Section II: The Enlightenment Section II: The Enlightenment (Pages 422-426)(Pages 422-426)

Section II: The Enlightenment Section II: The Enlightenment (Pages 422-426)(Pages 422-426)

This section is about:This section is about: How enlightenment How enlightenment

thinkers influence thinkers influence grew beyond science.grew beyond science.

How new ideas also How new ideas also influenced thinking influenced thinking about human about human behavior, government, behavior, government, economics, and the economics, and the arts.arts.

The man on the right The man on the right in the pictures on in the pictures on pages 423 is a pages 423 is a HUGEHUGE part of how you live part of how you live your life today – any your life today – any ideas ideas whywhy??

Look at the vocabulary Look at the vocabulary words on page 422.words on page 422.

And the And the ““Main IdeasMain Ideas”” – – especially especially ““A.A.””

Political, Economic, and Social Political, Economic, and Social ThoughtThought

The late 1600The late 1600’’s and the s and the 17001700’’s in Europe is a s in Europe is a period called period called ““the the Enlightenment.Enlightenment.””

Ideas from the Scientific Ideas from the Scientific Revolution spread to other Revolution spread to other areas of thought.areas of thought.

If mathematical reasoning If mathematical reasoning could figure out the laws of could figure out the laws of the universe, could they the universe, could they also figure out laws of also figure out laws of society and human society and human behavior?behavior?

Thinkers thought they Thinkers thought they could use reason to solve could use reason to solve all human problems and all human problems and improve peopleimprove people’’s lives.s lives.

Sometimes this time is also Sometimes this time is also called called ““the Age of Reason.the Age of Reason.””

The Search for Natural LawThe Search for Natural Law The Reformation and The Reformation and

religious wars had shook up religious wars had shook up peoplepeople’’s older ideas about s older ideas about things.things.

People began to question People began to question every aspect of life, including every aspect of life, including human nature, rules of human nature, rules of society, and forms of society, and forms of government.government.

People began looking for a People began looking for a natural lawnatural law (the conditions (the conditions that govern human that govern human behavior).behavior).

They believed all problems of They believed all problems of society could be solved society could be solved through reasoning.through reasoning.

All they wanted was a fair All they wanted was a fair society and a good society and a good government.government.

Kings and the Catholic Kings and the Catholic Church wanted to keep the Church wanted to keep the old ways.old ways.

Enlightenment Enlightenment ThinkersThinkers

Thomas HobbesThomas Hobbes believed believed people were by nature evil and people were by nature evil and needed a strong government.needed a strong government.

He lived during EnglandHe lived during England’’s civil s civil wars and wars and saw people as cruel, saw people as cruel, greedy, and selfishgreedy, and selfish..

Without government control, Without government control, people rob, kill, and enslave people rob, kill, and enslave each other. each other.

He believed the way to avoid He believed the way to avoid that was to enter into a that was to enter into a social social contractcontract..

(agree to give up personal (agree to give up personal freedom to live in an organized, freedom to live in an organized, safe, and secure society).safe, and secure society).

He believed a strong He believed a strong government could do this, but government could do this, but they had to have absolute they had to have absolute power.power.

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Another English Another English Philosopher – Philosopher – John LockeJohn Locke – – had other theories of had other theories of people and government.people and government.

He said government was He said government was based on co-operation based on co-operation between people and the between people and the government of their government of their choice.choice.

Locke thought people were Locke thought people were guided by reason and guided by reason and good will and possessed good will and possessed the natural rights of life, the natural rights of life, liberty, and property.liberty, and property.

He believed in the power He believed in the power to govern was a trust to govern was a trust given by the people.given by the people.

If that ruler does not work If that ruler does not work for the public good, people for the public good, people have the right to change have the right to change that government.that government.

New Views of the EconomyNew Views of the Economy Another group of the time Another group of the time

tried to explain the economy.tried to explain the economy. They didnThey didn’’t like heavy taxes t like heavy taxes

and government interference and government interference in trade/business .in trade/business .

They believed in They believed in laissez fairelaissez faire: : letting businesses run letting businesses run without government without government interference.interference.

Adam Smith believed in a Adam Smith believed in a free market economyfree market economy: : buying and selling should not buying and selling should not be controlled by the be controlled by the government.government.

Supply and demand should Supply and demand should control wages and prices – no control wages and prices – no government controls.government controls.

His book (The Wealth of His book (The Wealth of Nations) still influences Nations) still influences economics today.economics today.

The Ideas of the The Ideas of the PhilosophesPhilosophes

Enlightenment thinkers in Enlightenment thinkers in France were called:France were called:

They believed science and They believed science and reason could improve reason could improve peoplepeople’’s lives.s lives.

Education was a key to Education was a key to doing this.doing this.

They were interested in They were interested in developing new ideas, but developing new ideas, but also studied knowledge also studied knowledge from the past.from the past.

They spoke out for They spoke out for individual rights such as individual rights such as freedom of speech and freedom of speech and freedom of worship.freedom of worship.

Famous Famous PhilosophesPhilosophes

One of the leading One of the leading philosophes: Voltaire philosophes: Voltaire (French writer).(French writer).

He studied the ideas of He studied the ideas of Newton and Locke.Newton and Locke.

He liked the idea of He liked the idea of freedom speech that freedom speech that England had.England had.

When he went back to When he went back to France he wrote many France he wrote many essays, plays and letters essays, plays and letters which urged the French to which urged the French to make reforms.make reforms.

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Man is free at the instant he wants to be. Man is free at the instant he wants to be. We should be considerate to the living; to We should be considerate to the living; to

the dead we owe only the truth. the dead we owe only the truth. All men are equal; it is not their birth,All men are equal; it is not their birth,

But virtue itself that makes the difference.But virtue itself that makes the difference. One always speaks badly when we have One always speaks badly when we have

nothing to say. nothing to say. Love truth, but pardon error. Love truth, but pardon error. The secret of being a bore is to tell The secret of being a bore is to tell

everything. everything. It is better to risk sparing a guilty person It is better to risk sparing a guilty person

than to condemn an innocent one. than to condemn an innocent one. It is dangerous to be right in matters It is dangerous to be right in matters

where established men are wrong.where established men are wrong. Every man is guilty of all the good he did Every man is guilty of all the good he did

not do.not do. Opinions have caused more ills than the Opinions have caused more ills than the

plague or earthquakes on this little globe plague or earthquakes on this little globe of ours. of ours.

There are truths which are not for all men, There are truths which are not for all men, nor for all times. nor for all times.

If God did not exist, it would be necessary If God did not exist, it would be necessary to invent him. to invent him.

Let us read, and let us dance; these two Let us read, and let us dance; these two amusements will never do any harm to the amusements will never do any harm to the world. world.

I cannot imagine how the clockwork of the I cannot imagine how the clockwork of the universe can exist without a clockmaker. universe can exist without a clockmaker.

Judge a man by his questions rather than Judge a man by his questions rather than by his answers. by his answers.

To learn who rules over you, simply find To learn who rules over you, simply find out who you are not allowed to criticize. out who you are not allowed to criticize.

The Baron de Montesquieu also The Baron de Montesquieu also had ideas (and criticized Franchad ideas (and criticized Francee ’’s monarch.s monarch.

He believed the power of He believed the power of government should be divided government should be divided up into three parts up into three parts (L/E/J)(L/E/J)..

He believed each of these He believed each of these would limit the power of the would limit the power of the others.others.

His ideas also had a huge His ideas also had a huge impact on:impact on:

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Jean-Jacques Rousseau Jean-Jacques Rousseau was was another Philosophe.another Philosophe.

He believed humans were He believed humans were born good, but were spoiled born good, but were spoiled by society.by society.

Society made people Society made people unequal and unhappy and unequal and unhappy and set people against each set people against each other.other.

He wanted people to return He wanted people to return to a simpler way of living.to a simpler way of living.

His book (The Social His book (The Social Contract) spoke out against Contract) spoke out against government of his time.government of his time.

He also believed He also believed government was based on government was based on an agreement made by the an agreement made by the people.people.

The Encyclopedie The Encyclopedie A man named Denis Diderot A man named Denis Diderot

decided to try and get the decided to try and get the ideas of all these great ideas of all these great philosophes of the philosophes of the Enlightenment written Enlightenment written down.down.

These included ideas of These included ideas of science, religion, science, religion, government, philosophy, government, philosophy, and the arts. and the arts.

He ended up with 35 He ended up with 35 volumes of books called volumes of books called The The EnyclopeidieEnyclopeidie..

It encouraged freedom of It encouraged freedom of expression, urged education expression, urged education for all, and criticized slavery for all, and criticized slavery and religion.and religion.

This was one of the greatest This was one of the greatest achievements of the achievements of the enlightenment. enlightenment.

The Enlightenment and The Enlightenment and SocietySociety

Enlightenment ideas Enlightenment ideas spread quickly spread quickly (printing press).(printing press).

They even put They even put individual ideas in individual ideas in pamphlets that were pamphlets that were cheap enough for cheap enough for everyone to afford.everyone to afford.

This gave all people a This gave all people a new view of the world – new view of the world – that societies should that societies should involve happiness and involve happiness and justice for all people justice for all people (regardless of rank).(regardless of rank).

(Only 2 original Encyclopedie left in the world)

The Enlightenment SalonsThe Enlightenment Salons

Many of the philosophes Many of the philosophes knew each other knew each other personally and would personally and would get together once in a get together once in a while to talk.while to talk.

They began having They began having salon gatherings salon gatherings (started by French (started by French noble women) to noble women) to discuss Enlightenment discuss Enlightenment ideas.ideas.

The philosophes The philosophes believed in equality for believed in equality for all people…all people… Except womenExcept women

But some women began But some women began protesting for equal rights.protesting for equal rights.

They believed:They believed: Women should not be Women should not be

completely dependent on completely dependent on men.men.

There should be equal There should be equal education for boys and girls.education for boys and girls.

Through education, women Through education, women could be equal to men.could be equal to men.

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But not everyone But not everyone supported the supported the enlightenment or itsenlightenment or its’’ ideas.ideas.

Who?Who? Officials sometimes Officials sometimes

tried to stop the spread tried to stop the spread of these new ideas of these new ideas through through censorshipcensorship (restricting access to (restricting access to ideas or information).ideas or information).

They tried to ban – and They tried to ban – and sometimes even burn sometimes even burn certain books they saw certain books they saw as a threat.as a threat.

Some governments and the Roman Catholic Church

Enlightened Despots (rulers)Enlightened Despots (rulers)

Enlightenment thinkers Enlightenment thinkers thought they might be able thought they might be able to change the way some to change the way some rulers ran their countries.rulers ran their countries.

Some did:Some did: Frederick II (Prussia): Frederick II (Prussia):

religious toleration and religious toleration and tried to improve peasant tried to improve peasant life.life.

Catherine the Great Catherine the Great (Russia): opened some (Russia): opened some schools and some political schools and some political reforms.reforms.

Joseph II (Austria): tolerant Joseph II (Austria): tolerant of Protestants and Jews in of Protestants and Jews in his Roman Catholic country his Roman Catholic country and ended censorship.and ended censorship.

Arts and CultureArts and Culture

When society changes, so When society changes, so does the art.does the art.

Many rich patrons supported Many rich patrons supported the new ideas in art.the new ideas in art.

Renaissance art Renaissance art ““evolvedevolved”” into Baroque art (grand, into Baroque art (grand, energetic, and theatrical energetic, and theatrical painting, sculpture, music, painting, sculpture, music, and theater).and theater).

Paintings were large, Paintings were large, colorful, and full of colorful, and full of excitement.excitement.

Buildings were huge with lots Buildings were huge with lots of decoration.of decoration.

Music was deeply expressive Music was deeply expressive (Johan Sebastian Bach and (Johan Sebastian Bach and George Frideric Handel). George Frideric Handel).