SECTION 1 : AMERICAN NATIONALISMSECTION 2 : EARLY INDUSTRY

SECTION 3 : THE LAND OF COTTONSECTION4: GROWING NATIONALISM

Chapter 7: Growth & Division (1816-1832)

Section 1: American Nationalism

The Era of Good Feelings James Monroe won the

election of 1816 Term is used to

describe the nationalistic attitude during Monroe’s presidency

National politics is relatively calm since the Republicans had all the political power

Economic Nationalism Bank of the US had been

allowed to expire Many who had originally

opposed the bank didn’t like the results of not having one

State chartered banks and private banks were issuing their own money

No way to regulate themUS had to pay high

interest rates to borrow money, couldn’t just borrow from the BUS

Rising prices lead to inflation

Economic Nationalism

The country still had a weak national economy.

How to strengthen? Three components: New national bank Protecting American

manufacturers Improve transportation

1. The Second Bank of the United States

Big supporter was John C. Calhoun of South Carolina along with Daniel Webster and Henry Clay

Goals of the new bank included creating a national currency and regulating the state chartered banks

Economic Nationalism continued

2. Protecting American manufacturers American manufacturing had

taken off during the embargo of the War of 1812.

Now British goods were flooding the market and were cheaper than American-made goods.

What to do? Tariff of 1816

Is a protective tariff, not one designed to generate revenue.

Opposed by New England shippers and Southern farmers, but it passed anyway.

3. Improved Transportation Republicans want

increased government spending on roads and canals to help the economy and it passes Congress, but President Madison had vetoed it as being outside the scope of the government’s powers.

Work begins using money from private investors and state and local governments paying for the work.

Judicial Nationalism

Strengthening the authority of the federal government and the power of the Supreme Court.

Court was under the leadership of Chief Justice John Marshall

Key cases:Marbury v. Madison (1803)

Congressional act is unconstitutional Judicial review

McCulloch v. Maryland (1819) Doctrine of “implied powers

based on the “necessary and proper” clause & BUS is legal

Gibbons v. Ogden (1824) The federal gov, not states,

has the right to regulate interstate commerce.

States can’t create monopolies

Nationalism & Foreign Relations

Nationalist Diplomacy Conflict with the

Seminoles in Florida See p. 243-244

Who were the Seminoles?

What was the problem?

Who was Kinache? Who was Andrew

Jackson? How was he involved?

What about John Quincy Adams?

What was the Adams-Onis Treaty (1819) supposed to do?

All of Florida ceded to the US

Finalized the border of the Louisiana Purchase. See map on p. 244

The Monroe Doctrine

What’s the background here?

Spain having problems controlling its empire.

European countries had formed the Quadruple Alliance. Why? Great Britain Austria Prussia Russia (France)

Great Britain & the US aren’t happy about this.

Why?Pres. Monroe urged not

to partner with GB, so declares that North and South America were “henceforth not to be considered as subjects for future colonization by any European powers.” (1823)

Heeding Washington’s warning?

Section 2: Early Industry

Why were canals so important?

There had been earlier attempts at transportation improvements The National Road

Started in 1806 but slowed down by “strict constructionists” such as Jefferson.

By 1818 it had reached West Virginia

Toll roads took off to meet the demand for improved transportation.

Along comes the steamboat….

Why is this such a huge deal?

What happened as a result? Canal building Commercial growth

And then the “Iron Horse”

So we got trains. So what? What are the economic and social implications?

The Industrial Revolution

Had begun in Britain in the 1750s

Key features Machines replaced

hand tools Skilled craftsmen

became unskilled laborers in factories

Home-based “cottage industries” were replaced by mass production.

Industrialization takes off in the North. Not a coincidence. Why? Geographic advantages

Free enterprise system Incorporation was easy

Issuing stock Limiting liability

Key people: Samuel Slater, Francis Lowell, Eli Whitney, Samuel F.B. Morse

Results of Early Industry

Rise of Large Cities Factory jobs pay

higher wages Some cities doubled or

tripled in size

Workers Begin to Organize 1.3 million factory workers

by 1860 Lowell Mills “mill girls” Labor unions begin to

develop in the 1820s and 1830s

Unions are weak at first and can’t really strike

The courts strike down many attempts made by organized labor, but Commonwealth v. Hunt is a success. What did it do?

The Land of Cotton

Cities are growing, but America is still an agrarian nation.

Northern farmers raised enough to sell excess

More than 1 million farms

The Southern economy was based on cash cropstobaccoricesugarcanecotton!!!

“Cotton is King”

Why?What does Eli

Whitney have to do with it?

How does the cotton gin work?

Why was this machine such a big deal?

Implications: Economy becomes

dependent on slavery Other forms of

industry lag behind the rest of the country

South imports from the North and Europe

Sets up a class structure topped by the very small percentage of wealthy plantation owners.

Slavery

How were slaves organized as a labor force?

Task system How did it work?

Gang system How did it work? drivers

Slave codesExamples:

Can’t testify in court Can’t own weapons Can’t learn to read or write

Slaves viewed as property, not people

Free people of color in a legal quandry…

Frederick Douglass Former slave Abolitionist leader

Coping with Enslavement

African Americans develop a culture

Provided unity & support

Songs Religion

Blends African traditions & Christianity

Slave Rebellions Denmark Vesey (1821)

Free African American Accused of plotting a

revolt Arrested & hung

Nat Turner (1831) Minister who

believed that God had chosen him to free his people

50+ people killed

Growing Sectionalism

What happened to the “Era of Good Feelings?”

Sectionalism on the rise Missouri petitions for

statehood in 1819 Why was this so

controversial? Balance of power in

Congress 11 slave states 11 free states

How to resolve this issue?

The Missouri Compromise What was the

compromise? Missouri & Maine How was Henry Clay

involved?

Growing Sectionalism continued…

The Election of 1824 Who were the

candidates? Henry Clay Andrew Jackson John Quincy Adams William Crawford

What’s the platform of each of the candidates? See p. 259.

What happened on Election Day? No clear winner Goes to the house Clay supports Adams

(why?) Adams wins! Becomes known as the

“Corrupt Bargain” Why?

Impact of the Election of 1824

Creates a split in the Republican party Democratic-

Republicans Become the

Democrats Allied with Andrew

Jackson and against JQ Adams’ presidency

National Republicans support President Adams

Overview of Adams’ presidency wants to leave his mark on the

presidency Takes the Nationalist part

seriously Has grand plans for creating a

national university, a national observatory, fund scientific research

Is this a revival of Federalist principles? The Democratic-Republicans think so… Criticized for being wasteful and

extravagant Sets the stage for the election in

1828

Election of 1828

JQ Adams up for re-election for the National Republican party

Democrats’ candidate is Andrew Jackson

The first “dirty” presidential campaign Mudslinging Jackson as a gambler Incompetent and

ignorant “Old Hickory”

John Quincy Adams portrayed as having “stole” the presidency in the “corrupt bargain” of 1824 and was therefore untrustworthy

Election Results:Jackson wins the

popular vote (56%)Gets 178/261

electoral votes