section 3: the enlightenment spreads. a world of ideas intellectual life in paris –paris becomes...
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Section 3:Section 3:The Enlightenment The Enlightenment
SpreadsSpreads
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A World of IdeasA World of Ideas• Intellectual Life in Paris
– Paris becomes center of the Enlightenment during the 1700s
– City is home to salons – gatherings where thinkers discuss ideas
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Other Female Salons►Wealthy Jewish women created nine
of the fourteen salons in Berlin.
►In Warsaw, Princess Zofia Czartoryska gathered around her the reform leaders of Poland-Lithuania.
►Middle-class women in London used their salons to raise money to publish women’s writings.
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A Parisian Salon
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Madame Geoffrin’s Salon
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The Salonnieres
Madame GeoffrinMadame Geoffrin(1699-1777)(1699-1777)
MademoiselleMademoiselleJulie de LespinasseJulie de Lespinasse
(1732*-1776)(1732*-1776)
MadameMadameSuzanne NeckerSuzanne Necker
(1739-1794)(1739-1794)
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Diderot’s Diderot’s EncyclopediaEncyclopedia• French philosophe Denis Diderot
begins publishing Encyclopedia in 1751– Set of books to which Enlightenment
thinkers contribute essays• Encyclopedia articles anger French
government, Catholic Church• Encyclopedia helps spread
Enlightenment ideas across Europe
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Diderot’s Diderot’s EncyclopediaEncyclopedia• It was intended to question
everything: that almost anything could be understood through reason
• Subject matter covered politics, religion, arts, science
• Its articles attacked religious intolerance, political corruption and inequality
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Diderot’s Diderot’s EncyclopediaEncyclopedia
• Reactions to it:– Government and Church saw it as
a threat– Government had it censored and
halted production– The Pope pronounced
excommunication on those who read or bought it
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Diderot’s Encyclopédie
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The Encyclopédie
► Complete cycle of knowledge…………...…change the general way of thinking.
► 28 volumes.
► Alphabetical, cross-referenced,illustrated.
► First published in 1751.
► 1500 livres a set.
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Pages from Diderot’s Encyclopedie
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Pages from Diderot’s Encyclopedie
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Pages from Diderot’s Encyclopedie
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Subscriptions to Diderot’s Encyclopedie
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Reading During the Enlightenment
►Literacy: 80% for men; 60% for women.
► Books were expensive (one day’s wages).
►Many readers for each book (20 : 1) novels, plays & other literature.
journals, memoirs, “private lives.”
philosophy, history, theology.
newspapers, political pamphlets.
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An Increase in Reading
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An Increase in Reading
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“Must Read” Books of the Time
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New Artistic StylesNew Artistic Styles• Neoclassical Style Emerges
– Pre-Enlightenment style is baroque – grand ornate design
– Enlightenment style is neoclassical, based on Greek/Roman themes
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Baroque MusicBaroque Music
• Representative Composers–Antonio Vivaldi– Johann Sebastian Bach–George Friedrich Handel
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Antonio Vivaldi (1678-1741)Antonio Vivaldi (1678-1741)• Representative
Works– Most famous work
Le quattro stagioni (The Four Seasons) written in 1723.
– 46 operas– 76 sonatas– Chamber music– Sacred music
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Johann Sebastian Bach Johann Sebastian Bach (1685-1750)(1685-1750)
• Representative Works– cantatas– chorales– organ works– lute music– chamber music– canons and fugues
• Famous piece: “Jesu Joy of Man’s Desiring”
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George Frederick Handel George Frederick Handel (1685-1759)(1685-1759)
• Representative Works– 42 operas– 29 oratorios– 120 cantatas, trios, duets– numerous arias– chamber music
• Most famous work:Messiah oratorio traditionally performed during the Christmas season, including “Hallelujah Chorus”.
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Changes in Music and LiteratureChanges in Music and Literature
• Classical music emerges; lighter, more elegant than earlier style– Led by composers such as Haydn,
Mozart, Beethoven• Novel emerges; works of fiction with
detailed plots and characters• Samuel Richard’s Pamela is
considered first true English novel– Focused on family life and everyday
problems of love, marriage, and morality
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Classical MusicClassical Music
• Representative Composers– Joseph Haydn–Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart–Ludwig van Beethoven
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Joseph Haydn (1732-1809)Joseph Haydn (1732-1809)• Known as “Father of the
Symphony” and “Father of the String Quartet”
• Representative Works
– 104 Symphonies– numerous
concertos for various instruments
– 15 operas– other music
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Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart (1756-1791)(1756-1791)
• Representative works– 23 operas– numerous
symphonies• “Toy Symphony”
– concertos• “Flute concerto no. 2 in
D Major, K 314”
– piano music– chamber music– sacred music
• masses
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Ludwig van BeethovenLudwig van Beethoven• Representative
Works– Symphonies (5th
and 9th probably the most famous)
– Piano music• “Fur Elise”
– Vocal music• Operas• Choral music
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Enlightenment and Enlightenment and MonarchyMonarchy
• Enlightened despots– Monarchs that embrace Enlightenment
values to strengthen their rule
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Frederick the GreatFrederick the Great
– Frederick II, king of Prussia, reforms education and the justice system
– Grants religious freedom, abolishes torture, fails to end serfdom
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Joseph IIJoseph II
• Joseph II of Austria allows freedoms of worship and the press
• Abolishes serfdom, but the practice is reinstated after his death
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Catherine the GreatCatherine the Great
• Enlightened ruler of Russia 1762-1796
• Seeks to abolish capital punishment and torture, but effort fails
• Responds to peasant revolt by giving nobles more power over serfs
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Catherine Expands RussiaCatherine Expands Russia• In foreign affairs, Catherine
successfully expands Russian empire• Gains port access for Russia by
seizing northern coast of Black Sea• Seizes large parts of Poland,
increasing Russia’s size
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