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Sea Turtle Injuries on Bald Head Island and their Effects on Fecundity Joseph A Seebode Bald Head Island Conservancy College of the Holy Cross

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  • Sea  Turtle  Injuries  on  Bald  Head  Island  and  their  Effects  on  Fecundity  

    Joseph  A  Seebode    Bald  Head  Island  Conservancy    

    College  of  the  Holy  Cross  

  • Sea  Turtles    •  Seven  Species  Worldwide  

    –  Found  in  tropics,  subtropics,  and  temperate  oceans  of  the  world    

    •  DisFnguishing  Features    –  Hard  shell  made  of  bone    

    •  Carapace  +  Plastron    –  Air  Breathing    –  Lay  eggs  on  land    –  Cold-‐blooded      

    •  Importance  of  protecFng  sea  turtles    

  • Sea  Turtles  NesFng  on  BHI      •  Five  species  of  sea  turtles  

    offshore  –  Only  three  species  known  to  nest  during  summer  months    

    •   Loggerheads  typically  lay  between  100-‐120  eggs  in  a  clutch    –  Two  to  three  clutches  in  a  nesFng  season    

    –  Reach  maturity  around  age  25  

    –  Do  not  nest  every  year;  nest  every  2-‐4  years    

  • IntroducFon-‐  Sea  Turtle  Injuries  •  Injuries  decrease  an  animal’s  fitness,  or  ability  to  survive    •  Sea  turtles  someFmes  strand  on    beaches  when  they  are  sick  or  

    injured    •  Injuries  may  kill  or  seriously  affect  the  health  of  a  sea  turtle  

    –  University  of  Florida  Study    •  Hypothesis  1:  There  has  been  a  change  in  the  number  of  sea  turtles  

    that  are  injured  each  year    •  Hypothesis  2:  Sea  turtles  with  injuries  will  have  less  ability  to  

    acquire  food  and  thus  less  energy  to  reproduce  and  produce  eggs    

  • Methods    •  Selected  years  1993  to  2013  to  look  at  BHI  nesFng  data;  1998  to  

    2013  for  North  Carolina  stranding  data  from  seaturtle.org    •  Recording  injury  descripFons  from  sea  turtle  data  binders  from  

    the  BHIC    –  Classifying  sea  turtles  as  having  none,  minor,  or  a  major  injury    

    •  Determining  individual  sea  turtles  by  matching  PIT  and  Flipper  Tags    

    •  Comparing  the  number  of  eggs  laid  by  sea  turtles  with  no  injuries,  minor  injuries,  and  major  injuries  as  a  measure  of  fecundity    

  • Types  of  Injuries    •  Causes  of  sea  turtle  injuries:  boat  propeller  strikes,  entanglement  in  marine  

    debris,  and  natural  predaFon  (such  as  sharks)    

     •  Major-‐  missing  a  flipper  or  parFal  flipper,  large  breaks  in  the  carapace,  or  

    damage  to  the  skull  

     •  Minor  –  small  piece  missing  from  carapace  or  flipper,  small  gash    

  • Results:  Injured  NesFng  Sea  Turtles  on  BHI      

    0  

    10  

    20  

    30  

    40  

    50  

    60  

    1993  

    1994  

    1995  

    1996  

    1997  

    1998  

    1999  

    2000  

    2001  

    2002  

    2003  

    2004  

    2005  

    2006  

    2007  

    2008  

    2009  

    2010  

    2011  

    2012  

    2013  

    Num

    ber  o

    f  Nes+n

    g  Sea  Tu

    rtles  

    Year  

    Injured  vs.  Non-‐injured  Nes+ng  Sea  Turtles  on  Bald  Head  Island    

    Non-‐injured  

    Injured    

  • BHI  NesFng  Sea  Turtles  with  Major  Injuries    

    0  

    1  

    2  

    3  

    4  

    5  

    1993   1994   1995   1996   1997   1998   1999   2000   2001   2002   2003   2004   2005   2006   2007   2008   2009   2010   2011   2012   2013  

    Num

    ber  o

    f  Sea  Turtle

    s  w/  Major  In

    jurie

    s    

    Year    

    Number  of  Nes+ng  Sea  Turtles  with  Major  Injuries  on  BHI  

  • 0  

    10  

    20  

    30  

    40  

    50  

    60  

    70  

    80  

    90  

    1996   1998   2000   2002   2004   2006   2008   2010   2012   2014  

    Num

    ber  o

    f  Stran

    dings  d

    ue  Anthrop

    ogen

    ic-‐Cau

    sed    In

    jurie

    s    

    Year    

    North  Carolina  Sea  Turtle  Strandings  due  to  WatercraF  Strikes  

  • Effects  on  Fecundity    •  Average  Number  of  Eggs  Laid    

    –  No  Injuries:117.18  •  946  nests    

    –  Minor  Injuries:  123.23  •  162  nests    

    –  Major  Injuries  :  107.15    •  33  nests    

    •  Minor  injuries  significantly  different  from  no  injuries  and  major  injuries;  however  major  injuries  not  significantly  different  from  no  injuries    

  • Discussion    •  Number  of  injuries  per  year  does  not  change  much,  but  sFll  

    important  to  find  ways  to  decrease  injuries    –  400,846  registered  boats  in  NC  in  2010    –  Jet  Propulsion  boats  found  to  be  safer  for  sea  turtles    

    •  #  of  eggs  laid  are  within  or  close  to  the  overall  average  for  Loggerhead  sea  turtles:  100-‐120,  even  though  some  significantly  differ  from  one  another    –  Only  33  sea  turtles  with  major  injuries  found  injuries    

  • Experimental  Error    

    •  Some  nesFng  data  could  not  be  used:  –  Sea  turtle  not  observed    –  Nest  lost  and  egg  data  not  available    

    •  Injuries  on  plastron  not  able  to  be  observed    

    •  Difference  in  records  year  to  year    •  RelocaFon  egg  count  and  excavaFon  

    egg  count  may  differ    

  • Injury  Recovery  &  Further  Research    •  Importance  of  Sea  Turtle  Hospitals    •  Natural  Healing  

    •  Further  research  required  to  more  fully  understand  the  relaFonship    between  an  injury  and  fecundity    •  Study  using  more  sea  turtles  with  major  injuries  +  comparing  sea  turtle  fecundity  before  and  aher  an  injury  occurred    

    •  More  safety  precauFons  should  be  put  in  place  to  prevent  anthropogenic  injuries  +  sea  turtle  rescue  and  rehabilitaFon  centers  should  receive  more  funding    

  • Thank  you  so  much!      

    Any  QuesFons?