secondary particulate concentration and ammonia levels
TRANSCRIPT
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Secondary Particulate Concentration and Ammonia Levels
EUEC2017: Energy, Utility &
Environment Conference
San Diego, CA
Dr. Tamer Alexan & Tina Liu
February 9, 2017
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Outline of Presentation
• Introduction
• Composition of PM2.5
• Role of atmospheric ammonia (NH3) in secondary PM2.5 (SPM) formation
• SPM assessment
• Objective
• Approach
• Assumptions
• Modeling
• Results
• Summary of findings
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Introduction
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Composition of PM2.5
Particulate Matter (PM) consists of solid and liquid particles.
Classification of
Particulate MatterDescription
Primary Emitted at the emissions source in particle form.
Secondary
Formed from a series of chemical and physical reactions
involving different precursor gases, such as SOx and
NOx, NH3 and ozone (O3) reacting to form sulphate,
nitrate and ammonium particulate matter.
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24%
13%
13%
27%
7%
10%
6%Sulfate (secondary)
Nitrates (secondary)
Ammonium (secondary)
Organic Carbon (secondary)
Soil (primary)
Black Carbon (primary)
Other (primary/secondary)
Source: USEPA, https://www3.epa.gov/ttnchie1/conference/ei13/mobile/hodan.pdf
Composition of PM2.5
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Source: Stauffer, W. 2016. Regulating particulate pollution: Novel analysis
yields new insights. Energy Futures, MIT Initiative.
O3
SPM Formation
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SPM Assessment
Source: US EPA. 2014. Guidance for PM2.5 Permit Modeling. EPA-454/B-14-001. May 2014
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Objective
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Objectives
• How AERMOD and CALPUFF predict SPM
• Changes in SPM formation due to changes in background NH3 levels
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Approach
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Assumptions
• Emission rates and stack parameters taken from an existing Thermal Electric Power Generation Plant
• Coal-fired plant with six generating units
• Capacity: 2,141 MW
• Total NOx Rate: 26,038 t/yr
• Total SO2 Rate: 26,379 t/yr
Stack Height (m) Diameter (m)Exit Velocity
(m/s)
Exit
Temperature
(°C)
1 156 6.4 33.2 171.2
2 155.5 7.3 32.2 153.6
3 155.5 7.3 35.9 154
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• Ozone (O3) and NH3 concentration from 5 stations in British Columbia
• Ozone (O3) concentrations
• Average: From five local stations over 12 months
• Seasonal: 3 month averages from five local stations
• Ammonia concentrations
• Average: From 5 local stations over 12 months
• Maximum: Maximum reported concentration of 5 local stations over 12
months
• Minimum : Minimum reported concentration of 5 local stations over 12
months
• Seasonal: 3 month averages from five local stations
Assumptions
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Modeling
• 50 km x 50 km model
domain
• One year of prognostic
mesoscale
meteorological model
(MM5) data with
resolution of 4 km
• CALMET, resolution 1
km, produced in one
season
Model Domain (Red Outline)
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Modeling
• SPM formation not accounted for by AERMOD
• CALPUFF used to estimate SPM ambient levels.
• Chemistry modules:
• MESOPUFF: SO2, SO4+, NOx, HNO3, NO3
−
• RIVAD/ARM3: NO, NO2, NO2 NO3, SO2 NO3
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• Modeled 6 cases based on background NH3 and O3 concentrations from measured
data in the model domain
Case Ammonia (NH3) Ozone (O3)
Case 1: Average Average Average
Case 2: Maximum Maximum Average
Case 3: Minimum Minimum Average
Case 4: Seasonal NH3 Seasonal Average
Case 5: Seasonal NH3 & O3 Seasonal Seasonal
Case 6: Default Model default Model default
Assumptions
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• Background concentrations from measured data in the model domain
CaseAmmonia (NH3) [ppb,
µg/m3]Ozone (O3) [ppb, µg/m3]
Case 1: Average 2.3, 1.6 16, 32
Case 2: Maximum 13, 9.1 16, 32
Case 3: Minimum 0.05, 0.04 16, 32
Case 4: Seasonal NH3 0.5-7.4, 0.3-5.2 16, 32
Case 5: Seasonal NH3 & O3 0.5-7.4, 0.3-5.2 9-24, 18-48
Case 6: Default 10, 7 10 , 20
Assumptions
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0.0
1.0
2.0
3.0
4.0
5.0
6.0
7.0
8.0
0
5
10
15
20
25
30
Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec
Am
mo
nia
Co
nce
ntr
ati
on
(p
pb
)
Ozo
ne C
on
cen
trati
on
(p
pb
)
Ozone and Ammonia Monthly Levels
Ozone
Ammonia
Assumptions
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Results
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Results
Average Maximum Minimum
Seasonal NH3 Seasonal NH3+O3 Default
4.0
3.0
2.0
1.0
0.9
0.8
0.7
0.6
0.5
Co
nce
ntra
tion
(µg
/m3)
Secondary PM2.5 24-Hour Concentrations
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Advisian / 20
Seasonal NH3 Seasonal NH3+O3 Default
Average Maximum Minimum1.0E-01
9.0E-02
8.0E-02
7.0E-02
5.0E-02
4.0E-02
3.0E-02
2.0E-02
1.0E-02
Co
nce
ntra
tion
(µg
/m3)
Secondary PM2.5 Annual Concentrations
Results
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0.0
0.5
1.0
1.5
2.0
2.5
3.0
3.5
4.0
4.5
5.0
0 5 10 15 20
Co
nce
ntr
ati
on
s (µ
g/m
3)
Distance from Source (km)
24-hour PM2.5 Concentrations
Average
Maximum
Minimum
Seasonal NH3
Seasonal O3+NH3
Default
Results
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0.0
0.5
1.0
1.5
2.0
2.5
0-5 km 5-10 km 10-15 km 15-20 km 20-25 km
Co
nce
ntr
ati
on
(µ
g/m
3)
Distance from Source (km)
Average 24-Hour PM2.5 Concentrations
Average
Maximum
Minimum
Seasonal NH3
Seasonal O3+NH3
Default
Results
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0.00
0.02
0.04
0.06
0.08
0.10
0.12
0.14
0.16
0.18
0.20
0 5 10 15 20
Co
nce
ntr
ati
on
s (µ
g/m
3)
Distance from Source (km)
Annual PM2.5 Concentrations
Average
Maximum
Minimum
Seasonal NH3
Seasonal O3+NH3
Default
Results
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0.0E+00
2.0E-02
4.0E-02
6.0E-02
8.0E-02
1.0E-01
1.2E-01
1.4E-01
0-5 km 5-10 km 10-15 km 15-20 km 20-25 km
Co
nce
ntr
ati
on
(µ
g/m
3)
Distance from Source (km)
Average Annual PM2.5 Concentrations
Average
Maximum
Minimum
Seasonal NH3
Seasonal O3+NH3
Default
Results
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-100
0
100
200
300
400
50024 Hour Concentrations from Seasonal O3+NH3
Average Maximum
Minimum Seasonal NH3
Default
-100
0
100
200
300
400
500
0 5 10 15 20 25
Annual Concentrations from Seasonal O3+NH3
Distance from Source (km)
Perc
en
t C
han
ge i
n C
on
cen
trati
on
Results
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Summary of Findings
• Ammonia in ambient air can react with NOx and SO2 to form
ammonium nitrate and ammonium sulphate, i.e. SPM
• AERMOD does not have the capability to predict SPM
• CALPUFF has 2 chemistry modules; RIVAD and MESOPUFF II
• Keeping O3 level constant there’s a direct relationship between NH3 and
SPM formation
• Using default NH3 and O3 levels provides overestimated SPM, which are
150 to 450% more than using seasonal NH3 and O3 levels
• Keeping O3 levels constant using an single average for SPM formation
can provide similar value if using variable seasonal O3 and NH3 levels
with season (between 9 and 25 percent less than using seasonal NH3
and O3 levels)Ozone has a significant role in SPM formation
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Thank you.