sedimentary rocks - loudoun county public schools · 2016-11-27 · a sedimentary rock is….. rock...
TRANSCRIPT
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Sedimentary RocksMost Sedimentary Rocks: Sediments are eroded
from rocks, perhaps transported, deposited, then compacted and lithified (hardened and turned into a
sedimentary rock).
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A Sedimentary Rock is…..
rock formed from the lithification or crystallization of:
1. Minerals in solution2. Organic remains3. Materials produced by living things
(biochemical)4. Clastic Sediments (rock fragments of all
sizes)
So Sedimentary Rocks form through compacting and cementing of sediments.
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Lithification-to harden and form rock (Deposition, Compaction, Cementation)
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Silica Crystals
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Crystallization- Solidification of dissolved minerals from solution.
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Sediment- Rock fragments, dissolved minerals and remains of living and nonliving parts of
plants and animals.
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Lithification: Step 1 - Deposition
Deposition (to lay down) happens when:
the Transport Agent no longer has the energy/force required to carry the Sediment
Determined by:
Size/Weight of Sediments
Amount of Energy/Force in Transport Agent
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Lithification: Step 2 - Compaction
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Lithification: Step 3 - Cementation
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Types of Sedimentary Rocks(Classified by formation)
• Clastic-Made of fragments of other rocks.
• Chemical-Made from dissolved minerals.
• Biochemical-Made by living things, but was never alive (seashells).
• Organic-Made of the organic remains of living things.
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Clastic Sediments- Fragments of pre-existing rock.
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Sediments from here
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Alluvial Fan
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Alluvial Sediments and braided stream
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Gravel Bar
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Tallus Pile
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Glacial Sediment
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Sand Bar
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Chemical Sediments- Minerals in solution in water.
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Biochemical Sediments- Nonliving remains of plants and animals.
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Organic Sediments-remains of the living tissues of plants and animals.
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Peat- Plant remains
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Examples of Sedimentary Rocks
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Clastic Sedimentary Rocks
• Clastic-Made of fragments of other rocks.
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Clastic Sedimentary Rocks
Claystone
Conglomerate
Shale
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Clastic Sedimentary Rock Names: Particle Size
Sediment
Gravel Sand SiltClay
Conglomerate Sandstone Siltstone Shale
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Clastic Sedimentary RocksConglomerate and Breccia – have gravels and cobbles
(Coarse-grained)
(Conglomerates have rounded
clasts)
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(Breccia has angular clasts)
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Clastic Sedimentary Rocks Sandstones – have sands (fine to coarse grained)
Arkose
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Clastic Sedimentary Rocks Siltstones – have silts (fine-grained)
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Clastic Sedimentary Rocks Mudstones – have clays (very fine-grained)
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Sedimentary Rocks of Chemical Origin
• Chemical-Made from dissolved minerals.
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Chemical Sedimentary Rocks: Precipitation and Evaporation
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Chemical Sedimentary Rocks: Evaporites
Gypsum
Halite
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Chemical Sedimentary Rocks: Evaporites
Salt Flats
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Chemical Sedimentary Rocks: Carbonates
The Carbonate Sedimenatary Rocks are composed of mostly Calcium Carbonate.
The Carbonates are divided into:
Inorganic Carbonates (chemical sedimentary rocks)
And
Biochemical Carbonates (contains remains of living things)
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Chemical Sedimentary Rocks: Inorganic Carbonates
Travertine
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Chemical Sedimentary Rocks: Inorganic Carbonates
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Chemical Sedimentary Rocks: Inorganic Carbonates
Travertine
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Travertine Stalactites
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Chemical Sedimentary Rocks: Inorganic Carbonates
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Chemical Sedimentary Rocks: Inorganic Carbonate
Travertine
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Chemical Sedimentary Rocks: Inorganic Carbonates
Inorganic Limestone
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Chemical Sedimentary Rocks: Biochemical Carbonates
Biochemical-Made by living things, but was never alive (seashells).
Stromatolitic Limestone –(remains of photosynthetic process of algal blooms)
Biochemical Limestone –(shells)
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Chemical Sedimentary Rocks: Biochemical Carbonates
Biochemical Limestone
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Chemical Sedimentary Rocks: Biochemical Carbonates
CoquinaChalk
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Chemical Sedimentary Rocks: Silica-based Sedimentary Rocks
Chert (Flint) Nodules
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Geodes
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• Organic-Made of the organic remains of living things.
Sedimentary Rocks of Organic Origin
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Organic Sedimentary Rock - CoalPeat
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Sediments Are Classified Based On:
1. Origin and Composition (What
they are made of).
So Remember . . .
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Clastic
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Sediments Are Classified Based On:
2. Size of the sediment (clastic sediments range in size from clay to boulders)
Sediment Classification II
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Gravel
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Pebbles
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Sand
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Sediment Production
Sediments are produced by:
Weathering (breaking down) and Erosion (transport) of
Parent material
by:
Chemical and Physical Processes.
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Sediment Transport
WindWater
GlaciersGravity
Volcanic Eruption
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Shaping of Sediments
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Sorting of Sediments
Sediments are Sorted by their Transport Agents According to:
S I z e of the Sediment
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Very Poorly Sorted Very Well Sorted
Sorting of Sediments
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Well or poorly sorted??
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• Well or poorly sorted??
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Well or poorly sorted??
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Sorting of Sediments: Glaciers
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Sedimentary Rock Structures
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Fossils: Molds
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Fossils: Casts
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Trilobite
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Sedimentary Rocks are identified by their horizontal layers
called…….
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Sedimentary Formations
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Cross-Bedding
Bedding Planes not Parallel
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Ripple Marks
Beach
River
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Mud Cracks
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