zonmo}lkychck+ C`cqck rcke ibzchcb lòg Yck Nc`chc,qozo}yb yo}ackyun ic`cn Ncqqc Caybo, qomucg zcnfòy rcke ibaoych zcic zo}yokecgck 32=6 cic`cg

mcgc zonbnzbk zc}ycb ybich `ceb noko}bnc iuhukeck ncqqc ukyuh nokdc`ckhck qomucg zonmo}lkychck

moqc} ick gckrc chck nokicyckehck agclq+ Bc nokukduhhck mcgc Nlqhl ybich nukehbk chck

nonmo}bhck mckyuck ukyuh qoqucyu rcke hoab` honukehbkck chck mo}gcqb`+ Bc duec nonzo}yckrchck

hohucqcck `cybgck nc}wbq mceb ckeelyc ZHB rcke chck nokiuiuhb hu}qb zbnzbkck ic`cn qoybcz uzcrc

zonmo}lkychck+

Qomoùn byu, hoybhc iuhukeck ncqqc ZHB qonchbk hucy, Yck Nc`chc mo}zckickeck òmbg lzybnbq cycq

zoùcke zc}ycb ukyuh mo}gcqb` ic`cn zonmo}lkychck yo}qomuy+ Bc duec nonmo}bhck zo}gcybck moqc} ukyuhnokehlkql`bicqbhck iuhukeckkrc, chck yoyczb, hoybhc hozuyuqck Z}cnmckck ibqcnzcbhck hozcickrc,

Yck Nc`chc no}cqc mcgc ZHB yo`cg hogb`ckeck hoqonzcyck ukyuh mo}gcqb`+

Ic`cn `czl}ck Qonclok ukyuh hlke}oq hlnbkyo}k hookcn, bc nokeh`cbn mcgc qomcebck hoecec`ck

zonmo}lkychck ycguk 32=6 byu ibqomcmhck lòg qbfcy o`byo zc}ycb8 bc duec nokrcychck mcgc ZHB zcic qccy

byu gckrc nonb`bhb 2+::: ckeelyc rcke yo}icfyc} mb`c ibmckibkehck iokeck 3::+::: cycu òmbg ckeelyc QB+

Zokdo`cqck yokycke moqc}krc zc}ycb mo}yokyckeck iokeck lnlke hlqlke zonbnzbk ZHB qomoùnkrc

yokycke hohucqcck no}ohc ick mc}ckehc`b no}uzchck uqcgc Qonclok ukyuh nokcyc honmc`b qodc}cg ick

hoho`b}uck.hoho`b}uck ZHB cec} qo`c}cq iokeck zl`c mc}u hlnbkyo}k+

Hcun yckb ick mu}ug Bkilkoqbc qozo}yb czchcg rcke nokebmc}hck mokio}c ZHB ick mo}uqcgc no}omuy

hohucqcck zcic mokackc zonm}lkychck 32=6 byu< Qodun`cg 31+::: l}cke Bkilkoqbc ibyckehcz qoqucg

zonmo}lkychck ic}b dun`cg bkb, 9+?:: ibzokdc}c ick òmbg ic}b 3+::: l}cke ib mcc hozokecqbkeck rcke

hlkqoky}cqbhck ib Mlvok Ibeu`, Zczuc+ Noqhbzuk lcke.l}cke rcke ibcqbkehck lòg zono}bkycg ibmo}b


11/40

Zoyo} Hcqokic

33



`cmo` hlnukbq, do`cq mcgc hodcgcyck ick nlybvcqb no}ohc cic`cg zonmo}lkychck kcqblkc`, muhck

}ovl`uqb hlnukbq+39

Zokib}bck hcnz zokecqbkeck ncqqc` ibzuyuqhck zcic qomucg zo}yonuck yuck iock Gbkibc Mo`ckic rcke

ibcichck 37 Klvonmo} 32=6, hu}cke ic}b qonbkeeu zonmo}lkychck hlnukbq rcke mo}cc` ib Dcc Mc}cy

nc`cn yckeec` 3= Klvonmo}+ Zo}yckrcck rcke ibcduhck Eumo}ku} Dokio}c` io E}cof zcic zo}yonuck byu

cic`cg4 mb`chcg qodun`cg ybkichck gc}uq ibcnmb` ukyuh nono}ckeb nokbkehcykrc eo}chck hlnukbq rcke

mo}`ckequke qonbkeeu yo}chgb} ick ukyuh nokaoecg ib ncqc nokicycke qombqc nukehbk+ Dbhc rc,

ybkichck.ybkichck qozo}yb czc

sejarah, pemberontakan dan komunisme

Documents