second great awakening, reforms, manifest destiny, texas annexation, mexican-american war
TRANSCRIPT
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UNIT 4Second Great Awakening, Reforms,
Manifest Destiny, Texas Annexation, Mexican-American War
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RELIGION Leaders: Charles Finney,
Richard Allen, the Beechers Period of revivals filled with
emotion and drama Goals:
Thought it was individual’s job to seek salvation and improve society
Brought Christianity to slaves
Use church to fight slavery
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EVENTS: REVIVALS Day: participants
studied the Bible and examined their own souls
Night: emotional sermons that included yells, tears, and fear
Purpose was to awaken religious faith
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AFRICAN AMERICAN CHURCHES Second Great Awakening brought
Christianity to slaves Belief that all people, black and white,
belonged to the same GodRural south- camp meetings and church
services open to blacks and whitesEast- segregated churches
Membership grewBecame a political, cultural, and social
center for African Americans
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African American churches developed into political institutions
Organized first black conventionHosted by Richard AllenExplored idea of a free African
American and slave settlement in Canada
Religious connectivity provided groundwork and support for the fight against slavery.
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UNITARIANISM Criticized emotional revivals Focused on reason Thought conversion was a gradual
process Ellerly Channing- most famous preacher
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BELL RINGER 10/31 1. List the 3 components of the
American System.
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SOCIAL REFORM MOVEMENTS
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PUBLIC EDUCATION Leader: Horace
Mann Goals:
Mandatory attendance
Standard curriculaTax supported schoolsTeacher training
Events: promoted public education state and nationwide
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PRISONS AND ASYLUMS Leader: Dorothea Dix Goal: raise awareness of the cruel treatment of the
mentally ill; move from punishment programs to rehab programs
“Beat the devil out of him” Bleedings Dunking Electric shock Frontal lobotomy Hot irons on head Lowering into snake pits Shackling Spinning Drilling hole in skull Wrapping in wet sheets
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Event: Dix establishes 9 mental hospitals in the South
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ABOLITION Growing support for abolition, to outlaw
slavery, increased Non-violent abolitionists (Leaders):
Garrison and DouglassEvents: William Lloyd Garrison- started The
Liberator, a newspaper to support freeing slaves
Frederick Douglass- began speaking at Garrison’s society meetings Started his own antislavery newspaper, The
North Star
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Violent abolitionists (Leader): Nat TurnerEvent: Nat Turner’s rebellion
A preacher who thought it was his job to lead people out of slavery
Turner and 80 followers attacked 4 plantations and killed almost 60 white people
Was captured tried and hanged In response, whites killed 200 blacks
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DEFENDING SLAVERY Slave codes “the happy slave” The gag rule
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WOMEN’S MOVEMENT Cult of domesticity
Kept women at home with few rightsWomen should cook, clean, take care of
husbands, and bear childrenWomen should be “moral force” of society
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SENECA FALLS CONVENTION Led by Lucretia Mott and
Elizabeth Cady Stanton Declaration of Sentiments
adopted Few improvements Officially marked
beginning of women’s movement
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TEMPERANCE Goal: to curb consumption of alcohol Leader: Carrie Nation, Frances Willard Events: bars ransacked, Women’s
Christian Temperance Union formed
Drunkenness had become problem in families
Temperance organizations held rallies, produced pamphlets, and decreased consumption
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A model like Norway’s prison system would be beneficial in the United States.
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Tough prisons deter people from committing crimes to start with and encourage former prisoners to behave so they don’t have to go back.
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If prisons were as nice as Norway’s prisons, people would commit more crimes to have a nice place to live.
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Prisons should focus on rehab instead of punishment.
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TRANSCENDENTALISM For those who thought
revivals were too public Transcendentalists led by
Ralph Waldo EmersonEmphasized simple living and
celebrated nature, personal emotion, and imagination
Started a literary movement that supported freedom, optimism, and self-reliance
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HENRY DAVID THOREAU Abandons
community life Lives alone for 2
years Urged people to
practice civil disobediencePeacefully refuse to
obey laws instead of protest
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UTOPIAS Groups of people who sought to create a
“perfect place” Some intellectually based:
New Harmony, Indiana- a pre-Marx socialist experiment; very socially advanced for the time
Brook Farm, near Boston- focused on manual labor, self-reliance, spirituality; home of famous transcendentalist writers including Emerson and Hawthorne
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Some religious basedThe Mormons
Founded by Joseph SmithThe Shakers
Non-religious communities ended sooner due to fighting amongst citizens and lack of productivity
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HUDSON RIVER SCHOOL ARTISTS
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HUDSON RIVER SCHOOL ARTISTS
Mainly landscape paintings that portray nationalism
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GOING WEST
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MANIFEST DESTINY Expansionists wanted New Mexico,
Texas, and California Played on weakness of Mexican
government and economy Expansion would come at expense of
Native Americans and Mexicans Southern states wanted more slave
areas
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MANIFEST DESTINY “The American claim is by the right of
our manifest destiny to overspread and possess the whole continent which Providence has given us for the development of the great experiment of liberty…self-government entrusted to us.”
- John L. O’Sullivan, New York Morning News, 1845
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TRAILS WEST Santa Fe Trail- traders looking for
commercial activity with the Mexicans Oregon Trail- farmers looking for fertile
land in Oregon Mormon Trail- Mormons and led to the
Great Salt Lake in Utah; travelers seeking religious freedom
California Trail- emigrants seeking fertile land and GOLD
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TREATY OF FORT LARAMIE Organized by the US government to
restrict Indians and protect emigrants Treaty restricted Indian presence close
to trails
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DONNER PARTY VIDEO 1. What was the main source of
transportation along the trails? 2. What type of materials were the
travelers given to help them on their journey?
3. What happened to the Donners’ wagon?
4. How long were the Donners stranded? 5. What did the Donners eat once they
ran out of food?
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TEXAS Mexico invited American settlers into
Texas Americans had to agree to
become Mexican citizensPractice Roman CatholicismAccept the Mexican constitution
BUT the Mexican constitution banned slavery
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Americans settle east of San Antonio and establish Austin, TX
By 1835-Americans in Texas (Anglo-Texans)
outnumber Tejanos (Hispanic population in Texas) 6 to 1
Americans do not honor their end of the dealStill ProtestantSmuggling African slaves to work their
farms
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TENSIONS BUILD Unstable Mexican government in Texas Santa Anna seizes power of Mexico City
Believed in authoritative military government
Worries Texans
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REVOLT! Texans declare independence and
adopted republican constitution“Lone Star Republic”
Santa Anna brings army to stop rebellion
Mexican Army attacks small Texas garrison at the Alamo12 days of cannon fireMexican troops overrun walls and kill all
TexansExecutes Texas prisoners
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REMEMBER THE ALAMO! Those killed at the
Alamo become martyrs Texans trapped Santa
Anna; led by Sam Houston
Battle of Jacinto- Houston’s men kill 630 and capture 730 including Santa Anna
Santa Anna signs treaty recognizing TX independence
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BUT THAT WASN’T THE END. Now, Texas is a lone country. Sam Houston- first president
Asks US to annex TexasNorth- did not want to add another slave
stateHouston threatens to join British empire
And then comes…
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JAMES K. POLK Expansionist Annexation of TX was
key issue in election Ran against Henry
Clay Vows to win Oregon
territory for the North Polk wins!
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OREGON TERRITORY Polk compromises with Britain Split Oregon Territory at 49th parallel North is mad Polk cannot afford two wars
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MEXICAN AMERICAN WAR
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LEADING UP TO WAR… Congress votes to annex TX Makes border dispute between TX and
Mexico even worse Mexico does not recognize annexation Polk sends American troops to occupy
borderlands led by Gen. Zachary Taylor Polk drafts a declaration of war Mexican patrol clashes with American
soldiers 11 Americans killed
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US ADVANTAGES US army is much larger, well-supplied,
and wealthier Led by Zachary Taylor, Winfield Scott,
and Stephen Kearney Mexico was politically divided because
of Santa Anna’s power
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THE WAR US wins every major battle
Kearny conquers New MexicoSeized control of CaliforniaCaptured Mexican cities including Mexico
City
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TERRITORIAL EXPANSION
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TREATY OF GUADALUPE HIDALGO Ended Mexican American War Forced Mexico to give up the northern
third of their country Added 1.2 million square miles to US
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GADSDEN PURCHASE US obtained additional 30,000 square
miles of southern Arizona and New Mexico from Mexico
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WILMOT PROVISO Proposed by Congressman David Wilmot
Would ban slavery in newly acquired territories
Passed in the House, failed in the Senate
15 years later- passes in House, fails in Senate
Brought question of slavery to forefront
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GOLD RUSH LETTER In your groups, create 3 generalizations
from the letter. For each generalization, you should
have 2 evidences. Organize it like this:
Generalization 1 Evidence 1 Evidence 2
And so on… Then, summarize the letter in 4
sentences or less.
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THE CALIFORNIA GOLD RUSH 1849- hence the name 49ers Mass migration of people from East to
San Francisco Many came from South America,
laborers migrated from China
CA Population1847- 14,0001852- 225,000
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Mining began as a difficult processExpensive food and
clothingDiseasesLawlessness
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EFFECTS OF GOLD RUSH Discrimination
Levied taxes on foreign minersNative Americans killed by thousandsMexicans had to pay the tax
California seeks statehoodProblem: already 15 free states and 15
slave states