Seeking an explanation in the sexual domestic violence against children in gender

and generation perspectives: a study in the city of Curitiba, Brazil

Egry EY, Apostolico MR, Graziano AP, Albuquerque LM, Fonseca RMGS. Seeking an explanation in the sexual domestic violence against children in gender and generation perspectives: a study in the city of Curitiba, Brazil. 14th ISPCAN European Regional Conference on Child Abuse and Neglect. Bucharest, Romania, September 2015.

This research project was supported by Sao Paulo Research Foundation

FAPESP (Processes 2011/50.932-1 and 2012/06714-2)

Introduction • Sexual domestic violence against children is a

very sad fact, but it exists;• The actions to solve them in healthcare require

better understanding of the phenomenon;

Rates SMM, Melo EM, Mascarenhas MDM et al. Violence against children: an analysis of mandatory reporting of violence, Brazil 2011. Ciênc. Saúde coletiva. 2015(3):655-665.

Introduction • It is supported by the existence of an aggressor in

top condition:

Age Force Social rank

Socioeconomic status Intelligence Authority

Assis SG, Deslandes SF, Marques MAB. Violência contra crianças e adolescentes em busca de uma definição. In: Marques MAB (org). Violência doméstica contra crianças e adolescentes. Rio de Janeiro: Vozes, 1994.

Gender

Expression of unequal relations between men and women

Generation

Process of domination and

demonstration of power

Egry EY, Fonseca RMGS, Oliveira MAC. Science, Public Health and Nursing: highlighting the gender and generation categories in the episteme of praxis. Rev Bras Enferm. 2013;66(esp):119-33

Objective

To understand the phenomenon of sexual domestic violence against children under ten years of age, in the socio-historical perspective.

Method

• Are the categories gender and generation present in the overall picture of the sexual abuse of children? How do they present themselves?

Quantitative data: Protection Network

database to the childhood and

adolescence of Curitiba

• Are the gender and generation categories articulated in that spaces (conceptions and actions) acting Protection Network?

Qualitative data: interviews with 23 Primary healthcare

workers

Cross-sectional study

Theory of Praxis Intervention of the

Nursing in Collective Health

2004 – 2012Curitiba City

Brazil

Scenery Curitiba, Capital of Paraná State, Southern Brazil

1,751,907 inhabitants and approximately 220,000 children under 10 years of age. (2010)

Network protection for the children and the adolescents at risk for violence and notification. (since 2004)

Results1352 reports of sexual violence against minors under 10 years old.

187 were against children under three years.

Girls were the main victims of sexual violence.

Father, stepfather and uncle were the most reported offenders.

Results

Figure 1. Sexual domestic violence against children under 10 years. Curitiba, PR, Brazil 2004-2012.

Results

Figure 2. Sexual domestic violence against children under 10 years for child gender and year of occurrence.Curitiba, PR, Brazil 2004-2012.

The main perpetrators are fathers and stepfathers 40,8% of the notifications.

GirlsBoys

What do the professionals of the Central and Regional levels of Curitiba do?

• Interventions in the most serious or complex cases, through articulation among services;

• Answer professionals'’ questions;• Consolidation of the notifications’ information.

Coping Network allows

• Home visit that allows to understand the family dynamics and compliance in monitoring;

• Information sharing between teams and the discussion of cases.

Regional networks do

• Personal improvement by expanding the understanding of the dimensions of the phenomenon;

• Cooperation and teamwork.

Network means to health workers

Local professionals• Drug addiction and structural difficulties,

abuse of power and repetition of learned violence.

Why do occur the violence?

• The violence hinders full child development.There is consequences for child development?

• Must be Service daily practice.Notification of violence

• Centralized in a professional.Organization and

protection of network flows

• Difficulties: urban violence, drug trafficking and the insecurity of the professional;

• Advantages: Network organization

Difficulties and advantages for the coping

• Non efficient inter sectorial networkAddressing alia

professionals, institutions and and policies?

Discussion

• The sexual domestic violence against children affects boys and girls. However, the study shows that there are significant differences in the number of notifications in relation to the gender of the child. Sex offender is someone in opposite position in the gender and generation.

Gessner R, Fonseca RMGS. The violence experienced by upheld adolescents a glance of gender and generation. In: Costa AP, Reis LP, Souza FN, Luengo R (Org). 3º Congreso Ibero-Americano en Investigación Cualitativa. Badajoz: Ludomedia; 2014. P. 261-271.

Fonseca RMSF, Egry E, Apostólico MR et al. Recurrence of violence against children in the municipality of Curitiba: a look at gender. Acta Paul Enferm. 2012;25(6):895-901.

Discussion• The sexual violence against girls shows to be

extremely cruel due to the one coated with the power and the duty to protect and to care is also the perpetrator.

• The sexual violence is determined by intra-family relations permeated by inequality of power, setting in girls victims of sexual violence to subordinate gender and generation that is being built historically in western societies.

Gessner R, Fonseca RMGS. The violence experienced by upheld adolescents a glance of gender and generation. In: Costa AP, Reis LP, Souza FN, Luengo R (Org). 3º Congreso Ibero-Americano en Investigación Cualitativa. Badajoz: Ludomedia; 2014. P. 261-271.

Fonseca RMSF, Egry E, Apostólico MR et al. Recurrence of violence against children in the municipality of Curitiba: a look at gender. Acta Paul Enferm. 2012;25(6):895-901.

• Adults have mastered the children, not only in terms of violence, but also in general, in inter generational relations established.

Egry EY, Fonseca RMGS, Oliveira MAC. Science, Public Health and Nursing: highlighting the gender and generation categories in the episteme of praxis. Rev Bras Enferm. 2013;66(esp):119-33.

Discussion

"Working with the perspectives of gender and generation to explain and to understand violence against women and children is to work with the recognition that, in the power hierarchy in society, women and children have always occupied the lower social positions, suffering social injustice, due to the inequalities built and naturalized historically.”

• Educations, autonomy, economic and social support of women are associated with lower occurrence of violence against women. In homes where women do not suffer violence, children are better development. Institutional actions and transformation of society looking for a fair gender has impacted health outcomes of children in a positive way.

Singh K, Bloom S, Brodish P. Gender equality as a means to improve maternal and child health in Africa. Health Care for Women International. 2015; 36(1):57-69.

Discussion

The health services are strategic places to coping of violence. The contact with family and the comprehension of professionals about the cultural, social and economic aspects of the families’ social group strengthen the Primary Care Professionals.

Apostolico MR, Nóbrega CR, Guedes RN et al. Characteristics of violence against children in a Brazilian Capital. Rev. Latino-Am. Enfermagem. 2012; 20(2): 266-73.

Discussion

Discussion

The domestic violence against children must be incorporated in the training process and have to keep along the professional trajectory. Only in this way, the professionals and their team can work, coping and change the reality. The competencies model is an appropriate way to qualify health professionals.

Apostolico MR, Egry EY. Development of an E-learning for Primare Health Care Professionals to coping child domestic violence from the perspective of the professional competences model. ICERI2014 Proceedings. Seville: IATED; 2014. p. 5286-5291.

Apostólico MR, Hino P, Egry EY. Possibilities for addressing child abuse in systematized nursing consultations. Rev esc enferm USP. 2013;47(2):320-7.

Conclusion• Although the power relations have become modified

throughout history, small power exercises that are practiced in the private sphere of relations between men and women remain. In the real plan, one has materialized including sexual violence against girls perpetrated by male figures most often relatives or other people very close to the victims.

• There are still the child's dependence on conditions, a lessening, corroborating the asymmetry of power in inter generational and inter-gender that accentuate the structural vulnerability of children and adolescents.

• Actions for solving them in health require a more accurate understanding of childhood perspective, as a generational category and gender as a social category.

ReferencesApostolico MR, Egry EY. Development of an E-learning for Primare Health Care Professionals to coping child domestic violence from the perspective of the professional competences model. ICERI2014 Proceedings. Seville: IATED; 2014. p. 5286-5291.Apostólico MR, Hino P, Egry EY. Possibilities for addressing child abuse in systematized nursing consultations. Rev esc enferm USP. 2013;47(2):320-7. Apostolico MR, Nóbrega CR, Guedes RN, Fonseca RMGS, Egry EY. Characteristics of violence against children in a Brazilian Capital. Rev. Latino-Am. Enfermagem. 2012; 20(2): 266-73. Assis SG, Deslandes SF, Marques MAB. Violência contra crianças e adolescentes em busca de uma definição. In: Marques MAB (org). Violência doméstica contra crianças e adolescentes. Rio de Janeiro: Vozes, 1994. Egry EY, Fonseca RMGS, Oliveira MAC. Science, Public Health and Nursing: highlighting the gender and generation categories in the episteme of praxis. Rev Bras Enferm. 2013;66(esp):119-33. Fonseca RMGS. Gender equity and women health. Rev Esc Enferm USP. 2005;39(4):450-9. Fonseca RMSF, Egry E, Apostólico MR, Nobrega CR, Guedes, RN. Recurrence of violence against children in the municipality of Curitiba: a look at gender. Acta Paul Enferm. 2012;25(6):895-901.Gessner R, Fonseca RMGS. The violence experienced by upheld adolescents a glance of gender and generation. In: Costa AP, Reis LP, Souza FN, Luengo R (Org). 3º Congreso Ibero-Americano en Investigación Cualitativa. Badajoz: Ludomedia; 2014. P. 261-271.Rates SMM, Melo EM, Mascarenhas MDM, Malta DC. Violence against children: an analysis of mandatory reporting of violence, Brazil 2011. Ciênc. Saúde coletiva. 2015(3):655-665.Singh K, Bloom S, Brodish P. Gender equality as a means to improve maternal and child health in Africa. Health Care for Women International. 2015; 36(1):57-69.

Emiko Yoshikawa Egryemiyegry@usp.br

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