Section II: Peru and the Incan Section II: Peru and the Incan EmpireEmpire

(Pages 206 - 211)(Pages 206 - 211)

Section II: Peru and the Incan Section II: Peru and the Incan EmpireEmpire

(Pages 206 - 211)(Pages 206 - 211)

This section is about:This section is about: The early Peruvians The early Peruvians

and the rich, complex and the rich, complex culture of the Incan culture of the Incan Empire.Empire.

Elements of the culture Elements of the culture of the Incan Empire, of the Incan Empire, such as the strong such as the strong system of government, system of government, the arts, and the arts, and architecture.architecture.

Let’s start by reading Let’s start by reading what’s at the end – what’s at the end – and what we are and what we are expected to find out.expected to find out.

Page 211: Review Page 211: Review History, Critical History, Critical Thinking, and Write Thinking, and Write About Government.About Government.

We should probably We should probably also look at the also look at the pictures on 206-211pictures on 206-211

This section is about South America (Peru This section is about South America (Peru today)…today)…

and the early Native Americans who lived and the early Native Americans who lived there.there.

The Chavin PeopleThe Chavin People Lived here about 900-200 BCLived here about 900-200 BC Built stone temples with Built stone temples with

carvings of gods and other carvings of gods and other images (jaguars, serpents, images (jaguars, serpents, caiman).caiman).

By the coasts, they were By the coasts, they were among the first to build with among the first to build with adobeadobe (sun-dried clay bricks). (sun-dried clay bricks).

It took about 50,000,000 of It took about 50,000,000 of these bricks to build a these bricks to build a templetemple

After the Chavin, the Moche After the Chavin, the Moche moved to the area moved to the area (200-100 BC)(200-100 BC)

They controlled a lot of They controlled a lot of land, but didn’t have land, but didn’t have huge cities.huge cities.

They were skilled They were skilled engineers – building engineers – building roads, canals, and roads, canals, and irrigation systems. irrigation systems.

They’ve left very little of They’ve left very little of their culture behind their culture behind (except some of their (except some of their buildings)buildings)

By 900, they were gone. By 900, they were gone. No one really knows whyNo one really knows why Earthquakes, droughts, Earthquakes, droughts,

floods? floods?

The The IncasIncas are the main group are the main group we know about from this areawe know about from this area

We don’t know much We don’t know much about the early Incas about the early Incas and how they started and how they started (about 1200 AD?).(about 1200 AD?).

They controlled the They controlled the Andes Mountain Valley.Andes Mountain Valley.

Their first great leader Their first great leader (Pachacuti – “Earth (Pachacuti – “Earth Shaker”) built the Shaker”) built the capital city of Cuzco capital city of Cuzco and expanded the and expanded the empire.empire.

The main Incan place most The main Incan place most people know about: Machu people know about: Machu

PicchuPicchu

The City of The City of CuzcoCuzco

Designed in the shape of a Designed in the shape of a Puma (mountain lion) – Puma (mountain lion) – which was sacred to the which was sacred to the Incas.Incas.

Had a fortress/temple at Had a fortress/temple at the head.the head.

Houses and palaces were Houses and palaces were built along the body.built along the body.

Four “highways” met in the Four “highways” met in the central plaza.central plaza.

The Incas were great The Incas were great builders – for buildings , builders – for buildings , palaces, and roadspalaces, and roads

All Incas were expected to All Incas were expected to help buildhelp build

Inca Messages…Inca Messages… ……were easy to send, were easy to send,

because they had great because they had great roads and a “postal roads and a “postal system.”system.”

Runners would travel the Runners would travel the roads – each going 3 miles roads – each going 3 miles to the next rest stop and to the next rest stop and the next runner.the next runner.

Messages could travel 150 Messages could travel 150 miles in a day this way miles in a day this way (that’s a lot).(that’s a lot).

Incas didn’t use writing, so Incas didn’t use writing, so the runners had to the runners had to remember the messages.remember the messages.

They also used a They also used a quipuquipu (strings that kept track of (strings that kept track of numbers).numbers).

Government officials would Government officials would use quipus for use quipus for recordkeepingrecordkeeping

The Later Incan EmperorsThe Later Incan Emperors

Topa Inca tried to Topa Inca tried to expand the empire.expand the empire.

By 1400, it covered By 1400, it covered the entire length of the entire length of the Andes Mts.the Andes Mts.

The last of the Inca The last of the Inca emperors was emperors was Atahualpa (that’s Atahualpa (that’s when the Spanish when the Spanish showed up)showed up)

Incan Government:Incan Government: Was a hereditary Was a hereditary

monarchymonarchy The empire was divided The empire was divided

into 4 sections – each with into 4 sections – each with it’s own governor.it’s own governor.

These governors were all These governors were all part of the Inca emperors part of the Inca emperors extended family.extended family.

Other government jobs Other government jobs went to people who were went to people who were loyal to themloyal to them

When they conquered When they conquered people, they made them people, they made them into slaves… or used them into slaves… or used them for sacrifices.for sacrifices.

King, who’s son is next to ruleKing, who’s son is next to rule

Inca religion was Inca religion was polytheisticpolytheistic

What?????What?????Many GodsMany Gods

•Main God: Viracocha (the creator)

•Others controlled thunder, the Earth, the sea, and the moon.

•The Sun God was their special protector.

•People were ordered to build temples to the gods.

•They also believed spirits lived throughout nature (Japanese Shinto)

•They developed a calendar to keep track of festivals important to the farming year (planting and harvesting)

The Incas did The Incas did have social classeshave social classes

The top: the ruling and noble The top: the ruling and noble families (only about 200 of families (only about 200 of these “pure” Incas)these “pure” Incas)

Next: the adopted Incas: Next: the adopted Incas: nobles from lands the Incas nobles from lands the Incas conqueredconquered

Next: Nobles from far away Next: Nobles from far away lands they controlled but didn’t lands they controlled but didn’t care much about.care much about.

Last: ordinary peopleLast: ordinary people You could not usually change You could not usually change

who you were – unless you did who you were – unless you did something extreme (great something extreme (great courage, or the best courage, or the best servant/slave in town).servant/slave in town).

Do we have “social classes” Do we have “social classes” anywhere today?anywhere today?

Incan FamiliesIncan Families Families were organized Families were organized

into groups.into groups. No taxes, but people were No taxes, but people were

expected to work in expected to work in exchange for government exchange for government services.services.

The government did give The government did give feasts on holidays.feasts on holidays.

The government controlled The government controlled most people’s lives.most people’s lives.

People even had travel People even had travel restrictions and a “dress restrictions and a “dress code” (you had to wear code” (you had to wear clothing that connected clothing that connected you to where you were you to where you were born).born).

Inca FarmingInca Farming Each family belonged Each family belonged

to a larger group to a larger group called an called an allyuallyu..

They owned the land They owned the land together and worked together and worked together.together.

The leader of each The leader of each allyu made sure allyu made sure government orders government orders were followed, and were followed, and decided what each decided what each person’s job should beperson’s job should be

Inca FarmsInca Farms CornCorn SquashSquash TomatoesTomatoes PeanutsPeanuts CottonCotton Potatoes (200 kinds – great Potatoes (200 kinds – great

in the mountains)in the mountains) Llamas and alpacas – for Llamas and alpacas – for

woolwool Boys learned from dads Boys learned from dads

(farming or a “trade”)(farming or a “trade”) Girls learned from moms Girls learned from moms

(weaving and cooking).(weaving and cooking). Most didn’t like what they Most didn’t like what they

did, but they knew it would did, but they knew it would make the empire stronger, make the empire stronger, which would help them outwhich would help them out