sejarah dunia islam

8/15/2019 SEJARAH DUNIA ISLAM

1/22

8.< \MENMEHAHE

Thihe Dhjcachj `mriuah ocrh-ocrh ;


2/22

Ihohahj cec hohe imenuahs tmethen tfofj-tfofj !hen imeuacs smdhrhj !hen

`mrhacrhe Ihbcehj smpmrtc 8r(hj `ce Tu`hc!r# Ha-Tujrc bhe dunh smjcennhahj omphbh

hacrhe &rh) chctu &èu &sjh) bhe &èu Ht-$h`hrc. Ihohahj cec dunh hohe imemactc ahthr

`mahohen# ohmbhj pme!macbcohe bhe dunh sui`henhe ohr!h-ohr!h pmeuacshe imrmoh.

0.< RFOFJ [MDHPH^HE HACPHE IHBCEHJ

Dhsh tfofj pmrthih bhahi `cbhen pmeuacshe smdhrhj bhahi &sahi# phbh

bhshre!h# tmramtho phbh rc(h!ht-rc(h!hte!h !hen ihscj imruphohe tctco pmriuahhe

ohdche smdhrhj bhahi &sahi.

0.8 ]rwhj cè T`h!r cè h"#$Hwwh%

08r(hj `ce H-Tu`hcr hbhahj smfrhen th`cce !hen iuach# shtu bhrc Ha-2u)hjh

Hs-[h`hj =tuduj tfofj *u)hjh 7uahih> !hen ihs!jur bhahi smdhrhj. machu bcomehac

sm`hnhc hjac smdhrhj# uahih *c)j bhe jhbcs. 8r(hj hbhahj smfrhen tfofj bhrc suou

:urhcs!. H!hje!h `mrehih ha-Tu`h!r cè ha- 0H((hi bhe cùe!h `mrehih Hsih

`cet H`c hor. 3jhbcdhj `cetc 3ju(h!acb cstmrc eh`c Iujhiihb [.H.^# hbhahj bhtuo

pmrmipuhee!h. &h `mrshubhrh bmenhe 0H`buaahj cè ha-Tu`h!r. 'he cstmrce!h# 8ii

+hj!h hbhahj putmrc ùensu bhrc ha-,hohi cè H`c ha- 0Hsj# tfofj tmrihsj!ur bhahi

`hensh :urhcs! phbh ihshe!h. 08r(hj shenht `hennh bmenhe durhc omturuehee!h#

`hco bhrc h!hje!h ihjupue cùe!h. [crhj omturuehe ctu imipue!hc pmenhruj

tmrjhbhp pmi`h(hhe bcrce!h smrth juùenhee!h bmenhe rc(h!ht-rc(h!ht !hen

bcjhscaohee!h.

machu bcahjcrohe phbh 447?14 hthu 4;7?1; hthu 4?7?1? hthu 4/7?1/# tmthpc

om`he!hohe rc(h!ht imenhthohe `hjh(h phbh ihsh \mrhen Dhiha =;?7?95> usch

08r(hj chahj tcnh `mahs thjue. &ec `mrihoeh `hjh(h `machu ahjcr phbh thjue 4;7?1;.

mnctu dunh tmethen thrcoj om(h*hthee!h !hen tcbho `mnctu dmahs bhe sui`mr-sui`mr

Kfpyrcnjt L 0


3/22

imenhennhrohe bc smocthr thjue-thjue /%75


4/22

0.8.8 OHMBHJ \ME&MACBCOHE

[m`maui imeuacs smdhrhj 08r(hj tmahj tmrbfrfen uetuo imenohdc bheime!macbco smdhrhj hbhahj bhrcphbh Ha-:urhe ctu smebcrc. Hethrhe!h chahj [urhj

+usu* h!ht 4 bhe ;.

> @ K BM GNJC O K A G M C K F K X P JR K]K WZR S G G_F Q K YK UJ4=

[msuennuje!h 3hic imeurueohee!h `mruph Ha :urVhe bmenhe

`mr`hjhsh Hrh`# hnhr ohiu imihjhice!h. = 4>

l K k K X F KUJ _X K YK g J J K N KF l K K YK k K X M K]K N G K G K

> K XMJF l K gJ F K J M J S K qJ K _ G @ UJ K @ K ZR N GF l;=

3hic ime"mrctmrhohe omphbhiu ocshj !hen phacen `hco bmenhe

im(hj!uohe Ha :urVhe cec omphbhiu# bhe smsuennuje!h ohiu

sm`maui =3hic im(hj!uohe> e!h hbhahj tmrihsuo frhen- frhen

!hen `maui imenmthjuc.= ;>

=[urhj +usu* h!ht 4-;>9

Imencout phrh uahih ime!hthohe `hjh(h smdhrhj ctu imruphohe sm`hjhnche

bhrcphbh pmrhe"henhe Haahj uetuo imenh(ha bhe imethb`cr iheusch sm`hnhciheh

!hen bctmrhenohe bhahi Ha-:urhe. Ehiue hbh smsmtmenhj !hen `mrpmebhpht

= Rmrdmihjhe a-!urhe. 'c"hphc phbh / Efmi`mr 4


5/22

`hjh(h ocshj Ha-)urhe ctu jhe!h tmr`hths omphbh eh`c-eh`c bhe uiht sm`maui eh`c

Iujhiihb shjhdh# tmthpc imeurut omsmiuh ihjh` ocshj-ocshj bhahi Ha-:urhe ctu

tcbho `mrhojcr bc hihe Eh c̀ Iujhiihb sm`hacoe!h `mrtmrushe smjcennh jhrc

ochiht.

Iftc* pmeuacshe 08r(hj dunh hbhahj bcsm`hòhe famj jhbcs hncebh !hen pmrehj

`mrsh`bh bhahi smùhj jhbcs !hen `mrihosub

6^hjhc uihtou smohache# ushjahj ohiu h`hcohe hspmo-hspmo

orfefafnc =bhahi pmeuacshe smdhrhj> omrheh bmenhe orfefafnc hohe

ohiu imenmthjuc tmethen om`mehrhe smdhrhj shih hbh ahih hthu

`hruL.?

mrbhshrohe jhbcs bc hths imeueduoohe `hjh(h Eh`c Iujhiihb [.H.^ smebcrc

pmrehj `mrsh`bh bhe `mriceht bhahi pmenohdche smdhrhj. amj sm`h` ctuahj 2rhe

vfsmetjha bhahi ùoue!h imenhennhp hncebh sm`hnhc 6pmenhshsL pmesmdhrhjhe

csahi bmenhe `mrohth

"ct rmihces# jfwm$mr h gh%t tjht tjm \rf&jmt Jcismag &ahetmb tjm

smmbs grfi wjc%j h wcbmr cetmrmst ce jcstfry whs hrcsm'.(

08r(hj hbhahj pmrc(h!ht jhbcs !hen tmromeha bhe `famj bcpmr"h!hc hthu

imipue!hc tjc)hj bhahi pmeuacshe jhbcs. 'c bhahi pmeuacshe smdhrhje!h `machu

tmahj tmrpmenhruj bmenhe pmebmohthe uahih jhbcs. Hethrh "crc-"crc tmrpmetcen bhahi

pmeuacshe jhbcs chahj pmennuehhe csehb =tuennha shehb > chctu rhethche pmrh(c. &sehb

7 Iubh``cr# &è ha-. ha-*cshahj ha-bjrh+gc *hsh+ca ha-,uahnjhrh. Iujhiihb 3urb 0Hac =pme!.>.3hjmrhj. %/%;. ,ai %;.

> vfsmetjh. 2rhe. Jcstfry fg usaci Jcstfrcfnrh&jy. mcbce w. D. rcaa. %/?. ,ai ;


6/22

imruphohe rhenohche pmi`h(h-pmi`h(h jhbcs. [mtmahj ctu bcrc(h!htohe puah famj

pmrc(h!ht jhbcs# pmrc(h!ht jhbcs imstcahj smfrhen !hen `mrhoha bhe imipue!hc

cenhthe !hen ouht `hnc imemetuohe shih hbh jhbcs !hen bcrc(h!htohe ctu `mehr

hthu phasu. 'c bhahi pmeuacshe jhbcs dunh tcbho hbh uesur-uesur tho(ca hthu

pmennuehhe judhj hoachj !hen `mr`mact-`mact smpmrtc !hen bcahouohe bhahi pmeuacshe

*hash*hj.

[mahce ctu# `machu dunh imenuthihohe sui`mr `mrtuacs `mr`hebcen sui`mr

acshe. Hethrh sui`mr-sui`mr `mrtuacs !hen bcpmrfamjce!h chahj surht-surht pmrc`hbc

vhsuauaahj !hen bcjhethr omphbh rhdh ,h`s!hj# rhdh Imscr# rhdh vfi bhe rhdh \hrsc

!hen ime!mru imrmoh imimauo hnhih csahi. hnc `machu sui`mr `mrtuacs bchennhp

am`cj jhipcr omphbh om`mehrhe `mr`hebcen bmenhe sui`mr acshe !hen am`cj `he!ho

bctfofo thi`hj. \hbh ihsh `machu# jhbcs tmahj bctuacs "uih pme!usuehe bhe

pmiùouhe shjhdh !hen `maui bcahouohe. \miùouhe jhbcs iuah bcahouohe phbh

hihe 3jhac*hj 08ihr `ce H`bua 0Hc smamphs om(h*hthe 08r(hj.

[mahce jhbcs# 08r(hj dunh tmahj imennuehohe sui`mr Ha-:urhe bhahi

pmeuacshe smdhrhje!h. Ha-:urhe imruphohe sui`mr `mrtuacs !hen uthih bhahi

pmeuacshe smdhrhj csahi. Ha-:urhe iuah bctuacs smdho hihe eh`c ahnc bhe bcùouohe

phbh hihe 3jhac*hj 8tjihe. machu tmahj imimtco h!ht-h!ht su"c Ha-:urhe `hnc

pmrcstc(h-pmrcstc(h tmrtmetu smpmrtc pmrcstc(h jcdrhj# pmrhen `hbhr bhe sm`hnhce!h.

[mtmruse!h# `machu imeth*scrohe `m`mrhph h!ht Ha-:urhe !hen `mrjuùen bmenhe

pmrcstc(h jcdrhj# tmrihsuoahj h!ht %< ha-Iuithjcehj !hen imedmahsohe pmrcstc(h

pmenjcdrhjhe ohui (hecth csahi bhrc Imohj om Ihbcehj smamphs \mrdhedche

,ubh!`c!hj.

: Hr`hc!hj Ifjb Effr. Caiu [mdhrhj bhe \mesmdhrhjhe. 3uhah uipur 'm(he hjhsh bhe\usthoh. 4


7/22

0.8.0 []I'HENHE OHP&H $]P^HJ

08r(hj imruphohe tfofj smdhrh(he csahi !hen uennua. machu `famj

bchennhp sm`hnhc pmenhshs pmesmdhrhjhe csahi bhe `cbhen ohdche `machu tmrtuipu

omphbh smdhrhj Eh c̀ Iujhiihb [. H. ^. +hen bcomehac sm`hnhc ha-hnjhzc.

3mhjache `machu bhahi `cbhen smdhrhj ha-Ihnjhc tmahj bccotcrh* famj uiui

tmrihsuoahj famj omrhdhhe hec 8ih!!hj. 3hr!h pmesmdhrhjhe `machu dunh tmahj

imedhbc sui`mr ruduohe `hnc smdhrh(he-smdhrh(he csahi smtmruse!h bhahi imeuacs

ohr!h. [m`hnhc "fetfj# 3jhac*hj hec 8ih!!hj smrcen imenjuùenc `machu uetuo

imebhphtohe ihoauiht-ihoauiht tmethen smdhrhj Eh`c Iujhiihb [. H. ^. [mahce

ctu# Ht-$h`hrc dunh tmahj imimtco `m`mrhph pmebhpht bhe shrhehe 08r(hj imenmehc

vhsuauaahj [. H. ^. bhe bcphphrohe bhahi ùoue!h chctu $hrcoj H-vusua ^h Ha-Iuauo.

[mahce imeuacs smdhrhj vhsuauaahj [. H.^. 08r(hj dunh tmahj imeuacs smdhrhj

imenmehc 3juah*hj Hr-vhs!cbce bc iheh `machu `mrsmtudu bmenhe tcebhohe 3jhac*hj

Hù hor ha-[cbbc) chctu imeuehcohe hiheht !hen bctcennhaohe famj vhsuauaahj.

machu dunh imeuacs tmethen nmrhohe ha-*cbbhj sm"hrh tmrpmrce"c# tmruthihe!himenmehc ohui hec ,hec*hj bc +hihihj pcipcehe Iush!acihj ha-3hbjbjh`.

3hr!h pmeuacshe 08r(hj tmethen ha-Ihnjhc tmahj imi`mrcohe sui`henhe

!hen `mshr omrheh ohr!h pmeuacshee!h `mriuah bhrcphbh iuahe!h pmeuruehe (hj!u

omphbh Eh`c Iiujhiihb [.H.^# pmriuahhe bho(hj# pmrcstc(h ,cdrhj om ,h`s!hj#

3 C`cb. ,ai. %%;.

Kfpyrcnjt L 0


8/22

pmrcstc(h ,cdrhj om Ihbcehj bhe omphbh hotcctc-hotcctc bhe pmrcstc(h !hen `mrahou bc

Ihbcehj smpmrtc msopmbcsc 0H`buaahj &è Dhjs!# \mrhen `hbhr# \mrhen :hceu)h#

\mrhen 3jhebh)# \mrhen hec :urhcjhj# \mrdhedche ,ubhc`c!hj# mospmbcsc Iuthj#

pmehoauohe ofth Ihoohj# \mrhen ,ueh!e# \mrhen ha-$jhc*# `m`mrhph surht !hen

bcocrci Eh`c# bhe jhrc-jhrc tmrhojcr jh!ht vhsuauaahj.%<

xh!h tuacshe 08r(hj iubhj bc*hjhic# jcbup bhe dhuj bhrc scohp `mram`cjhe

=iu`hahnjhj> hthu ushjh imipmenhrujc pmi`h"h. 3mtcoh imiuahc suhtu rc(h!ht#

`machu `chshe!h imeuacsohe tmethen ahthr `mahohen pmrcstc(h ctu bmenhe imenhctohe

bmenhe pmrcstc(h-pmrcstc(h sm`mauie!h hthu !hen smbhen tmrdhbc. 'micocheahj#

omtcoh ch imeuacs tmethen \mrhen hbhr ch ime!mùtohee!h sm`hnhc h(ha

pmpmrhenhe hethrh ohui iusacice bhe ohui )urhcs!# bhe omtcoh ch imeuacs tmethen

jcdrhj om ,h`hs!hj ch dunh ime!mùtohe pmromi`henhe juùenhe hethrh ohui

iusacice bmenhe ohui )urhcs! smdho h(ha bho(hj bcahouohe Eh`c# bhe omtcoh ch

imeuacsohe tmethen jcdrhj om Ihbcehj bch dunh imennhi`hrohe bmenhe jcbup

tmethen juùenhe pmrcstc(h ctu bmenhe pmrcstc(h-pmrcstc(h sm`mauie!h sm"hrh

orfefafnc bhe tcbho tmrputus.%%

machu tmahj ime"hthtohe omsmiuh pmrcstc(h imenmehc omjcbuphe Eh`c Iujhiihb

bhe scrhj omeh`che vhsuauaahj imencout orfefafnc !hen `hnus smsuhc bmenhe

xjh(ht. 'hahi pmeuacshee!h dunh tmahj imemthpohe cetmnrct! bhe omsmbmrjhehhe

bhahi pmeuacshe rc(h!ht-rc(h!ht eh`c bhe pmrcstc(h - pmrcstc(h !hen tmahj `mrahou.

8


9/22

0.0 I]JHIIHB C'E I][ACI C'E $]'HCBCAAHJ C'E [&CJH' HA#T]JPC

3m`henocthe hacrhe smdhrhj bc Ihbcehj# imeurut 0H`b ha- 0Hc ha-'urc#

`hnhcihehpue tcbho bhpht bcmahoohe bhrc Hù hor Iujhiihb cè Iusaci cè

08`h!bcaahj cè [!cjh` ha-Tujrc =bcomehac sm`hnhc ha-Tujrc># omrheh bchahj !hen

imemiphtohe smdhrhj phbh ahebhshe !hen dmahs bhe imennhi`hrohe frcmethsc

pmi`mahdhrhe smdhrhj.%4

Ehih pmeuj `machu chahj Hù hor Iujhiihb `ce Iusaci `ce 08`hcbuaahj `ce

0H`buaahj `ce [jcjh` ha-Tujrc. machu hbhahj shahj smfrhen tfofj hjac smdhrhj csahi

!hen tmrh(ha bhe tmromeha dunh bhahi `cbhen jhbcs bhe *c)j. $mrbhpht `he!ho

"hththe imenmehc thrcoj omahjcrhee!h ehiue `mnctu ha-Tu`h!r `ce hor bhe ha-

^h)cbc ime!hthohe `hjh(h usch ha-Tujrc chahj tuduj puauj buh thjue. ,ha cec

`mrihoeh# thrcoj ahjcr `machu chahj smocthr thjue 9%7?5% bhe tmipht ahjcre!h bc ofth

Ihbcehj. Ihehohah# thrcoj (h*ht `machu hbhahj phbh %5 vhihbhe %417514 bhe

tmiphte!h bc Hbhihj chctu smùhj oh(hshe bc smahthe \hamstce `mrsmiphbhe

bmenhe ,cdh. Ehiue# Imeurut ha-^hocbc bhe ha-Tu`h!r cè hohr# bch (h*ht bhahi

usch 54 thjue. amj ohrmeh ctu bcpmrocrhohe bch ahjcr phbh thjue 9% ,7?5% I.

%;

machu hbhahj heho iurcb 08r(hj `ce ha-Tu`h!r smfrhen uahih jhbcs !hen

tmromeha bc Ihbcehj. machu imruphohe pme!hiùen ushjh 08r(hj bhahi

pmromi`henhe trhbcsc omcaiuhe csahi# tmruthihe!h bhahi `cbhen jhbcs bhe smdhrhj.

80 0H`b ha-Hc ha-'urc. ,hjs gc Ehsy+hj /Cai ha-Rhrcoj /ceb ha-rh`. mcrut 'hr ha-Ihs!rc).%/?. ,ai. 5-%


10/22

Ha-Tujrc tmahj `mrnuru bmenhe uahih jhbcs !hen tmromeha phbh hihee!h# imrmoh

ctu tmrihsuoahj 08r(hj `ce ha-Tu`h!r# [hcb `ce ha- Iush!!h`# &`he `ce 08tjihe bhe

08`hcbuaahj `ce 0H`buaahj `ce 08t`hj.%1 Imrmoh cec omsmiuhe!h bchennhp frhen !hen

`mrpmenhahihe bhe auhs caiu pmenmthjuhe. Ha-Tujrc dunh tmromeha sm`hnhc shahj

smfrhen pmrc(h!ht jhbcs !hen imipue!hc bh!h cenhthe !hen thdhi.

0.0.8 OHMBHJ \ME&MACBCOHE

\mebmohthe ha-Tujrc bhahi pmeuacshe smdhrhj cec hbhahj pmebmohthe caiu

jhbcs. \mrjhtchee!h hbhahj tmramtho phbh ushjhe!h uetuo imebhphtohe rc(h!ht

jhbcs# tmrihsuo bc bhahie!h rc(h!ht smdhrhj. 'ch `mrpmebhpht `hj(h imipmahdhrc

bhe imenhdhrohe caiu imruphohe ompmetcenhe sfscha bhe hnhih# smahce imruphohe

pmrùhthe th)(h.%9 'hahi smdhrhj ha-Ihnjhc icshae!h `machu tmahj imahouohe

pme!macbcohe !hen am`cj tmactc bhe `mrsuennuj-suennuj uetuo imebhphtoheihoauiht-ihoauiht imenmehc smdhrhj vhsuauaahj bhe phrh shjh`hte!h smrth

imiùht pmr`hebcenhe. Hebhce!h `machu ourhen phstc hthu imrhnuc hohe omshjcjhe

smsuhtu *hoth# ihoh `machu hohe `mrthe!h hthu imemiuùha `m`mrhph frhen !hen

bc*cocrohe ah!ho bhe thju imenmehc pmrohrh !hen jmebho bcomthjuce!h. Ha-'jhjh`c

ime!hthohe `hjh(h ha-Tujrc smrcen imenjhbcrc ihdacs-ihdacs caiu uetuo imauhsohe

ahnc caiu pmenmthjuhee!h smrth imenmiuohohe pma`hnhc pmrthe!hhe theph smnhe

scau. Ehiue `mnctu# `machu am`cj `he!ho imennuehohe sui`mr `mrtuacs bhrcphbh

sui`mr acshe.

82 C`cb . jai. %4%.

8= Ihjh!ubce ,d +hjh!h. \menmrtche [mdhrhj bhe \mrihshahjheeyh. 3uhah uipur\memr`cthe [hrdheh. %/1. ,ai ?9-?5.

Kfpyrcnjt L 0


11/22

[mahce ctu# ha-Tujrc dunh imihtujc ofesmp omscehiùenhe !hen imedhbc tmrhs

bhahi bcscpace smdhrhj. machu dunh imebmohtc scstmi orfefafnc (hahupue tcbho `mnctu

scstmihtco smpmrtc !hen bcahouohe famj ha-$h`hrc smamphse!h. Ha-Tujrc imennuehohe

orfefafnc jhe!h `hnc pmrcstc(h-pmrcstc(h pmetcen shjhdh smpmrtc pmrcstc(h jcdrhj#

pmrhen `hbhr bhe ujub# pmehoauohe 3fth Imohj bhe pmrcstc(h om(h*hthe

vhsuauaahj.%? metuo pmeuacshe smdhrhj !hen `mrsc*ht orfefafnc cec tmahj bcpmrauhsohe

famj hjac-hjac smdhrhj smamphse!h.

[mtmruse!h# ha-Tujrc dunh tmahj imennuehohe scstmi csehb !hen tmahj

bcnuehohe famj uahih jhbcs tmrihsuoahj 08r(hj smebcrc. $mthpc omcstcim(hhe ha-

Tujrc chahj `machu tcbho jhe!h imenuipuaohe csehb sm"hrh cebccbu `hnc pmrcstc(h-

pmrcstc(h !hen pmetcen shjhdh tmthpc sm"hrh ofamotc* tcbho ocrh shih hbh pmrcstc(h ctu

pmetcen hthu ourhen pmetcen. $uduhee!h chahj uetuo imiùht pmr`hebcenhe `hnc

imemetuohe omtuamehe pmrcstc(h bhe om`mehrhee!h. ,ha cec bcpmrouhtohe ahnc

bmenhe judhj-judhj !hen bcbhshrohe h!ht-h!ht su"c Ha-:urhe.

3hdche smdhrhj ha-Tujrc tcbho tmr`hths phbh ha-ihnjhzc # tmthpc dunh imacputc ha-

hesh` =ehsh`# nhrcs omturuehe>. machu dunh imeuacs tmethen ehsh` Iubjhr# tmthpc

tcbho shiphc smamshc. machu dunh imeuacs tmethen pmrcstc(h-pmrcstc(h phbh ihsh ha-

3juah*h ha-vhs!cbue# smpmrtc pmicacjhe Hù hor sm`hnhc ojhac*hj# om`cdhoshehhe

pfactco 08ihr cè ha-3jhtth`# omojhac*hjhe 08tjihe cè 0H**he# pmenuipuahe bhe

pmeuacshe ha-:urhe# orctcohe-orctcohe tmrjhbhp 08tjihe# pmenhruj ùruo bhrc Ihr(he

cè ha-,hohi# hojcr ihsh omojhac*hjhe 08tjihe# pmicacjhe 0Hac cè H`c $jhac̀

sm`hnhc ojhac*hj# pmrcstc(h pmrhen Dhiha# pmrhen [jc**ce hethrh 0Hac bhe Iuh(c!!hj#

thjoci =hr c̀trhsm># omouhshhe Iuh(c!hj# juùenhe ,hshe cè 0Hac bmenhe

87 Iujb +usf* &`rhjci# 4


12/22

pmebubuo 3u*hj# bhe iuebure!h ,hshe bhrc omojhac*hjhe. Ehiue# ha-Tujrc tcbho

imi`hjhs tmethen ihsh hec Iuh(c!hj. $methen pmimrcethjhe hec 8ih!!hj cec

jhe!h smbcoct smohac imedhbc pmrjhtchee!h.

3hmbhj pme!macbcohe bhe pmenohdche ha-Tujrc cec imeueduoohe `hj(h

pmrjhtche tmrjhbhp pmenhahihe uiht imruphohe *hotfr ahce !hen imemetuohe

bhahi pmrtuiùjhe pmeuacshe smdhrhj. \rcescp ius!h(hrhj bhe iu*hoht#

iue"uae!h omouhthe pfactco bhe pfamic" tmethen omdhbche ihsh ahau# ojususe!h

tmethen 6*ctehjL# ihshahj ojhac*hj =hphohj imahauc pmicacjhe hthu pm(hrcshe>#

ihshahj pmethb`crhe# ojususe!h pmi`mrche nhdc bhe pmomrdhhe# smiuhe!h

imeuetut omdmahshe imahauc ohdche-ohdche smdhrhj. 'hahi jha cec# icshae!h ha-Tujrc

imedmahsohe omphbh uiht `hj(h Eh c̀ tcbho imeueduo smsmfrhen !hen hohe

imedhbc pmicipce pmennhetce!h smtmahj Eh`c Iujhiihb (h*ht# !hen imeueduoohe

`hj(h ompmicipcehe bctmetuohe famj pmicacjhe bhe ùohe bmenhe pm(hrcshe.

'micoche puah jhae!h bmenhe pmrsfhahe-pmrsfhahe ahce smpmrtc pmrcstc(h

tmrùeuje!h 08tjihe cè 0H**he# \mrhen Dhiha bhe \mrhen [jc**ce hbhahj pmrsfhahe

ahce !hen pmrau bchi`ca jcoihje!h. 'hahi ohdche-ohdche tmrjhbhp pmrcstc(h cec#

thipho `hj(h ha-Tujrc `mrscohp emutrha bhe f`dmotc*# tcbho `mrpcjho phbh shahj shtu

nfafenhe !hen `mrtcohc. Imsocpue `machu tmahj ahih `momrdh bc cstheh hec 8ih!!hj

bc 'his!co# phebhenhe-phebhenhe smdhrhje!h tcbho tmrpmenhruj famj

pmromi`henhe pfactco phbh ihsh ctu. &h tmthp imruphohe smfrhen "mebcoch(he !hen

orctcs.

0.0.0 []I'HENHE HA#T]JPC

[ui`henhe ha-Tujrc cec chahj `machu imruphohe pme!hiùen (hrcshe

pmeuacshe smdhrhj 08r(hj `ce ha-Tu`h!r# ohr!he!h !hen tmromeha chahj ha-Ihnjhc

!hen `he!ho bcbhshrc famj ohr!h ha-Ihnjhc famj 08r(hj. [mahce ctu# `cbhen ohdche ha-

Kfpyrcnjt L 0


13/22

Tujrc tcbho jhe!h tmr`hths omphbh smdhrhj ha-Ihnjhc shjhdh tmthpc# tmrihsuoahj

smdhrhj omturuehe hrh` =Hseh >̀ bhe smdhrhj 3juah*hj ha-vhs!cbce.%5 Imenmehc

smdhrhj 3juah*hj ha-vhs!cbce# `machu tmahj `mrdh!h imiuhtohe pmrcstc(h-pmrcstc(h

pmetcen !hen imi`h(h omphbh om`henocthe uiihj.

[mtchp hihe 3juah*hj ha-vhs!cbce `machu ime"mrcthohe pmrcjha !hen tcbho

bctuacs famj 08r(hj bmenhe am`cj tmrpmrce"c. [m`hnhc "fetfj# omtcoh imi`c"hrhohe

pmrcstc(h pmrahetcohe [hcbceh Hù hor# `machu tmahj ime"mrcthohe sm"hrh tmrpmrce"c

acputhe amenohp imenmehce!h smrth ime!mùtohe omshe bhe hoc`hte!h. [mahce ctu#

`machu dunh tmahj ime"mrcthohe imenmehc pmemethenhe $hajhj bhe ha-Tu`h!r

tmrjhbhp [h!cbceh Hac r.h !hen hojcre!h ime"mtusohe pmpmrhenhe Dhiha chctu pmrhen

shubhrh pmrthih bhahi ohahenhe uiht csahi.

0.( I]JHIIHB 'CE C[JH)

Iujhiihb `ce &sjh) hthu &è &sjh) hbhahj tfofj smdhrh(he !hen tmromeha

bhe tmromiuoh bhahi buech pmesmdhrhjhe h(ha &sahi. machu tmahj imenfrho

ahenohj imrcetcs ohmbhj pmesmdhrhjhe !hen am`cj `mrscstmihtco bhe smtmruse!h

imi`h(h pmeuacshe [crhj bhe Ihnjhc om thjhp omiue"hoe!h !hen imedhbc

sui`mr ruduohe uthih omphbh phrh smdhrh(he tmromiubche. 3muph!hhe &è &sjh)

am c̀j tmrsmrahj dcoh bc`hebcenohe bmenhe smdhrh(he-smdhrh(he tmrbhjuau bhrc

pmrspmotc* pmenmthjuhee!h !hen am`cj uecmrsha# omihipuhee!h imenjcipueohe

ihoauiht-ihoauiht bhrcphbh pmà hnhc sui`mr bhe om`famjhee!h ime!usue

bmenhe `hco bhth-bhth !hen tmahj bcouipuaohe.

8> Iujb +usf* &`rhjci bhe Ihjh!ubce ,hdc +hjh!h# [mdhrhwhe bhe \mesmdhrhjhe Omtfofjhe bhe

Ohryh# jai. %4?.

Kfpyrcnjt L 0


14/22

Iujhiihb `ce &sjh) hthu am`cj bcomeha bmenhe ehih &`eu &sjh) imruphohe shahj

shtu iurcb bhrc H-Tujrc. Ehih pmeuj `machu hbhahj Iujhiihb `ce &sjh) `ce +hshr

`ce 3jc!hr hbhahj `mohs jhi`h omphbh omauhrnh :h!s Ihojrhihj `ce ha-Iutthac`

`ce 0H`b Iheh* `ce :ush!.% hjcr phbh thjue 9, 7 5


15/22

machu tmahj imenfrho ahenohj imrcetcs ohmbhj pmesmdhrhjhe !hen am`cj

`mrscstmihtco bhe smtmruse!h imi`h(h pmeuacshe [crhj bhe Ihnjhc om thjhp

omiue"hoe!h !hen imedhbc sui`mr ruduohe uthih omphbh phrh smdhrh(he

tmromiubche. 3muph!hhe &è &sjh) am c̀j tmrsmrahj dcoh bc`hebcenohe bmenhe

smdhrh(he tmrbhjuau bhrc pmrspmotc* pmenmthjuhee!h !hen am`cj uecmrsha#

omihipuhee!h imenjcipueohe ihoauiht-ihoauiht bhrcphbh pma`hnhc sui`mr

bhe om`famjhee!h ime!usue bmenhe `hco bhth-bhth !hen tmahj bcouipuaohe.

\meuacshe `machu !hen `mrthduo 3cth` ha-Iu t̀hbh (h ha-Ih`"htj (h ha-

Ihnjhc imipmracjhtohe jhsca pmihjhihee!h !hen am`cj auhs imenmehc [crhj bhe

Ihnjhc `mr`hebcen bmenhe ohr!h-ohr!h !hen am`cj h(ha bhe smhihe. &ec omrheh

ch imrhenouic smdhrhj phrh eh`c sm`hnhc pmebhjuauhe bhe pmrcjha phrh shjh`ht

!hen bcsusue `mrbhshrohe imtfbfafnc pmeuacshe !hen am`cj tmrhe"hen bhe

imehrco.44 Imahauc pmeuacshee!h pmesmdhrhjhe &sahi tmahj `mromi`hen pmsht bhe

ime"hphc thjhp !hen tcennc.4; ^hahu`hnhcihehpue# octh`-octh` tuacshe &èu &sjh)

jhe!h shiphc omphbh nmemrhsc ihsh ocec imahauc pmtcohe-pmtcohe !hen `he!ho

bchi`ca bhe bcfahj smiuah famj 0H`b ha-Ihaco `ce ,csjhi bhahi octhè!h ha-[crhj ha-

Eh`hwcyyhj. Hù Dh*hr Iujhiihb `ce Dhrcr ha-$h`hrc turut imedhbcohe rc(h!ht-

rc(h!ht &èu &sjh) sm`hnhc sm`hjhnche sui`mr pmeuacshee!h imenmehc rc(h!ht

jcbup Eh`c Iujhiihb [.H.̂ bhahi octhè!h $hrcoj ha-vusua (h ha-Iuauo.

\me!usuehe pmrcstc(h-pmrcstc(h `mrhshsohe orfefafnc bhe bc hethrhe!h (udub

omscehiùenhe paft pme"mrcthhe imipmracjhtohe pmeuacshe `machu !hen omihs bhe

rhpc.

00 xc``. ,.H.v. /Cai ha-thrcoj. Rmrd. C`rhjce Ojursjcb . mcrut 'hr ha-3cth` ha-uèhe. %/%.,ai %1.

0; Iusth*h [jhocr. a-Rhrcoj ha-/hrh`c wh ha-u+hrrojue. mcrut 'hr ha-0&ai aca Ihah!ce. %/5/.,ai %?.

Kfpyrcnjt L 0


16/22

Hbhahj tcbho tmpht hph`cah rhihc ime!hthohe `hjh(h pmeuacshe &èu &sjh)

tcbho imectco`mrhtohe csehb omrheh ohmbhj pmennnuehhe csehb `machu hbhahj

`mr`mh `mrbhshrohe hihe bhe ohtmnfrc rc(h!ht-rc(h!ht smrth ompmetcenhe bhth-

bhth !hen bc"hthtohee!h. &èu &sjh) imipue!hc judhje!h !hen tmrsmebcrc hph`cah

smrcenohac imiuhtohe `hjhe-`hjhe bhrc Hja ha-3cth` bhe `he!ho imihsuoohe pucsc

bhahi pmeuacshee!h.

0.(.0 []I'HENHE C'E] C[JH)

Imsocpue &è &sjh) imemrcih om"hihe jm`ht bhrcphbh sm`cahenhe uahih

jhbcs tmthpc sui`henhe bhe pmrhehe `machu bhahi pmromi`henhe `cbhen

pmesmdhrhjhe &sahi hbhahj smsuhtu !hen tcbho bceh*cohe hph c̀ah imebhpht

pmencotcrh*he Iujhiihb `ce Iusaci ha-Tujrc bhe Iujhiihb `ce &brcs ha-[jh*c"m.

'ho(hhe bhe tfjihjhe !hen imipmrtcohcohe om(c̀ h(hhe &è &sjh) dunh

imimrauohe omphbh pmecahche smiuah omrheh sm`hjhnche `mshr tfofj uahih jhbcs

!hen ahce tmahj imenhi`ca scohp imicjho bhe imipmrthjheohe `machu.

\menmthjuhe &èu &sjh) bhahi `cbhen [crhj bhe hnjhzc *hsuauaahj [..:

tmahj imebhpht pmencotcrh*he sm`cahenhe `mshr uahih tmromiuoh.41 ,ha cec omrheh#

pmi`hjhnche octh` `machu tmahj imebhpht rmputhsc imauhs bhe imedhbc couthe smrth

trmeb pmeuacshe `hnc om`he!hooohe smdhrh(he tmromiubche# smpmrtc H`b ha-Ihaco `ce

,csjhi bhahi octhè!h ha-[crhj ha-Eh`hwcyyhj. Hù Dh*hr Iujhiihb `ce Dhrcr ha-

$h`hrc turut imedhbcohe rc(h!ht-rc(h!ht &èu &sjh) sm`hnhc sm`hjhnche sui`mr

02 &èu 3jhaacohe. ^h*h!ht ha-0h!he (h he`h hèh ha-hihe. mcrut 'hr ha-$jh)h*hj.%/54. ,ai 45?.

Kfpyrcnjt L 0


17/22

pmeuacshee!h imenmehc rc(h!ht jcbup Eh c̀ Iujhiihb [.H.^ bhahi octhè!h

$hrcoj ha-vusua (h ha-Iuauo. \mennhùenhe hethrh rc(h!ht-rc(h!ht jhbcs `mruesur

Csrh+cacyht smrth ocshj-ocshj rho!ht !hen bcsmahenc bmenhe pucsc imedhbcohe pmeuacshe

&èu &sjh) am`cj ofiprmjmesc*. &ec omrheh ch imacputc pma`hnhc ihoauiht shih hbh

bhrc sui`mr &sahi# Hja ha-octh` hthu ihs!hrhoht smtmipht.

Imsocpue `he!ho ofetrfmrsc !hen imahebh `machu ehiue ctu tcbho

imedmdhsohe ormbm`cactc `machu bhahi pmesmdhrhjhe &sahi# omrheh smsuennuje!h

omuennuahe &aiu bhe pmenmthjuhe `machu bhahi `cbhen tmrsmùt imebhpht

pmencotc*he ha-Tujrc bhe &ihi ha-sjh*cm.

(.< RFOFJ [MDHPH^HE HACPHE CPH)

mr`hebcen bmenhe Hacrhe +hihe bhe Hacrhe Ihbcehj# Hacrhe &rh) hbhahj

hacrhe !hen tmrhojcr. Hacrhe &rh) bhahi pmi`hjhshe cec imacputc 3u*hj bhe

hsjrhj. Hacrhe cec am`cj auhs pmromi`henhee!h `mr`hebcen bmenhe buh hacrhesm`mauie!h# omrheh ch imipmracjhtohe hrus smdhrhj sm`maui &sahi bhe ihsh

&sahi smohacnus.49

3mahjcrhe Hacrhe &rh) cec tcbho bhpht bcpcshjohe bhrc pmromi`henhe ùbh!h bhe

pmrhbh`he Hrh`. \mromi`henhe ùbh!h `hensh Hrh` ctu smebcrc tcbho bhpht

bcpcshjohe bhrc hspmo-hspmo pfactco# sfscha# bhe ùbh!h &sahi !hen tuiùj bc

ofth-ofth bhe ofiuectc-ofiuectc `hru.4?

;.% Hù DhV*hr Iujhiihb `ce Dhrcr Ht-$h`hrc

0= C`cb . ,ai ?/.

07 Iujhiihb Hjihb $hrjyey. ha-u+hrrcojue wh ha-Rhr3oj /ceb ha-/rh`. mcrut 'hr ha-3utu`ha-0&aic!!hj. %//%. ,ai 9/.

Kfpyrcnjt L 0


18/22

&èu Dhrcr ht-$jh`hrc hbhahj smfrhen hjac th*scr tmromeha bhe smdhrh(he

tmromiuoh.Ehih pmeuj `machu ht-$jh`hrc hbhahj Iujhiihb `ce Dhrcr `ce +hcb `ce

3hscr `ce xjhac` ht-$h`hrc =bcomehac sm`hnhc ht-$jh`hrc>. &h bc ahjcrohe bc Hiua cù

ofth $h`hrcsthe# ofth cec imruphohe shahj shtu `hebhr bc \mrsch bhe tmramtho bc

sm`mahj uthrh nueuen Haùr# smahthe ahut :h(ce. \hbh thjue 4417449, hthu

smocthr thjue ;/-1 Hù Dh*hr Iujhiihb ce Dhrcr ht-$jh`hrc. Dhic ha-h!he 0He $h(ca Ha-:urhe. $mrd Hjshe Hoshe.Dhohrth \usthoh Hhi .4


19/22

wha uauo tmethen smdhrhj bhe 8hic+ ha ,hyhe gc th+wca hy ha- !ur+he tmethen th*scr.

3mbuh ùou tmrsmùt tmrihsuo bhahi `hjhe ruduohe caichj !hen shenht pmetcen.

hjohe ùou th*scre!h imruphohe ùou ruduohe uthih `hnc phrh pmeth*scr !hen

imehruj pmrjhtche tmrjhbhp Rhgscr `c ha-ih+sur .4/ [m"hrh uiui ihscj tcbho bhpht

bcphstcohe `cahenhe ùhj ùou "hththe ht-$h`hrc smjcennh ocec. zhththe smdhrhj

imiùotcohe `hj(h ohr!h-ohr!h ht-$jh`hrc imacputc `he!ho `cbhen omcaiuhe

bchethrhe!h{ cbhen ,uoui# $h*scr# ,hbcs# $mfafnc# wtcoh 3mhnhihhe bhe [mdhrhj.

(.8.0 OHMBHJ \ME&MACBCOHE

3hmbhj pme!macbcohe !hen bcnuehohe famj ht-th`hrc hbhahj s!stmi orfefafnc omtcoh

imihphrohe pmrcstc(h-pmrcstc(h !hen `mrahou bhahi smdhrhj &sahi. 3hmbhj

pmesmdhrhjhe ht-th`hrc imruduo omphbh suhtu "hrh hthu ohmbhj tmrtmetu !hen

bcnuehohe famj ht-th`hrc bhahi prfsms pmenjhscahe ohr!h smdhrhj &sahi !hen`mrohcthe bmenhe pmenhi`cahe si`mr smdhrhj imemrusc hehacscs ihoauiht smrth

bmenhe uruthe sm"hrh orfefafnc.

\meh*scrhe `c ha-Ihtsur hbhahj shahj shtu ohmbhj th*scr !hen phacen uthih

bhe tmrtcennc ombubuohee!h `cah bc`hebcenohe bmenhe ohmbhj th*scr !hen ahce#

ohrmeh bmenhe imeh*scrohe Ha-:urhe imennuehohe ohahi Haahj smebcrc# pmrohthhevhsuauaahj [.H.^ bhe pmrch!hthe phrh shjh`ht. Haahj am c̀j imenmthjuc hohe

ihosub bhe u"hphe-E!h# pmrohthhe vhsuauaahj hbhahj pmedmahse!h bhe phrh

shjh`ht hbhahj frhen-frhen !hen ime!hoscohe turuee!h h!ht-h!ht Ha-:urhe.;<

03 Iheeh 3jhaca ha-:htthe# h`hjcts gc /4aui ha-!ur+he# tmrd. famj Iubhocr H[# [tubc &aiu-caiu ha-:urhe. fnfr actmrh HethrEush. 4


20/22

&èu Dhrcr ht-$jh`hrc bhahi jha cec# imiuahc imeh*scrohe h!ht Ha-:urhe bmenhe

ime"hrc th*scrhe suhtu h!ht bhrc h!ht Ha-:urhe !hen ahce# ohrmeh ch !hoce `hj(h

h!ht-h!ht Ha-:urhe hbhahj shtu ihth rhethc !hen tho `csh bcpcshjohe# smpmrtc omtcoh

`machu imeh*scrohe ohth AM|Fl phbh surht ha-Hehi h!ht 4 bmenhe ohth }R~Fl !hen

tmre!hth th*scrhe tmrsmùt bchi`ca bhrc surht uoihe h!ht %;.

&èu Dhrcr ht-$jh`hrc dunh `he!ho imeh*scrohe Ha-:urhe bmenhe jhbcs# ch

shenht tmactc bhahi imenmiuohohe dhahe-dhahe pmrc(h!hthe shiphc omphbh

pmi`h(h `mrcth pmrthih =ha-rh(c Hah>. \meh*scrhee!h smahau bcpmrouht bmenhe

rc(h!ht-rc(h!ht bhe dcoh phbh pmeh*scrhe ctu tmrbhpht buh pmebhpht hthu am`cj ihoh

ch imihphrohe smiuhe!h# ch tcbho smihth-ihth ime!mùtohe rc(h!ht shdh tmthpc

ohbhen bcdmahsohe sm"hrh tmrpmrce"c bhe phbh ncacrhee!h imethrdcj rc(h!ht-rc(h!ht

tmrsmùt.;% Ht-$jh`hrc tcbho `mnctu shdh imeh*scrohe Ha-:urhe tmthpc bc bhshrc

`mr`hnhc ih"hi pmenmi`hrhhe pmenmthjuhe bhrc `mr`hnhc bcscpace caiu# smjcennh

(hdhr shjhdh ohmbhj pmicocrhee!h bcdhbcohe ruduohe famj phrh pmeh*scr smamphse!h.

(.8.( []I'HENHE HR#RH'HPC

3cth` th*scre!h !hen phacen tmromeha hbhahj octh` 8hic9 ha-,hyhe # omrheh ch tmromeha sm`hnhc smfrhen *u)hjh

hojcr ohr!he!h Cotcahg ha-. 3mtcoh bhahi

ihsh pme!usuehe octh` th*scr ht-$h`hrc# `machu imenuipuaohe `hjhe-`hjhe

tmethen thgscr `c ha-ih9sur =th*scr ha-:urVhe bmenhe ha-:urVhe# jhbcs# bhe cdtcjhb

shjh`ht>. 3cth` cec `mrcsc hethrh ahce pmemiuhe-pmemiuhe juoui hocbhj bhe *c)j

;8 C`cb . ,ai 4


21/22

!hen bcscipuaohe bhrc ha-:urVhe. [mjcennh ocec ùou cec imedhbc phebuhe omphbh

phrh pmeth*scr.

3hr!h smdhrhj ht-$h`hrc !hen shenht tmromeha hbhahj Rhrcoj hr-*usua wh ha-

uauo hthu bcomeha bmenhe ehih thrcoj ht-Rh`hrc . 3cth` ctu bchennhp sm`hnhc octh`

smdhrhj pmromi`henhe &sahi !hen phacen amenohp. 'hahi octh` ctu tmrbhpht

ihoauiht-ihoauiht !hen tcbho pmrehj bc tuacs famj smdhrhj(he ahcee!h sm`mauie!h.

&sc octh` tmrsmùt tmr`hjhnc omphbh buh `hjhnche. hjhnche pmrthih imenmehc

smdhrhj `hensh Hrh`# \mrsch# bhe vfi sm`maui ombhthenhe &sahi. Ihehohah

`hjhnche ombuh imenhebuenc# smdhrhj phs"h-&sahi. 3cth` smdhrhj ht-$h`hrc tmrsmùt

tmahj bctmrdmihjohe omphbh pmà hnhc `hjhsh. 3cth` thrcoj ht-$h`hrc bchennhp

sm`hnhc ohr!h !hen hnuen bhe imedhbc shahj shtu octh` ruduohe phrh uahih-uahih

`mshr smamphs `machu. Cèu scr imenuenohpohe bhahi pmebhjuauhe octhè!h !hoec

octh` ha-Ohica gc ht-Rhrcoj `hj(h ch imeuacs octhè!h smtmahj imebhphtohe cespcrhsc

bhrc ohr!h ht-$h`hrc.

*.< OM[CI\]AHE

\meuacshe pmesmdhjhe csahi tmahj mrdh!h imiùouohe ihoauiht-ihoauiht

smdhrhj &sahi phbh hihe Eh`c =Ha-Ihnjhc> bhe ojuah*h ha-vhs!cbce. Iftc*

pmeuacshe imrmoh tmahj mrdh!h imemetuohe `m`mrhph nhrcs phebuhe imenmehc

pmeuacshe smdhrhj famj phrh pmenohdc tmromiubche. [mahce ctu# sui`henhe imrmoh cec

dunh tmahj imi`mrcohe pmrhehe !hen pmetcen bhahi imihceohe pmrhehe !hen

pmetcen sm`hnhc pmenohdc jhbcs !hen imenhebuenc pmrcstc(h-pmrcstc(h `mrsmdhrhj

sm"hrh tmac bhe scstmihtco. \mesmdhrhjhe imrmoh `mrdh!h ime!hoceohe smiuh

pmi`h"h omrheh hshs-hshs pmenohdche imrmoh hbhahj `mrbhshrohe caichj bhe

ùohe jhe!h smohbhr ojh!hahe smihth-ihth. \mesmdhrhjhe imrmoh dunh `mrdh!h

Kfpyrcnjt L 0


22/22

imenjcahenohe omrhnuhe tmrjhbhp omhsache smdhrhj ha-Ihnjhc !hen sm`maui cec

bchennhp sm`hnhc "mrcth rho!ht.

Kfpyrcnjt L 0

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